Summary: The fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and the Leaf Area Index (LAI) are biophysical variables closely related to the evapotranspiration rate of crops and their biomass production. Despite their importance, they are usually not measured directly due to their time-consuming and costly nature; however, they can be estimated on a large scale and near-real-time using spectral information captured in satellite images, although this requires prior validation at the field level. Simple linear regression models were developed and validated using 13 vegetation indices (VI) related to LAI and FCV in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Three spectral information sources were used: (i) reflectance to derive the VI; (ii) digital photographs processed with the Canopeo application to estimate FVC; and (iii) direct LAI measurements using a ceptometer. Six field samples were taken between March and June, 2020 in four alfalfa plots located in Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, Mexico. To evaluate each VI, the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used. We found that the most suitable VI for estimating FVC was the VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 =0.987 and RMSE = 0.093). For the LAI, the VI that performed best was the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.935 and RMSE = 0.746). The results showed the suitability and practical utility of spectral information for estimating biophysical variables in alfalfa cultivation and their monitoring.

Resumen: La fracción de cobertura vegetal (FCV) y el índice de área foliar (IAF) son variables biofísicas relacionadas estrechamente con la tasa de evapotranspiración de los cultivos y su producción de biomasa. A pesar de su importancia, usualmente no se miden de manera directa debido al tiempo invertido y costo; sin embargo, se pueden estimar a gran escala y en tiempo casi real mediante información espectral captada en imágenes de satélite, pero esto requiere de su validación a nivel de campo. Se desarrollaron y validaron modelos de regresión lineal simple utilizando 13 índices de vegetación (IV) relacionados con el IAF y la FCV en alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Se usaron tres fuentes de información espectral: (i) La reflectancia para derivar los IV; (ii) fotografías digitales procesadas con Canopeo para estimar la FCV; y (iii) mediciones del IAF utilizando un ceptómetro. Se realizaron seis muestreos de campo entre marzo y junio de 2020, en cuatro parcelas de alfalfa situadas en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Para evaluar cada IV, se utilizó el coeficiente de determinación (R2) y la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME). Se encontró que el IV más apropiado para estimar la FCV fue el VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.987 y RCME = 0.093). En el caso del IAF, el IV que presentó el mejor desempeño fue el Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), R2 = 0.935 y RCME = 0.746). Los resultados mostraron la aptitud y utilidad práctica de la información espectral para estimar las variables biofísicas en el cultivo de alfalfa y su monitoreo.

Abstract Introduction: Recent ecological studies have found a positive correlation between habitat structure and animal communities that inhabit them. Generally, such studies try to test the hypotheses that animal species diversity increases in complex and heterogeneous habitats since they may provide more potential niches that structurally simpler habitats. Objective: In this research, the effect of habitat complexity and heterogeneity, and structural habitat characteristics on the butterfly community (Papilionoidea) inhabiting three vegetation covers (shrubs, highland forest and paramo) was evaluated in high-montane ecosystems of the Central Cordillera, Antioquia department, Colombia. Methods: From January to July 2012, butterflies were systematically sampled using Van Someren Rydon traps. Simultaneously, complexity, heterogeneity, and vegetation structure were quantified using 0.04 ha circular plots established around the traps. Results: We reported 108 species, 48 genus and five families of butterflies. Butterfly richness and abundance were sensible to both complexity and heterogeneity of the vegetation covers, as well as to changes in the vegetation structure, showing strong correlations with habitat characteristics. Butterfly diversity was highest in the shrub habitat (1D = 25.02; 2D = 11.97), followed by the highland forest (1D = 15.83; 2D = 9.42) and paramo (1D = 12.36; 2D = 7.86). Moreover, richness and abundance of butterfly species were positively associated with the increase in canopy cover and vegetation density in horizontal and vertical strata. Conclusion: These findings underline the importance of preserving the heterogeneity of habitats and vegetation structure in the Andean high-montane ecosystems to maintain the diversity and abundance of butterflies, highlighting the need for conservation and management policies that consider the complexity and diversity of these ecosystems.

