ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

ABSTRACT This study is an essay focused on a reflective proposal framed within the context of a growing ecological crisis and biodiversity loss. Firstly, it proposes an approach to how cities are structured to achieve an epistemic change in building knowledge of urban ecosystems, drawing from the field of co-evolution. The main objective of this study is to explore how the design process provides a vision from a co-evolutionary perspective and contributes to the Transitional Design framework. A reflective review is conducted to achieve this objective. It addresses the broader context of the human-environment relationship and the civilizational impact on the complex system in which they are embedded. Additionally, the study analyzes the dichotomy between resilience and re-existence. It explains strategic interventions from biophilic and regenerative approaches and their contribution to constructing knowledge about urban ecosystems, thereby facilitating a change in the epistemic framework within which cities develop.

RESUMEN El presente estudio es una propuesta reflexiva enmarcada en un contexto de creciente crisis ecológica y de pérdida de biodiversidad. Primeramente, se propone un acercamiento a como se estructura la ciudad, para lograr un cambio epistémico para la construcción del conocimiento de los ecosistemas urbanos, desde el área de conocimiento de la co-evolución. El estudio tiene como objetivo fundamental realizar una exploración a como el diseño da una visión desde la co-evolución y proporciona el marco de trabajo del Transitional Design. Para ello, se realiza una reseña reflexiva del panorama general sobre la relación ser humano-naturaleza y su impacto civilizatorio en el sistema complejo en el que se inserta, así como se aborda la dicotomía entre resiliencia y re-existencia, explicando las intervenciones estratégicas desde enfoques de desarrollo biofílico y regenerativo y como aportan a la construcción del conocimiento de los ecosistemas urbanos para el cambio del marco epistémico en que se desarrolla la ciudad.

Summary The co-evolution of plants, environment and cultures makes possible the existence of plant varieties known as landraces. Dynamically conserved by farmers, landraces constitute identity elements of the productive communities in which they are maintained to satisfy nutritional, medicinal, and cultural needs, among others. This study provides empirical evidence for the understanding of cultural processes and traditional knowledge associated with the cultivation of native varieties, developed and shared by family farmers in three Uruguayan towns, in a context of homogenization of agrodiversity. Based on the analysis of interviews and observation, results indicate that there are productive as well as affective and emotional reasons for in situ conservation of many native varieties integrated into production systems and worlds of life of two types of farmers: traditional and neo-rural. Both types of farmers produce knowledge, practices and meanings linked to the native varieties that they treasure as their own resources in an interdependence between nature and community. coevolution co evolution plants nutritional medicinal needs others towns agrodiversity observation neorural. neorural neo rural. rural neo-rural community

Resumen La co-evolución de plantas, ambientes y culturas hace posible la existencia de variedades vegetales denominadas criollas. Conservadas de forma dinámica por agricultores, constituyen elementos identitarios de las comunidades productivas en las que son mantenidas para satisfacer necesidades alimenticias, medicinales, culturales, entre otras. Esta investigación aporta evidencias empíricas para la comprensión de los procesos culturales y conocimientos tradicionales asociados al cultivo de variedades criollas, desarrollados y compartidos por agricultores familiares en tres localidades uruguayas, en un contexto de homogeneización de la agrodiversidad. A partir del análisis de entrevistas e instancias de observación, los resultados indican que existen motivos productivos, a la vez que afectivos y emocionales para la conservación in situ de decenas de variedades criollas integradas a los sistemas productivos y mundos de vida de dos tipos de agricultores: tradicionales y neorrurales. Ambos tipos de productores desarrollan conocimientos, prácticas y significados vinculados a las variedades criollas que atesoran como recursos propios en procesos de interdependencia entre naturaleza y comunidad. coevolución co evolución plantas alimenticias medicinales otras uruguayas agrodiversidad observación neorrurales comunidad

