Abstract Agroforestry systems can represent important ecological niches that contribute to the conservation of bird diversity. The objective of this work was to estimate and compare the diversity and habitat use of insectivorous birds in agroforestry systems located in a montane cloud forest. Bird monitoring was carried out from August 2018 to January 2019 in three habitats: traditional coffee plantation (CT), paddock (PT) and montane cloud forest (BMM). Relative abundance (IAR), richness (Jacknife1), similarity (Jaccard) and diversity (Shannon-Wiener) indices were determined. The IAR presented low values for the three habitats. The Jacknife1 method denoted considerable average richness for the three areas (CT: 33.02, PT: 24.20, BMM: 9.98, CT-PT-BMM: 52.22). The Jaccard technique recorded little similarity in richness, reaffirming the effect of habitat, composition and floristic structure as determining factors, which at the same time established high diversity averages, obtained by the Shannon-Wiener method (H´= 3.3; 3.1 ; 2.27; 3.78, respectively), revealing a relatively stable diversity in the three habitats. For his part, Kruskal-Wallis noticed differences in diversity, but not for richness and abundance. The formation of clusters and groups that found greater similarity between the richness and abundance of species for each applied monitoring was evidenced. Principal component analysis indicated a higher correlation of habitat and vegetation used for feeding in the herbaceous and arboreal stratum, at heights ranging from 5 m to 10 m, using the aerial stratum for flight. The agroforestry systems studied constituted a niche of opportunity where the avifauna found food, nesting and reproduction areas. The implementation of good agroforestry management practices that contribute to the conservation of species is recommended.

Resumen Los sistemas agroforestales pueden representar importantes nichos ecológicos que coadyuven a la conservación de la diversidad avifaunística. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar y comparar la diversidad y uso de hábitat de aves insectívoras en sistemas agroforestales enclavados en un bosque mesófilo de montaña. Se efectuó el monitoreo de aves de agosto de 2018 a enero de 2019 en tres hábitats: café tradicional (CT), potrero (PT) y bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM). Se determinaron índices de abundancia relativa (IAR), riqueza (Jacknife1), similitud (Jaccard) y diversidad (Shannon-Wiener). El IAR presentó valores bajos para los tres hábitats. El método Jacknife1 denotó una riqueza promedio considerable para las tres áreas (CT: 33.02, PT: 24.20, BMM: 9.98, CT-PT-BMM: 52.22). La técnica de Jaccard registró poca similitud en la riqueza, reafirmando el efecto del hábitat, composición y estructura florística como factores determinantes, al mismo tiempo que estableció promedios de diversidad alta obtenidos mediante el método de Shannon-Wiener (H´= 3.3; 3.1; 2.27; 3.78, respectivamente), revelando una diversidad relativamente estable en los tres hábitats. Por su parte, Kruskal-Wallis advirtió diferencias en la diversidad, pero no para la riqueza y la abundancia. Se evidenció la conformación declústeresy agrupaciones que encontraron mayor similitud entre la riqueza y la abundancia de especies por cada monitoreo aplicado. El análisis de componentes principales indicó mayor correlación del hábitat y la vegetación utilizados para la alimentación en el estrato herbáceo y arbóreo, en alturas que van de 5 m a 10 m, utilizando el estrato aéreo para vuelo. Los sistemas agroforestales estudiados constituyeron un nicho de oportunidad en donde la avifauna halló alimento, áreas de nidación y reproducción. Se recomienda la implementación de buenas prácticas de manejo agroforestal que coadyuven a la conservación de especies.

Summary: Agroforestry systems (SAF) of coffee are considered areas that increase the biodiversity of species of both flora and fauna, are sources of economic income for the communities that work them, as well as multiple environmental services. In order to know the influence of coffee SAF management on the diversity of tree species, the composition, structure and diversity of the tree stratum in two rustica coffee plantations was described, under management conditions: active coffee (CA) and abandoned coffee plantation (CAb), in Jocotepec, region Coast of Oaxaca. In each driving condition four study units of 20 × 30 m (0.06 ha) were placed. All trees individuals from 1.30 m above the ground were registered with the normal diameter (DN) ≥ 2.5 cm, total height and canopy cover. Wealth, vertical, horizontal structure, Importance and Forest Value Indices (IVI and IVF) were evaluated; diversity with the Simpson Indices modified by Pielou (1-D) and Shannon-Weaver (H´) and equity (E), dominance (D) and Similarity. A wealth of 35 species was obtained for the CA and 31 in CAb; The main taxonomic families were Fabaceae, Lauraceae and Moraceae. In both driving conditions, the diameter category 5 (2.5 - 7.5 cm) exceeded the number of tree individuals, with a distribution of heights that revealed the existence of two vertical strata. The species that presented a high IVI and IVF in CA were: Cedrela odorata, Tabebuia rosea and Quercus crispifolia and for the CAb: Quercus sp., Ficus tecolutensis and Ocotea helicterifolia. Between CA and CAb there were no differences in the evaluated variables, 1-D, H´, E and D. The floristic similarity between conditions was 52%.

