SIGNIFICANCE: The global demands of a fast-paced, 'publish or perish' culture at higher education and research institutions pose several challenges for researchers, especially early-career scholars. In South Africa, the incentivisation of the 'publish or perish' paradigm, in a context of historical funding inequities, presents both possibilities and perils. Prioritising integrity within such a system requires a reclaiming of moral agency that subscribes to a high code of ethical conduct, which includes the values of excellence and empathy. We propose an EEE (excellence, ethics and empathy) framework for balancing productivity with integrity, thereby resisting the logics of the research marketplace.

Resumo Dada a insuficiente evidência científica, decisões relativas à utilização de nutrição e hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais configuram um importante dilema ético. Identifica-se um conflito entre as perspetivas de “tratar” e “cuidar”, com variação quanto a sua utilização conforme o contexto legal e cultural de diferentes países. O intuito deste estudo é esclarecer se essa prática constitui uma medida de cuidado básico ou um tratamento fútil e desproporcionado. Procede-se a uma revisão das diretrizes e dos códigos deontológicos de diferentes países europeus. Em Portugal, na Itália e na Polônia, tal prática é vista como uma medida de cuidado básico; já em países como França, Inglaterra, Noruega, Irlanda, Alemanha, Finlândia, Holanda, Bélgica e Suíça, é considerada um tratamento fútil. Na Romênia, na Croácia e na Hungria, verifica-se um enquadramento ético e legal insuficiente. As diferenças de abordagem a doentes terminais podem ser reflexo das diferentes perspetivas culturais. científica Identificase Identifica tratar “tratar cuidar, cuidar , “cuidar” desproporcionado Procedese Procede europeus Portugal Polônia França Inglaterra Noruega Irlanda Alemanha Finlândia Holanda Suíça Romênia Hungria verificase verifica culturais “cuidar

Abstract Given the lack of scientific evidence, decisions regarding the administration of artificial nutrition and hydration in terminally ill patients constitute an important ethical dilemma due to the conflict between “treat” and “care” perspectives and the varying usage depending on the legal and cultural background across countries. This study aims to explain whether this practice configures a basic care intervention or a futile medical treatment. Therefore, we review the national guidelines and codes of ethics from several European countries. Countries such as Portugal, Italy, and Poland view it as a basic care intervention, whereas France, England, Norway, Ireland, Germany, Finland, Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland, as a medical treatment. Moreover, countries such as Romania, Croatia, and Hungary lack such legal framework. The different approaches regarding the care of terminally ill patients can reflect differences on cultural perspectives. evidence treat “treat “care treatment Therefore Portugal Italy France England Norway Ireland Germany Finland Netherlands Belgium Switzerland Moreover Romania Croatia framework

Resumen Dada la insuficiente evidencia científica, las decisiones sobre el uso de la nutrición e hidratación artificiales en los pacientes terminales constituyen un importante dilema ético. Se identifica un conflicto entre las perspectivas de “tratar” y “cuidar”, con variaciones en su uso según el contexto legal y cultural de los diferentes países. El objetivo de este estudio es dilucidar si esta práctica constituye una medida de atención básica o un tratamiento fútil y desproporcionado. Se realiza una revisión de las directrices y códigos deontológicos de diferentes países europeos. En Portugal, Italia y Polonia, se considera esta práctica como una medida de atención básica; mientras que en países como Francia, Inglaterra, Noruega, Irlanda, Alemania, Finlandia, Holanda, Bélgica y Suiza, se considera un tratamiento fútil. En Rumanía, Croacia y Hungría, el marco ético y jurídico es insuficiente. Las diferencias en el tratamiento de los pacientes terminales pueden reflejar diferentes perspectivas culturales. científica tratar “tratar cuidar, cuidar , “cuidar” desproporcionado europeos Portugal Polonia Francia Inglaterra Noruega Irlanda Alemania Finlandia Holanda Suiza Rumanía Hungría culturales “cuidar