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo explorar la coevolución de los estudios de negocios internacionales y las instituciones, empleando un enfoque cienciométrico y una revisión bibliométrica sobre la aplicación de conceptos institucionales en los estudios de negocios internacionales, delineando una agenda de investigación. Recopilamos una base de datos de 3.520 artículos y realizamos un análisis cienciométrico para examinar la evolución del término "instituciones" en las revistas clasificadas en el ranking ABS en relación con los negocios internacionales. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que: (1) en las últimas dos décadas, ha habido un cambio en el uso del término instituciones de una connotación política y económica a una perspectiva sociológica, que busca explicar cómo las empresas adoptan estrategias, toman decisiones y abordan los problemas intranacionales durante el proceso de internacionalización; (2) se encontró que los enfoques tradicionales eran insuficientes para explicar los eventos dependientes del contexto que afectan los negocios internacionales; y (3) China ha emergido como un actor clave en los estudios de negocios internacionales, lo que ha ayudado a redirigir el enfoque de las instituciones desde los aspectos políticos y económicos al contexto sociológico. Finalmente, proponemos una agenda para futuras investigaciones, destacando posibles dificultades y soluciones. investigación 3520 3 520 3.52 "instituciones 1 (1 décadas sociológica estrategias internacionalización 2 (2 (3 sociológico Finalmente investigaciones soluciones 352 52 3.5 ( 35 5 3.

ABSTRACT This paper explores the co-evolution of international business studies and institutions, employing a scientometric approach and bibliometric review on the application of institutional concepts in international business studies, outlining a research agenda. We compiled a database of 3,520 articles and conducted a scientometric analysis to examine the evolution of the term “institutions” in international business in ABS-ranked journals. Our findings show that (1) over the past two decades, there has been a shift in the use of the term institutions from a political and economic connotation to a sociological perspective to explain how firms adopt strategies, make decisions, and address intra-national problems during the internationalization process; (2) traditional approaches were found to be insufficient in explaining context-dependent events that affect international business; and (3) China has emerged as a critical player in international business studies, which has helped to redirect the focus of institutions from political and economic aspects to the sociological context. Finally, we propose an agenda for future research, highlighting potential pitfalls and remedies. coevolution co 3520 3 520 3,52 “institutions ABSranked ABS ranked journals 1 (1 decades strategies decisions intranational intra national process 2 (2 contextdependent context dependent (3 Finally remedies 352 52 3,5 ( 35 5 3,

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo explorar a coevolução dos estudos sobre negócios internacionais e instituições, utilizando uma abordagem cientométrica e conduzindo uma revisão bibliométrica da aplicação de conceitos institucionais em estudos de negócios internacionais, de forma a delinear uma agenda de pesquisa. Compilamos um banco de dados de 3.520 artigos e realizamos uma análise cientométrica para examinar a evolução do termo “institutions” (instituições) no contexto dos negócios internacionais em periódicos classificados no ranking ABS. Nossos resultados mostram que: (1) nas últimas duas décadas, houve uma mudança no uso do termo institutions de uma conotação política e econômica para uma perspectiva sociológica, que busca explicar como as empresas adotam estratégias, tomam decisões e abordam problemas intranacionais durante o processo de internacionalização; (2) as abordagens tradicionais foram consideradas insuficientes para explicar eventos dependentes do contexto que afetam os negócios internacionais; e (3) a China emergiu como um ator-chave nos estudos de negócios internacionais, o que ajudou a redirecionar o foco das instituições dos aspectos políticos e econômicos para o contexto sociológico. Por fim, propomos uma agenda de pesquisa para futuros estudos, destacando possíveis armadilhas e soluções. 3520 3 520 3.52 “institutions (instituições ABS 1 (1 décadas sociológica estratégias internacionalização 2 (2 (3 atorchave ator chave sociológico fim soluções 352 52 3.5 ( 35 5 3.