Resumen Introducción: Recientes investigaciones han mostrado correlaciones positivas entre la estructura del hábitat y las comunidades animales que los habitan. Generalmente, estos estudios evalúan la hipótesis de una mayor diversidad de animales en hábitats complejos y heterogéneos, ya que éstos pueden ofrecer un mayor número de nichos potenciales a diferencia de aquellos estructuralmente más simples. Objetivo: Se evaluó el efecto de la complejidad, la heterogeneidad y la estructura del hábitat sobre una comunidad de mariposas diurnas (Papilionoidea) en tres tipos de coberturas vegetales (rastrojo, bosque y páramo) ubicadas en ecosistemas de alta montaña sobre la cordillera Central, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: Entre enero y julio del 2012, se realizaron capturas de mariposas utilizando trampas Van Someren Rydon y se cuantificó la complejidad, la heterogeneidad y la estructura de la vegetación a partir de parcelas circulares de 0.04 ha establecidas alrededor de las trampas. Resultados: Se reportó un total de 108 especies, 48 géneros y cinco familias de mariposas. La riqueza y la abundancia de especies de mariposas fueron sensibles tanto a la complejidad y heterogeneidad de las coberturas vegetales como a los cambios en la estructura de la vegetación, mostrando fuertes correlaciones con las características del hábitat. El rastrojo presentó la mayor diversidad de mariposas (1D = 25.02; 2D = 11.97), seguido por el bosque (1D = 15.83; 2D = 9.42) y el páramo (1D = 12.36; 2D = 7.86). Adicionalmente, la riqueza y abundancia de mariposas se asoció positivamente con la cobertura de dosel y la densidad de vegetación de los estratos verticales y horizontales. Conclusión: Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de conservar la heterogeneidad de los hábitats y la estructura vegetal en los ecosistemas de alta montaña andinos, para mantener la diversidad y abundancia de las mariposas, resaltando la necesidad de políticas de conservación y manejo que consideren la complejidad y diversidad de estos ecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction: The creation of protected natural areas within urban environments has played an essential role in providing small reservoirs of native vegetation and refuges for endemic species. However, knowledge of how land management and landscape design can influence the different community structures of urban parks is scarce. Objective: To analyze, through ant communities, the influence of urbanization in a protected natural area (PNA) located in an urban zone. Methods: From April to July 2022, using bait traps and pitfall traps along 100 m transects, the presence of ant species was recorded in the El Refugio State Park Natural Area in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Alpha diversity was assessed using Hill numbers, while beta diversity was evaluated using the Jaccard index. Additionally, indicator species were identified through the indicator value (IndVal). Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to associate the presence of species with environmental variables and vegetation types, and contingency tables were created to relate ant presence to vegetation cover size. Results: In total 18 565 individuals were captured (five subfamilies, 22 genera, and 29 species). Species richness and diversity decreased in sites with low vegetation cover, such as in Tamaulipan thornscrub; secondary vegetation retained greater species richness. Indicator species found in secondary vegetation and grassland areas were mainly composed of species that tolerate high temperatures and generalists such as Forelius mccooki and Tetramorium spinosum. The presence of these species is primarily associated with temperature, humidity, and vegetation cover. A relationship between the presence of ant species and vegetation cover size was evident. Conclusion: The structure and composition of ant communities vary according to the type of vegetation structure, particularly in areas that have undergone greater anthropogenic damage. Therefore, the conservation of landscapes, as well as monitoring of these areas, should be considered in future research.

Resumen Introducción: La creación de espacios naturales protegidos en entornos urbanos desempeñan un papel esencial, proporcionando reservorios de vegetación autóctona y refugios de fauna endémica. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento sobre cómo la gestión del suelo y el diseño del paisaje influye en las diferentes estructuras comunitarias de parques urbanos. Objetivo: Analizar a través de comunidades de hormigas la influencia de la urbanización en un área natural protegida en zona urbana. Métodos: De abril a julio de 2022, en transectos de 100 m se colocaron trampas de cebo y Pitfall, se registró la presencia de especies de hormigas del Parque Estatal “El Refugio” (PER), Tamaulipas, México. La diversidad Alfa se evaluó mediante números de Hill y la diversidad Beta con el índice de Jaccard. Se identificaron especies indicadoras con el Valor Indicador (IndVal). Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple asociando la presencia de especies con variables ambientales y tipos de vegetación. Se realizó una tabla de contingencia para relacionar la presencia de hormigas con el tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Resultados: En total, se capturaron 18 565 individuos (cinco subfamilias, 22 géneros y 29 especies). La riqueza y diversidad de especies disminuyó en sitios con baja cobertura vegetal, como en matorral espinoso tamaulipeco; la vegetación secundaria conservó mayor riqueza de especies. Áreas de vegetación secundaria y pastizal registraron especies indicadoras, principalmente especies generalistas y tolerantes a las altas temperaturas como Forelius mccooki y Tetramorium spinosum. La presencia de especies está asociada con la temperatura, humedad y cobertura vegetal. Se evidenció una relación entre presencia de especies de hormigas y tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Conclusiones: La estructura y composición de las comunidades de hormigas varía de acuerdo con la estructura vegetal, principalmente en áreas que han sufrido mayor daño antropogénico. La conservación de los paisajes y el monitoreo de estas áreas, deben ser considerados en futuras investigaciones.

ABSTRACT The soil organic carbon (SOC) content under climate change scenarios is essential, especially in areas of difficult access such as the high-altitude Tropical paramos. This study aimed to correlate the digital elevation model (DEM) derivatives, spectral indices from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, and WorldClim data with in situ SOC content in the PNR-Cortadera paramo (Boyaca, Colombia). Based on 169 soil samples collected at two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) organic carbon was determined using the Walkley-Black method. SOC contents ranged from 25 to 200 t HA-1 at 0-15 cm and from 33 to 466 t ha-1 at 15-30 cm. Altitude, temperature, NDVI, TWI0-15 cm, MRVBF, LS factor0-15 cm and VH band polarization showed the highest correlations and the lowest variance inflation factor. The highest SOC contents are located in the central and southern area of the paramo due to the higher altitude, greater precipitation and presence of vegetation cover.