Resumen: Los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) de café son consideradas áreas que incrementan la biodiversidad de especies tanto de flora y fauna, son fuentes de ingresos económicos para las comunidades que los trabajan, así como de múltiples servicios ambientales. Con el objetivo de conocer la influencia del manejo en los SAF de café en la diversidad de especies arbóreas, se describió la composición, estructura y diversidad del estrato arbóreo en dos cafetales rusticanos, bajo condiciones de manejo: cafetal activo (CA) y cafetal abandonado (CAb), en Jocotepec, región Costa de Oaxaca. En cada condición de manejo se situaron cuatro unidades de estudio de 20 × 30 m (0.06 ha). A todos los individuos arbóreos a partir de 1.30 m del suelo se les registró el diámetro normal (DN) ≥ 2.5 cm, altura total y cobertura de copa. Se evaluó la riqueza, estructura vertical, horizontal, Índices de Valor de Importancia y Forestal (IVI e IVF); diversidad con los Índices de Simpson modificado por Pielou (1-D) y Shannon-Weaver (H´) y la equidad (E), dominancia (D) y Similitud. Se obtuvo una riqueza de 35 especies para el CA y 31 en CAb; las principales familias taxonómicas fueron Fabaceae, Lauraceae y Moraceae. En ambas condiciones de manejo la categoría diamétrica 5 (2.5‑7.5 cm) superó en número de individuos arbóreos, con una distribución de alturas que reveló la existencia de dos estratos verticales. Las especies que presentaron un alto IVI e IVF en CA fueron: Cedrela odorata, Tabebuia rosea y Quercus crispifolia y para el CAb: Quercus sp., Ficus tecolutensis y Ocotea helicterifolia. Entre CA y CAb no se presentaron diferencias en las variables evaluadas, 1-D, H´, E y D. La similitud florística entre condiciones fue del 52%.

Resumo O uso da matriz por espécies que naturalmente habitam manchas florestais pode ser um instrumento importante para restaurar a conectividade em paisagens fragmentadas. O tipo e a estrutura da matriz são determinantes para esta conectividade, porém, poucos estudos exploram este tema. Neste estudo, nós avaliamos a comunidade de pequenos mamíferos dentro de fragmentos florestais e também dentro de dois tipos de matrizes (plantação de café e pasto). No total foram capturadas 11 espécies de pequenos mamíferos, sendo Akodon montensis, Oligoryzomys nigripes . Calomys cerqueirai as mais abundantes nos fragmentos, plantação de café e pasto, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que a composição e a estrutura da comunidade nos dois tipos de matrizes foram diferentes daquelas encontradas nos fragmentos, e que a matriz de café possui maior abundância e riqueza de espécies que a matriz de pasto.

Abstract The use of matrix by species that naturally inhabit forest fragments can be an important instrument to restore connectivity in fragmented landscapes. The type and structure of the matrix are determinant for this connectivity, however, few studies have explored this theme. In this study, we evaluated the community of small mammals within forest remnants and within two types of matrices (coffee plantation and pasture). In all, 11 species of small mammals were captured, being Akodon montensis, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Calomys cerqueirai the most abundant in fragments, coffee plantation and pasture, respectively. The results show that the composition and structure of the community in the two matrix types are distinct from those found in fragments, and the coffee plantation matrix has greater abundance and greater richness of small mammals than the pasture matrix.

Resumo O artigo tem por objetivo discutir os mecanismos de organização da assistência à saúde em Juiz de Fora (MG), na segunda metade do século XIX. Investigaram-se quais arranjos foram organizados para prover cuidado aos doentes e como essa estrutura se ajustou às demandas do cenário sociopolítico e econômico. Percebe-se que, enquanto perdurou o sistema escravista, o protagonismo do Hospital da Caridade juiz-forano foi irrelevante, uma vez que as fazendas de café possuíam instalações capazes de assistir os doentes. A fundação daquele equipamento de saúde cumpriu a função de catapultar o fazendeiro José Antonio da Silva Pinto – barão de Bertioga – no cenário da nobilitação à brasileira e de acomodar as exigências da legislação imperial nos moldes dos arranjos personalistas.

Abstract The objective of this article is to discuss the mechanisms of healthcare organization in the city of Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais state), in the second half of the nineteenth century. We investigated the arrangements organized to provide care for the sick and how this structure adapted to the demands of the socio-political and economic scenario. It is noticeable that, while the slave system lasted, the Charity Hospital in Juiz de Fora was irrelevant, since the coffee plantations had facilities capable of caring for the sick. The founding of the healthcare facility fulfilled the function of catapulting the plantation owner José Antonio da Silva Pinto into the Brazilian nobility, becoming the baron de Bertioga, and of accommodating the requirements of imperial legislation through personalist arrangements.

