Abstract Monkey mortality in Costa Rica is due, in most cases, to anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fragmentation, lack of tree connectivity, and tourism development in most coastal areas. The latter factor has caused the death of at least 450 monkeys per year due to electrocution, as a result of the increase in electrical wiring that has arisen in the different regions with urban development. Faced with this threat, proposals have been developed to avoid the danger, such as the construction of appropriate passage infrastructure for monkeys, the placement of insulated wiring, and the protection of electrical transformers. Using the morphometric measurements of the four species of monkeys native to Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii, and Cebus imitator), a model of safe and functional aerial passages or bridges for them was designed, the foundations of which are discussed in this article.

Resumen La mortalidad de los monos en Costa Rica se debe, en la mayoría de los casos, a factores antropogénicos, como la deforestación, la fragmentación de los bosques, la falta de conectividad arbórea y el desarrollo turístico en la mayoría de las zonas costeras. Este último factor ha provocado la muerte de al menos 450 monos por año debido a la electrocución, a raíz del aumento del cableado eléctrico que ha surgido en las diferentes regiones con desarrollo urbanístico. Ante esta amenaza se han elaborado propuestas para evitar el peligro, como la construcción de infraestructura de paso apropiada para los monos, la colocación de cableado aislado y la protección de los transformadores eléctricos. Utilizando las medidas morfométricas de las cuatro especies de monos nativas de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii y Cebus imitator), se diseñó un modelo de pasos aéreos o puentes seguros y funcionales para ellos, cuyos fundamentos se discuten en el presente artículo.

Groundwater is an essential part of food and water security. This critical resource must be managed appropriately and used sustainably. This study aimed to assess groundwater quality, suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes, and factors contributing to the groundwater chemistry, in the Breede Water Management Area (WMA), Western Cape, South Africa. Groundwater samples were collected and analysed for major ions such as K+, Mg²+, Na+, Ca²+, Cl-, HCO3-, NO3-, F-, SO4(2-) and physical variables like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature. Water quality index (WQI), total hardness (TH), South African Water Quality Guidelines (SAWQG) and World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water quality guidelines were used to assess suitability for drinking purposes. Permeability index (PI), magnesium hardness (MH), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%) and graphical representations such as Wilcox and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram were used to assess suitability for irrigation purposes. Multivariate statistical analysis and the Piper diagram were used to determine the geochemical processes influencing the groundwater quality. TH and WQI revealed that, overall, groundwater in Breede WMA is soft and suitable for drinking. The irrigation suitability indices showed that groundwater is suitable for irrigation, with the exception of a few sites that are doubtful. The dominating water type in the area is Na-Cl, followed by mixed Ca-Mg-Cl. Multivariate statistical methods revealed that the groundwater is affected by the dissolution of rock salts, calcite dissolution, cation exchange and agricultural activities. The overall groundwater in the Breede Water Management Area is suitable for domestic purposes. Water in the boreholes along the coastal area and Borehole W1 must be treated before domestic and irrigation use. There must be consistent groundwater quality monitoring in Breede to identify changes in groundwater quality.

Resumo Estruturas de concreto armado situadas em zonas costeiras estão sujeitas à corrosão desencadeada por íons cloreto. Em contato com a superfície do concreto, esses íons penetram na microestrutura porosa do material, principalmente por difusão, e se acumulam na superfície da armadura, onde promovem a ruptura local da camada passivante. No modelo clássico de vida útil estrutural, o intervalo de tempo entre a exposição da estrutura aos íons cloreto e a despassivação da armadura é denominado tempo de iniciação da corrosão, o qual pode ser drasticamente reduzido em concretos fissurados. Visando estimar o tempo de iniciação da corrosão, este estudo emprega a formulação bidimensional transiente do Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC) para modelar a difusão de cloretos em peças de concreto armado com fissuras pré-existentes. Nessa abordagem, diferentes comprimentos de fissura são simulados por meio da técnica de sub-regiões, cuja espessura da fissura não é requerida. As armaduras são representadas por vazios circulares com fluxo nulo no contorno. Em uma viga de seção retangular foram simuladas fissuras com até 60 mm de comprimento, a partir do cobrimento de concreto. Com base nos casos estudados, a influência da fissuração do concreto no tempo de iniciação da corrosão é mais significativa para fissuras com comprimento superior a 20 mm, embora esse resultado possa variar dependendo da posição da fissura em relação à armadura.

Abstract Reinforced concrete structures in coastal zones are subject to corrosion triggered by chloride ions. In contact with the concrete surface, such ions penetrate through the material’s porous microstructure, mainly by diffusion, and accumulate on the reinforcement’s surface, promoting a local breakage of the passive layer. In the classic structural service life model, the time span between the structure’s exposure to chloride ions and the reinforcement depassivation is called corrosion initiation time, which may be drastically reduced in cracked concrete. Aiming to estimate the corrosion initiation time, this study uses the two-dimensional transient formulation of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) to model the chloride diffusion in reinforced concrete parts with pre-existing cracks. In this approach, different crack lengths are simulated using the subregion technique, whose crack thickness is not required. The reinforcements are represented by circular voids with nil flux in the boundary. In a rectangular beam cross-section, cracks up to 60 mm long were simulated from the concrete cover. Based on the cases studied, the influence of concrete cracking on corrosion initiation time is more significant for cracks over 20 mm long, although this result may vary depending on the position of the crack relative to the reinforcement.

ABSTRACT The Atlantic Forest has one of the richest avifaunas in the world, with endemic, migratory and endangered taxa. However, some of the ornithological knowledge produced there has yet to be organized and published, hindering effective conservation actions. For example, a study concluded in 2005 documented 213 species for Parque das Neblinas (PN), a private reserve located in the Serra do Mar in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, but there has been no update since. We retrieved, organized, and technically evaluated ornithological data produced for PN over the last 20 years, including that from articles, online platforms, occasional lists and a systematic inventory logging 250 field hours. Data consolidation resulted in 293 bird species for PN, including 88 endemic and nine threatened with extinction. Two-hundred and fifty-seven species were recorded by different researchers and bird observers while 141 were recorded by the field inventory, which added 24 species to the total list, showing great potential for new research. The PN bird community is typical of the São Paulo plateau, with the occurrence of species from coastal lowlands as well as drier areas in the interior, and represents an important area for the conservation of Atlantic Forest birds that is also suitable for bird observation and photography.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trends and spatial patterns of hepatitis C-related mortality in Brazil from 2000 to 2020. METHODS: A population-based, mixed ecological study of spatial and temporal trends, using secondary data from death certificate (DC) registries, in which hepatitis C was mentioned as an underlying or associated cause of mortality. Temporal trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression, and spatial analysis by the distribution of adjusted rates by age and sex, and spatial autocorrelation by the local Moran index and the Getis-Ord Gi* index (Gi star). RESULTS: From 2000 to 2020, 64,029 deaths due to hepatitis C were recorded in the Mortality Information System (SIM), representing 0.26% of deaths in Brazil. Most deaths were due to underlying causes (n = 33,652, 52.6%). Areas with high rates in all five analyzed periods were identified in the states of São Paulo, southern Minas Gerais, southern Rio de Janeiro, northern Paraná, southern and coastal Santa Catarina, eastern Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rio Grande do Sul. The states of Acre and southern Amazonas showed high rates after 2004, which spread to northern Rondônia from 2016 to 2020. The joinpoint regression model showed an increasing trend in hepatitis C mortality in Brazil from 2000 to 2015, but a decreasing trend from 2016-2020. The mortality rate was higher in men and people over sixty years of age. CONCLUSION: Differences were observed in the temporal and spatial trend of hepatitis C mortality in different regions of Brazil. These data may support the design of hepatitis C elimination strategies in Brazil, according to regional specificities.

Bulk precipitation (BP) samples were collected at two coastal urban sites and two montane Atlantic Forest (400 and 1000 m altitude) areas in southeastern Brazil from August 2008 to August 2009. These samples were analyzed for the major inorganic ions (H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42-) found in rainwater. The concentrations of inorganic nitrogen species (NH4+, NO3- and NO2-) were compiled from a previous study. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of inorganic ions differed spatially, with higher values at the coastal urban and coastal periurban sites. On a molar basis, Cl- and Na+ together comprised 60% of the total inorganic constituents at the coastal urban site and 34-42% at the other three sites, as it is the closest to the ocean. Magnesium was also primarily associated with sea-salt aerosol. Non-sea-salt (nss) fractions of K+, Ca2+ and SO42- comprised 68-93% of their VWM concentrations, indicating the contribution of natural (mostly biogenic) and anthropogenic (SO2 oxidation for the latter) sources. Finally, we found that the acidity of BP at the four sampling sites is primarily controlled by the NH4+, nss-Ca2+, nss-SO42-, and NO3- ions, resulting in VWM pH values ranging from 5.60 (lower montane forest) to 5.98 (coastal periurban site). (BP 400 (40 100 altitude 200 2009 H+, H (H+ Na K K+ Ca2 Ca Mg2 Mg Mg2+ Cl SO42 SO rainwater NH4 NH (NH4+ NO3 NO NO2 NO2- study volumeweighted volume weighted (VWM spatially basis 60 3442% 3442 34 42% 42 34-42 ocean seasalt sea salt aerosol Nonseasalt Non nss (nss 6893% 6893 68 93% 93 68-93 mostly biogenic SO2 (SO latter sources Finally NH4+ nssCa2+, nssCa2 nssCa nss-Ca2+ nssSO42, nssSO42 nssSO , nss-SO42- 560 5 5.6 lower forest 598 98 5.9 site. . site) 40 (4 10 20 H+ (H SO4 (NH4 6 344 3 4 34-4 689 9 68-9 nssCa2+ nss-Ca2 nssSO4 nss-SO42 56 5. 59 ( 1 2 (NH 34- 68- nss-Ca nss-SO4 nss-SO

Seaweeds have been explored by humans for thousands of years as a source of chemical compounds. This study describes the content of minerals, ash, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and main metabolites of dichloromethane / methanol extracts of the seaweed Ulva lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Palisada perforata and Gelidiella acerosa from sandstone reefs on the Brazilian tropical coast (Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil). The content (% dry weight) of carbohydrates ranged from 14.35-48.52, proteins 7.49-14.98, total lipids 0.40-8.92, and ash 18.51-37.02. The concentration (mg kg dry algae−1) of Ca (900-3468), Mg (1655-4902), K (810-1707), Na (1062-4580), Mn (19-4462), and Cu (3.6-6.4) were maximum in Palisada and minimum in Padina. In turn, the lowest and highest contents (mg kg dry algae−1) of Fe (100-2312), Zn (18-43), and Cr (0.08-0.93) were recorded in Gelidiella and Ulva, respectively. Neophytadiene was the major compound. Phytol and palmitic acid were found in all seaweeds, although in low quantities. Palisada had the highest contents (% dry weight) of metabolites (neophytadiene: 23.89, phytol: 8.29; palmitic acid: 8.32), while Ulva had the lowest, except phytone, which was present only in this species. Our findings highlight the potential of these macroalgae from the coastal reefs as a source of chemical compounds. compounds minerals protein lactuca gymnospora Pernambuco, Pernambuco (Pernambuco Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) % ( weight 14.3548.52, 14354852 14.35 48.52, 14 35 48 52 14.35-48.52 7.4914.98, 7491498 7.49 14.98, 7 49 98 7.49-14.98 0.408.92, 040892 0.40 8.92, 0 40 8 92 0.40-8.92 18.5137.02. 18513702 18.51 37.02. 18 51 37 02 18.51-37.02 mg algae−1 algae1 algae 1 9003468, 9003468 900 3468 , (900-3468) 16554902, 16554902 1655 4902 (1655-4902) 8101707, 8101707 810 1707 (810-1707) 10624580, 10624580 1062 4580 (1062-4580) 194462, 194462 19 4462 (19-4462) 3.66.4 3664 3.6 6.4 3 6 4 (3.6-6.4 turn 1002312, 1002312 100 2312 (100-2312) 1843, 1843 43 (18-43) 0.080.93 008093 0.08 0.93 08 93 (0.08-0.93 respectively compound seaweeds quantities neophytadiene (neophytadiene 2389 23 89 23.89 phytol 8.29 829 29 8.32, 832 8.32 32 8.32) phytone species 3548 14.3548.52 1435485 1435 14.3 4852 48.52 5 14.35-48.5 4914 7.4914.98 749149 749 7.4 1498 14.98 9 7.49-14.9 408 0.408.92 04089 040 0.4 892 8.92 0.40-8.9 5137 18.5137.02 1851370 1851 18.5 3702 37.02 18.51-37.0 algae− 900346 90 346 (900-3468 1655490 165 490 (1655-4902 810170 81 170 (810-1707 1062458 106 458 (1062-4580 19446 446 (19-4462 66 3.66. 366 36 3. 64 6. (3.6-6. 100231 10 231 (100-2312 184 (18-43 080 0.080.9 00809 008 0.0 093 0.9 (0.08-0.9 238 2 23.8 8.2 82 83 8.3 354 14.3548.5 143548 143 14. 485 48.5 14.35-48. 491 7.4914.9 74914 74 7. 149 14.9 7.49-14. 0.408.9 0408 04 0. 8.9 0.40-8. 513 18.5137.0 185137 185 18. 370 37.0 18.51-37. 90034 34 (900-346 165549 16 (1655-490 81017 17 (810-170 106245 45 (1062-458 1944 44 (19-446 3.66 (3.6-6 10023 (100-231 (18-4 0.080. 0080 00 09 (0.08-0. 23. 8. 14.3548. 14354 48. 14.35-48 7.4914. 7491 7.49-14 0.408. 0.40-8 18.5137. 18513 37. 18.51-37 9003 (900-34 16554 (1655-49 8101 (810-17 10624 (1062-45 194 (19-44 (3.6- 1002 (100-23 (18- 0.080 (0.08-0 14.3548 14.35-4 7.4914 7.49-1 0.408 0.40- 18.5137 18.51-3 (900-3 (1655-4 (810-1 (1062-4 (19-4 (3.6 (100-2 (18 (0.08- 14.354 14.35- 7.491 7.49- 18.513 18.51- (900- (1655- (810- (1062- (19- (3. (100- (1 (0.08 (900 (1655 (810 (1062 (19 (3 (100 (0.0 (90 (165 (81 (106 (10 (0. (9 (16 (8 (0

ABSTRACT Over the last two decades, coastal conservation has transitioned from traditional engineering methods to more comprehensive, nature-based solutions, marking a pivotal era in coastal protection from 2000 to 2023. This literature review delves into the evolution of coastal protection technologies by analyzing 99 articles selected from extensive database searches covering the period up to December 2023. It highlights the significant technologies linked to stakeholder involvement, forthcoming challenges, and emerging trends in coastal defense. The insights gained underscore the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders to enhance coastal protection practices, fostering a sustainable coastal economy. Ultimately, effective coastal defense is crucial for the immediate safety of coastal communities and the enduring health of coastal ecosystems and economies. decades comprehensive naturebased nature based solutions 200 2023 9 involvement challenges practices economy Ultimately economies 20 202 2

RESUMO Nas últimas duas décadas, a conservação costeira passou de métodos tradicionais de engenharia para soluções mais abrangentes e baseadas na natureza, marcando uma era crucial na proteção costeira de 2000 a 2023. Esta revisão aprofunda-se na evolução das tecnologias de proteção costeira por meio de uma análise de 99 artigos selecionados a partir de extensas pesquisas em bases de dados, cobrindo o período até dezembro de 2023. Destaca as tecnologias significativas relacionadas ao envolvimento dos interessados, aos desafios futuros e às tendências emergentes na defesa costeira. As percepções obtidas sublinham a importância dos esforços colaborativos entre os interessados para melhorar as práticas de proteção costeira, fomentando uma economia costeira sustentável. Em última análise, uma defesa costeira eficaz é crucial não só para a segurança imediata das comunidades costeiras, mas também para a saúde duradoura dos ecossistemas e economias costeiras. décadas natureza 200 2023 aprofundase aprofunda se 9 dados sustentável costeiras 20 202 2

RESUMEN En las últimas dos décadas, la conservación costera ha pasado de métodos tradicionales de ingeniería a soluciones más integrales y basadas en la naturaleza, marcando una era crucial en la protección costera desde 2000 hasta 2023. Esta revisión profundiza en la evolución de las tecnologías de protección costera a través del análisis de 99 artículos seleccionados de extensas búsquedas en bases de datos, cubriendo el período hasta diciembre de 2023. Destaca las tecnologías significativas relacionadas con la participación de los interesados, los desafíos futuros y las tendencias emergentes en la defensa costera. Las percepciones obtenidas subrayan la importancia de los esfuerzos colaborativos entre los interesados para mejorar las prácticas de protección costera, fomentando una economía costera sostenible. En última instancia, una defensa costera efectiva es crucial no solo para la seguridad inmediata de las comunidades costeras, sino también para la salud a largo plazo de los ecosistemas y economías costeras. décadas naturaleza 200 2023 9 datos sostenible instancia costeras 20 202 2

This work aims to analyze the effects of corrosion in different municipalities through the exposure of 1020 carbon-steel plates to the atmosphere and buried in soil. Sea air and pollution were treated as major corrosion agents and zinc has been tested to prove its effectiveness as a sacrificial anode. For this analysis, weighing and spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the iron mass loss after five months of exposure. From the data obtained, corrosion rates were calculated and compared based on different regional conditions. The results showed that the coastal region of the state of São Paulo presented higher corrosion rates compared to places of higher altitudes and further away from the sea, indicating that sea air and pollution are important agents in catalyzing the deterioration processes. In addition, zinc was efficient as a sacrificial anode, demonstrating its potential application as corrosion protection in 1020 carbon-steel plates. 102 carbonsteel carbon steel soil anode analysis obtained conditions processes addition 10 1

RESUMEN Entre las consecuencias del cambio climático en los sistemas costeros está el cambio del nivel del mar, el cual funciona como una línea base sobre la cual opera una variedad de procesos costeros, a diferentes escalas de tiempo y espacio. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo calcular la tasa histórica y actual de ascenso del nivel del mar a partir de datos de la estación mareográfica Limón. Para esto se utilizaron dos métodos: el análisis de regresión lineal simple y una descomposición de series temporales. Como resultado se obtuvo una tasa de cambio del nivel del mar para el período 1952 a 1968 de 2.32 mm/año con el primer método y 3.41 mm/año para el segundo método, que es consecuente con las publicaciones existentes. En el caso del período actual (2009 a 2021) se obtuvo una tasa de 4.18 mm/año para el primer método y 4.28 mm/año con el segundo método. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que existe una tendencia al aumento del nivel del mar en la región estudiada, situación que debe ser considerada al estudiar las transformaciones que están ocurriendo en la costa, como lo son la erosión costera identificada en algunas zonas del Caribe costarricense.

ABSTRACT One of the consequences of climate change is sea level change in coastal systems, which function as a baseline, where a variety of coastal processes operate at different time and space scales. The objective of the present research is to calculate the historic and current rate of sea level rise, from Limon tide gauge station’s data. Two methods were utilized for this purpose: Simple linear regression analysis and time series decomposition; with the first method, a rate of 2.32 mm/yr of sea level change was obtained for the time period 1952 to 1968; with the second one, a rate result of 3.41 mm/yr which is consequent with the existing publications. In the current period (2009 - 2021) a rate of 4.18 mm/yr was obtained with the first method and 4.28 mm/yr with the second method. The results gathered confirm the existence of an upward trend in sea level rise in the studied region. This situation should be considered when studying the transformation taking place in the coast, such as the coastal erosion identified in some of the Costa Rican Caribbean zone.

RESUMEN Los manglares están expuestos a amenazas como el aumento del nivel del mar, la erosión costera, el aumento de la frecuencia e intensidad de eventos extremos, además de presiones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para el socioecosistema de manglar de Colombia. Se utilizaron 22 indicadores de amenaza, 8 de sensibilidad y 18 de capacidad adaptativa; mediante un análisis numérico multivariado se generaron los índices de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para los manglares del Pacífico y del Caribe de Colombia. Los manglares que presentaron mayor riesgo en el Caribe se ubicaron en los municipios de Manaure, Tubará y Puerto Escondido, mientras que en el Pacífico estas áreas de alto riesgo se ubicaron en la costa sur, en los municipios de Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro y La Tola, y en la costa norte de Bahía Solano. Los indicadores de amenaza que capturaron la mayor variabilidad del análisis fueron: el aumento del nivel del mar, el cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la oferta hídrica, el cambio en la cobertura de manglares por cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la temperatura y la precipitación debido a El Niño y La Niña, y la huella humana. Estos resultados son un insumo para la gestión climática de los manglares en Colombia y contribuirán al Programa Nacional de Manglares. Asimismo, podrán contribuir al Plan Nacional de Restauración de Manglares, la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Colombia (NDC), la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Colombia E2050, y los Planes Territoriales de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de los departamentos y municipios.

ABSTRACT The mangroves are exposed to threats such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, in addition to socioeconomic pressures. This study aimed to carry out a vulnerability and risk climate analysis for the Colombian mangrove socioecosystem. 22 threat indicators, eight of sensitivity and 18 of adaptive capacity were used, and through multivariate numerical analysis, the vulnerability and climate risk indices for Colombian Pacific and Caribbean mangroves were generated. The mangroves that presented the highest risk in the Caribbean were located in the Manaure, Tubará and, Puerto Escondido municipalities, while in the Pacific these high-risk areas were located on the southern coast in the Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro, and La Tola municipalities, and in the northern coast in the Bahía Solano municipality. The threat indicators that captured the greatest variability in the analysis were: sea level rise, change in the coastline, change in water supply, change in mangrove coverage due to change in the coastline, change in temperature and precipitation due to El Niño and La Niña, and human footprint. These results are input for climate management of mangroves in Colombia and will contribute to the National Mangrove Program. Likewise, it can contribute to the National Mangrove Restoration Plan, the Nationally Determined Contribution of Colombia (NDC), the Long-Term Climate Strategy of Colombia E 2050, and the Territorial Plans for Climate Change Adaptation of the states and municipalities.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una crítica transdiciplinaria a la abstracción capitalista de la “carbono-neutralidad” a partir de un análisis situado de la producción de energía para la gran minería de cobre y, recientemente, también de litio en la ciudad de Tocopilla (norte de Chile). Al examinar las transformaciones sociales y materiales gatilladas por la producción de energía para la gran minería durante el siglo XX, este trabajo problematiza dicha neutralidad demostrando cómo la reducción de emisiones corporativas de la gran minería en Chile opera a través de la producción de omisiones de carbón, a saber, a través de la omisión de los sedimentos tóxicos producidos por la combustión de varios combustibles que han generado lo que llamamos cenizas del Antropoceno. Para visualizar estos sedimentos, proponemos experimentar con una estratigrafía tóxica situada que revela los procesos históricos que precedieron la acumulación de cenizas sobre los sedimentos cuaternarios del acantilado costero, y que también explora los efectos actuales y futuros de la interacción entre estas capas. En última instancia, nuestro análisis situado en Tocopilla muestra cómo la carbono-neutralidad minera funciona como una abstracción con aspiraciones capitalistas que, al proponer discursivamente el desarrollo de transiciones energéticas, omite las transformaciones materiales y tóxicas desencadenadas por transiciones mineras.