RESUMEN El contenido de carbono orgánico (COS) del suelo bajo escenarios de cambio climático es esencial, especialmente en áreas de difícil acceso como los páramos tropicales de gran altitud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo correlacionar los derivados del modelo de elevación digital (DEM), los índices espectrales Sentinel-1 y Sentinel-2 y los datos de WorldClim con el contenido de COS in situ en el páramo PNR-Cortadera (Boyacá, Colombia). A partir de 169 muestras de suelo recolectadas a dos profundidades (0-15 y 15-30 cm), se determinó el carbono orgánico mediante el método de Walkley-Black. Los contenidos de COS a 0-15 cm de profundidad variaron entre 25 a 200 t ha-1 y 33 a 466 t ha-1 a 15-30 cm. La altitud, la temperatura, el NDVI, el TWI0-15 cm, el MRVBF, el factor LS0-15 cm y la polarización de la banda VH mostraron las mejores correlaciones y el menor factor de inflación de la varianza. Los mayores contenidos de COS se ubican en la zona central y sur del páramo debido a la mayor altitud, precipitación y presencia de cobertura vegetal.

Resumen Los bosques de galería son comunidades forestales que crecen a lo largo de los ríos y arroyos. Proporcionan numerosos servicios ecosistémicos, pero al igual que otras asociaciones vegetales están severamente amenazadas por actividades antrópicas como la agricultura. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el estado actual de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares, Nuevo León por medio de un análisis multitemporal de cambio de uso de suelo y cobertura vegetal en cuatro periodos: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 y 1995-2022. Para el análisis se utilizaron imágenes de alta resolución espacial de los satélites Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 y Birdseye. Se determinó el cambio neto y el cambio relativo porcentual para cada tipo de uso de suelo a lo largo del tiempo, así como la tasa anual de cambio mediante la ecuación propuesta por Puyravaud. Los resultados indican una pérdida de cobertura de los bosques de galería y un aumento del área agrícola. En un periodo de 27 años (1995-2022), la tasa anual de cambio registrada fue de -0.55 %; por el contrario, para la agricultura fue de 0.51 %. Con base en los valores obtenidos, se concluye que la superficie de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares tiende a disminuir, en función del tiempo para convertirse en tierras agrícolas. Es importante detener esta tendencia, ya que los bosques de galería desempeñan un papel importante en la protección de la biodiversidad, los recursos hídricos y edáficos, por lo que deben ser recuperados y conservados.

Abstract Gallery forests are plant communities that grow along rivers and streams. They provide numerous ecosystem services, but like other vegetation associations they are strongly threatened by anthropic activities such as agriculture. The objective of the present study was to know the current state of the gallery forests of Linares municipality, state of Nuevo León, by means of a multitemporal analysis of land use change and vegetation cover in four periods: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 and 1995-2022. The analysis used high-resolution space images from the Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 and Birdseye satellites. The net change and relative percentage change for each type of land use was determined over time, as well as the annual rate of change using the equation proposed by Puyravaud. As a result, a loss of coverage of gallery forests and an increase in agricultural area was found. Over a period of 27 years (1995-2022), the annual rate of change for gallery forests was -0.55 %, whereas for agriculture it was 0.51 %. Considering the values obtained, it is concluded that the area of the gallery forests of Linares municipality tends to decrease according to the time to become agricultural land. It is important to stop this trend, as gallery forests play an important role in protecting biodiversity, water and soil resources and must be recovered and preserved.

The partial or complete loss of vegetation cover triggers an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and sedimentation of water bodies, including reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, reducing their life expectancy. To control or mitigate this issue, ecological restoration interventions should prioritize the recovery of areas most vulnerable to these processes, such as springs. Conversely, wildfires cause damage to vegetation cover and hinder ecological restoration and/or natural regeneration processes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify - with the aid of Geographic Information Systems - the temporal and spatial likelihood of fire occurrences in spring recharge areas undergoing ecological restoration and contributing to hydroelectric reservoirs in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings indicated that the months with the highest probability of wildfire occurrences were August and September (accounting for 66% of cases), requiring increased attention to prevention efforts. Furthermore, locations most susceptible to fires (steeper slopes, more flammable vegetation, and higher anthropogenic use) should be treated as priorities for both prevention and ecological restoration actions

A perda parcial ou total da cobertura vegetal desencadeia um aumento do escoamento superficial, erosão e assoreamento de corpos hídricos, entre eles os reservatórios para a geração de energia hidroelétrica, reduzindo sua expectativa de vida útil. Para tentar controlar ou corrigir este problema, intervenções de restauração ecológica devem priorizar a recuperação de áreas mais frágeis a estes processos, como as nascentes. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de incêndios promove danos à cobertura vegetal e inibem os processos de restauração ecológica e/ou regeneração natural. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar - com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - a época mais provável e os locais mais susceptíveis aos incêndios, em áreas de recarga de nascentes sob processo de restauração ecológica e que são contribuintes de reservatórios hidroelétricos no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os meses de maior probabilidade de ocorrências de incêndios florestais foram agosto e setembro (66% dos casos), o que exigirá maior atenção quando das ações de prevenção. Bem assim, que os locais mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de incêndios (maior inclinação, vegetação mais inflamável e maior uso antrópico) necessitarão ser tratados como prioritários, tanto para ações de prevenção quanto de restauração ecológica