RESUMEN Objetivos: informar la construcción de una tecnología educativa sobre los derechos de los profesionales de enfermería. Métodos: relato de experiencia sobre la construcción de tecnología educativa durante la acreditación de horas de extensión universitaria en una carrera de pregrado en enfermería en una universidad pública brasileña, entre marzo y junio de 2023. Se utilizó el ciclo de Deming como método procesal. Resultados: se realizaron cuatro reuniones entre estudiantes y extensionistas. Se produjeron ocho historietas basadas en el Código de Ética para los Profesionales de Enfermería, abordando la autonomía profesional, la remuneración justa, el trabajo libre de riesgos, la negación de la exposición en los medios de comunicación y otros. El ciclo de Deming demostró ser una estrategia importante para la construcción de productos. Conclusiones: los derechos de los profesionales de enfermería deben ser discutidos y mejorados. Las tecnologías educativas, como los cómics, proporcionan un aprendizaje lúdico y reflexivo. Objetivos Métodos brasileña 2023 procesal Resultados extensionistas Enfermería profesional justa riesgos otros productos Conclusiones mejorados educativas cómics reflexivo 202 20 2

ABSTRACT Objectives: to report an educational technology construction on nursing professionals’ rights. Methods: an experience report on educational technology construction during the crediting of university extension hours in an undergraduate nursing course at a Brazilian public university, between March and June 2023. The Deming cycle was used as a procedural method. Results: four meetings were held between students and extension workers. Eight comic books were produced based on the Code of Ethics for Nurses, addressing professional autonomy, fair remuneration, risk-free work, denial of exposure in the media and others. The Deming cycle proved to be an important strategy for constructing products. Conclusions: nursing professionals’ rights must be discussed and improved. Educational technologies, such as comic books, provide playful and reflective learning. Objectives professionals Methods 2023 method Results workers Nurses autonomy remuneration riskfree risk free work others products Conclusions improved technologies learning 202 20 2

RESUMO Objetivos: relatar a construção de uma tecnologia educacional sobre os direitos dos profissionais de enfermagem. Métodos: relato de experiência sobre a construção de tecnologia educacional durante a creditação de horas de extensão universitária em uma disciplina da graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade pública brasileira, entre março e junho de 2023. Utilizou-se o ciclo de Deming como método processual. Resultados: foram realizados quatro encontros entre estudantes e extensionistas. Oito histórias em quadrinhos foram produzidas pautadas no Código de Ética dos Profissionais de Enfermagem abordando autonomia profissional, remuneração justa, trabalho sem riscos, negação à exposição em mídias e outros. O ciclo de Deming mostrou-se importante estratégia para construção dos produtos. Conclusões: os direitos dos profissionais de enfermagem devem ser discutidos e aprimorados. Tecnologias educacionais, como histórias em quadrinhos, proporcionam aprendizagem lúdica e reflexiva. Objetivos Métodos brasileira 2023 Utilizouse Utilizou se processual Resultados extensionistas profissional justa riscos outros mostrouse mostrou produtos Conclusões aprimorados educacionais reflexiva 202 20 2

The background of this research is the status and significance of an ethics of care of the self in the history of morality. I followed the following methodology: I attempted to come to nuanced, critical understanding of the Foucault's conceptualisation of morality in Volumes II and III of The History of Sexuality. In the 'Ancients', Foucault uncovered an 'ethics-oriented' as opposed to a 'code-oriented' morality in which the emphasis shifted to how an individual was supposed to constitute himself as an ethical subject of his own action without denying the importance of either the moral code or the actual behaviour of people. The main question was whether care of the self-sufficiently regulated an individual's conduct towards others to prevent the self from lapsing into narcissism, substituting a generous responsiveness towards the other for a means-end rationale. I put this line of critique to test by confronting Foucault's care of the self with Levinas's primordial responsibility towards the other and put forward a case for the indispensability of aesthetics for ethics. In conclusion, I defended the claim that care of the self does indeed foster other responsiveness. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: Foucault's ethics, understood as an 'aesthetics of existence' has profound intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary implications, as it challenges traditional ethical normative ethical theories and engages with various fields of philosophy, social sciences and humanities. Interdisciplinary fields greatly influenced by Foucault's ethics include: psychology, literary, cultural, gender and sexuality studies, medical ethics, anthropology and history, among others