resumen En este artículo propongo revisar el caso del extinto perro fueguino a la luz de las nuevas perspectivas de la teoría de la coevolución. Un análisis así posibilitaría actualmente comprender de manera diferente el vínculo humano-canino, desde las innovaciones que introduce la teoría del conexionismo evolutivo. A su vez, este caso permite la constatación de la fragilidad de las redes que nos sostienen en vínculo coevolutivo y co-adaptativo con los demás vivientes, en relación a algunos aportes introductorios de la etnografía multiespecie y los estudios sobre extinción. El objetivo, entonces, es proporcionar mayor inteligibilidad al fenómeno de la existencia y extinción del perro fueguino, lograr desanclarlo de la serie de datos que ya se conocen, escapando de la tanatología y recuperando la biología. coevolución humanocanino, humanocanino humano canino, canino humano-canino evolutivo vez coadaptativo co adaptativo vivientes objetivo entonces conocen biología

abstract This paper reviews the case of the extinct Fuegian dog in the light of the new perspectives of the theory of co-evolution. Reviewing this case from a different perspective allows us to understand the human-canine link in a new way, based on the innovations introduced by the theory of evolutionary connectionism. But it also leads us to the realisation of the fragility of the networks that sustain us in a co-evolutionary and co-adaptive link with other living beings, following some introductory contributions from the extinction studies and the multi-species ethnography. The aim is to make more intelligible the phenomenon of their existence and extinction, by unanchoring it from the series of data already known, escaping from thanatology and recovering biology . coevolution. coevolution co evolution. evolution co-evolution humancanine human canine way connectionism coevolutionary coadaptive adaptive beings multispecies multi species ethnography known

Abstract The article seeks to interpret theoretical and methodological elements of Wagner’s work with reference to three major conflicts of the time in which the author lived: the theoretical-methodological debate on the existence and relevance of an economic theory that is completely autonomous in relation to other human sciences; the conflict over the formation and level of economic development of a German-speaking country; the “social question” and class conflicts linked to urbanization and industrialization. The author advocated the role of the State as a promoter of economic development and social reform. Wagner developed a sophisticated point of view about the relationship between government and markets, which emphasized the interdependence and coevolution of national states and national economies. Wagners s lived theoreticalmethodological sciences Germanspeaking German speaking country question industrialization reform markets economies

Resumo O artigo procura interpretar elementos teóricos e metodológicos da obra de Wagner, tendo como referência três grandes conflitos da época em que viveu o autor: o debate teórico-metodológico sobre a existência e a relevância de uma teoria econômica completamente autônoma em relação às demais ciências humanas; o conflito em torno da formação e do nível de desenvolvimento econômico de um país dos falantes de língua alemã e a “questão social” e os conflitos de classe ligados à urbanização e à industrialização. O autor advogou a atuação do Estado como meio para promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e da reforma social. Wagner desenvolveu um ponto de vista sofisticado acerca das relações entre poder público e mercados, o qual enfatizava a interdependência e a coevolução de Estados nacionais e economias nacionais. teóricometodológico teórico metodológico humanas questão social industrialização mercados

Resumen Introducción: El riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico varía entre continentes, países y regiones. A pesar de que existe una alta prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori su rol como patógeno o mutualista define el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en las regiones de Colombia. Objetivo: Discutir el rol de Helicobacter pylori en el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de literatura mediante la búsqueda, en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, PubMed. Resultados: La coevolución del humano y de Helicobacter pylori; la virulencia de genes cagA, vacA; el tipo de respuesta inmune inflamatoria a Helicobacter pylori (Th1) o antinflamatoria (Th2) y la susceptibilidad humana a cáncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), junto a la dieta y factores ambientales explican el papel de Helicobacter pylori como patógeno o mutualista asociado al riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Conclusiones: Helicobacter pylori tiene un rol mutualista principalmente en poblaciones de bajo riesgo de cáncer gástrico (costas), no obstante, en poblaciones con alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico (andes), su papel como patógeno amerita la erradicación; única estrategia para mitigar la alta incidencia de este cáncer en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction: The risk to develop gastric cancer varies between continents, countries and regions. Although there is a high prevalence of Helicobater pylori, its role as either pathogen or mutualistic bacteria defines the risk of gastric cancer in Colombian regions. Objective: To discuss the role of Helicobacter pylori in the risk of gastric cancer in Colombia. Materials and methods: A literature review based on searching LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed databases. Results: Helicobacter pylori role as either a pathogen or mutualistic microorganism associated with gastric cancer risk in Colombia can be explained by analyzing elements such as: human and Helicobacter pylori coevolution; cagA and vacA gene virulence; inflammatory (Th1) or anti-inflammatory (Th2) responses induced by Helicobacter pylori; human susceptibility to gastric cancer (IL1β, IL10); diet; and environmental factors. Conclusions: Even though Helicobacter pylori has a mutualistic role in populations at low gastric cancer risk (coastal regions), its role as a pathogen in populations at higher risk (Andean regions) justifies its eradication as a key strategy to mitigate the incidence of this cancer in Colombia.