Abstract The estimation and variation of the vegetation cover of the Amazon forest generated by anthropic activity in Huepetuhe had the purpose of estimating the loss of vegetation and the deforestation rates for an Amazon forest, the study was carried out using Landsat 8 satellite images, the treatment of the raster images was made using the ERDAS software, the images were subjected to geometric and radiometric corrections, for this purpose control points were taken on the ground, for the analysis four categories of forest degradation were established: Forest with null vegetation with presence of bare soil, forest with sparse vegetation, forest with moderate vegetation and total area of deterioration. The results from the analysis of the multispectral images and the NDVI show that compared to 2016, 30.1 ha increased in the forest category with no vegetation, 28.8 ha in forests with sparse vegetation, 236.9 ha for forests with moderate vegetation and the area of global deterioration increased by 295.8 ha. The annual deforestation rate was 5% (6.02 ha/year) for forests with no vegetation and presence of bare soil and 9% (59.16 ha/year) for global degradation, the coefficient of determination for forests with no vegetation and area naked was R2=0.9704, and for global deterioration of the forest R2=0.957.

Resumen La estimación y variación de la cobertura vegetal del bosque amazónico generada por la actividad antrópica en Huepetuhe tuvo por finalidad estimar las pérdidas de vegetación y las tasas de deforestación para para un bosque amazónico, el estudio se realizó utilizando la herramienta Google Earth Engine e imágenes satelitales Landsat 8, para el tratamiento de las imágenes ráster se utilizó el software ERDAS y ArcGis, las imágenes fueron sometidas a correcciones geométricas y radiométricas, para ello se tomaron puntos de control el tierra, para el análisis se estableció cuatro categorías de degradación del bosque: Bosque con vegetación nula con presencia de suelo desnudo, Bosque con vegetación escasa, Bosque con vegetación moderada y área total de deterioro. Los resultados a partir del análisis de las imágenes multiespectrales y el NDVI muestra que respecto al año 2016 se incrementó 30.1ha en la categoría bosque con vegetación nula, 28.8 ha en los bosques con vegetación escasa, 236.9 ha para bosques de vegetación moderada y el área de deterioro global se incrementó en 295.8 ha. La tasa de deforestación anual fue del 5% (6.02 ha/año) para bosque con vegetación nula y presencia de suelo desnudo y del 9% (59.16 ha/año) para degradación global, el coeficiente de determinación para bosques con vegetación nula y área desnuda fue de R2=0.9704, y para deterioro global del bosque R2=0.957.

Resumen En la exploración geofísica, el análisis del terreno es fundamental para planificar la adquisición de datos de gravimetría y magnetometría. No obstante, en la actualidad dichos análisis requieren el uso supervisado de información secundaria extensa. Por este motivo, en este estudio se propone una metodología que utiliza el aprendizaje profundo para evaluar el impacto de la cobertura vegetal y la topografía en la adquisición geofísica. Se usó una red neuronal artificial perceptrón multicapa para considerar cinco variables terrestres, y una red neural convolucional para la clasificación automatizada de coberturas vegetales sobre imágenes satelitales. A partir de esto, se obtuvieron puntos para la localización de estaciones de levantamiento geofísico que cumplen con un criterio de favorabilidad por accesibilidad, distancias, restricciones por cuerpos de agua y coberturas boscosas. La geometría obtenida se evaluó en la exploración del Granito de Durania en Colombia, y los resultados se analizaron utilizando transectas de adquisición y modelado computacional de anomalías magnéticas y de gravedad. Finalmente, se aplicaron técnicas de interpolación donde el método Ponderación de Distancia Inversa (IDW) mostró la mejor imagen para interpretar la delimitación del cuerpo intrusivo.

Abstract In geophysical exploration, terrain analysis is fundamental for planning the gravity and magnetic surveys. However, current analyses necessitate supervised use of extensive secondary information. Consequently, this study proposes a methodology that leverages deep learning to assess the impact of vegetation coverage and topography in geophysical acquisition. An artificial neural network multilayer perceptron was used to consider five terrain-related variables, while a convolutional neural network is used for automated classification of vegetation cover on satellite imagery. From this, geophysical acquisition points are obtained, adhering to criteria involving accessibility favourability, distances, restrictions imposed by bodies of water, and forested cover. The obtained geometry was tested in the exploration of the Granito de Durania in Colombia, and the results were analysed using acquisition transects and computational modelling of gravity and magnetic anomalies. Interpolation techniques were applied, with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method yielding the most informative map for interpreting the delineation of the intrusive body.

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associate with legumes to enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption, thus promoting plant growth and reducing fertilizer usage. This study aimed to measure the degree of specificity and dependency of cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from degraded soils with acidic pH and low fertility in the Alto Cumbaza sector, San Martín, Peru. Four species (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, and Vigna unguiculata) were evaluated with three types of fungi (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp., and Ambispora appendicula) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Canavalia ensiformis inoculated with Acaulospora rugosa reached greater height (271.67 cm), while Crotalaria juncea with Acaulospora sp. showed higher aboveground biomass (27.52 g). Vigna unguiculata with Acaulospora rugosa exhibited high colonization (71.48%) and mycorrhizal dependency (54.40%), and Cajanus cajan with Ambispora appendicula showed high phosphorus content (5.01%). These interactions varied significantly, demonstrating the specificity and dependency of the associations. These findings are important for establishing programs to recover degraded soils with cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

