Abstract Introduction. Seedlings formation under controlled conditions is crucial for cultivating species like strawberry. With LED artificial lighting technology allowing greater control over light, variations in components such as wavelength and intensity can be manipulated to generate seedlings with different characteristics. However, there is a need to generate information for the development of precise and efficient light control practices. Objective. The evaluate strawberry seedling formation under different intensities of violet, blue, and red LED light. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2020 at the Plant Genetics Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy at the Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Seeds from San Andreas variety fruits were collected, and seedlings were grown under violet, blue, and red LED light at high, medium, and low intensities. Color determinations of cotyledon area, Chroma saturation index, and Hue angle were performed. Additionally, physio-technical, chemical, and antioxidant activity variables were measured. Results. The most suitable treatments were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light, with germination range exceeding 60 %. Seedlings did not elongate or thin out and exhibited the largest cotyledons areas and chlorophyll concentrations. Furthermore, these light treatments consumed, on average, 31.2 % less electrical energy. Conclusions. In addition to white light, the most suitable treatments for strawberry seedlings formation were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light. It is suggested to evaluate violet and blue light treatments in other cultivars to confirm their positive effect on strawberry seedlings. Red light limited germination and showing higher antioxidant activity.

Resumen Introducción. La formación de plántulas en condiciones controladas es fundamental para cultivar especies como la fresa. Dado que la tecnología de iluminación artificial LED ha permitido un mayor control de la luz, la variación de componentes como la longitud de onda y la intensidad pueden ser manipulados para generar plántulas con diferentes características. Sin embargo, es necesario generar información para el desarrollo de prácticas precisas y eficientes en el control de la luz. Objetivo. Evaluar la formación de plántulas de fresa en diferentes intensidades de luz LED violeta, azul y roja. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante 2020 en el Laboratorio de Genética Vegetal del Departamento de Agronomía de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México. Se recuperaron semillas de frutos de la variedad San Andreas y se sembraron plántulas en luz LED violeta, azul y roja a intensidades alta, media y baja. Se realizaron determinaciones de color del área del cotiledón, índice de saturación de color y ángulo Hue. Además, se midieron variables fisiotécnicas, químicas y actividad antioxidante. Resultados. Los tratamientos más adecuados fueron luz violeta de intensidades altas y medias; así como luz azul de alta intensidad, debido a que el porcentaje de germinación superó el 60 %. Las plántulas no se alargaron ni adelgazaron, presentaron las mayores áreas de cotiledones y concentraciones de clorofila. Además, estos tratamientos de luz consumieron en promedio 31,2 % menos energía eléctrica. Conclusiones. Además de la luz blanca, los tratamientos más adecuados para la formación de plántulas de fresa fueron la luz violeta a alta y media intensidad, así como la luz azul a alta intensidad. Se sugiere evaluar los tratamientos de luz violeta y azul en otros cultivares para confirmar el efecto positivo en las plántulas de fresa. La luz roja limitó la germinación y mostró mayor actividad antioxidante.

Abstract Introduction. Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for the photosynthesis process, and therefore, a determining factor in yield. The use of optical sensors to determine transmittance indices (SPAD, CCI), reflectance (NDVI) and fluorescence (Fv.Fm -1) related to the state of foliar N, allows adequate management based on non-destructive "in situ" monitoring. Objective. To evaluate the effect of different fertigation management strategies on nitrogen and chlorophyll concentration in the leaf; and the relationship between i- N and Cl concentration in leaf, ii- N and Cl concentration in leaf with yield and iii- N and Cl concentration in leaf with SPAD, CCI, NDVI and Fv.Fm -1 indices. Materials and methods. Six treatments were evaluated in an unrestricted randomized design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, which combined 2 irrigation strategies (E1: low volume and more frequent and E2: high volume and less frequent) and 3 levels of nutrition: low (NB), medium (NM) and high (NA). The direct measurements of N and Cl in the leaf were determined with the Kjeldahl method and by ethanol extraction, respectively. Results. Nutrition level affected N content, where the NM and NA treatments were similar, although higher than NB. The regression model showed little ability to estimate N and yield from the Cl content in the leaf. Estimation of Cl in the leaf from the CCI (R2: 0.71) and SPAD (R2: 0.75) indices were only promising in NB. To estimate foliar N, the regression with Fv.Fm -1 showed R2 values of 0.89 in NB and 0.69 in NM; while for NDVI the R2 values were 0.61 in NB and 0.47 in NM. Conclusion. SPAD, CCI, NDVI and Fv.Fm -1 indices showed potential to estimate chlorophyll and N concentration in the leaf with low and medium nutrient inputs, and with limitations in treatments with high nutrient inputs.