Abstract The composition and structure of the shade canopy in coffee plantations of the municipalities of Tibacuy, Pacho and San Juan de Rioseco, in Cundinamarca, Colombia, were studied. Fifteen (15) farms in each municipality were selected and, in each farm, a coffee plantation (Coffea arabica cv. Castillo), in which it was established a plot of 1000 m2, where the tree species with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm and all individuals of banana (Musa AAB) were registered. According to the percentage of the shade in each municipality, the farms were classified as high shadow (SA), medium shadow (SM) and low shadow (SB). Forty-three (43) tree species associated with coffee plantations were found, where 16 % of them were present in the three municipalities; the most representative family was Fabaceae. The abundance of banana was higher in coffee plantations of San Juan de Rioseco, being this determinant species in the interactions by shade in the systems evaluated. The absolute abundance of trees was higher in farms with SA and SM (P < 0,05) in the three municipalities; There were no significant differences between the levels of shade for the richness of tree species and, in Tibacuy, diversity was higher in SM systems (P < 0,05). Citrus sinensis, Inga edulis and Cordia alliodora were the species of greater ecological importance in the coffee systems of the three municipalities, according to I.V.I. Finally, in the agroforestry systems (SAF) of the three municipalities there is no homogeneous distribution of the shade in the plot, which is more evident in SAF of SB in Pacho; There is overlapping of tree crowns and the SAF of SA in Tibacuy has a greater complexity in the vertical structure, with three well differentiated strata.

Resumen Se estudió la composición y estructura del dosel de sombra en cafetales de los municipios de Tibacuy, Pacho y San Juan de Rioseco, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Se seleccionaron 15 fincas por municipio y en cada finca un lote de café (Coffea arabica cv. Castillo) en el que se estableció una parcela de 1000 m2 donde se registraron las especies arbóreas con diámetro a la altura del pecho mayor a 10 cm y todos los individuos de plátano (Musa AAB). De acuerdo al porcentaje de sombra en cada municipio las fincas se clasificaron en sombrío alto (SA), sombrío medio (SM) y sombrío bajo (SB). Se encontraron 43 especies arbóreas asociadas a los cafetales, donde el 16% de ellas estaban presentes en los tres municipios; la familia más representativa fue la Fabaceae. La cantidad de plátano fue mayor en cafetales de San Juan de Rioseco, siendo esta especie determinante en las interacciones por sombra en los sistemas evaluados. La abundancia absoluta de árboles fue mayor en fincas con SA y SM (P < 0,05) en los tres municipios; no se registraron diferencias significativas entre niveles de sombrío para la riqueza de especies arbóreas y, en Tibacuy, la diversidad fue mayor en sistemas de SM (P < 0,05). Citrus sinensis, Inga edulis y Cordia alliodora fueron las especies de mayor importancia ecológica en los cafetales de los tres municipios, de acuerdo al I.V.I. Finalmente, en los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) de los tres municipios no existe una distribución homogénea de la sombra en el terreno lo cual es más evidente en SAF de SB en Pacho; hay superposición de copas y el SAF de SA en Tibacuy tiene una mayor complejidad en la estructura vertical, con tres estratos bien diferenciados.

Resumen La investigación sobre los ecosistemas de café ha recibido considerable atención en las últimas décadas. El cultivo de café ha desplazado la vegetación natural y su diversidad biológica asociada. Con el objeto de caracterizar la diversidad específica de hormigas del suelo, identificar los grupos funcionales en dos sistemas cafeteros contrastantes y relacionar esta diversidad con algunas características del hábitat, se muestrearon ocho cafetales con sombra (CCS), ocho a libre exposición (CLE) y cuatro parches de bosque en la zona cafetalera del sur de Colombia. Se trabajó en dos transectos con 12 estaciones de muestreo, en cada una se empleó búsqueda activa, trampa de caída y cernido de horajasca. Se evaluaron nueve variables del hábitat para caracterizar cada sitio y relacionar estos valores con la diversidad de hormigas. Se recolectaron 15 666 individuos en 92 morfoespecies, Myrmicinae fue la subfamilia con mayor representación. La cobertura del muestreo presentó un déficit inferior al 5 %. Las curvas de abundancia relativas, mostraron diferencias en el ensamblaje de hormigas. Los bosques presentaron comunidades de hormigas más diversas que las de los otros usos del suelo y mayor número de especies exclusivas; el CCS mantiene el 80.3 % de la diversidad de los bosques frente al 62.3 % de ésta en CLE. En síntesis, la fauna de hormigas en los cafetales con sombra es más rica y equitativa que en los cultivos a libre exposición, reforzando la idea de que la implementación de la sombra favorece el establecimiento de la fauna de hormigas y, por ende, la funcionalidad ecológica.