RESUMEN: Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares se asocian a las leguminosas para mejorar la fijación de nitrógeno y la absorción de nutrientes, promoviendo así el crecimiento vegetal y reduciendo el uso de fertilizantes. Este estudio buscó medir el grado de especificidad y dependencia de leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares provenientes de suelos degradados, con pH ácido y baja fertilidad del sector de Alto Cumbaza, San Martín, Perú. Se evaluaron cuatro especies (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea y Vigna unguiculata) con tres tipos de hongos (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp. y Ambispora appendicula) en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones. Canavalia ensiformis inoculada con Acaulospora rugosa alcanzó mayor altura (271,67 cm), mientras que Crotalaria juncea con Acaulospora sp. mostró mayor biomasa aérea (27,52 g). Vigna unguiculata con Acaulospora rugosa presentó alta colonización (71,48%) y dependencia micorrízica (54,40%), y Cajanus cajan con Ambispora appendicula mostró alto contenido de fósforo (5,01%). Estas interacciones variaron significativamente, evidenciando la especificidad y dependencia de las asociaciones. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el establecimiento de programas de recuperación de suelos degradados con leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

Abstract A system for automatically adjusting the angle of incidence of the tines of a harrow by processing nearby images allows the intensity of the treatment to be adapted in real time. In this study, precision agriculture technologies were implemented in a commercial implement to increase the selectivity of a mechanical treatment of weeds in cereal. The objective was to develop and test an algorithm to automatically adjust the force exerted by the tines against the ground, varying their angle of incidence, and the number of passes. Images were acquired on a set of RGB cameras and processed in real time to calculate the percentage of vegetation cover. The ground drag force opposite the direction of travel was measured with a load cell connected to a rigid spike mounted in front of the stand. The optimal intensity levels were obtained in previously carried out experiments, based on the effectiveness of weed control and increase in crop yield. The processing of the images generated a set of data that was stored and subsequently analyzed through an FMIS (Farm Management Information System). This same input was used to generate control signals, based on a decision-making system, encrypted through the ISOBUS protocol to adjust the angle of incidence of the tines on the ground.

Resumen El desarrollo de un sistema de ajuste automático del ángulo de incidencia de las púas de una rastra mediante el procesamiento de imágenes próximas permite adaptar la intensidad del tratamiento de malas hierbas en tiempo real. En este estudio se implementaron un conjunto de sensores y actuadores para lograr un sistema de tratamiento localizado, en base un apero comercial, para aumentar la selectividad de un tratamiento mecánico de malas hierbas en cereal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar y probar un algoritmo para ajustar automáticamente la fuerza ejercida por las púas contra el suelo, variando su ángulo de incidencia en base a la densidad de mala hierba. Sobre un conjunto de cámaras RGB, se adquirían imágenes que se procesaban en tiempo real para el cálculo del porcentaje de cobertura vegetal. La fuerza de arrastre del suelo opuesta a la dirección de desplazamiento se midió con una célula de carga conectada a una púa rígida montada delante de la rastra. Los niveles óptimos de intensidad se obtuvieron en experimentos realizados previamente, basándose en la eficacia del control de las malas hierbas y el aumento del rendimiento del cultivo. El procesamiento de las imágenes produce un conjunto de datos que sirve como entrada para la generación de las señales de control, en base a un sistema de toma de decisiones, cifradas a través del protocolo ISOBUS para el ajuste del ángulo de incidencia de las púas sobre el terreno. A su vez estos datos permanecen almacenados a través de un FMIS (Farm Management Information System).

ABSTRACT: In this work we use Machine Learning (Randon Forest) as a tool to classify biomass and calculate vegetation indices seeking to identify the characteristics of the vegetation cover at the head of the Atacama Desert. The aim is to establish the correlation between vegetation indices and precipitation, in order to know their reliability on the climatology in this region. The geospatial analysis based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the processing of Landsat 5 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images was important, for the period 1985 - 2022, which made it possible to characterize climate change. The NDVI, SAVI, GVI and RVI have been tested and validated in arid systems. The NDVI responds positively to precipitation in the wet season and weakly in the winter rainy season. It is confirmed that the high NDVI corresponds to summer, after a prolonged drought. Towards the years 2020 and 2022, an increase in vegetation cover is recorded in places with higher temperatures, evidencing climate change and reflected in biomass indices.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo usamos Machine Learning (Randon Forest) como herramienta para clasificar la biomasa y calcular los índices de vegetación buscando identificar las características de la cobertura vegetal en la cabecera del desierto Atacama. Se busca establecer la correlación entre los índices de vegetación y la precipitación, a fin de conocer su confiabilidad sobre la climatología en esta región. Fue importante el análisis geoespacial basado en Google Earth Engine (GEE) y el procesamiento de imágenes Landsat 5 ETM y Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, para el período 1985 - 2022, lo que permitió caracterizar el cambio climático. El NDVI, SAVI, GVI y RVI han sido probados y validados en sistemas áridos. El NDVI responde positivamente a la precipitación en temporada húmeda y en forma débil en la temporada de lluvias invernales. Se confirma que el NDVI alto corresponde al verano, después de una sequía prolongada. Hacia los años 2020 y 2022, se registra un aumento de cobertura vegetal en lugares de mayor temperatura, evidenciando cambio climático y reflejado en los índices de biomasa.