Resumen Introducción. El nitrógeno (N) es un elemento esencial para el proceso de fotosíntesis, y por tanto, determinante en el rendimiento. El uso de sensores ópticos para determinar índices de transmitancia (SPAD, CCI), reflectancia (NDVI) y fluorescencia (Fv.Fm -1) relacionados con el estado del N foliar, permite un adecuado manejo a partir del monitoreo “in situ” no destructivo. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de diferentes estrategias de manejo del fertiriego sobre las concentraciones de nitrógeno y clorofila en hoja; y la relación entre i- concentración de N y de clorofila (Cl) en hoja, ii- concentración de N y de Cl en hoja con el rendimiento y iii- concentración de N y de Cl en hoja con índices SPAD, CCI, NDVI y Fv.Fm -1. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 6 tratamientos en un diseño irrestricto al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 3, que combinaron 2 estrategias de riego (E1: bajo volumen y de mayor frecuencia y E2: alto volumen y menor frecuencia) y 3 niveles de nutrición: bajo (NB), medio (NM) y alto (NA). Las medidas directas de N y Cl en hoja se determinaron con el método Kjeldahl y por extracción con etanol, respectivamente. Resultados. El nivel de nutrición afectó el contenido de N, donde los tratamientos NM y NA fueron similares, aunque superiores a NB. El modelo de regresión mostró poca capacidad para estimar N y rendimiento a partir del contenido de Cl en hoja. La estimación de Cl en hoja a partir de los índices CCI (R2: 0,71) y SPAD (R2: 0,75) resultaron prometedores solamente en NB. Para estimar N foliar, la regresión con Fv.Fm -1 mostró valores de R2 de 0,89 en NB y 0,69 en NM; mientras que para NDVI los valores R2 fueron 0,61 en NB y 0,47 en NM. Conclusión. Los índices SPAD, CCI, NDVI y Fv.Fm -1 presentaron potencial para estimar la concentración de clorofila y de N en hoja con aportes bajo y medio de nutrientes, y con limitaciones en los tratamientos con altos aportes de nutrición.

Abstract Background: Agricultural management modifies the microclimate in the cultivated area, improving the physiology and productivity of plants. Questions: How does the microclimate, physiology and productivity of maize vary in a monoculture (M) and a milpa (polyculture, MFC) in shallow and deep soils of Yucatan? Study species: Zea mays L. Study site and date: Yucatán, Mexico; 2022 Methods: Air and soil temperature, water vapor pressure deficit, dew formation and volumetric soil water content (CVA); CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency, chlorophyll content (CC), quantum efficiency, electron transport rate and non-photochemical dissipation in maize plants were measured at 40 and 75 days after planting, in milpas and monocultures in Peto (shallow soil with high stoniness) and Mama (deeper soils with low stoniness), Yucatán. Results: The soil temperature was up to 5 °C higher in Peto and 2 °C in Mama in M compared to MFC, where soil water was also up to 22 % higher than in M. Maize plants in Mama showed higher A and E than those of Peto; the plants in MFC in Peto had higher A, E and gs than those of M; the opposite was observed in Mama. The CRA and CC were higher in MFC plants in Peto. Conclusions: The microclimatic modification associated with the polyculture, and its effect on maize was related to the soil: the Milpa was more productive on stony soils and monoculture in deep soils. The CVA was higher in MFC.

Resumen Antecedentes: El manejo agrícola modifica el microclima en el área de cultivo, afectando la fisiología y productividad de las plantas. Preguntas: ¿Cómo varía el microclima, fisiología y productividad del maíz en un monocultivo (M) y una milpa (policultivo, MFC) en suelos profundo y superficial de Yucatán? Especie de estudio: Zea mays L. Sitio de estudio: Yucatán, México; 2022 Métodos: Se midió temperatura del aire y suelo, déficit de presión de vapor, formación de rocío y contenido volumétrico de agua en suelo (CVA); asimilación de CO2 (A), transpiración (E), conductancia estomática (gs), eficiencia en el uso del agua, contenido de clorofila (CC), eficiencia cuántica, tasa de transporte de electrones y disipación no fotoquímica en plantas de maíz a 40 y 75 días después de la siembra, en milpas y monocultivos en Peto (suelo superficial, alta pedregosidad) y Mama (suelo más profundo, baja pedregosidad), Yucatán. Resultados: La temperatura del suelo fue hasta 5 °C mayor en Peto y 2 °C en Mama en M respecto a MFC, que registró hasta 22 % mayor CVA que M. El maíz en Mama presentó mayor A y E que en Peto; las plantas en MFC en Peto tuvieron mayor A, E y gs que las de M; en Mama fue lo contrario. El CRA y CC fue mayor en plantas de MFC en Peto. Conclusiones: La modificación microclimática y su efecto sobre el maíz dependió del suelo: MFC fue más productiva en suelos superficiales, mientras M en suelos profundos. El CVA fue mayor en MFC.

Resumo A verificação de mudanças morfológicas e fisiológicas sob diferentes condições luminosas em espécies frutíferas nativas em estágio juvenil é importante, uma vez que indicam o ambiente adequado para a formação de mudas com alto vigor. Objetivou-se verificar o crescimento e as alterações morfofisiológicas sob gradiente de sombreamento em mudas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) para obter mudas de boa qualidade, adequadas para fomentar os plantios da espécie em pomares. As mudas foram cultivadas por vinte e um meses sob quatro tratamentos de sombreamento (0%, 30%, 50% e 80%). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e anatomia foliar. Mudas a pleno sol e 30% de sombra apresentaram maior crescimento em altura, diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca, devido à maior taxa de fotossíntese. Como principais mecanismos de aclimatação sob 80% de sombra, as mudas desenvolveram maior área foliar, redução da espessura do limbo foliar e aumento do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II. Mesmo assim, a assimilação líquida de CO2 e a taxa de transporte de elétrons foram menores e, consequentemente, houve restrição ao crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas no maior nível de sombreamento. Portanto, para a obtenção de mudas de feijoa de maior qualidade, recomendamos que seja realizada a pleno sol ou até 30% de sombra, para maximizar o vigor das mudas em viveiros e, posteriormente, este ambiente de luz também pode ser utilizado em pomares para favorecer o crescimento e a produção de frutos.