Resumo Introdução: O risco de desenvolver câncer gástrico varia entre continentes, países e regiões. Embora haja uma alta prevalência de Helicobacter pylori, seu papel como patógeno ou mutualista define o risco de câncer gástrico nas regiões da Colômbia. Objetivo: Discutir o papel do Helicobacter pylori no risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Revisão da literatura por meio da busca, nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e PubMed. Resultados: A coevolução de humanos e Helicobacter pylori; a virulência dos genes cagA, vacA; o tipo de resposta imune inflamatória ao Helicobacter pylori (Th1) ou anti-inflamatório (Th2) e a suscetibilidade humana ao câncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), juntamente com a dieta e fatores ambientais explicam o papel do Helicobacter pylori como patógeno ou mutualista associado ao risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Conclusões: Helicobacter pylori tem um papel mutualista principalmente em populações de baixo risco de câncer gástrico (litoral), porém, em populações com alto risco de câncer gástrico (andes), seu papel como patógeno justifica a erradicação; única estratégia para mitigar a alta incidência deste câncer na Colômbia.

The article deals with the problem of the relationship between identity, the environment, and viability, discussing evolution in viable systems. On a logical structure of argumentative analysis, the article uses cybernetic, and evolutionary theories, for suggesting the way the environment shapes systems. It presents the idea that viability in systems is the result of the selective forces of the environment on the identity of systems. The extended phenotype analogy is presented and explained for viable systems. It suggests the idea that viable systems adapt to their environment. It presents and discusses different adaptive strategies for viability. The idea that viability in systems is related to evolution is not new, but this paper is innovative in the sense that it presents a relationship between viability, environment, and the identity of viable systems. The paper has implications in the understanding of viability in viable systems theory that involves reproducibility, adaptation, identity.

Abstract The current study focuses on the investigation of AVPR2 (VTR2C) protein-coupled receptor variants specific to different primate taxa. AVPR2 is activated by the neurohormone AVP, which modulates physiological processes, including water homeostasis. Our findings reveal positive selection at three AVPR2 sites at positions 190, 250, and 346. Variation at position 250 is associated with human Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (cNDI), a condition characterized by excessive water loss. Other 13 functional sites with potential adaptive relevance include positions 185, 202, 204, and 252 associated with cNDI. We identified SH3-binding motifs in AVPR2’s ICL3 and N-terminus domains, with some losses observed in clades of Cercopithecidae, Callitrichinae, and Atelidae. SH3-binding motifs are crucial in regulating cellular physiology, indicating that the differences may be adaptive. Co-evolution was found between AVPR2 residues and those in the AVP signal peptide/Neurophysin-2 and AQP2, other molecules in the same signaling cascade. No significant correlation was found between these Primates’ taxon-specific variants and the bioclimatic variables of the areas where they live. Distinct co-evolving amino acid sequences in functional sites were found in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, which may have adaptive implications involving glucocorticoid hormones, suggesting varied selective pressures. Further studies are required to confirm these results. AVPR VTR2C VTRC VTR C (VTR2C proteincoupled protein coupled taxa processes homeostasis 190 346 25 cNDI, cNDI , (cNDI) loss 1 185 202 204 SH3binding SHbinding SH3 binding SH AVPR2s AVPRs s ICL Nterminus N terminus domains Cercopithecidae Callitrichinae Atelidae physiology Coevolution Co evolution peptide/Neurophysin2 peptideNeurophysin2 peptideNeurophysin peptide/Neurophysin 2 peptide Neurophysin peptide/Neurophysin- AQP2 AQP cascade Primates taxonspecific taxon live coevolving co evolving Catarrhini hormones pressures results 19 34 (cNDI 18 20 Neurophysin2 3