Abstract One of the major limitations to proper weed management is the lack of knowledge about the biology of the species. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of temperature and light on the germination and emergence of Commelina benghalensis and Richardia brasiliensis, as well as the influence of burial depth in the soil and the presence of mulch. The experiment regarding the influence of light and temperature on germination was conducted using a 2x4 factorial design, with two light conditions (presence for 12 hours and absence for 24 hours) and four temperature alternations every 12 hours (20-25 ºC, 20-30 ºC, 20-35 ºC, and 15-35 ºC), with four replications. The second experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications, testing seven sowing depths (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0; 10.0 cm) in clay-textured soil. In the third experiment, millet, black oat, and sun hemp straw were placed on the surface of the pot where the weeds were sown. R. brasiliensis showed high germination rates at 15°-35°C and in the presence of light, indicating positive photoblastism, as the germination percentage was 63.50% in the presence of light and 1% without light. C. benghalensis showed higher germination rates at 20-35ºC, with a germination percentage of 46.5% under light treatment and 44% in the absence of light. R. brasiliensis exhibited the highest germination percentage at a depth of 0.5 cm, with 72.50%. C. benghalensis showed better germination at depths of 1 and 4 cm, with 48.33% and 49.16%, respectively. Both crotalaria and millet caused significant inhibition of germination in both weed species. R. brasiliensis and C. benghalensis exhibit higher seed germination under alternating temperatures, with R. brasiliensis displaying positive photoblastism and C. benghalensis being neutral. Greater seeding depths negatively influence germination, and cover crops such as crotalaria and millet can be used to suppress these weeds. species mulch x 2x 2 2025 20 25 (20-2 ºC 2030 30 20-3 2035 35 1535 15 15-3 , ºC) replications 0.0 00 0 (0.0 05 5 1.0 10 2.0 4.0 40 6.0 60 6 100 10. cm claytextured clay textured oat sown R 15°35°C 1535C C 15° 35°C 6350 63 50 63.50 2035ºC, 2035ºC 35ºC, 35ºC 20-35ºC 465 46 46.5 44 0. 7250 72 72.50% 4833 48 33 48.33 4916 49 16 49.16% respectively temperatures neutral 202 (20- 203 3 20- 153 15- (0. 1. 2. 4. 6. 35C 635 63.5 46. 725 7 72.50 483 48.3 491 49.16 (20 (0 63. 72.5 48. 49.1 (2 ( 72. 49.

Resumo Um dos grandes limitantes no manejo adequado de plantas daninhas é a falta de conhecimento acerca da biologia das espécies. Assim sendo, objetivou-se entender a influência da temperatura e luz na germinação e emergência de Commelina benghalensis e Richardia brasiliensis, bem como a influência da profundidade de enterrio no solo e da presença de cobertura vegetal. O experimento sobre influência da luz e temperatura na germinação foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 2x4, com duas condições de luminosidade (presença por 12 horas e ausência por 24 horas) e quatro temperaturas alternas a cada 12 horas (20-25 ºC, 20-30 ºC, 20-35 ºC e 15-35 ºC), com quatro repetições. O segundo experimento, foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, com 7 profundidades de semeadura (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 10,0 cm) no solo de textura argilosa. No terceiro experimento, a palhada de milheto, aveia preta e crotalária foram colocadas sobre a superfície do vaso, onde foram semeadas as plantas daninhas. A R. brasiliensis apresentou altas taxas de germinação em 15°-35°C e presença de luz, indicando fotoblastismo positivo, pois na presença de luz a porcentagem de germinação foi de 63,50% e sem luz foi de 1%. A C. benghalensis apresentou maiores taxas de germinação na alternância 20-35ºC, apresentando porcentagem de germinação de 46,5% no tratamento com luz e 44% com a ausência de luz. R. brasiliensis apresentou maior porcentagem de germinação na profundidade de 0,5 cm, com 72,50%. A C. benghalensis apresentou melhor germinação na profundidade de 1 e 4 cm com 48,33 e 49,16%, respectivamente. A crotalaria e milheto provocaram grande inibição da germinação de ambas as plantas daninhas. R. brasiliensis e C. benghalensis apresentam maior germinação de sementes em temperaturas alternadas, sendo fotoblástica positiva e neutra, respectivamente. Profundidades de semeadura maiores influenciam negativamente na germinação e os adubos verdes crotalaria e milheto podem ser utilizados na supressão destas plantas daninhas. espécies objetivouse objetivou se vegetal 2x4 x 2 2025 20 25 (20-2 2030 30 20-3 2035 35 1535 15 15-3 , ºC) repetições 0,0 00 0 (0,0 05 5 1,0 10 2,0 4,0 40 6,0 60 6 100 10, argilosa vaso R 15°35°C 1535C C 15° 35°C positivo 6350 63 50 63,50 1% 2035ºC, 2035ºC 35ºC, 35ºC 20-35ºC 465 46 46,5 44 0, 7250 72 72,50% 4833 48 33 48,3 4916 49 16 49,16% respectivamente alternadas neutra 2x 202 (20- 203 3 20- 153 15- (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 35C 635 63,5 46, 725 72,50 483 48, 491 49,16 (20 (0 63, 72,5 49,1 (2 ( 72, 49,