ORIENTATION: Commitment, well-being and employer loyalty affect nurse retention. Literature shows that nurses are leaving the workforce at an alarming rate and that various factors are causing them to leave their employers RESEARCH PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the ethical work climate in the organisation on nurses' commitment MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The health sector is essential in promoting mental, physical and emotional health but faces a shortage of skilled workers. The work ethics climate (WEC) can play a crucial role in retaining skills RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A quantitative research approach was adopted in a non-probability convenience sample of 208 permanent nurses from a South African public hospital. Participants completed self-assessments on an ethical climate questionnaire and an organisational commitment scale (OCS), and regression analysis was used to analyse the data MAIN FINDINGS: Work ethics climate correlated with nurses' affective, continuance and normative commitment. In addition, the results indicated that WEC predicted nurses' commitment PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Public hospitals in South Africa should create policies, laws and procedures that encourage ethical behaviour characterised by honesty, justice and dignity to boost nurse commitment. Thus, the South African hospital should foster an ethical workplace and implement an ethical code CONTRIBUTION/VALUE ADD: This study contributes to the theory of ethical work climate and ethical behaviour by suggesting that nurses who positively perceive policies, rules and hospitals that have clear regulations are more likely to engage

A literature review revealed that sexual grooming can be counteracted in public schools by focussing on educators' professional boundary violations. However, there is a scarcity of literature where sexual grooming behaviours are linked to professional boundary violations and on the handling of these behaviours from a legal perspective. Such information would be most valuable to school principals, departments of education, bodies overseeing the teaching profession and forums and courts that consider cases dealing with educator-on-learner sexual grooming. Following on an article titled "Sexual Grooming of Children in Teaching as a Trust Profession in South Africa" the author, in this article, concentrates on sexual grooming behaviours as professional boundary violations. She not only links typical grooming behaviours with professional boundary violations but also considers the law and policy that governs it, and which would apply when dealing with such as a breach of the South African Council for Educators Code of Professional Ethics, and or misconduct. Sexual grooming behaviours are associated with the violation of professional relationship boundaries which protect learners from the abuse of power and trust, inappropriate communication, educators exceeding their tasks and roles, educators physically abusing learners and educators invading learners' personal space and privacy. To allege that an educator has committed a professional boundary violation it is essential to distinguish between boundary violations which are acceptable and boundary violations that are inappropriate and part of sexual grooming. The author suggests a test that can be used to make this distinction and that would make it possible to deal with boundary violations before a sexual grooming pattern forms. The article is concluded with recommendations inter alia to rephrase section 17(1 )(f) of the Employment of Educators Act 76 of 1998 so that it would be unambiguous and be able to cover sexual grooming as a form of serious misconduct.

Resumen En los códigos deontológicos relativos al análisis de restos humanos antiguos pueden encontrarse, con variantes, tres principios rectores básicos: tratamiento digno de los restos, potestad de los descendientes sobre su destino, y garantía de su conservación y salvaguarda. Cuando se encuentran formulados en forma amplia, estos principios entran en conflicto entre sí y con diversas situaciones que surgen en la práctica de investigación, especialmente en la bioarqueología americana. Este trabajo presenta una serie de escenarios prácticos vinculados con la práctica bioarqueológica en Uruguay, donde no hay un código de ética para el trabajo con restos humanos, con la finalidad de dar cuenta de ciertas características propias de la realidad uruguaya que sirvan para orientar la resolución de dilemas éticos en un futuro. La aplicación del principio de dignidad es altamente contingente a la situación y el contexto, y decanta en última instancia en tres recomendaciones: el manejo cuidadoso de los restos, evitar en la medida de lo posible su exhibición pública, e intervenir arqueológicamente en sitios amenazados. En lo referente a la potestad sobre el destino de los restos, su cumplimiento en el Uruguay implica un diálogo aún incipiente con una gama de agrupaciones indígenas, y la elaboración de una serie de recomendaciones éticas en lo referente a restos óseos prehispánicos, para cuyo manejo no hay un marco legal específico. Por último, la conservación es considerada crucial tanto por sus implicancias académicas como por su significación para la sustentabilidad y el desarrollo local de la disciplina.