Abstract Venomous animals and their venom have always been of human interest because, despite species differences, coevolution has made them capable of targeting key physiological components of our bodies. Respiratory failure from lung injury is one of the serious consequences of envenomation, and the underlying mechanisms are rarely discussed. This review aims to demonstrate how toxins affect the pulmonary system through various biological pathways. Herein, we propose the common underlying cellular mechanisms of toxin-induced lung injury: interference with normal cell function and integrity, disruption of normal vascular function, and provocation of excessive inflammation. Viperid snakebites are the leading cause of envenomation-induced lung injury, followed by other terrestrial venomous animals such as scorpions, spiders, and centipedes. Marine species, particularly jellyfish, can also inflict such injury. Common pulmonary manifestations include pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and exudative infiltration. Severe envenomation can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary involvement suggests severe envenomation, thus recognizing these mechanisms and manifestations can aid physicians in providing appropriate treatment. because differences bodies discussed pathways Herein toxininduced toxin induced integrity inflammation envenomationinduced scorpions spiders centipedes jellyfish edema hemorrhage infiltration syndrome treatment

Resumen Las crisis que caracterizan nuestro tiempo reflejan una crisis de civilización con raíces en el monopolio del conocimiento, en la que las formas de conocimiento desarrolladas por el capitalismo científico degradan el medio ambiente y subyugan el conocimiento construido en la coevolución de las culturas con la naturaleza, los territorios y los medios de vida. La tecnología y las innovaciones científicas han asumido un papel central en la sociedad actual, mediando innumerables relaciones sociales, ambientales y políticas hegemonizadas por el capitalismo colonial contemporáneo. En este ensayo buscamos traer reflexiones sobre las relaciones entre los campos de la energía y la salud que, además de manifestar crisis sucesivas, vienen movilizando el imaginario social en los últimos años al estar regidos por sistemas sociotécnicos que condicionan las formas modernas. de vida. Las crisis energética y sanitaria se abordan a partir de sus construcciones históricas, las estructuras productivas que movilizan, los modos de vida que crean y las relaciones sociales que ordenan. Señalamos los mecanismos a través de los cuales los circuitos globales de capital exportan externalidades hacia poblaciones con menor acceso a la energía mecánica disponible en sus sistemas sociotécnicos, generando catástrofes socioambientales, expropiación de tierras, pérdida de biodiversidad, cambio climático, contaminación, pobreza, hambruna y epidemias. naturaleza actual contemporáneo sucesivas modernas históricas movilizan ordenan socioambientales tierras biodiversidad climático contaminación pobreza epidemias

Abstract The crises that characterize our time mirror a civilizational crisis with roots in the monopoly of knowledge, in which the ways of knowing developed by scientific capitalism degrade the environment and subjugate knowledge built in the co-evolution of cultures with nature, territories and means of life. Technology and scientific innovations have taken a central role in today’s society, mediating countless social, environmental and political relations hegemonized by contemporary colonial capitalism. In this essay, we seek to bring reflections on the relationships between the fields of energy and health which, in addition to manifesting successive crises, have been mobilizing the social imagination in recent years as they are governed by socio-technical systems that condition modern ways of life. Energy and health crises are addressed based on their historical constructions, the productive structures they mobilize, the ways of life they create and the social relations they order. We point to the mechanisms by which global circuits of capital export externalities towards populations with less access to mechanical energy available in their socio-technical systems, generating socio-environmental catastrophes, land expropriation, loss of biodiversity, climate change, pollution, poverty, famine and epidemics. coevolution co evolution nature todays today s society essay sociotechnical socio technical constructions mobilize order socioenvironmental catastrophes expropriation biodiversity change pollution poverty epidemics