Abstract Understanding morphological and physiological changes under different light conditions in native fruit species in juveniles’ stage is important, as it indicate the appropriate environment to achieve vigorous saplings. We aimed to verify growth and morphophysiological changes under shade gradient in feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) to achieve good quality saplings adequate to improve cultivation in orchards. The saplings were grown for twenty-one-month under four shading treatments (0%, 30%, 50%, and 80%). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf anatomy parameters were evaluated. Saplings under full sun and 30% shade had higher height and diameter growth and dry mass accumulation due to higher photosynthesis rate. As main acclimatization mechanisms in feijoa saplings under 80% shade were developed larger leaf area, reduced leaf blade thickness, and enhanced quantum yield of photosystem II. Even so, the net CO2 assimilation and the electron transport rate was lower and, consequently, there was a restriction on the growth and dry mass in saplings under deep shade. Therefore, to obtain higher quality feijoa saplings, we recommend that it be carried out in full sun or up to 30% shade, to maximize the sapling vigor in nurseries and, later, this light environment can also be used in orchards for favor growth and fruit production.

Resumo A pitaia vermelha (Hylocereus costaricensis) é uma promissora espécie, com elevado potencial de cultivo devido às qualidades organolépticas e funcionais de seus frutos. Entretanto, a salinidade da água de irrigação pode afetar o rendimento produtivo da cultura. Diante disso, materiais ricos em substâncias orgânicas podem minimizar os danos provocados pelo excesso de sais no solo e/ou na água. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fontes de matéria orgânica como atenuante do estresse salino na produção e respostas bioquímicas de mudas de pitaia vermelha. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 5, com cinco fontes de matéria orgânica (húmus, esterco ovino, biofertilizante, composto orgânico e areia + solo) e quatro salinidade (0.6, 2.6, 4.6 e 6.6 dS m-1), com quatro repetições e duas plantas por vaso foi utilizado. O comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, diâmetro do cladódio, número de cladódios, número de brotos, volume da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e massa seca total, razão da massa seca da raiz e da parte aérea, clorofila a, b e total, aminoácidos e os açúcares solúveis foram avaliados aos 120 dias após o início da aplicação dos tratamentos. A pitaia vermelha é moderadamente tolerante a salinidade. O composto orgânico e estrume ovino atenuam os efeitos nocivos da salinidade nas mudas de pitaia vermelha. Sob condições de estresse salino, as plantas aumentam os níveis de aminoácidos e açúcares totais.

Abstract Red pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis) is a promising species, with high cultivation potential due to the organoleptic and functional qualities of its fruits. However, irrigation water salinity can affect the crop yield. Therefore, materials rich in organic substances can minimize the damage caused by excess salts in soil and/or water. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of organic matter sources as attenuators of salt stress on the production and biochemical responses of red pitaya seedlings. A completely randomized design in 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with five sources of organic matter (humus, sheep manure, biofertilizer, organic compost and sand + soil) and four salinities (0.6, 2.6, 4.6 and 6.6 dS m-1) with four replicates and two plants per plot was used. The shoot length, root length, cladode diameter, number of cladodes, number of sprotus, root volume, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass, root and shoot dry mass ratio, chlorophyll a, b and total, amino acids and soluble sugars were evaluated at 120 days after the treatments began to be applied. Red pitaya is moderately tolerant to salinity (ECw from 4.0 to 6.0 dS m-1). Organic compost and sheep manure attenuate the harmful effects of salinity on red pitaya seedlings. Under salt stress conditions, red pitaya plants increase their levels of proline, amino acids and total sugars.

Resumo Para mitigar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino, tem se utilizado substâncias capazes de atuar como atenuantes e/ou indutoras de tolerância ao estresse, viabilizando o uso de águas salinas e contribuindo para desenvolvimento da agricultura irrigada. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com presente estudo, avaliar o efeito da pulverização foliar com peróxido de hidrogênio como atenuante do estresse salino sobre a morfofisiologia da gravioleira. O estudo foi conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação, em Campina Grande - PB, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, no arranjo fatorial 4 × 4, cujos tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8 – controle; 1,6; 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio - H2O2 (0; 10; 20 e 30 µM), com três repetições. A aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 10 µM aumentou o crescimento, a síntese de clorofila e o teor relativo de água nas folhas e consequentemente reduziu o déficit de saturação hídrica foliar da gravioleira irrigada com CEa de até 1,6 dS m-1. A concentração de peroxido de hidrogênio de 30 µM intensificou o estresse salino sobre o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar e os pigmentos fotossintéticos da gravioleira, aos 270 dias após o transplantio.

Abstract To mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress, substances capable of acting as mitigators and/or inducers of tolerance to stress have been used, enabling the use of saline waters and contributing to the development of irrigated agriculture. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying with hydrogen peroxide as an attenuator of salt stress effects on soursop morphophysiology. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design, in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, whose treatments resulted from the combination of four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.8 – control, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 dS m-1) and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 10, 20, and 30 μM), with three replicates. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 10 µM increased growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and relative water content in the leaves and consequently reduced the foliar water saturation deficit of soursop irrigated with ECw up to 1.6 dS m-1. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide of 30 µM intensified the salt stress on the electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade and the photosynthetic pigments of soursop, 270 days after transplanting.

