Resumen Introducción: La deficiencia congénita de factor VII es una condición hereditaria extremadamente rara, con una prevalencia de 1 por cada 500,000 personas. Se estima que la verdadera prevalencia de deficiencia de FVII está subestimada, debido a que una parte considerable de los pacientes son asintomáticos. Los pacientes sintomáticos muestran manifestaciones como epistaxis, sangrado mucocutáneo, equimosis y menorragia. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 33 años con historia de melena, adinamia y astenia. Niega patologías previas, pero refiere antecedentes de sangrado recurrente desde la infancia. Exámenes de laboratorio revelan anemia microcítica e hipocrómica y prolongación del tiempo de protrombina. Se realiza una prueba de mezcla debido a las alteraciones en los tiempos de coagulación y su correlación con antecedentes de sangrado. Se realizan niveles de actividad coagulante de FVIIa los cuales dan como resultado <1%, confirmando una coagulopatía hemorrágica por defecto congénito de FVII. Discusión: La deficiencia de FVII representa un trastorno congénito poco común y que, debido a su variabilidad clínica, pasa desapercibido. La sospecha clínica es necesaria para el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos de esta condición.

Abstract Background. Congenital factor VII deficiency is an extremely rare hereditary condition, with a prevalence of 1 in every 500,000 individuals. The true prevalence of FVII deficiency is estimated to be underestimated because a considerable number of patients are asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients may exhibit manifestations such as epistaxis, mucocutaneous bleeding, ecchymosis, and menorrhagia. Clinical case. 33-year-old male patient with a history of melena, adynamia, and asthenia. He denies previous pathologies but reports a history of recurrent bleeding since childhood. Laboratory tests reveal microcytic and hypochromic anemia, as well as prolonged prothrombin time. A mixing test is performed due to abnormalities in coagulation times and their correlation with bleeding history. Coagulant activity levels of FVIIa are measured, resulting in <1%, confirming a hemorrhagic coagulopathy due to congenital FVII deficiency. Discussion . FVII deficiency represents a rare congenital disorder that often goes unnoticed due to its clinical variability. Clinical suspicion is necessary for the timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A water pretreatment plant for hemodialysis through clarification and dechlorination does not offer the expected flow with the required quality, in terms of suspended solids and residual free chlorine, affecting the useful life of reverse osmosis membranes and microfilters. In this work, operational problems are identified and improvements are proposed to guarantee greater efficiency of the installation. Objective: To propose improvements that guarantee the efficiency of water pretreatment for hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: The water flows supplied to the settler and the filter, and water characteristics were determined and compared with those of drinking water and for reverse osmosis. The effects of removal of suspended solids, turbidity, color, residual chorine and required dose of coagulant were established. The load applied to the double layer filter was checked. Results and Discussion: The inlet pressure to the plant does not allow the design flow to be achieved. The applied dose of coagulant is not adequate and alkali should not be added. It was found that the clarification and dechlorination processes are inefficient. Conclusions: Neither the service demand nor the design flow rate is always guaranteed. The required dose of coagulant is 18 mg/L and there is no need to alkalinize the water. The turbidity and color removal efficiencies are 70% and 60.53% respectively, and the suspended solids removal efficiency in the settler is 45.2%. The output turbidity and free chlorine concentration exceed those required for reverse osmosis membranes.

RESUMEN Introducción: Una planta para pretratar agua para hemodiálisis mediante clarificación y decloración no ofrece el caudal esperado con la calidad requerida, en cuanto a sólidos en suspensión y cloro libre residual, afectándose la vida útil de las membranas de ósmosis inversa y microfiltros. En este trabajo se identifican problemas de operación y se proponen mejoras que garanticen mayor eficiencia de la instalación. Objetivo: Proponer mejoras que garanticen la eficiencia del pretratamiento de agua para hemodiálisis. Materiales y Métodos: Se determinaron los caudales abastecidos al sedimentador y a los filtros y características del agua cruda y tratada, se compararon con las de agua potable y para ósmosis inversa. Fueron determinados los efectos de remoción de sólidos suspendidos, turbidez, color, cloro residual y la dosis necesaria de coagulante. Se comprobó la carga aplicada al filtro. Resultados y Discusión: La presión de entrada a la planta no permite lograr el caudal de diseño. La dosis aplicada de coagulante no es adecuada y no debe adicionarse álcali. Son ineficientes los procesos de clarificación y de decloración. Conclusiones: No se garantiza siempre ni la demanda del servicio ni el caudal de diseño. La dosis requerida de coagulante es de 18 mg/L y no se precisa alcalinizar el agua. Las eficiencias de remoción de turbiedad y color son de 70 % y 60,53 % respectivamente, la de sólidos en suspensión en el sedimentador es de 45,2 %. La turbiedad de salida y la concentración de cloro libre superan los exigidos para las membranas de ósmosis inversa.

Abstract Introduction: Portuguese estimates point out that nearly 20% of aortic aneurysms are treated in a ruptured setting, with in-hospital mortality reaching up to 50%. Although unfractionated heparin (UFH) is routine during elective surgery, this technical point is debatable when treating ruptured aneurysms. The authors aimed to review the literature on the topic of intraoperative heparinization with UFH within the intraoperative period of ruptured aortic aneurysms. Methods: A MEDLINE and Scopus database search using the terms “unfractionated heparin," “aortic aneurysm," and “ruptured aortic aneurysm” was performed. No time or language limitations were imposed. The last search was run in July 2023. Manuscripts were considered irrespective of study design. Additional articles of scientific interest for the purpose of this non-systematic review were included by cross-referencing. Results: In the rupture setting, UFH usage rates have widely varied throughout time and geographical sites, and they are reported to be as low as 16%. Overall, the evidence of UFH in clinical practice in this scenario is limited. Notwithstanding, there is some evidence from observational studies of an increased pro-coagulant activity in this clinical scenario, favoring a theoretical physiologic benefit. A prospective, non-randomized study of 131 OSR patients found that patients treated with UFH had improved 30-day survival (84% vs 67%, P=0.001). Non-significant differences in blood product usage were noted. Therefore, societal guideline recommendations about intraoperative UFH in ruptured aortic aneurysms are often missing. Conclusion: UFH may potentially reduce death after open repair of rAAA. These findings should be carefully interpreted, as the evidence is scarce and heterogeneous and only portrays open repair.

The lightly micro-polluted raw water of Yangtze River (YRW) in autumn was treated via enhanced coagulation by composite coagulants composed of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), named PAC/PDMDAAC. Coagulation mechanism and removal efficiency were investigated by assessing the water quality parameters of the resulting supernatant, i.e. turbidity, COD Mn, and NH3-N, at the same dosage and supernatant turbidity (SDST) point as using PAC only, with controlled residual turbidity of 1.0-1.50 NTU to mimic drinking water production plant supernatant condition when using lightly micro-polluted water as raw water source . In addition, the zeta potential, floc morphology, and size analysis under the condition of SDST using PAC and composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC for getting insight about removal mechanism were done. The results showed that, firstly, most of the composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC with intrinsic viscosity [η] = 0.65, 1.60, and 2.6 dL/g; and mass ratio PAC:PDMDAAC of 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 (mm)) could meet the requirements of controlled supernatant turbidity between 1.0 and 1.5 NTU to mimic drinking water production plant condition using YRW (Nanjing section) that comply with the new national drinking water standards. Secondly, the seven kinds of composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC can maintained the advantage of enhanced coagulation removal efficiency within the SDST point as using PAC only. The COD Mn and ammonia nitrogen removal rates using composite coagulants at SDST points were 0-6.19 %; 0-15.62%, respectively higher than using PAC only. Finally, this study deepened and expanded the existing research knowledge about composite coagulant PAC/PDMDAAC and offered the maximum limitations in removing the water quality parameters via enhanced coagulation treatment of lightly micro-polluted surface raw water in order to meet new national drinking water standards.

Abstract Variability in snake venom composition is well-documented and crucial for understanding snake ecology and predicting snakebites. In this study, we characterize the venom composition and biological activities of newborn female and male Bothrops moojeni and their mother. Our results reveal significant differences between the venom of newborn females and males, demonstrating a broad and diverse range of proteins. The venoms of newborn females showed higher serine protease effects, increased hemorrhagic activity, and greater lethality compared to the venom of newborn males. However, no differences were observed in phospholipase A2 and coagulant activity. The differences in protein composition and toxic activities between maternal and neonatal venom, as well as between the venoms of newborn females and males, contribute to understanding the diverse outcomes of snakebites. These results underscore the importance of considering sex and ontogeny in understanding venom composition in snakes. welldocumented documented snakebites study mother males proteins effects activity However A snakes

Resumo A variabilidade na composição dos venenos de serpentes é bem documentada e crucial para a compreensão da ecologia das serpentes ou do prognóstico dos envenenamentos ofídicos. Nesse estudo, caracterizamos a composição e a atividade biológica do veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos e sua mãe. Nossos resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre o veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos, demonstrando uma ampla e diversificada gama de proteínas. Os venenos de fêmeas recém-nascidas apresentaram mais efeitos de serina protease, aumento da atividade hemorrágica e maior letalidade em comparação ao veneno dos machos recém-nascidos. No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada na fosfolipase A2 e na atividade coagulante. As diferenças na composição proteica e nas atividades tóxicas entre o veneno materno e neonatal, bem como entre os venenos de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos contribuem para a compreensão dos diversos resultados dos acidentes ofídicos. Esses resultados ressaltam a importância de considerar o sexo e a ontogenia na compreensão da composição do veneno desses animais. ofídicos estudo recémnascidos recém nascidos mãe recémnascidos, nascidos, proteínas recémnascidas nascidas protease recémnascidos. nascidos. entanto coagulante neonatal animais

ABSTRACT This study aims to stimulate debate on the behavior of geotextile blankets in retaining suspended solids and to offer subsidies for further research. By means of a simple and objective approach, the results of a pilot-scale experiment are presented, with the objective of suggesting the use of containment barriers as a simple and inexpensive technique for raw water pre-filtration. Due to the growing demand for treated water and a marked decrease in the quality of the water available for catchment, it becomes necessary to increase the dosage of chemicals used in the treatment. Consequently, this influences not only the costs but also the characteristics of the waste generated in the process, since the nature and quantity of the sludge depend, among other factors, on the turbidity and the dosage of coagulant chemicals. The experiment was carried out using an acrylic channel where two adequately spaced geotextile blanket barriers were positioned, with raw water from the Parshall flume being pumped into the channel and, after passing through the barriers, returned by gravity to the flume and then sent for treatment. The affluent flow was maintained at 3.5 L/min and the blankets used had a weight of 170.0 and 420.0 g/m2, respectively. The results were not sufficient to conclude whether or not there is a relationship between the average raw water turbidity and the average turbidity reduction by the system. However, they show good chances of reducing sludge generation in water treatment plants receiving raw water pre-filtered by the proposed system, even with the average turbidity reduction considered low. research approach pilotscale pilot scale presented prefiltration. prefiltration pre filtration. filtration pre-filtration catchment Consequently process depend factors positioned 35 3 5 3. Lmin L min 1700 170 0 170. 4200 420 420. gm2 gm g m2 m g/m2 respectively system However prefiltered filtered low 17 42 g/m 1 4

RESUMO Este estudo visa estimular o debate sobre o comportamento das mantas geotêxteis na retenção de sólidos em suspensão e oferecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas. Por meio de uma abordagem simples e objetiva, são apresentados os resultados de um experimento em escala piloto, com o objetivo de sugerir o uso de barreiras de contenção como uma técnica simples e barata para pré-filtração de água bruta. Devido à crescente demanda por água tratada e à acentuada diminuição da qualidade da água disponível para captação, torna-se necessário aumentar a dosagem dos produtos químicos utilizados no tratamento. Consequentemente, isso influencia não só os custos, mas também as características dos resíduos gerados no processo, uma vez que a natureza e a quantidade do lodo dependem, entre outros fatores, da turbidez e da dosagem dos produtos químicos coagulantes. O experimento foi realizado utilizando um canal de acrílico onde foram posicionadas duas barreiras de manta geotêxtil adequadamente espaçadas, sendo a água bruta da calha Parshall bombeada para dentro do canal e, após passar pelas barreiras, devolvida por gravidade à calha e então encaminhada para tratamento. A vazão afluente foi mantida em 3,5 L/min e as mantas utilizadas tinham gramatura de 170,0 e 420,0 g/m², respectivamente. Os resultados não foram suficientes para concluir se existe ou não relação entre a turbidez média da água bruta e a redução média da turbidez pelo sistema. Contudo, apresentam boas chances de redução da geração de lodo em estações de tratamento de água que recebem água bruta pré-filtrada pelo sistema proposto, mesmo com a redução média da turbidez considerada baixa. pesquisas objetiva piloto préfiltração pré filtração captação tornase torna Consequentemente custos processo dependem fatores coagulantes espaçadas 35 3 5 3, Lmin L min 1700 170 0 170, 4200 420 420, gm² gm g m² m g/m² respectivamente Contudo préfiltrada filtrada proposto baixa 17 42 g/m 1 4

RESUMO No Brasil, é comum a aplicação de coagulantes químicos durante as etapas de tratamento da água potável, o mais utilizado entre eles é o sulfato de alumínio (Al2(SO4)3), considerado prejudicial à saúde, podendo causar doenças neurológicas. Durante o período chuvoso, os níveis de partículas suspensas na água aumentam fazendo com que seja necessário adicionar uma maior dosagem de coagulante convencional gerando assim, um alto custo comercial para as adutoras, podendo até não chegar de forma devidamente tratada ao consumidor. Considerando alguns aspectos negativos da aplicação desse tipo de coagulante, o presente trabalho investiga a semente de Moringa oleífera como potencial coagulante natural a ser utilizado durante o processo de tratamento de água. Foram realizados ensaios de corrosão por imersão (30, 60 e 90 dias) e posteriormente, ensaios eletroquímicos Open Circuit Potential (OCP) e Polarização Linear (PL) aplicadas em amostras de aço patinável CST COR 400 (revestidas com tinta epóxi, sem revestimento (neutra) e com a presença de cordão de solda) oriundas de tubulação de uma adutora. Realizou-se também análises de microscopia óptica (MO) e caracterização do pó através da leitura de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os estudos concluíram que para a biocoagulação e clarificação da água bruta do rio a dosagem de 200 mg/ 200 ml é a mais adequada, pois não alterou pH e turbidez estando nos padrões de potabilidade. Já nos ensaios de corrosão por imersão, o aço com a proteção de tinta epóxi teve um equilíbrio quanto a perda de massa, o contrário aconteceu com a amostra neutra. O FTIR identificou a suave presença de elementos como o brometo que auxilia no processo oxidativo e em maior quantidade a presença de aldeído e aminas que auxiliam no processo como inibidores de corrosão. Brasil potável Al2SO43, Al2SO43 AlSO Al2 SO4 3 , Al SO (Al2(SO4)3) saúde neurológicas chuvoso assim adutoras consumidor 30, 30 (30 6 9 dias posteriormente OCP (OCP PL (PL 40 revestidas neutra (neutra solda adutora Realizouse Realizou se MO (MO FTIR. . (FTIR) 20 mg adequada potabilidade massa Al2SO4 (Al2(SO4)3 (3 4 (FTIR 2 Al2SO (Al2(SO4) ( (Al2(SO4 (Al2(SO

ABSTRACT In Brazil, it is common to apply chemical coagulants during the drinking water treatment stages, the most used among them is aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), considered harmful to health and may cause neurological diseases. During the rainy season, the levels of suspended particles in the water increase, making it necessary to add a higher dosage of conventional coagulant, thus generating a high commercial cost for the pipelines, which may even not reach the consumer in a properly treated form. Considering some negative aspects of the application of this type of coagulant, the present work investigates the Moringa oleifera seed as a potential natural coagulant to be used during the water treatment process. Immersion corrosion tests were carried out (30, 60 and 90 days) and subsequently, Open Circuit Potential (OCP) and Linear Polarization (PL) electrochemical tests applied to CST COR 400 weathering steel samples (coated with epoxy paint, without coating (neutral) and with the presence of a weld bead) originating from a water main piping. Optical microscopy (OM) analyzes and powder characterization were also carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reading. The studies concluded that for biocoagulation and clarification of raw river water, the dosage of 200 mg/ 200 ml is the most appropriate, as it did not change pH and turbidity, being within potability standards. In the immersion corrosion tests, the steel with epoxy paint protection had a balance in terms of mass loss, the opposite happened with the neutral sample. The FTIR identified the slight presence of elements such as bromide that helps in the oxidative process and in greater quantities the presence of aldehyde and amines that help in the process as corrosion inhibitors. Brazil stages Al2SO43, Al2SO43 AlSO Al2 SO4 3 , Al SO (Al2(SO4)3) diseases season increase pipelines form 30, 30 (30 6 9 days subsequently OCP (OCP PL (PL 40 coated (neutral bead piping OM (OM (FTIR reading 20 mg appropriate turbidity standards loss sample inhibitors Al2SO4 (Al2(SO4)3 (3 4 2 Al2SO (Al2(SO4) ( (Al2(SO4 (Al2(SO

Resumo O estudo examinou a eficácia da enzima papaína liofilizada obtida de três espécies de Vasconcellea (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) como coagulante natural na fabricação de queijo. Em particular, a enzima V. pubescens demonstrou os resultados mais promissores quando concentrações de 2 g/L, 4 g/L e 6 g/L foram usadas na produção de queijo fresco, enquanto outras espécies de enzimas apresentaram menor eficácia. O rendimento ideal do queijo fresco com o mínimo de enzima residual foi alcançado quando uma dose de 2 g/L da enzima papaína foi empregada a uma temperatura de coagulação de 30 °C, resultando em características físico-químicas e organolépticas comparáveis às produzidas com o coalho Hansen comercial. No entanto, um aumento na temperatura de coagulação (42 °C) e uma dose maior de enzima papaína (4 g/L) resultaram em uma redução no rendimento do queijo fresco e, consequentemente, a enzima residual aumentou. São necessários mais estudos para determinar a pureza da papaína liofilizada e a dosagem mais eficaz para aumentar a lucratividade para produtores e consumidores. Essas descobertas poderiam facilitar a aplicação ecológica dessa alternativa na produção de queijo fresco. V (V chachapoyensis heilbornii particular gL g L 3 C °C físicoquímicas físico químicas comercial entanto 42 ( consequentemente aumentou consumidores

Abstract The study examined the efficacy of freeze-dried papain enzyme obtained from three Vasconcellea species (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) as a natural coagulant in cheese making. Notably, the enzyme V. pubescens demonstrated the most promising results when concentrations of 2 g/L, 4 g/L, and 6 g/L were used to produce fresh cheese, while other enzyme species exhibited lower efficacy. The optimal yield of fresh cheese with minimal residual enzyme was achieved when a 2 g/L dose of papain enzyme was employed at a coagulation temperature of 30 °C, resulting in physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics comparable to those produced with commercial Hansen’s rennet. Nevertheless, an increase in the coagulation temperature (42 °C) and a higher dose of papain enzyme (4 g/L) resulted in a reduction in the yield of fresh cheese and; consequently, the residual enzyme increased. Further studies are required to determine the purity of freeze-dried papain and the most effective dosage to increase profitability for producers and consumers. Such findings could facilitate the ecological application of this alternative in producing of fresh cheese. freezedried freeze dried V (V chachapoyensis heilbornii making Notably gL g L 3 C °C Hansens Hansen s rennet Nevertheless 42 ( consequently increased consumers

Hospital laundry is an important source of environmental pollution because its effluent contains high loads of organic matter and microorganisms. Conventionally, the treatment is carried out using aluminum sulfate, a low-cost and highly efficient coagulant that is related to secondary contamination due to the generation of non-biodegradable sludge, its ability to accumulate metals and toxicity. Aiming for sustainable alternatives, the efficiency of tannin from the natural coagulant and Moringa oleifera seed was evaluated in relation to aluminum sulfate, seeking to adapt the color and turbidity parameters and determine the antimicrobial activity of the seed. Using a concentration of 100 mg L-1 of aluminum sulfate, 97.4 and 93.95% of color and turbidity removals in the effluent were obtained, respectively. With 50 mg L-1 tannin showed an efficiency of 84.96% for color removal and 89.75% for turbidity. Tests were also carried out with Moringa oleifera seeds using saline seed extract, crushed seeds and aqueous seed extract, with a reduction in conductivity by more than 99%, removing pollutant ions for the saline extract. Of the methodologies used, the best result was obtained with the aqueous extract, achieving removals of 89.63% of color, 78.33% of turbidity, and inhibition of more than 98.1% of microorganism growth. microorganisms Conventionally sulfate lowcost low cost nonbiodegradable non biodegradable sludge toxicity alternatives 10 L1 L 1 L- 974 97 4 97. 9395 93 95 93.95 respectively 5 8496 84 96 84.96 8975 89 75 89.75 extract 99 99% used 8963 63 89.63 7833 78 33 78.33 981 98 98.1 growth 9 939 93.9 849 8 84.9 897 7 89.7 896 6 89.6 783 3 78.3 98. 93. 84. 89. 78.

Resumen: La adición de las sustancias químicas en el tratamiento del agua potable comúnmente es un procedimiento manual realizado por personal altamente capacitado y experimentado. Esta resulta una tarea crítica debido a que requiere cierto nivel de experiencia para una correcta dosificación. Como posible solución, este estudio se basa en el análisis de datos recolectados de una fuente de agua cruda ubicada en Ecuador. Utilizando la información de los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua cruda, como el pH, turbidez y color, se identifican las dosis de Policloruro de Aluminio (PAC), y las variables de entrada y salida del proceso. En consecuencia, se propone la implementación de un sistema de control inteligente basado en Redes Neuronales Artificiales (RNA) con la finalidad de reducir la dependencia del personal experimentado. Para ello, se parte con la recolección y análisis de datos y así establecer las variables involucradas en el proceso. El modelo neuronal propuesto dispone de tres capas ocultas y utiliza algoritmos de gradiente adaptativo. El análisis de los resultados se realizó mediante el error porcentual absoluto medio (MAPE) y el error cuadrático medio (RMSE). El modelo predictivo de PAC en etapa de entrenamiento indica un valor MAPE de 0,0425 para los valores no ajustados y de 0,0262 para los valores numéricos ajustados. Sin embargo, en la etapa de prueba el modelo neuronal alcanza un MAPE de 0,057 para los valores de PAC no ajustados y de 0,041 para los ajustados. Esta alternativa brinda una solución eficiente a la hora de resolver problemas de dosificación en las plantas de tratamiento de agua potable (PTAP), teniendo resultados confiables según las métricas RMSE y MAPE.

Abstract: The addition of chemicals in drinking water treatment is usually a manual procedure performed by highly trained and experienced persons. To solve this problem, this study is based on the analysis of data collected from a raw water source located in Ecuador. Then, using the information on the physical-chemical parameters of the raw water such as pH, turbidity and color, the definition of the doses of Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), and the input and output variables of the dosage process are identified. Consequently, the implementation of an intelligent control system based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is proposed in order to reduce the dependence on experienced people. These experiments start with data collection and analysis in order to establish the variables involved in the process. The proposed neural model has three hidden layers, and it uses adaptive gradient algorithms. An analysis of the results was performed using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The PAC predictive model in the training phase gives a MAPE value of 0.0425 for the not adjusted values and 0.0262 for the adjusted numerical values. However, in the test phase the neural model achieves a MAPE of 0.057 for the not adjusted PAC values and 0.041 for the adjusted values. This alternative provides an efficient solution to solve dosing problems in drinking water treatment plants (DWTP), with reliable results according to RMSE and MAPE metrics.

Summary: Intensive use of water, growing cities, and lack of wastewater treatment are some factors increasing hydric stress worldwide. Coagulation/flocculation is one of the preferred treatments for wastewater. However, aluminum salts are traditionally used in this process. This coagulant has a high environmental footprint and residual aluminum in wastewater is a public health concern. The preparation and use of chitosan as a coagulant aid in coagulation/flocculation with aluminum sulfate were investigated. The effect of the order of addition of coagulants (aluminum sulfate followed by chitosan, or chitosan followed by aluminum sulfate), dose of the coagulants, pH, and slow mixing velocity for flocculation were studied. It was found that the removal of total suspended solids (TSS) with aluminum sulfate was relatively unaffected by pH (aluminum sulfate dose of 100 mg L-1 at pH of 5 units achieved 94% removal of TSS and at pH of 8.2 units 89% removal of TSS), whereas with chitosan was highly affected (chitosan dose of 180 mg L-1 at pH of 4 units achieved 96% removal of TSS and at pH of 8.2 units 25% removal of TSS). In the coagulation/flocculation experiments where both coagulants were used, it was found that the order of coagulant addition and pH of wastewater have a statistically significant effect (P-value < 0.05) on the removal of TSS. Higher removal of TSS was achieved when aluminum sulfate was added followed by chitosan at a wastewater pH of 5 units. Chitosan can be effectively used to reduce the use of aluminum salts in wastewater treatment. However, it is necessary to optimize the preparation of this coagulant and investigate other factors, such as variation in the wastewater quality, that can affect the robustness of the process.

Resumen: Entre los factores que aumentan el estrés hídrico se encuentran la creciente demanda de agua, el incremento de las zonas urbanas y la falta de tratamiento de aguas residuales, entre otros. La coagulación/floculación con sales de aluminio está entre los tratamientos para aguas residuales más utilizados. Sin embargo, estas sales tienen una huella ambiental alta y el aluminio residual en el agua tratada está asociado a problemas de salud. En este trabajo se investigó la preparación y uso de quitosano como coadyuvante en la coagulación/floculación con sulfato de aluminio. Se estudió el efecto del orden de adición de los coagulantes (sulfato de aluminio seguido de quitosano o quitosano seguido de sulfato de aluminio), la dosis de los coagulantes, el pH del tratamiento y la velocidad lenta de floculación. Se encontró que la remoción de los sólidos suspendidos totales (SST) con sulfato de aluminio no presentó cambios significativos en el rango de pH estudiado ( remoción de 94% de SST con dosis de 100 mg L-1 y pH 5, y remoción de 89% con pH 8.2), mientras que la remoción con quitosano es altamente dependiente del pH (remoción de 96% de SST con dosis de 180 mg L-1 y pH 4, y remoción de 25% con pH 8.2). En los experimentos donde los dos coagulantes se usaron se encontró que el orden de adición de los coagulantes y el pH tienen un efecto estadísticamente significativo (P < 0.05) en la remoción de SST. La mayor remoción de SST se encontró al adicionar sulfato de aluminio seguido de quitosano a un pH de 5. El quitosano se puede utilizar para disminuir el uso de sales de aluminio en el tratamiento de agua residual. Sin embargo, es necesario optimizar su preparación e investigar otros factores que pueden afectar el proceso de coagulación/floculación.

Vegetable proteases have been studied as milk coagulants, and artichoke flower (Cynara cardunculus L. var scolymus) has potential coagulant action as a substitute for microbial chymosin. The objective was to perform chemical characterization of aspartic proteases from artichoke flower (Cynara cardunculus L. var scolymus) by mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) and analytical measurements. Artichoke flower extracts were obtained and crude thistle flower extract and microbial chymosin were used as a reference. Plant extracts and microbial chymosin were analyzed for protein concentration, proteolytic activity (PA), milk clotting activity (MCA), specificity ratio (SR), effects of pH, temperature, NaCl and CaCl2 concentration on MCA and PA and characterized by electrophoretic, spectroscopic, chromatographic and storage stability. The results indicated that the crude extract of artichoke flower showed high MCA (510.08 SU mL 1), low PA (10.50 µg mg-1), SR (48.57) and storage stability for up to 90 days under frozen. The electrophoretic profile of artichoke flower resulted in a protein band with an apparent molecular weight of 32 kDa, associated with cardosin A. Artichoke flower may be a new alternative for commercial plant proteases with active enzymes for milk coagulation. coagulants Cynara L scolymus midinfrared mid infrared MIR (MIR measurements reference PA, , (PA) MCA, (MCA) SR, (SR) pH temperature CaCl spectroscopic 510.08 51008 510 08 (510.0 1, 1 1) 10.50 1050 10 50 (10.5 mg1, mg1 mg mg-1) 48.57 4857 48 57 (48.57 9 frozen 3 kDa A coagulation (PA (MCA (SR 510.0 5100 51 0 (510. 10.5 105 5 (10. mg-1 48.5 485 4 (48.5 510. (510 10. (10 mg- 48. (48. (51 (1 (48 (5 ( (4

Resumen Los coagulantes naturales a base de plantas se han usado para el tratamiento de aguas desde tiempos remotos y son amigables con el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de remoción de turbiedad y color de una mezcla coagulante de polvo Crotaloria longirostrata y sulfato de aluminio vs sulfato de aluminio. Se evaluó la dosis optima de sulfato de aluminio comercial y las mezclas coagulantes natural de polvo de C. longirostrata y sulfato de aluminio (tratamientos) que tuvieran la mayor remoción de turbiedad y color (variable respuesta) de un agua residual doméstica. Se utilizó un equipo de prueba de jarras marca PhilesMR para la determinación de las dosis optimas de coagulantes. La turbiedad y color se midieron con un turbidímetro marca LamoteMR. Se usó un diseño simple completamente aleatorizado de un factor y un análisis de varianza seguido de un contraste múltiple de Tukey para encontrar diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los diferentes tratamientos. Las mezclas de polvo de C. longirostrata con sulfato de aluminio (75 mg/L de polvo de C. longirostrata + 175 mg/L de sulfato) removieron una mayor cantidad de turbiedad y color que la dosis optima de sulfato de aluminio (250 mg/L), con remociones de 83.4% de turbiedad y 64.9% de color respectivamente. Los resultados lograron reducir un 30% el uso del sulfato de aluminio. El uso de polvo C. longirostrata como coadyuvante en la remoción de turbiedad y color no tiene efectos tóxicos ya que es un arbusto comestible.

Abstract Natural plant-based coagulants have been used for water treatment since ancient times, and they are friendly with the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the turbidity and color removal capacity of a coagulant mixture of Crotaloria longirostrata powder and aluminum sulfate vs aluminum sulfate. The optimal dose of commercial aluminum sulfate (treatments) and the natural coagulant mixtures of C. longirostrata powder and aluminum sulfate were evaluated, that had the highest turbidity and color (independent variable) removal of a domestic wastewater. A PhilesMR brand jar test kit was used to determine optimal coagulant dosages. Turbidity and color were measured with a Lamote brand turbidimeterMR. A simple one-factor completely randomized design was used and an analysis of variance followed by a multiple Tukey test to find statistically significant differences between the different treatments. Mixtures of C. longirostrata powder with aluminum sulfate (75 mg / L of C longirostrata powder + 175 mg / L of sulfate) removed a greater amount of turbidity and color than the optimal dose of aluminum sulfate (250 mg/L) with removals of 83.4% of turbidity and 64.9% of color respectively. The results managed to reduce the use of aluminum sulfate by 30%. The use of C. longirostrata powder as an aid in the removal of turbidity and color does not have toxic effects since it is an edible shrub.

Abstract Cheese has become an important food item that may provide great nutritional benefits to consumers all over the world. Rennet is the most important milk coagulant obtained from calf stomach but nowadays due to lesser availability of ruminant stomach, higher rennet prices, religious concerns (Islamism; Halal / Haram) or the ban of recombinant calf rennet has given rise to the need for other substitutes than rennet. The present study was conducted to develop vegetative extracts of Citrus aurantium flowers, fig, pineapple, and melon extract as vegetative coagulants as an economical, easily available and halal source and their evaluation on basis of pH, dry matter protein content, milk clotting, and proteolytic activities potential in comparison with rennet and acid. The protein contents of CAFE, fig latex and bromelain were much greater than melon extract. The trend in milk clotting activity (MCA), proteolytic activity (PA) and MCA/PA ratio was rennet > acid > bromelain ˃ CAFE ˃ fig latex> melon extract. ORAC assay for antioxidant potential of extracts showed the following trend: fig latex 592 µM (TE)>CAFE 566 µM (TE)>bromelain 130 µM (TE)> melon extract 120 µM (TE) using Trolox as standard. These plant extracts proved a better substitute for animal rennet in the cheese industry. world prices Islamism (Islamism Haram flowers pineapple economical pH content MCA, MCA , (MCA) PA (PA MCAPA 59 TE>CAFE TECAFE TE >CAFE 56 TE>bromelain TEbromelain >bromelain 13 TE> 12 (TE standard industry (MCA 5 1

ABSTRACT Due to a significant amount of nutrients in its composition, swine manure (SM) is commonly used to complement or replace commercial agricultural fertilizers. However, an improper application in crops could cause negative environmental impacts, especially due to the excessive supply of nutrients in its composition. This paper aimed to evaluate the removal of total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) from SM biodigested by the coagulation/flocculation (CF) process with organic polymers. The SM samples were collected in two distinct seasonal periods (rainy and dry seasons), with CF tests in two stages. During the first stage, slow mixing times (SMTs) of 15, 20, and 25 min were tested, and in the second stage, the coagulant (0 – 1.75 g L-1) and flocculant dosage (0 – 0.0025 g L-1) effects were evaluated. The results show that the optimal SMT was 15 min in both the seasons. In the rainy season, the highest phosphorus and nitrogen removals were 80 and 27%, respectively, while in the dry season, the highest phosphorus and nitrogen removals were 70 and 25%, respectively. The finding shows that the use of flocculants did not improve the removal of TP and TKN when compared with the control conditions. It is concluded that the CF process can be used to remove TP and TKN from SM, with a possible concentration of them in the generated sludge. composition (SM fertilizers However impacts (TKN (TP coagulationflocculation coagulation flocculation (CF polymers seasons, seasons , seasons) stages stage SMTs (SMTs 20 2 tested 0 ( 175 1 75 1.7 L1 L L-1 00025 0025 0.002 evaluated season 8 27 27% respectively 7 25% conditions sludge 17 1. L- 0002 002 0.00 000 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO Por conter uma quantidade significativa de nutrientes em sua composição, a água residual de suinocultura (ARS) é comumente utilizada para complementar ou substituir fertilizantes agrícolas comerciais. No entanto, a aplicação inadequada nas culturas pode causar impactos ambientais negativos, especialmente devido ao aporte excessivo de nutrientes presentes em sua composição. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a remoção de nitrogênio total Kjedahl (NTK) e fósforo total (FT) da ARS biodigerida pelo processo de coagulação/floculação com polímeros orgânicos. As amostras de ARS foram coletadas em dois períodos sazonais distintos (estações de chuva e seca), com testes de coagulação/floculação (CF) em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, foram testados tempos de mistura lenta (TML) de 15, 20 e 25 minutos, e na segunda etapa, foram avaliados os efeitos da dosagem do coagulante (0 – 1,75 g L-1) e do floculante (0 – 0,0025 g L-1). Os resultados indicaram que o TML ótimo foi de 15 minutos em ambas as estações. Na estação chuvosa, as maiores remoções de fósforo e nitrogênio foram de 80 e 27%, respectivamente, enquanto que na estação seca, as maiores remoções de fósforo e nitrogênio foram de 70 e 25%, respectivamente. Verificou-se que a utilização do floculante não trouxe melhorias nas remoções de FT e NTK. Conclui-se que o processo de CF pode ser empregado na remoção de FT e NTK da ARS, com possível concentração desses no lodo gerado. composição (ARS comerciais entanto negativos estudo (NTK (FT coagulaçãofloculação coagulação floculação orgânicos estações seca , seca) (CF etapas etapa (TML 2 0 ( 175 1 75 1,7 L1 L L-1 00025 0025 0,002 L1. . chuvosa 8 27 27% respectivamente 7 25% Verificouse Verificou se Concluise Conclui gerado 17 1, L- 0002 002 0,00 000 00 0,0 0,