Abstract This article offers a transdisciplinary critique of “carbon neutrality”. We present a situated analysis of energy production for large-scale copper and lithium mining in the city of Tocopilla (northern Chile). Examining the social and material transformations triggered by the production of energy for large-scale mining during the 20th century, this article problematizes carbon neutrality by demonstrating how large-scale mining corporations in Chile claim emissions reduction by producing carbon omissions, most notably by ignoring the toxic sediments of fuel combustion. We see these residues as the ashes of the Anthropocene. To render them visible, we experiment with a situated toxic stratigraphy, aimed at visualizing the historical processes that preceded the accumulation of ash on the Quaternary sediments of the coastal bluff. This visualization also explores the current and future effects of the interaction between stratigraphic layers. Ultimately, our analysis of Tocopilla shows how the carbon neutrality claimed by the mining industry functions as a capitalist abstraction, one that can only succeed by omitting the material and toxic transformations triggered by the so-called energy transition, which in the material world is actually a mining transition.

Resumo Este artigo oferece uma crítica transdisciplinar da abstração capitalista da “neutralidade do carbono” por meio de uma análise situada da produção de energia para a mineração de cobre em larga escala e, mais recentemente, de lítio na cidade de Tocopilla (norte do Chile). Ao examinar as transformações sociais e materiais desencadeadas pela produção de energia para a mineração em larga escala durante o século XX, este artigo problematiza essa neutralidade ao demonstrar como as reduções de emissões corporativas da mineração em larga escala no Chile operam por meio da produção de omissões de carbono, ou seja, por meio da omissão dos sedimentos tóxicos produzidos pela combustão de vários combustíveis que geraram o que chamamos de cinzas do Antropoceno. Para visualizar esses sedimentos, propomos experimentar uma estratigrafia tóxica situada que revele os processos históricos que precederam o acúmulo de cinzas nos sedimentos quaternários do penhasco costeiro e que também explore os efeitos atuais e futuros da interação entre essas camadas. Por fim, nossa análise situada em Tocopilla mostra como a neutralidade de carbono da mineração funciona como uma abstração com aspirações capitalistas que, ao propor discursivamente o desenvolvimento de transições de energia, omite as transformações materiais e tóxicas desencadeadas pelas transições da mineração.

ABSTRACT The invasion of exotic species of natural spaces constitutes a global conservation problem. In the Siboney-Juticí Ecological Reserve, Leucaena leucocephala is considered one of the main threats to the conservation of the semideciduous microphyll forest. The objective of this study is to characterize the richness and structure of the semideciduous microphyll forest in areas with different levels of Leucaena leucocephala coverage in said reserve. For the study, 15 plots of 400 m2 were established at three levels of coverage of the invasive species: ABSM-NI (undisturbed forests), ABSM-PI (40-60 % coverage of Leucaena leucocephala) and ABSM-TI (70 % cover of Leucaena leucocephala). The number of individuals per species and their presence in each of the stratus were estimated, in addition, the height of the woody species was considered. For each of the levels studied, the specific richness, the relative abundance of the species and the floristic composition by stratus were determined; as well as the floristic similarities between each of the levels. In ABSM-NI, 55 species were recorded, in ABSM-PI 51 and in ABSM-TI 43. At the three levels of cover, the strata (tree, shrub, herbaceous) and lianas were maintained. In ABSM-TI the epiphytes were not recorded. The greatest biological similarity was between ABSM-PI and ABSM-TI; some of the shared species are ruderal and colonize areas with some type of disturbance. The main transformation was in the composition and abundance of the species as the coverage of the invasive species increased. In ABSM-TI, the specific richness and abundance/cover of secondary vegetation species increased, to the detriment of other typical forest species. In the sites with the greatest coverage of the invasive species, a decrease in the specific composition and height of the tree stratus occurs. At this site, an increase in the specific composition of the shrub and herbaceous strata was also observed. Epiphytes were only recorded in ABSM-NI and ABSM-PI.