Resumo A adubação orgânica é uma opção mais barata e de grande eficácia em relação à rentabilidade e consequente melhoria da estrutura física, química e biológica do solo. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes tipos de adubação: orgânica (cama de frango), mineral e via foliar sobre parâmetros de produtividade de alface cultivada em diferentes tipos de plantio. Os tratamentos consistiram na utilização de dois sistemas de plantio (P1 - Linha e P2 - Quincôncio) e adubações minerais e orgânicas (A1 - adubação mineral; A2 - adubação mineral + adubação foliar; A3 - adubação orgânica com cama de aviário e A4 - adubação orgânica + mineral). As unidades experimentais foram compostas por 36 e 52 plantas, respectivamente, para os tratamentos em linha e em quincôncio, sendo avaliadas todas as plantas centrais da unidade experimental. Foram observados a altura do coração, massa fresca e número de folhas. Os tratamentos mineral e mineral + foliar não diferenciaram entre si, tanto em linha quanto em quincôncio. O tratamento que se destacou em relação às variáveis analisadas foi aquele baseado na adubação orgânica e sistema de plantio em quincôncio, refletindo em maior número de pés de alface e melhor aproveitamento da área.

Abstract Organic fertilization is a cheaper and highly effective option for profitability and consequent improvement of the soil's physical, chemical, and biological structure. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate different types of fertilization: organic (poultry shed litter), mineral, and leaf path on yield parameters of lettuce grown in various types of planting. The treatments consisted of using two planting systems (P1 - Line and P2 - quincunxes) and mineral and organic fertilizers (A1 - mineral fertilization; A2 - mineral fertilization + leaf fertilization; A3 - organic fertilization with poultry shed litter and A4 - fertilization organic + mineral). The experimental units consisted of 36 and 52 plants, respectively, for treatments P1 and P2, and all central plants of the experimental unit were evaluated. Heart height, fresh mass, and leaf number were observed. The mineral and mineral + leaf treatments did not differentiate, either in line or in quincunxes. The treatment that stood out about the analyzed variables was the organic fertilization and quincunxes planting system, reflecting a more significant number of lettuce plants and better use of the area.

Abstract Due to the need to achieve the principles of sustainable development and to understand the processes of formation of phytocenoses in areas that were adversely affected by the industrial impact, this study assessed the condition of the Grachevsky uranium mine (Kazakhstan), which underwent conservation procedures about 25 years ago. The purpose is to determine the level of water quality and phytocenosis of the shores of the reservoir accumulating natural effluents from reclaimed dumps and anthropogenic sites of a uranium mine, as well as quality indicators and toxicology. The assessment included a qualitative research method (analysis of documents) to determine agro-climatic conditions and empirical methods of collecting information. The authors studied the intensity of ionizing radiation of the gamma background of the water surface of the reservoir (and sections of the shoreline and territories adjacent to the reservoir), and hydrochemical parameters of the waters of the reservoir, and performed a description of the botanical diversity. The vegetation cover of the sections of the reservoir shore is at different stages of syngenesis and is represented by pioneer groupings, group thicket communities, and diffuse communities. Favorable ecological conditions for the settlement and development of plants develop within the shores of the reservoir. The intensity levels of ionizing radiation do not exceed the maximum permissible levels and practically do not affect the formation of phytocenoses. An anthropogenically modified dry meadow with the participation of plants typical of the steppe zone has been formed on the floodplain terrace. Concerning the indicators of quality and toxicology of this reservoir, the water can be used for household and drinking purposes under the condition of prior water treatment. It can be concluded that a high level of natural purification of the reservoir waters occurred within twenty years after the reclamation of the uranium mine. impact Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan , (Kazakhstan) 2 ago analysis documents agroclimatic agro climatic information reservoir) diversity groupings communities terrace treatment (Kazakhstan

Resumo Devido à necessidade de alcançar os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável e de compreender os processos de formação de fitocenoses em áreas que foram negativamente afetadas pelo impacto industrial, este estudo avaliou o estado da mina de urânio de Grachevsky (Cazaquistão), que foi submetida a procedimentos de conservação há cerca de 25 anos. O objetivo é determinar o nível de qualidade da água e fitocenose das margens do reservatório que acumula efluentes naturais provenientes de depósitos recuperados e sítios antrópicos de uma mina de urânio, bem como indicadores de qualidade e toxicologia. A avaliação incluiu um método de investigação qualitativa (análise de documentos) para determinar as condições agroclimáticas e métodos empíricos de coleta de informação. Os autores estudaram a intensidade da radiação ionizante do fundo gama da superfície da água do reservatório (e seções da linha de costa e territórios adjacentes ao reservatório), bem como os parâmetros hidroquímicos das águas do reservatório, e fizeram uma descrição da diversidade botânica. A cobertura vegetal da seções da margem do reservatório encontra-se em diferentes estádios de singênese e é representada por agrupamentos pioneiros, comunidades de arbustos agrupados e comunidades difusas. Nas margens do resevatório desenvolvem-se condições ecológicas favoráveis à fixação e desenvolvimento das plantas. Os níveis de intensidade da radiação ionizante não ultrapassam os níveis máximos admissíveis e praticamente não afetam a formação de fitocenoses. No terraço da planície de inundação formou-se um prado seco modificado antropogenicamente com a participação de plantas típicas da zona de estepe. Em relação aos indicadores de qualidade e toxicologia deste reservatório, a água pode ser utilizada para fins domésticos e de consumo, desde que seja objeto de um tratamento prévio. Pode concluir-se que ocorreu um elevado nível de purificação natural das águas do reservatório nos vinte anos seguintes à recuperação da mina de urânio. industrial Cazaquistão, Cazaquistão , (Cazaquistão) 2 análise documentos informação reservatório) botânica encontrase encontra se pioneiros difusas desenvolvemse desenvolvem formouse formou estepe consumo prévio concluirse concluir (Cazaquistão