Resumo Três princípios básicos de orientação podem ser encontrados, com variações, nos códigos de ética para a análise de restos humanos antigos: tratamento digno dos restos mortais, o poder dos descendentes sobre o destino dos restos mortais, e a garantia de sua preservação e salvaguarda. Quando formulados de forma ampla, esses princípios entram em conflito entre si e com várias situações que surgem na prática da pesquisa, especialmente na bioarqueologia americana. Este documento apresenta uma série de cenários práticos relacionados à prática bioarqueológica no Uruguai, onde não existe um código de ética para o trabalho com restos humanos, com o objetivo de fornecer um relato de certas características da realidade uruguaia que podem servir para orientar a resolução de dilemas éticos no futuro. A aplicação do princípio da dignidade é altamente dependente da situação e do contexto e, em última análise, resulta em três recomendações: o manuseio cuidadoso dos restos mortais, evitar sua exibição pública na medida do possível e a intervenção arqueológica em locais ameaçados. Com relação à autoridade sobre o destino dos restos mortais, a conformidade no Uruguai envolve um diálogo ainda incipiente com uma série de grupos indígenas e a elaboração de uma série de recomendações éticas com relação aos restos de esqueletos pré-hispânicos, para cujo manuseio não há uma estrutura legal específica. Por fim, a conservação é considerada crucial tanto por suas implicações acadêmicas quanto por sua importância para a sustentabilidade e o desenvolvimento local da disciplina.

Abstract Three basic guiding principles can be found, with variations, in the codes of ethics related to the analysis of ancient human remains: dignified treatment of the remains, authority of the descendants over the fate of the remains, and the guarantee of their conservation. When broadly formulated, these principles conflict with each other and with various situations that arise in research practice, especially in the bioarchaeology of the Americas. This paper presents a series of practical scenarios related to bioarchaeological practice in Uruguay (where there is no code of ethics for work with human remains) to account for characteristics of the Uruguayan reality that may serve to guide the resolution of ethical dilemmas in the future. The application of the principle of dignity is highly contingent on the situation and the context, and ultimately results in three recommendations: careful handling of the remains, avoiding as far as possible their public exhibition, and archaeological intervention in threatened sites. Regarding the authority over the fate of remains, compliance in Uruguay involves a still incipient dialogue with a range of indigenous groups, and the elaboration of a series of ethical recommendations regarding pre-Hispanic skeletal remains, for which there is no specific legal framework. Finally, conservation is considered crucial both for its academic implications and its significance for the sustainability and local development of the discipline.

Abstract The principles of bioethics are characterized by a particular singularity that allows for a range of rights and obligations in the doctor-patient relationship, permitting or not the disclosure of personal information, notably when it is the decision of the latter. The problem addressed in this research concerns the possibility of the doctor relativizing the sharing of the confidentiality of the information obtained from their patient. This is a qualitative and exploratory research, based mainly on the deductive method. Through bibliographic, documentary and jurisprudential review, we present the concept, extent, and exceptions to the duty of medical confidentiality and its relation to bioethics, with a focus on legal and deontological norms and their reflections on various social facts, occurring in Portugal and Brazil. However, we will limit our approach to the connection between medicine and law, in light of a recent court decision that led to the dismissal of a criminal case initiated after the doctor reported a patient's abortion to the police, who sought medical attention after ingesting an abortifacient drug. We will describe aspects related to the doctor-patient commitment and its implications in cases where the ethical behavior of the medical professional is deviant.