RESUMO A invasão de espécies exóticas em espaços naturais constitui um problema de conservação global. Na Reserva Ecológica Siboney-Juticí, Leucaena leucocephala é considerada uma das principais ameaças à conservação da floresta semidecídua microfila. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar a riqueza e a estrutura da floresta semidecídua micrófila em áreas com diferentes níveis de cobertura de Leucaena leucocephala na referida reserva. Para o estudo foram estabelecidas 15 parcelas de 400 m2 em três níveis de cobertura das espécies invasoras: ABSM-NI (florestas intactas), ABSM-PI (40-60 % de cobertura de Leucaena leucocephala) e ABSM-TI (70% de cobertura de Leucaena leucocephala). Foi estimado o número de indivíduos por espécie e sua presença em cada um dos estratos, sendo também considerada a altura das espécies lenhosas. Para cada um dos níveis estudados foram determinadas a riqueza específica, a abundância relativa das espécies e a composição florística por estratos; bem como as semelhanças florísticas entre cada um dos níveis. Na ABSM-NI foram registradas 55 espécies, na ABSM-PI 51 e na ABSM-TI 43. Nos três níveis de cobertura foram mantidos os estratos (arbóreo, arbustivo, herbáceo) e lianas. Nenhuma epífita foi registrada no ABSM-TI. A maior similaridade biológica foi entre ABSM-PI e ABSM-TI; muitas das espécies compartilhadas são ruderais e colonizam áreas com algum tipo de perturbação. A principal transformação ocorreu na composição e abundância das espécies à medida que aumentava a cobertura das espécies invasoras. Na ABSM-TI, a riqueza específica e a abundância/cobertura de espécies de vegetação secundária aumentaram, em detrimento de outras espécies florestais típicas. Nos locais com maior cobertura das espécies invasoras ocorre diminuição da composição específica e da altura do estrato arbóreo. Neste local também foi observado aumento na composição específica dos estratos arbustivos e herbáceos. Epífitas foram registradas apenas no ABSM-NI e ABSM-PI.

RESUMEN La invasión de especies exóticas de espacios naturales constituye un problema de conservación a nivel global. En la Reserva Ecológica Siboney-Juticí, Leucaena leucocephala es considerada como una de sus principales amenazas para la conservación del bosque semideciduo micrófilo. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar la riqueza y estructura del bosque semideciduo micrófilo en áreas con diferentes niveles de cobertura de Leucaena leucocephala en dicha reserva. Para el estudio se establecieron 15 parcelas de 400 m2 en tres niveles de cobertura de la especie invasora: ABSM-NI (bosques sin perturbación), ABSM-PI (40-60 % de cobertura de Leucaena leucocephala) y ABSM-TI (70 % de cobertura de Leucaena leucocephala). Se estimó el número de individuos por especie y su presencia en cada uno de los estratos, además se consideró la altura de las especies leñosas. Por cada uno de los niveles estudiados se determinó la riqueza específica, la abundancia relativa de las especies y la composición florística por estratos; así como las similitudes florísticas entre cada uno de los niveles. En ABSM-NI se registraron 55 especies, en ABSM-PI 51 y en ABSM-TI 43. En los tres niveles de cobertura se mantuvieron los estratos (arbóreo, arbustivo, herbáceo) y las lianas. En ABSM-TI no se registraron epífitas. La mayor similitud biológica fue entre ABSM-PI y ABSM-TI; muchas de las especies compartidas son ruderales y colonizan áreas con algún tipo de perturbación. La principal transformación estuvo en la composición y abundancia de las especies en la medida que aumenta la cobertura de la especie invasora. En ABSM-TI incrementó la riqueza específica y la abundancia/cobertura de especies propias de vegetación secundaria, en detrimento de otras especies típicas del bosque. En los sitios de mayor cobertura de la especie invasora ocurre una disminución de la composición específica y altura del estrato arbóreo. En este sitio también se observó un aumento de la composición específica de los estratos arbustivo y herbáceo. Las epífitas solo se registraron en ABSM-NI y ABSM-PI.

Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.