Abstract Glossina species are known to transmit African Trypanosomiasis, one of the most important infectious diseases for both livestock and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize trapped Glossina spp. from The Gambia using morphological and molecular techniques in relation to the vegetation cover types. A line transect survey was carried out in all the administrative regions of The Gambia. Tsetse fly trapping was carried out for 14 days during each season using line transect. A total of 220 Glossina spp. specimens (117 F and 103 M) were captured, and DNA was extracted from the legs of 100 randomly selected Glossina spp. Further, DNA samples were tested by a conventional PCR assay. A total of 135/220 (61%; 95% CI: 54.6-67.8%) and 85/220 (39%; 95% CI: 32.2-45.4%) flies were identified as Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina palpalis gambiensis, respectively, with most caught during wet season (53.6%) and more females (53.2%) than males. Results of the morphological identification agreed with those of molecular identification. The type of vegetation cover significantly influenced the caught of tsetse flies. Animals and humans at the various trapping sites are at risk of being bitten by tsetse flies. Trypanosomiasis subSaharan sub Saharan Africa Therefore spp types 1 22 117 (11 10 M captured Further assay 135220 135 135/22 61% 61 (61% 95 CI 54.667.8% 546678 54.6 67.8% 54 6 67 8 54.6-67.8% 85220 85 85/22 39% 39 (39% 32.245.4% 322454 32.2 45.4% 32 2 45 4 32.2-45.4% gambiensis respectively 53.6% 536 53 (53.6% 53.2% 532 (53.2% males 11 (1 13522 13 135/2 (61 9 667 54.667.8 54667 546 54. 678 67.8 5 54.6-67.8 8522 85/2 3 (39 245 32.245.4 32245 322 32. 454 45.4 32.2-45.4 53.6 (53.6 53.2 (53.2 ( 1352 135/ (6 66 54.667. 5466 67. 54.6-67. 852 85/ (3 24 32.245. 3224 45. 32.2-45. 53. (53. 54.667 54.6-67 32.245 32.2-45 (53 54.66 54.6-6 32.24 32.2-4 (5 54.6- 32.2-

Resumo Espécies de Glossina são conhecidas por transmitirem a Tripanossomíase Africana, uma das doenças infecciosas mais importantes para animais de produção e humanos na África subsaariana. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar Glossina spp. de Gâmbia, usando técnicas morfológicas e moleculares em relação aos tipos de cobertura vegetal. Um transecto linear foi realizado em todas as regiões administrativas de Gâmbia. A coleta de moscas tsé-tsé foi realizada durante 14 dias e em cada estação. Um total de 220 espécimes de Glossina (117 F e 103 M) foram capturados e o DNA foi extraído das patas de 100 Glossina spp. de forma aleatória. Posteriormente, as amostras de DNA foram testadas por um ensaio de PCR convencional. Um total de 135/220 (61%; 95% CI: 54,6%-67,8%) e 85/220 (39%; 95% CI: 32,2%-45,4%) moscas foram identificadas como Glossina morsitans submorsitans e Glossina palpalis gambiensis, respectivamente, com mais capturas durante a estação chuvosa (53,6%) e mais fêmeas (53,2%) do que machos. Os resultados da identificação morfológica concordaram com os da identificação molecular. O tipo de cobertura vegetal influenciou significativamente a captura de moscas tsé-tsé. Os animais e humanos nos vários locais de captura correm o risco de serem picados por moscas tsé-tsé. Africana subsaariana Portanto spp Gâmbia tsétsé tsé 1 22 117 (11 10 M aleatória Posteriormente convencional 135220 135 135/22 61% 61 (61% 95 CI 54,6%67,8% 546678 54,6% 67,8% 54 6 67 8 54,6%-67,8% 85220 85 85/22 39% 39 (39% 32,2%45,4% 322454 32,2% 45,4% 32 2 45 4 32,2%-45,4% gambiensis respectivamente 53,6% 536 53 (53,6% 53,2% 532 (53,2% machos molecular tsétsé. tsé. 11 (1 13522 13 135/2 (61 9 54,6%67,8 54667 546 54,6 678 67,8 5 54,6%-67,8 8522 85/2 3 (39 32,2%45,4 32245 322 32,2 454 45,4 32,2%-45,4 53,6 (53,6 53,2 (53,2 ( 1352 135/ (6 54,6%67, 5466 54, 67, 54,6%-67, 852 85/ (3 32,2%45, 3224 32, 45, 32,2%-45, 53, (53, 54,6%67 54,6%-67 32,2%45 32,2%-45 (53 54,6%6 54,6%-6 32,2%4 32,2%-4 (5 54,6%- 32,2%-