Resumo Os princípios da bioética são revestidos de particular singularidade que possibilitam uma gama de direitos e obrigações à relação médico-paciente, permitindo ou não a revelação de informações pessoais, notadamente quando esta for a decisão deste último. O problema da presente pesquisa versa sobre a possibilidade de o médico relativizar o compartilhamento do sigilo das informações obtidas de seu paciente. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, que se utiliza do método dedutivo para fazer uma revisão bibliográfica, documental e de recortes da jurisprudência, apresentando o conceito, extensão e exceção ao dever de guarda do sigilo médico e sua relação diante da bioética, com os olhos voltados para as normas legais e deontológicas e seus reflexos em diversos fatos sociais, ocorridos em Portugal e no Brasil. Entretanto, delimitaremos a abordagem à conexão da medicina com o direito, diante de recente decisão judicial que arquivou um processo criminal instaurado após a comunicação do médico à autoridade policial de um aborto praticado por sua paciente, que procurou atendimento após ingerir medicamento abortivo. Serão descritos aspectos ligados ao compromisso médico-paciente e suas implicações no caso de o comportamento ético do profissional médico se manifestar desviante.

Abstract: In August 2018, the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), the body responsible for the supervision and standardization of medical professional practice in Brazil, published a national code of ethics for medical students (CEMS), which standardizes and suggests behaviors, based on the best moral and ethical values, for medical students, supporting the humanization of medicine and indirectly helping teachers and managers of medical courses. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dissemination and awareness of scientific publications on the Brazilian CEMS code, and consisted of an integrative literature review of all publications related to the Brazilian CEMS published from 2005 to the present. We found 4 studies related to regional and university codes of ethics for medical students published from 2005 to 2022, and regarding the CEMS elaborated by the FCM, we found a single study from its launch in 2018 to 2022. A CEMS has universal importance, facilitating the ethical and human development of future physicians, and despite its importance in the training of physicians, there is a lack of published research on the subject in Brazil.

Resumen: En agosto de 2018, el Consejo Federal de Medicina (CFM), órgano responsable de la supervisión y normalización de la práctica profesional médica en Brasil, publicó un código nacional de ética para estudiantes de medicina (CEMS), que normaliza y sugiere conductas, basadas en los mejores valores morales y éticos, para los estudiantes de medicina, apoyando la humanización de la medicina y ayudando indirectamente a los profesores y gestores de los cursos de medicina. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la difusión y el conocimiento de las publicaciones científicas sobre el código de la CEMS brasileña, y consistió en una revisión bibliográfica integradora de todas las publicaciones relacionadas con la CEMS brasileña publicadas desde 2005 hasta la actualidad. Encontramos 4 estudios relacionados con códigos de ética regionales y universitarios para estudiantes de medicina publicados desde 2005 hasta 2022, y con respecto a los CEMS elaborados por la FCM, encontramos un único estudio desde su lanzamiento en 2018 hasta 2022. Un CEMS tiene importancia universal, facilitando el desarrollo ético y humano de los futuros médicos, y, a pesar de su importancia en la formación de los médicos, falta investigación publicada sobre el tema en Brasil.

Resumo: Em agosto de 2018, o Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), órgão responsável pela fiscalização e normatização do exercício profissional médico no Brasil, publicou um código nacional de ética do estudante de medicina (CEMS), que padroniza e sugere condutas, com base nos melhores valores morais e éticos, para os estudantes de medicina, apoiando a humanização da medicina e auxiliando indiretamente os professores e gestores dos cursos de medicina. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a disseminação e a conscientização das publicações científicas sobre o código CEMS brasileiro, e consistiu em uma revisão integrativa da literatura de todas as publicações relacionadas ao CEMS brasileiro publicadas de 2005 até o presente. Encontramos 4 estudos relacionados a códigos de ética regionais e universitários para estudantes de medicina publicados de 2005 a 2022 e, com relação ao CEMS elaborado pela FCM, encontramos um único estudo desde seu lançamento em 2018 até 2022. Um CEMS tem importância universal, facilitando o desenvolvimento ético e humano dos futuros médicos, e, apesar de sua importância na formação dos médicos, há uma carência de pesquisas publicadas sobre o assunto no Brasil.