Abstract Tomato plants infested by Fusarium oxysporum (Fol) show limitations in yield and fruit quality. The application of silicic acid could be used as an alternative to mitigate damage caused by this pathogen. In this work, the effect of silicic acid on "Rio Grande" variety tomato plants inoculated with Fol was studied. Silicic acid was applied via foliar weekly on tomato plant (ten applications). Treatments consisted of silicic acid + Fol, silicic acid, Fol and an absolute control. The incidence and severity of Fol wilt, content of antioxidant compounds (lycopene, β carotene, chlorophylls, vitamin C, reduced glutathione, phenols, flavonoids, total antioxidants and proteins), enzymatic activity (APX, CAT, GPX and SOD), PAL, salicylic and jasmonic acid, and the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET and ABA, were determined. ASi+Fol-treated plants, compared to Fol-inoculated plants, disease incidence Fol wilt was reduced by 32% and severity by 22%, also presented an increase in chlorophyll a, b and total (49.1, 59.4 and 46.7%, respectively), as well as flavonoids (24.6%), the plants overexpressed the genes that participate in the synthesis of PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET and ABA at 31 dat (days after transplant), induced a reduction in reduced glutathione, antioxidant capacity by DPPH, CAT, jasmonic acid and the expression of all the genes evaluated in this work at 73 dat. The plants treated with ASi, in comparison with Fol, presented an increase in proteins, lycopene, vitamin C (30.3, 65.0, 52.7%, respectively), chlorophylls and the expression of PAL5-3 (31 dat), GAME1 and ET (73 dat). In the case Fol, a higher concentration of vitamin C, phenols, DPPH, PAL, CAT, GPX, salicylic and jasmonic acid was observed, and increase in the expression of JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, and ABA (73 dat), but it also induced a reduction in the concentration of flavonoids, chlorophylls and the expression of the six genes determined in this work at 31 dat. On the other hand, T0 plants, compared to Fol, showed an increase in proteins, lycopene, flavonoids (33.1, 62.0, 27.8%, respectively), as well as, chlorophyll, and the expression of all the genes analyzed in 31 dat, except for ET. The foliar application of silicic acid decreased the negative effects caused by Fol through the increase of antioxidant compounds and changes in the expression of genes related to the defense system in tomato plants.

Resumen Las plantas de tomate infestadas por Fusarium oxysporum (Fol) muestran limitaciones en rendimiento y calidad de frutos. La aplicación de ácido silícico podría ser una alternativa para mitigar los daños causados por este patógeno. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto del ácido silícico en plantas de tomate variedad “Rio Grande” inoculadas con Fol. Se aplicó ácido silícico vía foliar semanalmente en plantas de tomate (diez aplicaciones). Los tratamientos consistieron en ácido silícico + Fol, ácido silícico, Fol y un control absoluto. Se determinó la incidencia y severidad de la marchitez de Fol, el contenido de compuestos antioxidantes (licopeno, β caroteno, clorofilas, vitamina C, glutatión reducido, fenoles, flavonoides, antioxidantes totales y proteínas), actividad enzimática (APX, CAT, GPX y SOD), PAL, ácido salicílico y jasmónico, y la expresión de genes que participan en la síntesis de PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET y ABA. En las plantas tratadas con ASi+Fol, en comparación con las plantas inoculadas con Fol, se redujo la incidencia de la enfermedad en un 32% y la severidad en un 22%. También presentaron un incremento de clorofila a, b y total (49.1, 59.4 y 46.7%, respectivamente), así como de flavonoides (24.6%), las plantas sobreexpresaron los genes que participan en la síntesis de PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET y ABA, a los 31 ddt, indujeron una reducción de glutatión reducido, capacidad antioxidante por DPPH, CAT, ácido jasmónico y la expresión de todos los genes evaluados en este trabajo a los 73 ddt. Las plantas tratadas con ASi, en comparación con Fol, presentaron un incremento de proteínas, licopeno, vitamina C (30.3, 65.0, 52.7%, respectivamente), clorofilas y la expresión de PAL5-3 (31 ddt), GAME1 y ET (73 ddt). En el caso de Fol, se apreció mayor concentración de vitamina C, fenoles, DPPH, PAL, CAT, GPX, ácido salicílico y jasmónico, y ligeramente un incremento de la expresión de JA, GAME1, PAL5-3 y ABA (73 ddt), pero también indujo una reducción en la concentración de flavonoides, clorofilas y la expresión de los seis genes determinados en este trabajo a 31 ddt. Por su parte las plantas T0, comparado con Fol, se observó aumento de proteínas, licopeno, flavonoides (33.1, 62.0, 27.8%, respectivamente), así como clorofilas, y la expresión de todos los genes analizados a los 31 ddt, a excepción de ET. La aplicación foliar de ácido silícico disminuyó los efectos negativos causados por Fol a través del aumento de compuestos antioxidantes y cambios en la expresión de los genes relacionados con el sistema de defensa en plantas de tomate.

ABSTRACT 1 Based on a conversation with the short film Concerto para Clorofila, by Cao Guimarães, the article explores the possibilities of a research dedicated to the processes of assembling of a body, interested in multiplying stories attentive to the plurality of modes of existence that participate in the corporal materiality. In the company of Cao, but also with artists and anthropologists, the text discusses procedures to construct a corporally situated investigation attempted to the necessarily communal status of the corporeal unit.

RESUMÉ L’article est basé sur une conversation avec le court métrage Concerto para clorofila de Cao Guimarães, à partir duquel il explore les possibilités de recherche dédiées aux processus d'assemblage d'un corps, intéressés à multiplier les histoires attentives à la pluralité des modes d'existence qui participent à la matérialité corporelle. Avec Cao, mais aussi en compagnie d'artistes et d'anthropologues, le texte aborde des procédures favorables à la construction d'une recherche corporellement située, à travers de laquelle se développe l'attention sur le statut nécessairement communautaire de l'unité corporelle.

RESUMO 1A partir de uma conversa com o curta-metragem Concerto para Clorofila, de Cao Guimarães, o artigo explora as possibilidades da pesquisa dedicada aos processos de montagem de um corpo, interessada em multiplicar estórias atentas à pluralidade de modos de existência que participam da materialidade corporal. Com Cao, mas também na companhia de artistas e antropólogas, o texto discute procedimentos favoráveis à construção de uma investigação corporalmente situada, pela qual se mantenha a atenção ao estatuto necessariamente comunal da unidade corpórea.

ABSTRACT: Pineapple is a tropical fruit with high demand by the fruit market in Brazil. Fruits of the cultivar ´Turiaçu` stans out in local consumer markets due to its excellent quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate ecophysiological responses of ´Turiaçu` pineapple plants at the vegetative and reproductive stages to soil fertilization and crop location, and their effects in fruit yield. The study was conducted in the cities of São Luís and Turiaçu, MA, Brazil. Plants under mineral and organic fertilization in two locations, São Luís and Turiaçu, and in two seasons, dry and rainy season, were evaluated during dry and rainy seasons. Chlorophyll index, photochemical efficiency, gas exchange, and fruit yield were evaluated. The pineapple plants presented decrease in the photosynthetic activity, at both developmental stages and in both seasons, when grown in São Luís. The CO2 photosynthetic assimilation decreased. The PSI and PSII activity, according with photosynthetic index, was more sensitive at the reproductive than at the vegetative stage. The organic fertilization was not appropriate for the ´Turiaçu` pineapple crops, regardless of the crop location. The fruit yields were 54.4% and 57.9% lower in São Luís, under mineral and organic fertilization, respectively. Thus, the ecophysiology of ´Turiaçu` pineapple was more affected by water availability than by soil fertility in the municipality of Turiaçu.

RESUMO: O abacaxi é uma fruta tropical com alta demanda pelo mercado de frutas no Brasil. Os frutos da cultivar ´Turiaçu`se destacam nos mercados consumidores locais pela excelente qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas ecofisiológicas de plantas de abacaxizeiro ´Turiaçu`nos estádios vegetativo e reprodutivo à adubação do solo e ao local de cultivo, e seus efeitos na produção de frutos. O estudo foi realizado nas cidades de São Luís e Turiaçu, MA, Brasil. Plantas sob adubação mineral e orgânica foram avaliadas durante as estações seca e chuvosa. Foram avaliados teores de clorofila, eficiência fotoquímica, trocas gasosas e produção de frutos. As plantas de abacaxi apresentaram diminuição da atividade fotossintética, em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento e em ambas as estações, quando cultivadas em São Luís. A assimilação fotossintética de CO2 diminuiu. A atividade de PSI e PSII foi mais sensível na fase reprodutiva do que na fase vegetativa. A adubação orgânica não foi adequada para as lavouras de abacaxi ´Turiaçu`, independente do local de cultivo. As produtividades de frutos foram 54,4% e 57,9% menores em São Luís, sob adubação mineral e orgânica, respectivamente. Assim, a ecofisiologia do abacaxi de ´Turiaçu`foi mais afetada pela disponibilidade hídrica do que pela fertilidade do solo no município de Turiaçu.

Abstract. The population structure of Centropages furcatus associated with hydrographic structures in late spring 2004 was analyzed. The distribution of the different copepodite stages of C. furcatus was analyzed from zooplankton samples obtained with a bongo net. The hydrography and geostrophic velocity in Bay of La Paz relative to the bottom depth revealed the presence of a cyclonic gyre in the Alfonso basin area and a thermohaline front near Boca Grande. The distribution of vertically integrated chlorophyll a concentration showed maximum values at the center of the gyre and in the region of the front, making evident that both hydrographic structures stimulated biological productivity because of the flux of nutrients into the euphotic layer in the gyre and the nutrient accumulation in the thermohaline front. The results showed that the spatial variation of C. furcatus was influenced by both hydrographic structures. The differential distribution of the copepodite stages was noticeable in the cyclonic gyre, with the highest density for the first copepodite stages at the center of the gyre because of the high chlorophyll a concentration due to the nutrient enrichment in the euphotic layer, as a result of Ekman pumping. Copepod density was higher in the thermohaline front than inside the cyclonic gyre because the front serves as a reproductive spot for the species, maintaining a stable adult population density inside the bay and in the Gulf of California.

Resumen. Se analizó la estructura poblacional de Centropages furcatus asociada a estructuras hidrográficas a finales de la primavera de 2004. La distribución de los diferentes estadios de copepoditos de C. furcatus fue analizada a partir de las muestras de zooplancton obtenidas con una red bongo. En la bahía de La Paz, la hidrografía y la velocidad geostrófica relativa al fondo revelaron la presencia de un giro ciclónico en la cuenca Alfonso y un frente termohalino cerca de Boca Grande. La distribución de la concentración de clorofila a integrada verticalmente mostró valores máximos en el centro del giro y en la región del frente, lo que evidenció que ambas estructuras hidrográficas favorecen la productividad biológica debido al flujo de nutrientes hacia la capa eufótica en el giro y a la acumulación de nutrientes en el frente termohalino. Los resultados mostraron que la variación espacial de C. furcatus estuvo influenciada por ambas estructuras hidrográficas. En el giro ciclónico se observó una distribución diferencial por etapa de desarrollo, con mayor densidad poblacional de los primeros estadios de copepoditos en el centro del giro, como consecuencia de la alta concentración de clorofila a por el enriquecimiento de nutrientes en la capa eufótica, debido al bombeo de Ekman. La densidad poblacional de copépodos fue mayor en el frente termohalino que en el interior del giro ciclónico, debido a que el frente actúa como una zona reproductiva de la especie que mantiene una densidad poblacional estable para los adultos de la bahía y del golfo de California.

Abstract. The effects of temperature, irradiance, and other environmental variables on photosynthesis in seagrasses are well understood. However, little information is available regarding the effects of the nitrate concentration in seawater on the photosynthetic characteristics of marine vegetation. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of the nitrate concentration in seawater on the effective quantum yield of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Cymodocea nodosa shoots were incubated under different irradiance levels and with different nitrate concentrations. In contrast, a decrease in transmittance and an exponential increase in the absorptance of the shoots were observed as a function of increasing nitrate levels. Furthermore, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) in C. nodosa shoots increased exponentially as the nitrate concentration in the media increased. The ΦPSII values in the shoots decreased as irradiance increased and reached minimum values at solar noon or 2 h afterward. However, the decrease of ΦPSII values was 4-fold greater in shoots incubated under full solar radiation (100% natural incident irradiance, Eo) compared to those of shoots incubated with 20% Eo. The ΦPSII values decreased to almost zero in shoots pre-incubated with no nitrate (0 µM NO3 -), whereas ΦPSII values in shoots pre incubated with 25 and 100 µM NO3 - decreased by approximately 25% of their initial values. Collectively, these results indicate that nitrogen levels in seawater regulate the effective quantum yield values of C. nodosa, which suggests that the photosynthetic characteristics of this seagrass might be regulated by fluctuating nitrate levels in the water column such as those that are observed in upwelling regions.

Resumen. Los efectos de la temperatura, la irradiancia y otras variables ambientales sobre la fotosíntesis en los pastos marinos son bien conocidos. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre los efectos del nitrato en el agua marina sobre las características fotosintéticas de los macrófitos marinos. En este estudio, se planteó determinar el efecto de la concentración de nitrato en el agua marina sobre el rendimiento cuántico efectivo del pasto marino Cymodocea nodosa. Los haces de C. nodosa se incubaron con diferentes concentraciones de nitrato y bajo diferentes niveles de irradiancia. En contraste, hubo una disminución de la transmitancia y un aumento exponencial de la absortancia de los haces en función del aumento de los niveles de nitrato. Además, el rendimiento cuántico efectivo del fotosistema II (ΦFSII) en los haces de C. nodosa aumentó exponencialmente al aumentar la concentración de nitrato en el medio. Los valores de ΦFSII en los haces disminuyeron a medida que aumentaba la irradiancia y alcanzaron valores mínimos al mediodía solar o 2 h después. Esta disminución en los valores de ΦFSII, sin embargo, fue 4 veces mayor en los haces incubados bajo radiación solar completa (100% de Eo) en comparación con los incubados con 20% de Eo. Los valores de ΦFSII disminuyeron a casi cero en los haces pre-incubados con 0 µM de NO3 -, mientras que los valores de ΦFSII en los haces pre-incubados con 25 y 100 µM de NO3 - disminuyeron aproximadamente un 25% de sus valores iniciales. Estos resultados indican que los niveles de nitrógeno en el agua marina regulan los valores del rendimiento cuántico efectivo de C. nodosa, lo que sugiere que las características fotosintéticas de este pasto marino podrían estar reguladas por los niveles fluctuantes de nitrato en la columna de agua como aquellos observados en las regiones de surgencia.

Abstract The oceanographic variation of the central Mexican Pacific (CMP) is mainly driven by the California Current and the Mexican Coastal Current, which generate a convergence zone. Little information is available regarding changes in oceanographic variables at the mesoscale level in the CMP. Therefore, this study characterized 6 oceanographic variables (sea surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration [Chl], primary productivity [PP], diffuse attenuation coefficient [K490], and particulate inorganic/organic carbon concentration [PIC, POC]) in the CMP from 2010 to 2017 and their relationships with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The variables were standardized to monthly pixel values of 0.08 latitude degrees, and the study area covered 48,846.48 km2. Friedman tests were used to compare the temporal variation in the variables, while Spearman correlations were used to evaluate the relationship between each variable and the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI). A cross-correlation analysis was performed to determine the temporal lag between the oceanographic variables and the MEI. The cyclicity of the variation in the CMP was determined by spectral analysis. All variables showed significant differences between months and years. Two seasons defined by temperature were also detected: a cold season (December-June), in which high values of these variables were observed, and a warm season (July-November), in which low values of these variables were observed. No variables were correlated with the MEI; however, a 4-month time lag was identified between the variables and the MEI. The cyclicity of the variables corresponded to the cold and warm seasons. The cold phase of ENSO increased the values of PP, Chl, and K490 up to 4 times compared to those of other years. Taken together, the observed variation in oceanographic conditions makes the CMP one of the most dynamic coastal regions of the Mexican Pacific.