Resumo As crises que caracterizam nosso tempo espelham uma crise civilizatória com raízes no monopólio do saber, em que os modos de conhecer desenvolvidos pelo capitalismo científico degradam o ambiente e subjugam saberes construídos na coevolução das culturas com a natureza, os territórios e os meios de vida. A tecnologia e as inovações científicas assumiram papel central na sociedade atual, mediando um sem-número de relações sociais, ambientais e políticas hegemonizadas pelo capitalismo colonial contemporâneo. Neste ensaio, buscamos trazer reflexões sobre as relações entre os campos da energia e da saúde que, além de manifestarem sucessivas crises, vêm mobilizando o imaginário social nos últimos anos por serem regidos por sistemas sociotécnicos que condicionam os modos de vida modernos. As crises energética e sanitária são abordadas com base em suas construções históricas, nas estruturas produtivas que mobilizam, nos modos de vida que criam e nas relações sociais que ordenam. Apontamos para os mecanismos por meio dos quais os circuitos globais do capital exportam externalidades na direção das populações com menor acesso à energia mecânica disponível em seus sistemas sociotécnicos, gerando catástrofes socioambientais, expropriação de terras, perda de biodiversidade, mudanças climáticas, poluição, pobreza, fome e epidemias. saber natureza atual semnúmero sem número contemporâneo ensaio modernos históricas mobilizam ordenam socioambientais terras biodiversidade climáticas poluição pobreza epidemias

Abstract Evidence indicates that oral microbiota plays a crucial role in human health and disease. For instance, diseases with multifactorial etiology, such as periodontitis and caries, which cause a detrimental impact on human well-being and health, can be caused by alterations in the host-microbiota interactions, where non-pathogenic bacteria give way to pathogenic orange/red-complex bacterial species (a change from a eubiotic to dysbiotic state). In this scenario, where thousands of oral microorganisms, including fungi, archaea, and phage species, and their host are co-evolving, a set of phenomena, such as the arms race and Red or Black Queen dynamics, are expected to operate. We review concepts on the subject and revisit the nature of bacterial complexes linked to oral health and diseases, as well as the problem of the bacterial resistome in the face of the use of antibiotics and what is the impact of this on the evolutionary trajectory of the members of this symbiotic ecosystem. We constructed a 16SrRNA tree to show that adaptive consortia of oral bacterial complexes do not necessarily rescue phylogenetic relationships. Finally, we remember that oral health is not exempt from health disparity trends in some populations, such as Native Americans, when compared with non-Indigenous people. disease instance etiology caries wellbeing being hostmicrobiota interactions nonpathogenic non orange/redcomplex orangeredcomplex orange/red complex orange red state. state . state) scenario microorganisms fungi archaea coevolving, coevolving co evolving, evolving co-evolving phenomena dynamics operate ecosystem SrRNA relationships Finally populations Americans nonIndigenous Indigenous people redcomplex orangered

Abstract The agricultural sector was one of the sectors that was most compromised during the confinements in the COVID-19 pandemic, guaranteeing the value chain and the necessary inputs. But even so, the problems of the sector are still evident: poverty, inequity, lack of rural and non-rural employment, low profit rates, lack of distribution chains and market development, among others. An alternative that is presented to achieve successful productive chains is that of inclusive businesses, for its better application and understanding, the application of a biological metaphor of coevolution and mutualism is presented in this document, noting that inclusive businesses should not occur. only on occasions of vulnerable producers, but to recognize in them their skills, knowledge, and capacities that they can share and put in favour of the integration model to achieve joint developments with the other organizations in the chain. The proposal focuses on strengthening inclusive models from the recognition of diversity and difference, and the development of management alternatives for the entire chain in general.

Resumen El sector agropecuario fue uno de los más comprometidos durante los confinamientos en la pandemia de COVID-19, garantizando la cadena de valor y los insumos necesarios. Pero, aun así, los problemas del sector siguen siendo evidentes, pobreza, inequidad, falta de empleo rural y no rural, bajas tasas de ganancia, falta de cadenas de distribución y desarrollo de mercados, entre otros. Una alternativa para lograr encadenamientos productivos exitosos es la de los negocios inclusivos. Para una mejor aplicación y entendimiento, este documento presenta la aplicación de una metáfora biológica de la coevolución y el mutualismo, señalando que los negocios inclusivos no solo deben darse en productores vulnerables, sino que deben reconocer sus habilidades, conocimientos y capacidades que pueden compartir y utilizar a favor del modelo de integración, para lograr desarrollos conjuntos con otras organizaciones de la cadena. La propuesta se centra en fortalecer los modelos inclusivos desde el reconocimiento de la diversidad y la diferencia, y el desarrollo de alternativas de gestión para toda la cadena en general.

Resumen La biodiversidad en los ecosistemas es crucial para su estabilidad y resiliencia. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios que apoyan los beneficios de la biodiversidad en la fitosanidad se han hecho a escala de cultivar, generalmente sin especificar los mecanismos implicados en la resistencia de los cultivos a las plagas. Así, no está claro si la diversidad fitoquímica (DF) es uno de esos mecanismos de resistencia y si los patrones y procesos ecosistémicos en los que interviene pueden ser adaptados al manejo de agroecosistemas sustentables. Se examinaron las funciones de la DF para determinar su utilidad potencial enfocándose en (a) la estructura espacial y temporal de la DF y su efecto sobre los consumidores de plantas; (b) cómo se mantiene la DF y (c) el papel actual o potencial de la DF en los agroecosistemas. Se encontró que las DF α, β y γ son muy elevadas en los ecosistemas; la DF se despliega en mosaicos dinámicos de mezclas de metabolitos secundarios que varían en su concentración y composición dentro y entre individuos, poblaciones o especies. La DF es fomentada por procesos ecológicos y evolutivos entre las plantas y sus agonistas y antagonistas. Se concluye que los patrones y procesos de la DF son idiosincrásicos dependiendo de las especies que interactúan en un entorno particular. Así, copiarlos a los agroecosistemas industriales no es viable, pero se hacen cinco recomendaciones en las que la DF podría ser útil en el manejo de agroecosistemas.

Abstract Biodiversity in ecosystems is crucial in providing ecosystem services and their stability and resilience. However, most studies supporting the benefits of biodiversity in crop health were studied at the cultivar scale, generally without specifying the resistance mechanisms involved in the resistance of crops to pests. Thus, it is unclear if phytochemical diversity is one of those resistance mechanisms and whether the ecosystem patterns and processes in which phytochemical diversity is involved can be replicated or adapted to the management of sustainable agroecosystems. Here, I review the roles of phytochemical diversity in natural ecosystems and determine if they can be helpful in the management of agroecosystems. I briefly review (a) the spatial and temporal structure of phytochemical diversity in ecosystems and its effect on plant consumers; (b) how that diversity is generated and maintained; and (c) the current or potential role of phytochemical diversity in agroecosystems. The α-, β-, and γ-phytochemical diversities are very high in ecosystems and landscapes; phytochemical diversity gets displayed in dynamic mosaics of mixtures of secondary metabolites that vary in their concentration and composition within and among individuals, populations, or species. Phytochemical diversity is fostered by evolutionary or coevolutionary processes, mainly under an arms-race scenario. The patterns and processes of phytochemical diversity are idiosyncratic depending on the identity of the interacting species and the local biotic and abiotic environment; thus, to copy them to industrial agroecosystems is hardly viable. However, five recommendations in which phytochemical diversity could be helpful in agroecosystem management are made.

Resumen Los sistemas de ciudades y regiones corresponden a una escala de análisis que permite comprender procesos demográficos y funcionales de los territorios. Este artículo busca analizar las trayectorias y velocidades experimentadas por las ciudades del territorio de la Región del Maule, Chile, en términos demográficos y del empleo que experimentan un importante pero diferenciado dinamismo en actividades primarias. Los resultados expresan que la ciudad de Curicó muestra ritmos de crecimiento acelerados, explicados por un auge de la fruticultura vinculada al sector primario. La ciudad de Talca en cambio, a pesar de ser la capital regional, muestra una menor dinámica, mientras que Linares, estaría rezagado y con un notable letargo. Adicionalmente, existe un conjunto de pequeñas y medianas ciudades que están mostrando dinámicas aceleradas debido a actividades primarias o por su proximidad a ciudades más grandes. Todas estas dinámicas se enmarcan en un proceso de coevolución y externalización del empleo hacia ramas con bajo valor añadido en servicios. Estos elementos son relevantes para cuestionar la sostenibilidad del modelo de desarrollo imperante y contribuyen al diagnóstico para la implementación de las políticas públicas territoriales, dadas las nuevas atribuciones que tendrán los gobiernos regionales, en el marco político-administrativo chileno que pronto entrará en vigencia.