Abstract: In August 2018, the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), the body responsible for the supervision and standardization of medical professional practice in Brazil, published a national code of ethics for medical students (CEMS), which standardizes and suggests behaviors, based on the best moral and ethical values, for medical students, supporting the humanization of medicine and indirectly helping teachers and managers of medical courses. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dissemination and awareness of scientific publications on the Brazilian CEMS code and consisted of an integrative literature review of all publications related to the Brazilian CEMS published from 2005 to the present. We found 4 studies related to regional and university codes of ethics for medical students published from 2005 to 2022, and regarding the CEMS elaborated by the FCM, we found a single study from its launch in 2018 to 2022. A CEMS has universal importance, facilitating the ethical and human development of future physicians, and despite its importance in the training of physicians, there is a lack of published research on the subject in Brazil.

Resumen: En agosto de 2018, el Consejo Federal de Medicina (CFM), órgano responsable de la supervisión y normalización de la práctica profesional médica en Brasil, publicó un código nacional de ética para estudiantes de medicina (CEMS), que normaliza y sugiere conductas, basadas en los mejores valores morales y éticos, para los estudiantes de medicina, apoyando la humanización de la medicina y ayudando indirectamente a los profesores y gestores de los cursos de medicina. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la difusión y el conocimiento de las publicaciones científicas sobre el código de la CEMS brasileña, y consistió en una revisión bibliográfica integradora de las publicaciones relacionadas con la CEMS brasileña publicadas desde 2005 hasta la actualidad. Encontramos 4 estudios relacionados con códigos de ética regionales y universitarios para estudiantes de medicina publicados desde 2005 hasta 2022, y, respecto de los CEMS elaborados por la FCM, encontramos un único estudio desde su lanzamiento en 2018 hasta 2022. Un CEMS tiene importancia universal, facilitando el desarrollo ético y humano de los futuros médicos, y, a pesar de su importancia en la formación de los médicos, falta investigación publicada sobre el tema en Brasil.

Resumo: Em agosto de 2018, o Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), órgão responsável pela fiscalização e normatização do exercício profissional médico no Brasil, publicou um código nacional de ética do estudante de medicina (CEMS), que padroniza e sugere condutas, com base nos melhores valores morais e éticos, para os estudantes de medicina, apoiando a humanização da medicina e auxiliando indiretamente os professores e gestores dos cursos de medicina. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a disseminação e a conscientização das publicações científicas sobre o código CEMS brasileiro, e consistiu em uma revisão integrativa da literatura de todas as publicações relacionadas ao CEMS brasileiro publicadas de 2005 até o presente. Encontramos 4 estudos relacionados a códigos de ética regionais e universitários para estudantes de medicina publicados de 2005 a 2022 e, com relação ao CEMS elaborado pela FCM, encontramos um único estudo desde seu lançamento em 2018 até 2022. Um CEMS tem importância universal, facilitando o desenvolvimento ético e humano dos futuros médicos, e, apesar de sua importância na formação dos médicos, há uma carência de pesquisas publicadas sobre o assunto no Brasil.

Positive consideration of software engineering codes of ethics by computing educators promotes inclusion in the teaching of software development courses. For computing educators, this is significant because they contribute immensely to the development of software engineering graduates, not only in terms of teaching technical skills but also in ethical development. This study aims to investigate the perceived importance of codes of ethics by lecturers who teach software development courses at a University of Technology in South Africa. The data was collected using an online survey from 103 educators from two computing departments in a South African UoT; 44 responses were received. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to evaluate the responses; the Pearson Chi-square test was applied to assess the level of association between variables of interest for more conclusive results in addressing the objective of the study. The results of this study indicated that the majority of participants were males; female participants amounted only to 18.2 per cent. Results also reported that most participants agreed with all the statements tested to determine the perceived importance of Software Engineering Codes of Ethics to educators. In addition, an association was presented between the importance of a software engineering code of ethics to an educator and three other variables (the need to teach students about ethical behaviour, an obligation for software engineers to consider the ethical implications of their systems and sex of the respondents) respectively. This study recommended that institutions of higher learning consider finding permanent ways of inculcating a culture of ethical conduct into its staff members, encouraging educators to take up professional memberships with professional bodies. These measures will ensure that software development educators are trained to maintain high standards within their profession, embracing the use and adherence to a code of ethics in the teaching of software development courses.