Resumen La variación oceanográfica del Pacífico central mexicano (PCM) está influenciada por la corriente de California y la corriente costera Mexicana, que generan una zona de convergencia. Existe poca información acerca de los cambios en las variables oceanográficas a nivel de mesoescala en el PCM. Por lo tanto, este estudio caracterizó 6 variables oceanográficas (temperatura superficial del mar, concentración de clorofila [Cl], productividad primaria [PP], coeficiente de atenuación difusa [K490] y concentración de carbono inorgánico/orgánico particulado [CIP, COP]) en el PCM de 2010 a 2017 y su relación con El Niño/Oscilación del Sur (ENOS). Las variables se estandarizaron a valores mensuales en píxeles de 0.08 grados latitudinales, y el área de estudio cubrió 48,846.48 km2. Para comparar la variación temporal en las variables, se utilizó la prueba de Friedman, y la relación entre cada variable y el Índice Multivariado de ENOS (IME) se obtuvo con una correlación de Spearman. Para establecer el desfase temporal entre las variables y el IME, se realizó una correlación cruzada. La ciclicidad de la variación en el PCM se determinó mediante un análisis espectral. Todas las variables mostraron diferencias significativas entre meses y años. Se detectaron 2 temporadas definidas por la temperatura, una temporada fría (diciembre-junio), con valores de las variables altos, y una temporada cálida (julio-noviembre), con valores de las variables bajos. Ninguna variable mostró correlación con el IME; sin embargo, se determinó un lapso de respuesta de 4 meses entre estas y el IME. La ciclicidad de las variables corresponde a la estación fría y la estación cálida. La fase fría del ENOS incrementó los valores de PP, Cl y K490 hasta 4 veces más en comparación con aquellos observados en otros años. La variación observada en las condiciones oceanográficas convierte al PCM en una de las regiones costeras más dinámicas del Pacífico mexicano.

Abstract Introduction. Silicon in banana (Musa spp.) and its critical level when applied by foliar application is little known. For this reason, in the present investigation we proposed as a hypothesis that the foliar application of frequent doses of monosilicic acid (SiOH4) increases the nutritional content of silicon in the crop. Objective. Evaluate the response of the banana crop to increasing doses of Si, to determine the foliar nutritional effect in the specific conditions of the province of El Oro. Materials and methods. The trials were implemented in the field in a completely randomized experimental design in blocks, where increasing doses of Si were applied (0; 250; 500 and 750 cm3.ha-1), to evaluate its effect on the level of foliar Si, chlorophyll and roots, from leaf and root analyses. Regression analyzes were carried out and the respective relationship models between the doses of Si applied with the level of foliar Si in banana and chlorophyll were obtained. Results. A linear regression (R2: 0.43) model was obtained that could help predict the critical level of foliar Si in banana. Conclusions. It was found through the application of a linear equation that the higher the dose of Si applied (750 cm3) the higher the level of Si foliar (0.41%) in banana plants was achieved.

Resumen Introducción. El silicio en banano (Musa spp.) y su nivel crítico al ser aplicado de forma foliar es poco conocido. Por ello, en la presente investigación se propuso como hipótesis que la aplicación foliar de dosis frecuente de ácido monosilicico (SiOH4) incrementa el contenido nutricional del silicio en el cultivo. Objetivo. Evaluar la respuesta del cultivo de banano a dosis crecientes de Si, para determinar el efecto nutricional foliar en las condiciones específicas de la provincia de El Oro. Materiales y métodos. Los ensayos fueron implementados en campo en un diseño experimental en bloques completamente aleatorio, donde se aplicaron dosis crecientes de Si (0; 250; 500 y 750 cm3.ha-1), para evaluar su efecto en el nivel de Si foliar, clorofila y raíces, a partir de análisis foliares y de raíces. Se realizaron análisis de regresión y se obtuvieron los respectivos modelos de relación entre las dosis de Si aplicadas con el nivel de Si foliar en banano y clorofila. Resultados. Se obtuvo que un modelo de regresión lineal (R2: 0,43) que podría ayudar a predecir el nivel crítico de Si foliar en banano. Conclusiones. Se encontró mediante la aplicación de una ecuación lineal que entre mayor sea la dosis de Si aplicada (750 cm3) se lograra un mayor nivel de Si foliar (0,41%) en plantas de banano.

Resumen Introducción: La marcada estacionalidad en las especies de sabana puede estimular respuestas fisiológicas que maximicen el metabolismo fotosintético y la productividad. Sin embargo, esas respuestas fisiológicas están vinculadas al estado fenológico de toda la planta, incluidas las fenofases de las hojas. Objetivo: Estudiar cómo los rasgos fisiológicos influyen en el tiempo de la fenofase entre especies de sabana congenéricas y concurrentes. Métodos: Evaluamos la fenología y características fisiológicas de poblaciones de Byrsonima intermedia, B. coccolobifolia y B. verbascifolia. Las mediciones fisiológicas se realizaron al inicio de la estación seca y lluviosa, y de nuevo al final de la estación. Resultados: B. intermedia y B. coccolobifolia se clasificaron como brevicaducifolias y B. verbascifolia como perennifolias. El rendimiento cuántico máximo para B. intermedia y B. coccolobifolia fueron más bajos durante la época seca. Al inicio del período seco, se observaron niveles de pigmentos cloroplastídicos más altos, aunque los niveles de clorofila disminuyeron a medida que avanzaba la estación seca, las proporciones clorofila/carotenoides totales fueron más bajas y los contenidos de carotenoides más altos. Detectamos valores bajos de contenido de almidón al inicio de la época lluviosa, que coincide con la reanudación del crecimiento de la planta. A dos meses de esta época, las hojas estaban en su máxima madurez estructural y funcional, con altos valores de polisacáridos solubles en agua y tasas fotosintéticas, y almacenaban grandes cantidades de almidón. Conclusiones: Las estrategias fisiológicas y fenológicas de las hojas de las especies de Byrsonima estaban relacionadas con la resistencia a la sequía y la aclimatación a la estacionalidad de los recursos hídricos de la sabana. Las oscilaciones de los parámetros cuantificados durante el año indicaron una fuerte relación con la estacionalidad hídrica y con los estados fenológicos de las hojas.

Abstract Introduction: Defined seasonality in savanna species can stimulate physiological responses that maximize photosynthetic metabolism and productivity. However, those physiological responses are also linked to the phenological status of the whole plant, including leaf phenophases. Objective: To study how physiological traits influence phenophase timing among congeneric and co-occurring savanna species. Methods: We evaluated the leaf phenology and physiological traits of populations of Byrsonima intermedia, B. coccolobifolia, and B. verbascifolia. Physiological measurements were performed at the onset of the dry and rainy seasons and again late in the season. Results: B. intermedia and B. coccolobifolia were classified as brevideciduous and B. verbascifolia as evergreen. The maximum quantum yield for B. intermedia and B. coccolobifolia were lowest during the dry season. At the onset of the dry period, the highest chloroplastidic pigment levels were observed, which decreased as the season advanced, total chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios were lowest, and carotenoid contents were highest. We detected low starch content values at the start of the rainy season, coinciding with the resumption of plant growth. Two months into this season, the leaves were at their peak structural and functional maturity, with high water-soluble polysaccharide values and photosynthetic rates, and were storing large amounts of starch. Conclusions: Physiological and leaf phenological strategies of the Byrsonima species were related to drought resistance and acclimatization to the seasonality of savanna water resources. The oscillations of the parameters quantified during the year indicated a strong relationship with water seasonality and with the phenological status of the leaves.

RESUMEN La investigación se centró en la elaboración de néctar a base de Quito Quito con pulpa y pectina extraída a partir de la cáscara de Mango Serrano, con la previa caracterización fisicoquímica de la pulpa y cáscara del Mango Serrano, en la que se encontró diferencias significativas en pH, acidez y solidos solubles totales. A partir de la cáscara seca del Mango Serrano se extrajo la pectina mediante el método acuoso, posteriormente se caracterizó el peso equivalente (1250), contenido de metoxilo (9,34), ácido anhidro urónico (67,11), grado de esterificación (79,01), capacidad, estabilidad emulsionante (364%; 21,53%), y espumante (1,35%; 1%). Se observó una mayor retención en agua (34,04 g/g) que en aceite (19 g/g). También se analizaron características proximales como humedad (9,95%), cenizas (4,87%) y actividad de agua (0,508); en características bioactivas se evaluó las proteínas (74,47 mg BSAE/100g), clorofila a (2,86 µg Ch-a/g) y b (2,51 µg Ch-b/g) y carotenoides totales (67,12 µg C x+c/g). Posteriormente, se elaboró el néctar en T1 (70% Mango Serrano y 30% Quito Quito); T2 (50% Mango Serrano y 50% Quito Quito) y T3 (30% Mango Serrano y 70% Quito Quito) y se evaluó la aceptabilidad mediante 35 panelistas no entrenados, considerando el color, olor, sabor y textura, cuyo resultado del análisis de varianza no paramétrico el T3 fue el mejor aceptado y al cuál se evaluó características físicas como viscosidad en cP (151,84) y color considerando L* (33,92), a* (5,26) b* (21,76), demostrando así la influencia de añadidura de la pectina extraída en sus propiedades.

ABSTRACT The research focused on the elaboration of nectar based on Quito Quito with pulp and pectin extracted from the Serrano mango peel, in which significant differences were found in pH, acidity and total soluble solids. Pectin was extracted from the dry peel of the serrano mango using the aqueous method and subsequently characterized, being the equivalent weight (1250), methoxyl content (9.34), uronic anhydrous acid (67.11), degree of esterification (79.01), capacity, emulsifying stability (364%; 21.53%), and foaming (1.35%; 1%). Greater retention will be observed in water (34.04 g/g) than in oil (19 g/g). Proximate characteristics such as humidity (9.95%), ash (4.87%) and water activity (0.508) were also analyzed; In bioactive characteristics, proteins (74.47 mg BSAE/100g), chlorophyll a (2.86 µg Ch-a/g) and b (2.51 µg Ch-b/g) and total carotenoids (67.12 µg Cx+c/g). Subsequently, the nectar was made in T1 (70% serrano mango and 30% Quito Quito); T2 (50% Serrano mango and 50% Quito Quito) and T3 (30% Serrano mango and 70% Quito Quito). To which the acceptability was evaluated by 35 untrained panelists, considering the color, smell, flavor and texture, whose result of the analysis of non-parametric variance, T3 was the best accepted and which evaluated physical characteristics such as viscosity were evaluated in cP (151.84) and color considering L* (33.92), a* (5.26) b* (21.76), thus demonstrating the influence of the added pectin extracted on its properties.