Resumo Os sistemas de cidades e regiões correspondem a uma escala de análise que permite a compreensão dos processos demográficos e funcionais dos territórios. Este artigo procura compreender as trajetórias e velocidades vividas pelas cidades em termos demográficos e do emprego no sistema regional de cidades da Região do Maule, Chile, que apresenta um elevado mas diferenciado dinamismo nas atividades primárias. Os resultados demonstram que a cidade de Curicó apresenta ritmos de crescimento acelerado, explicado pelo boom da fruticultura ligada ao setor primário. A cidade de Talca, por outro lado, apesar de ser a capital regional, apresenta uma menor dinâmica, enquanto Linares, estaria atrasada e com uma perceptível letargia. Além disso, existe um conjunto de pequenas e médias cidades que apresentam uma dinâmica acelerada devido às atividades primárias ou pela proximidade às grandes cidades. Todas estas dinâmicas enquadram-se num processo de coevolução e terceirização de empregos através de marcas de baixo valor agregado em serviços. Estes elementos são relevantes para questionar a sustentabilidade do modelo de desenvolvimento vigente e contribuir para o diagnóstico para a implementação de políticas públicas territoriais, dadas as novas atribuições que os governos regionais terão no quadro político-administrativo chileno que entrarão em vigor em breve.

Résumé Les systèmes de villes et régions correspondent à une échelle d’analyse qui permet de comprendre les processus démographiques et fonctionnels des territoires. Cet article cherche à comprendre les trajectoires et les vitesses vécues par les villes du système de villes de la région du Maule, Chili, en termes démographiques et de l’emploi qui a connut un très fort dynamisme dans les activités primaires mais très différencié. Les résultats montrent que la ville de Curicó a des rythmes de croissance accélérés, expliqués par un boom de la production fruitière lié au secteur primaire. La ville de Talca en revanche, malgré capitale régionale, montre une moindre dynamique, tandis que Linares, serait retardée et avec une léthargie notable. En outre, il existe un ensemble de petites et moyennes villes qui affichent une dynamique accélérée en raison des activités principales ou en raison de leur proximité avec les grandes villes. Toutes ces dynamiques sont encadrées dans un processus de coévolution et d’externalisation de l’emploi vers des branches à faible valeur ajoutée dans les services. Ces éléments sont pertinents pour remettre en cause la pérennité du modèle de développement en vigueur et contribuent au diagnostic pour la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques territoriales, compte tenu des nouvelles attributions que les gouvernements régionaux auront dans le cadre politico-administratif chilien et que prendront effet prochainement.

Abstract Systems of cities and regions correspond to a scale of analysis that allows the understanding of demographic and functional processes of territories. This article seeks to understand the trajectories and speeds experienced by cities in the regional system of cities of the Maule Region of Chile in demographic and employment terms, which has had a high but differentiated dynamism in primary activities. The results express that the city of Curicó shows accelerated growth rhythms, explained by a “boom” of fruit-culture linked to the primary sector. The city of Talca, on the other hand, despite being the regional capital, shows a lesser dynamic, while Linares, would be lagging behind and with a noticeable lethargy. Additionally, there is a set of small and medium cities that are showing accelerated dynamics due to primary activities or due to their proximity to larger cities. All these dynamics are framed in a process of coevolution and outsourcing of employment towards branches with low added value in services. These elements are relevant for questioning the sustainability of the prevailing development model and contribute to the diagnosis for the implementation of territorial public policies, given the new attributions that regional governments will have in the Chilean political-administrative framework which will take effect soon.