Based on 14 months of ethnographic research, this article examines how African Muslim migrants build and maintain faith-based business ethics and how they apply these ethical business norms to help navigate their transnational lives in Guangzhou, China. Most of the African Muslim migrants included in the study are small-scale business owners who engage in semi-formal economic activities in both local and home markets. They face racial, cultural, and legal challenges on a daily basis. Unable to access formal means of support due to their precarious economic and legal status, many African Muslim small-business owners rely on informal business ethics to ensure a safe trading environment and mitigate risk. Their business ethics, I argue, are rooted in what I term "religious common ground" - the moral and ethical values shared among migrants from different Muslim groups. This article also explores the enforcing mechanisms of African Muslim small-scale business owners' business ethics, such as mosques and co-religion business networks. This article concludes that there is no universal, standard code of conduct among African Muslim business owners in Guangzhou. Individuals among different Muslim communities have diverse interpretations of business ethics and practice them differently based on their nationality, ethnicity, religious habits, and socio-cultural backgrounds. This article contributes to a small but important literature that addresses the central role that religion plays in Muslim migrants' business practices in a non-Muslim society.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes, in accordance with legal ethics provisions, the behavior of a lawyer who pretends to litigate in his own name but he actually is doing so for the interest of a third party whose identity remains hidden. This conduct is called sham litigation and the lawyer who displays it, sham litigator. CEP of 1948 and 2011 have not expressly penalized sham litigants, but disciplinary rulings have sentenced them in application of general duties ( e.g ., the duty of candor before court). A similar trend exists in comparative law, judging it as deviance from due professional conduct. Comparative law also shows that the identity of plaintiffs is not protected by the duty of confidentiality. The article begins by describing CEP 2011 rules which justify penalizing apparent litigants. Then it refers to the rules of CEP 1948 and the case law developed by the Chilean Bar Association in this regard. Subsequently, it deals with sham litigation in comparative law. It then considers two additional issues: the possibility that the sham litigation is covered by the duty of confidentiality in Chile and whether the law on appearance in court could authorize sham litigation.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza, a la luz de la ética profesional de la abogacía, la conducta de un abogado que simula litigar a nombre propio en circunstancias que lo hace por el interés de un tercero, cuya identidad permanece oculta. Esta conducta es llamada litigación aparente y el abogado que la despliega, litigante aparente. Los CEP de 1948 y de 2011 no han condenado expresamente al litigante aparente, pero la jurisprudencia sí sobre la base de deberes generales ( v.gr ., el deber de honradez ante el tribunal). Existe una tendencia similar en el derecho comparado, por desviación del correcto actuar profesional. El derecho comparado muestra, además, que la identidad de la persona que acciona no está amparada por el deber de confidencialidad. El artículo comienza describiendo las reglas del CEP de 2011, que justifican la condena del litigante aparente. Luego, se refiere a las reglas del CEP de 1948 y la jurisprudencia que el Colegio de Abogados desarrolló al respecto. Después, aborda la litigación aparente en el derecho comparado. Finaliza considerando dos puntos adicionales: la posibilidad de que el litigante aparente esté cubierto por el deber de confidencialidad en Chile y si la legislación sobre comparecencia en juicio podría autorizar la litigación aparente.