Abstract The coffee cultivation has displaced natural vegetation and its associated biological diversity. The present study describes the diversity of ground-dwelling ants on eight plantations where coffee is grown in the shade (SHD), eight plantations where coffee is grown under unshaded coffee (SUN) and four patches of forest (FOS) in a coffee-growing region of Colombia. The research was conducted in transects composed of 12 sampling stations, each of which employed active collection, pitfall traps and litter sifting. Nine habitat variables were analyzed to characterize each site, and these values were related to the diversity of ants and functional groups. A total of 92 morphospecies were collected. Myrmicinae was the subfamily with the highest representation. The sample coverage presented a deficit of less than 5 %. The rank abundance curves exhibited differences in the ant assemblages. The ant communities found in the forest exhibited greater diversity and a larger number of exclusive species than the communities found in locations of other land uses; the SHD and SUN communities were characterized by 80.3 % and 62.3 %, respectively, of the diversity found in the forest communities. The functional similarity index as adapted for guilds by Sørensen reveals a high degree of similarity in the structure of their ant communities, but less so in their composition. The shaded coffee plantations have a richer and more equitable ant fauna than the exposed coffee plantations, reinforcing the idea that shade cultivation favors the establishment of ant fauna and, consequently, ecological functionality.

ABSTRACT: Coffee agroforestry systems (CAFS) are of productive importance in the state of Oaxaca. In the last 20 years they have been affected by various factors that promote land-use change and thereby increase greenhouse gases. In order to analyze the structure and accumulation of aerial biomass in a CAFS and fit allometric biomass equations for Coffea arabica L., an experiment was established under a completely randomized design, under three levels of crown cover in 400 m2 experimental units in which dasometric measurements of all the trees were recorded; the data were subjected to an analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05). By means of regression, the aerial biomass equations of the coffee trees were selected. The CAFS structure is irregular; in total, 14 species were identified, with the most frequently occurring being the species Inga edulis Mart (749 trees ha-1) and Liquidambar styraciua L. (493 trees ha-1). The highest biomass accumulation was found in CAFS with mean cover level for shade trees and aerial total of 43 and 86% with 78.4 ± 29.4 and 87.02 ± 33.3 t ha-1. The biomass on the ground did not show significant differences among the cover levels evaluated. The aerial biomass compartments for C. arabica are estimated with fit coefficients between 0.71 and 0.89, where the basal diameter and height of the coffee trees are independent variables.

RESUMEN: Los sistemas agroforestales de café (SAFC) son de importancia productiva en el estado de Oaxaca. En los últimos 20 años han sido afectados por diversos factores que promueven el cambio de uso de suelo e incrementan los gases de efecto invernadero. Con el objetivo de analizar la estructura y acumulación de biomasa aérea en un SAFC y ajustar ecuaciones alométricas de biomasa para Coffea arabica L, se estableció un experimento bajo un diseño completamente al azar, con tres niveles de cobertura de copa en unidades experimentales de 400 m2, en las que se registraron medidas dasométricas de todos los árboles, los datos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y pruebas de medias de Duncan (p ≤ 0.05); por medio de regresión se seleccionaron las ecuaciones de biomasa aérea de los cafetos. La estructura del SAFC es irregular, se identificaron 14 especies presentando mayor frecuencia las especies Inga edulis Mart (749 árboles ha-1) y Liquidambar styraciflua L. (493 árboles ha-1). La mayor acumulación de biomasa se encontró en SAFC con nivel medio de cobertura para árboles sombra y total aéreo de 43 y 86% con 78.4 ± 29.4 y 87.02 ± 33.3 t ha-1. La biomasa en el piso no mostró diferencias significativas entre los niveles de cobertura evaluados. Los compartimentos de biomasa aérea para C. arabica se estiman con coeficientes de ajuste entre 0.71 y 0.89, donde el diámetro basai y altura de los cafetos son variables independientes.

Resumen: Los cultivos de café de sombra generan ambientes similares a los ecosistemas de montaña en comparación con los monocultivos de café expuestos al sol. Aunque las mariposas se consideran bioindicadoras del estado de salud del ecosistema se desconoce su diversidad en sistemas cafeteros de Santander, donde el café se siembra exclusivamente bajo sombra. Se describe la estructura y composición del ensamblaje de mariposas (Papilionoidea) en un cafetal con sombrío (hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) a 1.756 m (agosto-septiembre, 2014). En tres transectos paralelos de 50 m dentro del cultivo se ubicaron nueve trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con fruta descompuesta, y especímenes adicionales fueron capturados con red entomológica. La representatividad del muestreo (Ecuación de Clench) fue 81,67 %. Se capturaron 341 individuos de 49 especies de las familias Nymphalidae (S = 39), Pieridae (S = 7), Papilionidae (S = 2) y Lycaenidae (S = 1). Las especies más abundantes fueron Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe y Hermeuptychia harmonia. Se describió la riqueza (α =16), dominancia (D = 0,07), equidad (J´= 0,81) y los números efectivos de especies (°D = 58,8, 1D= 23,73 y 2D = 14,2 6). Se relacionó la estructura vegetal con la composición de mariposas (análisis de correspondencia canónica). El porcentaje de cobertura arbórea, la altura, el DAP y la cantidad de los árboles explicaron significativamente la abundancia de mariposas. Este estudio es de los pioneros en describir la diversidad de mariposas en cafetales con sombrío del departamento del Santander. Los agroecosistemas cafeteros de sombra tradicional pueden beneficiar la diversidad de mariposas, debido a que la heterogeneidad de su estructura vegetal ofrece mayor disponibilidad de recursos y refugio.

Abstract Shade grown coffee crops generate environments more similar to mountain ecosystems than monocultures of coffee exposed to direct sunlight. Although butterflies are considered useful bioindicators of the state of ecosystem health, their diversity remains unknown in coffee agroecosystems in Santander, where coffee is grown under shade. The structure and composition of the assembly of the Papilionoidea in a shade coffee plantation (Hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) at an altitude of 1756 m (August-September, 2014) are described. In three parallel transects of 50 m inside the crop, nine Van Someren-Rydon traps were baited with decomposed fruit, and additional specimens were captured with an entomological net. The sampling coverage was estimated at 81.67 % (Clench equation). Overall, 341 individuals of 49 species of the family Nymphalidae (spp. = 39), Pieridae (spp. = 7), Papilionidae (spp. = 2) and Lycaenidae (sp. = 1) were captured. The most abundant species were Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe and Hermeuptychia harmonia. Species richness (α = 16), dominance (D = 0.07), evenness (J’ = 0.81) and effective number of species (°D = 58.8, 1D = 23.73 and 2D = 14.26) were estimated. Vegetation structure was related to the composition of butterfly communities (canonical correspondence analysis). The abundance of butterflies was significantly associated with the percentage of tree cover, height, trunk diameter, and the abundance of trees in the coffee plantation. This study is one of the first to describe the diversity of butterflies associated with shade coffee in the department of Santander. Traditional shade coffee agroecosystems may benefit the diversity of butterflies because the heterogeneity of their plant structure offers a greater availability of resources and shelter for them.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com esse trabalho caracterizar a estrutura e a magnitude da distribuição espacial de atributos da planta em lavoura cafeeira e realizar o mapeamento desses atributos de forma a visualizar a distribuição espacial, considerando a dependência espacial destes atributos, demostrando a importância deste mapeamento. Este trabalho foi conduzido na fazenda Brejão no município de Três Pontas, Minas Gerais, utilizando-se os seguintes atributos da planta: Produtividade, Índice de Maturação, Enfolhamento, Força de Desprendimento de Frutos Verde, Força de Desprendimento de Frutos Maduros, Diferença entre a Força de Desprendimento de Frutos Verde e Maduros, Altura de Planta e Diâmetro de Copa amostrados em uma malha amostral de 100 pontos georreferenciados (64 pontos da malha base e 36 pontos de zoom). A análise destes dados por meio das técnicas estatísticas e da geoestatística possibilitaram caracterizar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos da planta em estudo, permitindo o mapeamento destas variáveis. Foi possível observar a importância da cafeicultura de precisão no manejo de uma lavoura cafeeira tanto no gerenciamento da colheita quanto no acompanhamento do desenvolvimento da planta.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterise the structure and magnitude of the spatial distribution of plant attributes in a coffee plantation, and carry out the mapping of these attributes so as to visualise their spatial distribution, considering the spatial dependence of the attributes and demonstrating the importance of mapping. The study was conducted on the Brejão farm in the municipality of Três Pontas, in the State of Minas Gerais, using the following plant attributes: productivity, maturation index, leafiness, green-fruit detachment force, ripe-fruit detachment force, difference between the green-fruit and ripe-fruit detachment force, plant height and canopy diameter, sampled on a grid of 100 georeferenced points (64 points from the base grid and 36 zoom points). Analysis of the data by means of statistical and geostatistical techniques made it possible to characterise the spatial variability of the plant attributes under study, allowing mapping of the variables. It was possible to see the importance of precision agriculture in the management of a coffee plantation for both management of the harvest and monitoring plant development.

Se determinaron los cambios en composición, densidad y distribución espacial de la edafofauna de hojarasca entre dos usos de suelo (cafetal y bosque subandino) para entender el efecto del uso de suelo. Asimismo, se establecieron las relaciones entre las variables de la edafofauna y atributos de la hojarasca. Se colectaron muestras de hojarasca superficial durante la época seca y se extrajo la edafofauna, manualmente y mediante embudos Berlese modificados. Esta se identificó hasta el menor nivel taxonómico posible y se clasificó en grupos funcionales. La composición faunística fue diferente entre los usos de suelo. La similitud en la composición fue menor al 50 % en dos de los tres grupos funcionales encontrados, pero la densidad total no presentó diferencias. En general hubo coeficientes de variación altos en la densidad faunística intermuestral para los diferentes grupos taxonómicos y, en consecuencia, una baja detectabilidad del patrón espacial. Sin embargo, se detectó un patrón espacial en la abundancia para Coleoptera, larvas de Diptera y biomasa de hojarasca, en el cafetal. La estructura fue más difícil de detectar en bosque, por los pequeños parches en este. La varianza de la abundancia fue mayor en el cafetal, para todos los grupos, excepto Acaridida y Formicidae. La densidad de Formicidae aumentó al hacerlo la humedad de la hojarasca, pero solo en cafetal. Se concluye que el establecimiento del cafetal afecta de manera diferencial a taxones y grupos funcionales de la edafofauna. Esto sienta las bases para definir los efectos del cambio de uso de suelo y los factores ambientales asociados con la distribución espacial de la edafofauna.

Changes in composition, density and spatial distribution on the litter edaphic fauna between two land uses (a coffee plantation and a tropical Andean forest) were established, in order to understand the soil use effects. Also, the relationships between the biotic variables and some litter features were evaluated. Superficial litter samples were collected during dry season. The edaphic fauna was extracted manually and with modified Berlese funnels; it was identified up to the lower taxonomic level and classified in functional groups. Differences in fauna composition were observed between the two land uses. Composition similarity was lower than 50 % for almost all functional groups found, but total density did not differ between the land uses. In general, there was a high variation in density among samples resulting in higher coefficients of variation for different taxonomic groups and consequently low detectability of spatial pattern. However a spatial pattern was detected only for Coleoptera, Diptera larvae and litter biomass in the coffee plantation. The structure in forest was more difficult to detect, due to the smaller patches on it. The variance of abundance was significantly higher in the coffee plantation for all groups, except Acaridida and Formicidae. Density of Formicidae increased with the enhancement of litter moisture, but only in the coffee plantation. In conclusion, the establishment of coffee plantation differentially affects taxa and functional groups of soil fauna. This is the basis for establishing the effects of soil change use, and the environmental factors associated with spatial distribution of edaphic fauna.

Se realizó un estudio con el fin de determinar la estructura demográfica de Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC en una finca cafetera del Municipio de Armenia, Quindío, Colombia, donde se recolectaron datos durante cuatro semanas, en tres sitios: exterior, borde e interior del cultivo. Usando parámetros calculados a partir de los datos de campo, se construyó un modelo logístico para describir el comportamiento poblacional de E. sonchifolia en el tiempo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables: número de individuos por estado etario en el tiempo, porcentaje de mortalidad, tiempo de cambio del estado plántula a juvenil y de juvenil a adulto, número de hojas y de ramas; no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad poblacional, número de inflorescencias e infrutescencias en los sitios de estudio. En general, se puede atribuir este comportamiento a la estrategia de reproducción r que sigue E. sonchifolia. Finalmente, las simulaciones hechas a partir del modelo logístico sugieren que la especie tiende a desaparecer si alguno de los estados etarios no está presente inicialmente; así, una alternativa plausible para el control sería su eliminación en el estado juvenil. Los resultados ofrecen alternativas con respecto al manejo de poblaciones de arvenses.

A research study was conducted to determine the demographic structure of Emilia sonchifolia L. in a coffee plantation in Armenia, Quindío, Colombia. Data were collected over a period of four weeks on three sites: inside, at the border and outside a coffee farm. A logistic population model was built to describe the population behavior of E. sonchifolia over time. Statiscally significant differences were found between: number of individuals per life stage in time, mortality rate, transition time from seedling to juvenile and from juvenile to adult; and number of leaves and branches. There was no evidence for statistically significant differences in population density or in number of inflorescences and fruits between study sites. In general, the observed behavior may be attributed to the r strategy used by this species. Finally, our results suggest the survival of the species is conditioned by the presence of all life stages at the beginning of each simulation based on the logistic model; so, a potential strategy for its controlling would require the removal during the juvenile stage. The considerations offer alternatives regarding weed population management.

The abundance and diversity of epiphytic communities in the tropical montane cloud forests are commonly affected by anthropogenic disturbances. However, the exact causes triggering such changes in the communities have poorly been explored. Canopy structure changes is one of the main factors affecting the communities of epiphytes, but plant responses to micro-environmental factors are largely unknown. In a landscape dominated by anthropogenic changes, we aimed to understand the effects of microclimatic factors (temperature, relative humidity and photosynthetically active radiation) on the functional responses (variation in leaf area, leaf blade thickness, dry mass per unit area, leaf density and moisture content) of the ten most abundant species of epiphytes. This study was done in Central Veracruz, Mexico, and included a well-conserved cloud forest, a 20-year-old secondary forest and a shade coffee plantation. Hydric stress and radiation were correlated with canopy openness, being the coffee plantation the most stressful community for the epiphytes and the conserved forest the less stressful site. We detected plant specific functional responses to microclimatic factors, but in general, in the natural forest epiphytes presented thinner leaves with higher moisture content, lower dry mass and density, whereas in the coffee plantation the opposite pattern was found. Besides, understanding the functional responses of the species to the micro-environmental factors, the functional traits of the epiphytic communities were useful surrogates of the conservation status of the sites.

En los bosques mesófilos de montaña, los disturbios antropogénicos afectan la abundancia y diversidad de las comunidades de epífitas; sin embargo, las causas de estos cambios han sido poco exploradas. En este trabajo se evalúa la variación del área foliar, grosor de la lámina foliar, masa seca por unidad de área, densidad foliar y contenido de humedad en las diez especies de epífitas vasculares más abundantes de bosque mesófilo y vegetación derivada (bosque conservado, acahual de 20 años y cafetal bajo sombra), ubicado en la región central de Veracruz, México. El propósito del estudio fue entender de qué manera la variación mircroambiental (temperatura, humedad relativa y radiación fotosintéticamente activa), determinada por la apertura del dosel que provocan las actividades antrópicas, influye en las características funcionales de las epífitas. Las condiciones de mayor estrés hídrico y mayor radiación se registraron en la comunidad más modificada y con mayor apertura del dosel (cafetal), y disminuyeron conforme se incrementa el grado de conservación y el dosel es más cerrado (acahual-bosque). Estos cambios microambientales se asociaron con las respuestas funcionales de las especies estudiadas. En el bosque conservado, las epífitas presentaron significativamente hojas más delgadas, con mayor contenido de humedad, menor masa seca y densidad foliar; mientras que en el cafetal se encontró el patrón opuesto. Las características funcionales de las comunidades de epífitas fueron útiles para determinar el estado de conservación en el bosque mesófilo y, permitieron entender que factores microambientales determinan sus respuestas funcionales.

Vários fatores causam alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo na agricultura moderna. O tempo de cultivo da cultura e a inclinação da área cultivada são exemplos de fatores que podem influenciar, bem como prejudicar, a estrutura do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar em plantações de café com diferentes idades de cultivo e com diferentes declividades na entrelinha, o efeito do tráfego de máquinas sobre as propriedades físicas do solo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Selecionaram-se plantações de café com tempos de cultivo de 2, 7, 18 e 33 anos. Nessas plantações, foram selecionadas áreas (entrelinha do café) com inclinação lateral de 3, 9 e 15 %. O solo foi amostrado em três posições na entrelinha do café: linha de tráfego de baixo, linha de tráfego de cima e entre as linhas de tráfego (entrelinha). Amostras de solo foram coletadas em duas camadas (superficial e subsuperficial). As propriedades investigadas foram: porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, matéria orgânica, densidade e estabilidade de agregados. A declividade da entrelinha do cafeeiro influenciou a matéria orgânica e algumas propriedades físicas do solo, como microporosidade e estabilidade de agregados. As amostras na entrelinha (entre as linhas de tráfego) foram as que apresentaram os melhores resultados em termos de preservação da estrutura do solo, em relação às amostras das linhas de tráfegos (de baixo e de cima); as amostras da linha de tráfego de baixo evidenciaram melhores resultados em termos de preservação da estrutura do solo do que a linha de tráfego de cima. Observou-se que o tempo de cultivo da cultura foi o principal fator que interferiu na degradação estrutural dos solos na cultura do café.

In modern agriculture, several factors cause changes in the soil physical properties. The time of establishment of a crop (plantation age) and the slope are examples of factors that moderate the impact of mechanized operations on the soil structure. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of machinery traffic on the physical properties of a Red-Yellow Latosol under coffee plantations with different ages (2, 7, 18, and 33 years) and slope positions (3, 9 and 15 %). Samples were collected from three positions between coffee rows (lower wheel track, inter-row and upper wheel track) and at two depths (surface layer and sub-surface). Changes in the total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, organic matter, bulk density, and aggregate stability were investigated. Our results showed that the slope influenced the organic matter content, microporosity and aggregate stability. The soil samples under the inter-row were minimally damaged in their structure, compared to those from under the lower and upper wheel track, while the structure was better preserved under the lower than the upper track. The time since the establishment of the crop, i.e., the plantation age, was the main factor determining the extent of structural degradation in the coffee plantation.

O conhecimento dos níveis de pressão aplicados aos solos pelos diferentes manejos de plantas invasoras é essencial para adaptar o manejo de lavouras cafeeiras de forma sustentável. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) gerar os modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo submetido a diferentes manejos de plantas invasoras e b) determinar qual manejo resultou em maior compactação. O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, situada próxima a comunidade Farias, em Lavras-MG (latitude de 21° 14' 43" S e longitude 44° 59' 59" W e altitude de 919 m). O solo foi classificado como sendo um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo o qual vem sendo cultivado com cafeeiros da cutivar Topázio MG 1190, desde 2006. Foram avaliados cinco manejos de plantas invasoras sendo três, por meio do controle mecânico (grade de discos (GD), roçadora (RÇ) e trincha (TC),) e dois, por meio do controle químico (herbicida de pós-emergência (HPós), herbicida de pré-emergência (HPré)). Para a obtenção dos modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga, 10 amostras indeformadas de solo foram coletadas aleatoriamente nas camadas 0-3 e 10-13 e 25-28 cm nas entrelinhas do cafeeiro. Os modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga apontaram maior compactação do solo na camada de 0-3 cm para TC e GD; na camada 10-13 cm para HPre, HPos e RÇ e na camada 25-28 cm para GD; e indicaram maior suscetibilidade à compactação na camada de 0-3 cm para HPos; na camada 10-13 cm para GD e TC e na camada 25-28 cm para HPre.

It is essential to know the levels of pressure applied to the soil by different weed managements to adapt the management of coffee plantations in a sustainable manner. The objectives of this study were: a) to generate load-bearing capacity models of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) submitted to different weed managements and b) to determine which weed management resulted in higher compression. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG, located near the community Farias, in Lavras-MG (latitude 21° 14' 43" S and longitude 44° 59' 59" W and altitude of 919 m). The soil is a Red-Yellow Latosol (LVA) cultivated with coffee plantation using Topazio MG 1190 coffee variety, since 2006. We evaluated five weed managements, three being through mechanical control (harrow (GD), mowing (RÇ) and brush (TC)) and two by chemical control (post-emergence herbicide (HPos) and pre emergence herbicide (HPre)). To obtain the load-bearing capacity models, 10 undisturbed soil samples were randomly collected in the 0-3, 10-13 and 25-28 cm layers between the rows. The load-bearing capacity models which indicated a higher compaction were: in the 0-3 cm layer, TC and GD; in the 10-13 cm layer, HPre, HPos and RÇ and in the 25-28 cm layer, GD. The load-bearing capacity models that indicated greater susceptibility to compaction were: in the 0-3 cm layer, HPos; in the 10-13 cm layer, GD and TC and in the 25-28 cm layer, HPre.

We assessed the species richness, assemblage composition and the conservation status of small rodents and bats in the protected area of the Volcano Tacaná Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico. Data were collected in shade-coffee plantations and cloud forest by live capture and release techniques for small mammals. Species richness, indexes of diversity and similarity as well the diversity of guild structure of foraging space use were analyzed among the studied assemblages. We captured 16 bat and nine rodent species recording a total of 25 small mammal species, two of them corresponding to a category of conservation endangerment in the NOM-059-2010. In the cloud forest we observed lower species richness but higher abundance, with differences between diversity patterns of rodents and bats. The assemblage of rodents was more diverse in the forest and we observed a high degree of complementarity between forest and coffee-plantations. The assemblages of bats showed no difference in their diversity; however, coffee plantation has higher species richness and the assemblages showed a nested pattern in their composition. In the cloud forest we found a higher diversity in those guilds that have resource-requirements associated with habitat complexity and canopy cover, while in the coffee-plantations we found a higher diversity in those guilds whose requirements are associated with open areas. Our results indicate that both rodents and bats respond in a different manner to the alteration of habitat caused by coffee-plantations and high lights the importance of conserving all of the remaining native forest patches in the Tacaná region, in order to assure the survival of these fragile populations of small mammals.

Evaluamos la riqueza y composición de comunidades, así como el estatus de conservación de pequeños roedores y murciélagos en el área de influencia de la Reserva de la Biosfera Volcán Tacaná. Los datos se obtuvieron en cafetales de sombra y en bosques mesófilo de montaña utilizando técnicas de captura y liberación de mamíferos pequeños. Se analizaron la riqueza de especies, índices de diversidad y similitud, así como la diversidad de gremios alimenticios y de uso de espacio. Capturamos 16 especies de murciélagos y nueve de roedores, registrándose un total de 25 especies, de las cuales dos corresponden a alguna categoría de riesgo en la NOM-059-2010. En el bosque mesófilo observamos menos riqueza de especies, pero mayor abundancia, con diferencias entre los patrones de diversidad de roedores y murciélagos. La comunidad de roedores fue más diversa en el bosque y observamos un alto nivel de complementariedad de especies entre el bosque y el cafetal. Las comunidades de murciélagos no mostraron diferencias en su diversidad, sin embargo el cafetal tuvo mayor riqueza de especies y la composición de comunidades mostró un patrón anidado en relación al bosque. En el bosque mesófilo encontramos mayor diversidad de aquellos gremios los cuales tienen requerimientos de recursos asociados con la complejidad del hábitat y de la cobertura del dosel, mientras en los cafetales fueron más diversos los gremios cuyos requerimientos están asociados con áreas abiertas. Nuestros resultados indican que los roedores y los murciélagos responden de diferente manera a la alteración de hábitat causada por los cultivos de café y apuntalan hacia la importancia de la conservación de los remanentes de los bosques nativos en la región del Tacaná para asegurar la sobrevivencia de las poblaciones de mamíferos pequeños.