Resumen Debido a los escándalos financieros presentes desde hace décadas, las empresas buscan mayores controles que apoyen el debido cumplimiento de todo tipo de actividades que realizan con diversos agentes con los que trabaja. Un control es establecer un Código de ética empresarial. El propósito de este trabajo fue identificar la percepción que tienen los estudiantes-empleados de empresas de Mérida, México, con respecto a las nociones de ética empresarial en el desarrollo de sus actividades en donde trabajan. Se obtuvo información de fuentes primarias, al utilizar una encuesta con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Los resultados indican que, en las pymes, los empleados consideren de importancia el establecimiento de un Código de Ética. La mayoría de los encuestados define la ética como “la buena actuación profesional” (65.56%), seguido por “Buen sentido común” (31.48%). Los encuestados consideran que “los valores éticos en la empresa les ayudan a:” guiar acciones (47.04%), a ser mejores personas (30.00%), a progresar (20.37%) o a cumplir requisitos (2.59%). Los resultados obtenidos indican que en un 51.11% de las empresas no existe un código de ética, sin embargo, el 71.85% de los encuestados indicó que se establece un compromiso de comportamiento ético como trabajador de la empresa cuando lo deseable sería la formalización de estos compromisos por medio de códigos. Quienes contestaron consideran que la información adecuada, oportuna y periódica sobre el cumplimiento de reglas, objetivos y metas en su empresa es, con un 95%, de importancia de conocer para poder contribuir en sus logros.

Abstract Due to financial scandals occurring decades ago, companies have had to find significant controls that support due compliance of all activities that are carried out with various agents with whom they work. The establishment of a Business Ethics Code is a good control. This work´s general purpose was to identify student-employees´ of companies in Mérida perception regarding notions related to corporate ethics in the development of their work. Information was obtained from primary sources, conducting a survey using non-probability & convenience sampling. Results show that in SMEs, employees are likely to consider the establishment of an Ethics Code. Outcomes display that respondents define ethics as "good performance" (65.56%), followed by "good common sense" (31.48%). Respondents ponder that ethical values in the company help them to: guide actions (47.04%), to be a better person (30.00%), to progress (20.37%) and to meet requirements (2.59%). Upshots indicate that 51.11% of the companies’ don´t have an ethics code, but 71.85% of respondents specified that, as workers, an ethical behavior commitment is established with the company, therefore, the proper formalization of these commitments through a code would be desirable. 95% of those who answered, consider that adequate, timely and periodic information on rules, objectives and goals compliance in their company are of importance to know how to contribute to their achievements.

Resumo Devido aos escândalos financeiros que têm ocorrido ao longo de décadas, as empresas tiveram de encontrar controlos que suportem o devido cumprimento de todo o tipo de atividades que são realizadas com os vários agentes com os quais trabalham. Um controle é o estabelecimento de um Código de Ética Empresarial. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar a percepção que os alunos-funcionários de empresas de Mérida, México têm sobre as noções relacionadas à ética empresarial no desenvolvimento das atividades da empresa onde realizam seu trabalho. Foram obtidas informações de fontes primárias, utilizando um inquérito com amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. Os resultados indicam que, nas PME, os empregados consideram de importância o estabelecimento de um Código de Ética. Os entrevistados definem a ética como "a boa atuação profissional" (65.56%), seguido por "Bom senso" (31.48%). Os entrevistados consideram que "os valores éticos na empresa os ajudam a:" guiar ações (47.04%), a ser melhores pessoas (30.00%), a progredir (20.37%) ou a cumprir requisitos (2.59%). Os resultados obtidos indicam que em 51,11% das empresas não existe um código de ética, no entanto, 71.85% dos entrevistados indicou que se estabelece um compromisso de comportamento ético como trabalhador da empresa quando o desejável seria a formalização destes compromissos por meio de códigos. Aqueles que responderam consideram que a informação adequada, oportuna e periódica sobre o cumprimento de regras, objetivos e metas em sua empresa é, com 95%, de importância de conhecer para poder contribuir em suas conquistas

Abstract Medical ethicists have questioned the use of no-treatment controlled studies (placebo and sham procedure) of new therapies when safe and effective standard therapies are available for use as an active or “equivalence” control. Currently, ethical and conduct principles for biomedical research specifically prohibit projects that do not make or deny the “best-proven diagnosis and therapeutic treatment” to any participant in a clinical trial, including individuals who consent to randomisation into a control group. Studies of psychophysiological therapies are often criticised for not having a placebo or sham treatment control group. In sports science research, particularly in the case of clinical exercise, the use of control groups also raises ethical questions. This article briefly reviews the problem and discusses the ethical standards governing human research derived from the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki.