Abstract Introduction: Leptodactylus latinasus and Physalaemus cuqui are sympatric anuran species with similar environmental requirements and contrasting reproductive modes. Climatic configuration determines distribution patterns and promotes sympatry of environmental niches, but specificity/selectivity determines the success of reproductive modes. Species distribution models (SDM) are a valuable tool to predict spatio-temporal distributions based on the extrapolation of environmental predictors. Objectives: To determine the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental niches and assess whether the protected areas of the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) allow the conservation of these species in the current scenario and future. Methods: We applied different algorithms to predict the distribution and spatio-temporal overlap of environmental niches of L. latinasus and P. cuqui within South America in the last glacial maximum (LGM), middle-Holocene, current and future scenarios. We assess the conservation status of both species with the WDPA conservation units. Results: All applied algorithms showed high performance for both species (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). The L. latinasus predictions showed wide environmental niches from LGM to the current scenario (49 % stable niches, 37 % gained niches, and 13 % lost niches), suggesting historical fidelity to stable climatic-environmental regions. In the current-future transition, L. latinasus would increase the number of stable (70 %) and lost (20 %) niches, suggesting fidelity to lowland regions and a possible trend toward microendemism. P. cuqui loses environmental niches from the LGM to the current scenario (25 %) and in the current-future transition (63 %), increasing the environmental sympathy between both species; 31 % spatial overlap in the current scenario and 70 % in the future. Conclusion: Extreme drought events and rainfall variations, derived from climate change, suggest the loss of environmental niches for these species that are not currently threatened but are not adequately protected by conservation units. The loss of environmental niches increases spatial sympatry which represents a new challenge for anurans and the conservation of their populations.

Resumen Introducción: Leptodactylus latinasus y Physalaemus cuqui son especies de anuros simpátricos con requerimientos ambientales similares y modos reproductivos contrastantes. La configuración climática determina los patrones de distribución y promueve la simpatría de los nichos ambientales, pero la especificidad/selectividad determina el éxito de los modos reproductivos. Los modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) son una herramienta valiosa para predecir distribuciones espacio-temporales basadas en la extrapolación de predictores ambientales. Objetivos: Determinar la distribución espacio-temporal de los nichos ambientales y evaluar si las áreas protegidas de la base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (DMAP) permiten la conservación de estas especies en el escenario actual y futuro. Métodos: Aplicamos diferentes algoritmos para predecir la distribución y superposición espacio-temporal de nichos ambientales de L. latinasus y P. cuqui dentro de América del Sur en el último máximo glacial (UGM), Holoceno medio, actual y futuro. Evaluamos el estado de conservación de ambas especies con las unidades de conservación de la DMAP. Resultados: Todos los algoritmos aplicados mostraron un alto rendimiento para ambas especies (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). Las predicciones de L. latinasus mostraron amplios nichos ambientales desde LGM hasta el escenario actual (49 % de nichos estables, 37 % de nichos ganados y 13 % de nichos perdidos), sugiriendo fidelidad histórica por regiones climático-ambientales estables. En la transición actual-futura L. latinasus incrementaría la cantidad de nichos estables (70 %) y perdidos (20 %), sugiriendo fidelidad por regiones de tierras bajas y la posible tendencia hacia el microendemismo. P. cuqui pierde nichos ambientales desde el LGM al escenario actual (25 %) y en la transición actual-futura (63 %), incrementando la simpatría ambiental entre ambas especies; 31 % de superposición espacial en el escenario actual y 70 % en el futuro. Conclusión: Los eventos de sequía extrema y las variaciones de precipitaciones, derivados del cambio climático, sugieren la pérdida de nichos ambientales para estas especies, actualmente no se encuentran amenazadas, pero no están adecuadamente protegidas por las unidades de conservación. La pérdida de nichos ambientales aumenta la simpatría espacial que representa un nuevo desafío para estos anuros y la conservación de sus poblaciones.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza el proceso de constitución y consolidación del campo de la ecología política en América Latina como espacio interdisciplinar en las ciencias sociales. Afirmo que la configuración del campo de estudios surge de la intersección entre dinámicas sociopolíticas y académicas en dos momentos fundamentales: en un primer momento, se decantan las principales líneas de análisis, donde las proposiciones teórico-empíricas se imbrican al activismo y compromiso político de sus principales representantes con procesos específicos; en un segundo momento, se produce la formalización académica y el ensanchamiento del campo de estudios, con nuevas preguntas que se inscriben en el contexto geopolítico global de cambio climático y transición energética, donde desatacan nuevas agendas de investigación transversales en su aporte a la discusión internacional. El artículo aporta una mirada original a los debates interdisciplinares de las ciencias sociales, así como a las discusiones en la relación academia/sociedad.

Abstract: This article analyzes the process of constitution and consolidation of the field of political ecology in Latin America as an interdisciplinary space in the social sciences. We argue that the configuration of the field of study arises from the intersection between sociopolitical and academic dynamics in two fundamental moments: the first moment, the main lines of analysis, where the theoretical-empirical propositions overlap with the activism and political commitment of their principal representatives with specific processes; a second moment, of academic formalization and broadening of the field of studies, with new questions that are part of the current global geopolitical context of climate change and energy transition, where the new cross-cutting research agendas and their contribution to the discussion stand out international. The article provides an original look at the interdisciplinary debates in the social sciences and the discussions on the relationship between academia and society.

Abstract The distribution of amphibians is conditioned by historical factors and ecological drivers. Thus, Ecological Niche Models are important tools to provide information on the potential distribution of the species and determine where they will be requirements in future. Mainly, rare species or with restricted areas of occurrence, because this information are essential to understanding of their living area, microhabitat use, or natural history, serving as a basis for preservation actions. Xenohyla eugenioi is a poorly known species, restricted to transition areas of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest from Minas Gerais to Sergipe. This species exhibits little biological information available and few specimens housed in museums, which difficulty to plan conservation strategies. Here our aim was modeling the current and future distribution and discussing about conservation of Xenohyla eugenioi. We searched for occurrence records through literature and scientific collections data. For the future (2071-2100), we used ensemble models from three algorithms (CTA, GLM and ANN) to two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios). This species has approximately 650 km in straight line between the extreme localities, occurring mainly in bromeliads near to water bodies. The Ensemble method indicates the most suitable areas of occurrence were over ecotonal range between Caatinga and Atlantic Forest and our projections have showed suitable conditions to highlands (up to 1.000 m). However, in the future, is expected total erosion of the X. eugenioi populations, due climatic changes, which reinforce the caution to conservation of this poorly known species and necessity of studies about its ecology, natural history and distribution. Moreover, we hope that this work can contribute to the discovery of new records, characterizing the narrower niche space than this species may actually inhabit. drivers Thus Mainly area use actions Sergipe museums strategies data 20712100, 20712100 2071 2100 , (2071-2100) CTA, CTA (CTA ANN SSP370 SSP (SSP37 SSP58 scenarios. scenarios . scenarios) 65 localities bodies up 1000 1 000 1.00 m. m m) However X populations changes ecology Moreover inhabit 2071210 207 210 (2071-2100 SSP37 (SSP3 SSP5 6 100 00 1.0 207121 20 21 (2071-210 SSP3 (SSP 10 0 1. 20712 2 (2071-21 (2071-2 (2071- (2071 (207 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the biological quality of soil under the influence of different genotypes of elephant grass in the agreste region, which has a climate that marks the transition between a humid climate with a dry season and the semi-arid climate of the north-eastern hinterland. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, PE, Brazil. The treatments comprised a combination of two elephant grass cultivars (Elefante B and Mott), two irrigation regimes (with and without irrigation), and two climatic periods (dry and rainy). Biological indicators, microbial biomass carbon, soil basal respiration, metabolic quotient, enzymatic activity of soil β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, urease, and the hydrolytic determination of fluorescein diacetate were evaluated. The Mott genotype showed superior results, attributed to the biological indicators studied at different times and irrigation management, even during periods of drought, and Mott grass had significant effects microbial activities. This genotype constitutes one of the alternatives for soil quality in semiarid regions, with advantageous biomass and soil microbial activity, thus presenting the greatest complexity in biological attributes with microorganisms tolerant to climate change. region semi arid northeastern north eastern hinterland Pernambuco Garanhuns PE Brazil Elefante Mott, , Mott) irrigation, irrigation) rainy. rainy . rainy) carbon respiration quotient βglucosidase, βglucosidase β glucosidase, glucosidase β-glucosidase phosphatase arylsulfatase urease evaluated results management drought activities regions change

Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran’s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger’s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.

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Resumen Introducción: La migración es un fenómeno natural que incluye los movimientos anuales de muchas especies de aves en respuesta a los ciclos estacionales. Con aproximadamente un tercio de todas las especies de aves conocidas, América del Sur tiene una avifauna importante y muchas aves migratorias tienen puntos de parada e invernada en Brasil. Objetivo: Identificar asociaciones entre las aves migratorias y la vegetación costera, y la influencia del medio ambiente en la migración. Métodos: En 10 puntos a lo largo de la costa del Estado de Piauí, Brasil, realizamos censos visuales y capturas con redes de niebla, entre abril 2009 y febrero 2016. Resultados: Identificamos 82 especies de aves migratorias (13 órdenes; 28 familias) que representaron 41 especies migratorias intracontinentales, 26 especies visitantes del norte, 14 especies nómadas y una especie vagante. Los picos de riqueza se dieron al principio y al final de las estaciones seca y lluviosa, coincidiendo con la insolación y la presión atmosférica. Hubo diferencias en el patrón espacial entre los complejos de vegetación. Chrysolampis mosquitus es un indicador de vegetación de caatinga, Numenius phaeopus de humedales, Charadrius collaris de campos que no se inundan, Rostrhamus sociabilis de transición bosque-pastizales y Columbina picui de huertos. A pesar de las diferencias en el número y composición de especies dentro de los tipos de vegetación, el patrón temporal en la riqueza de especies fue similar entre las categorías de campos inundados, campos no inundados y pastizales de transición. Conclusiones: Las aves migratorias ocupan ambientes específicos durante su permanencia a lo largo de la costa del estado de Piauí, con una riqueza acorde con la insolación y la presión atmosférica.

Abstract Introduction: Migration is a natural phenomenon that includes annual movements of many bird species in response to seasonal cycles. With approximately one third of all living bird species, South America has an important avifauna, and many migrants land in Brazil at stopping points and wintering sites. Objective: To identify associations between migrant birds and coastal vegetation, and environmental influence of on migration. Methods: At 10 points along the coast of Piauí State, Brazil, we made visual censuses and mist net captures, between April 2009 and February 2016. Results: We identified 82 migrant bird species (13 orders; 28 families) that represented 41 intracontinental migrating species, 26 northern visiting species, 14 nomad species and one vagrant species. The richness peaks were at the beginning and end of both dry and rainy seasons, matching insolation and atmospheric pressure. There were spatial pattern differences among vegetation complexes. Chrysolampis mosquitus is an indicator of caatinga vegetation, Numenius phaeopus of wetland, Charadrius collaris of non-flooding fields, Rostrhamus sociabilis of forest-grassland transition, and Columbina picui of orchards. Despite differences in number and species composition within vegetation types, the temporal pattern in species richness was similar among flooded fields, non-flooded fields, and transition grassland categories. Conclusions: Migrant birds occupy specific environments during their permanence along the coast of Piauí State, with richness matching insolation and atmospheric pressure.

Abstract We evaluated the phenology and reproductive phenological diversity of three sympatric species of Miconia in a gallery forest in the Chapada Diamantina mountains, Bahia, Brazil. The reproductive phenophases (bud, flower, immature fruit, and mature fruit) of M. alborufescens (N=38), M. holosericea (N=46), and M. prasina (N=44) were evaluated monthly, between June/2008 and June/2015. The Fournier index was used to assess the intensities of the reproductive phenophases; synchrony and seasonality were analyzed using circular statistics and the Rayleigh (Z) test. The Frideman and Wilcoxon tests were used to verify interannual variations in phenological patterns. Reproductive phenological diversity was measured by calculating the Shannon-Wiener index; ANOVA tested possible differences in the means of diversity among the different years. The reproductive phenophases of the studied Miconia species occurred sequentially (M. alborufescens, then M. holoserica, followed by M. prasina), in the transition between the dry and rainy seasons, with little overlap between them. In general, the species showed seasonal and synchronic phenological patterns, with some variations that coincided with El Niño and/or La Niña events, e.g., demonstrating changes in the periodicity, synchrony, and intensity of their phenophases. The intensity of fruiting, for example, showed increases during La Niña years. Reproductive phenological diversity appears to respond to climate changes resulting from El Niño events and periods of prolonged drought, with high Shannon-Wiener index values. The results also suggest that the effects of global climatic phenomena (El Niño and La Niña) that alter regional climatic seasonality can also cause variations in the reproductive phenological rhythms of the Miconia species studied. mountains Bahia Brazil bud, bud (bud flower fruit M N=38, N38 N N=38 , 38 (N=38) N=46, N46 N=46 46 (N=46) N=44 N44 44 (N=44 monthly June2008 June 2008 June/200 June2015 2015 June/2015 Z (Z test patterns ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener years (M holoserica prasina, prasina) seasons them general andor or eg e g e.g. periodicity fruiting example drought values N3 N=3 3 (N=38 N4 N=4 4 (N=46 (N=4 June200 200 June/20 June201 201 June/201 e.g N= (N=3 (N= June20 20 June/2 (N June2 2 June/

Resumo Neste estudo, avaliamos a fenologia e a diversidade fenológica reprodutiva de três espécies simpátricas de Miconia em uma floresta de galeria da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. As fenofases reprodutivas (botão, flor, fruto imaturo e fruto maduro) de M. alborufescens (N=38), M. holosericea (N=46) e M. prasina (N=44) foram avaliadas mensalmente, entre junho de 2008 e junho de 2015. O índice de Fournier foi utilizado para avaliar a intensidade das fenofases reprodutivas; a sincronia e a sazonalidade foram analisadas por meio de estatística circular e do teste de Rayleigh (Z). Os testes de Frideman e Wilcoxon foram empregados na verificação de variações interanuais dos padrões fenológicos. A diversidade fenológica reprodutiva foi mensurada pelo cálculo do índice de Shannon-Wiener; a ANOVA testou possíveis diferenças nas médias de diversidade entre os diferentes anos. As fenofases reprodutivas das espécies de Miconia estudadas ocorreram de forma sequencial (M. alborufescens, M. holoserica e M. prasina, respectivamente), na transição entre as estações seca e chuvosa, com pouca sobreposição entre as espécies. No geral, as espécies apresentaram padrões fenológicos sazonais e sincrônicos, com algumas variações que coincidiram com eventos de El Niño e/ou La Niña, e.g., demonstrando mudanças na periodicidade, sincronia e intensidade de suas fenofases. A intensidade da frutificação, por exemplo, apresentou aumento nos anos de ocorrência de La Niña. A diversidade fenológica reprodutiva parece responder às alterações climáticas decorrentes dos eventos de El Niño e a períodos de seca prolongada, com valores elevados do índice de Shannon-Wiener. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, que os efeitos de fenômenos climáticos globais (El Niño e La Niña), que alteram a sazonalidade climática regional, também podem causar variações nos ritmos fenológicos reprodutivos das espécies de Miconia estudadas. estudo Diamantina Bahia Brasil botão, botão (botão flor maduro M N=38, N38 N N=38 , 38 (N=38) N=46 N46 46 (N=46 N=44 N44 44 (N=44 mensalmente 200 2015 Z. Z . (Z) ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener Shannon-Wiener (M respectivamente, respectivamente respectivamente) chuvosa geral sincrônicos eou ou Niña eg g e.g. periodicidade frutificação exemplo prolongada ShannonWiener. Wiener. sugerem ainda Niña) regional N3 N=3 3 (N=38 N=4 N4 4 (N=4 20 201 (Z e.g N= (N=3 (N= 2 (N

Abstract Fires are a major environmental concern due to their potentially adverse effects on ecosystems, soil, and the atmosphere. Fires are increasing worldwide as a result of climate change. Field reports are the closest data on active fires and burned areas; however, they are not always reliable or sufficient, so global series generated from satellite information are useful. Satellite products available for burned areas include the 300m Copernicus PROBA-V series (2014-2020), which calculates indices that detect significant vegetation changes, and NASA’s MCD64A1 500m MODIS collection, based on the detection of heat spots. This study aimed to compare these products in the state of Michoacán, Mexico, where temperate and tropical dry forests (or low deciduous forests) are located, as well as cropland and other vegetation types; the study period covered from 2015 to 2020. For each series, the pixels with a burned-area report were quantified by month and year for each vegetation cover, and matches were analyzed. To illustrate some cases, Sentinel-2 images were used as an independent baseline with a higher resolution than the compared series, and the dNBR index was calculated to assess the impact level. During the study period, the number of PROBA-V detections was 16 times greater than that of MODIS (308699 versus 19061). PROBA-V identified burned areas from December to May, while MODIS did so in April and May, which better matched the actual conditions in the study area. In the PROBA-V series, 56.65 % of the detections corresponded to tropical dry forest, 27.25 % to agriculture, and 13.57 % to temperate forest; in MODIS, 50.02 % of the area was cropland, 31.31 % temperate forest, and only 17.31 % tropical dry forest. Between 37.90 % (2015) and 78.72 % (2020) of the burned areas noted by MODIS were also detected by PROBA-V, but MODIS detected less than 5 % of the areas identified by PROBA-V. In the tropical dry forest, the correlation between both systems was below 2 % in any year, indicating a significant overdetection by PROBA-V in this type of vegetation. The six burned areas visualized in Sentinel-2 images from January to June show that they usually occur in April or May in the transition zone between temperate and dry forests or until June in areas near avocado plantations. On the other hand, cropland fires occur at different times of the year. MODIS was generally more accurate than PROBA-V in the study area; the dNBR index correctly identified high-impact burned areas but overdetected low-impact areas. The burned-area series facilitates general and systematic monitoring of fires in a territory, while archival data are suitable for historical studies. The accuracy of each series depends on the data and algorithms used to generate it, as well as on the characteristics of the study area. Burned-area series based on thermal anomalies, such as the MCD64A1 collection of MODIS, are more accurate than those identifying changes in vegetation, such as PROBA-V, particularly when deciduous vegetation is found in the area. However, false detections from highly reflective surfaces, such as clouds or water bodies, should be eliminated. Additionally, to study forest fires, it is necessary to overlay land-use maps. The information provided by the series does not include fires that are small relative to the pixel size. If a detailed study of fires in small areas is required, the information in the series can be supplemented with field data and high-resolution satellite imagery, for example, to assess the impact of fire or to monitor the recovery process. In this case, the image needs to be classified beforehand to identify the burned areas. Although the MODIS and PROBA-V satellites are approaching the end of their useful life, others are already taking over, both by NASA and ESA, so the availability of time series for burned area and other biophysical and climatic variables is warranted, recording increasingly higher-quality data over longer periods.

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Resumo O sucesso da estratégia do Prado ao Prato, que visa a transição para a sustentabilidade da agricultura europeia, irá depender das soluções tecnológicas já existentes e das que se irão desenvolver num futuro próximo. Estas tecnologias permitirão integrar diversos fatores (ex.: propriedades do solo, fatores climatéricos, fatores intrínsecos das cultivares) em avaliações preditivas das necessidades de água e nutrientes, da sintomatologia de pragas e infeções, e assim contribuir para respostas precoces, precisas e automatizadas com menor consumo de recursos e de agroquímicos. Do mesmo modo, será possível uma melhor gestão espacial do uso do solo. Contudo, a digitalização em larga escala da produção agrícola depende da eliminação de diversas barreiras sociológicas, como a iliteracia digital de muitos agricultores e técnicos de campo. Neste contexto, um consórcio formado por 14 parceiros europeus, desenvolveu o Projeto TERRATECH, submetido ao Programa ERASMUS+, que visa o desenvolvimento de um curso de mestrado em Agricultura 4.0. Durante os primeiros 18 meses, o consórcio desenvolveu o plano de estudos e os materiais didáticos para as aulas teóricas, de campo e laboratoriais. O curso inclui um período de mobilidade dos estudantes em empresas da indústria agroalimentar. O objetivo é desenvolver uma formação que possa ser transferida a outras universidades.

Abstract The success of the Farm to Fork strategy, aimed at the transition to the sustainability of European agriculture, will depend on the technological solutions that already exist and the ones that will be developed. These new technologies will allow the integration of several factors (e.g.: soil properties, climatic factors, intrinsic factors of the cultivars) in predictive assessments of water and nutrient needs, of the symptoms of pests and infections, and thus contribute to early, accurate and automated responses with less consumption of resources and agrochemicals. Similarly, better spatial management of land use will be possible. However, the large-scale digitization of agricultural production systems depends on the elimination of several sociological barriers, such as the digital illiteracy of many farmers and soil advisors. In this context, a consortium formed by 14 European partners, developed the TERRATECH Project, submitted to the ERASMUS+ Program, which aims to develop a master's course in Agriculture 4.0. During the first 18 months, the consortium developed the study plan and teaching materials for theoretical, field and laboratory classes. The course includes one period of student mobility in companies in the agri-food industry. The objective is to develop training that can be transferred to other universities.

Abstract Background: The topographic and climatic diversity of the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ) has favored species richness, disjunctions and endemism. Tigridia durangensis is an endemic geophyte with disjunct distribution in the MTZ. Questions and / or Hypotheses: What is the genetic diversity of Tigridia durangensis? Does it have genetic and phylogeographic structure? Were there any changes in its demographic history? Did the Quaternary climatic oscillations affect its area of distribution? Methods: The cpDNA regions ndhF-rpL32, rpL32-trnL, and 3´trnV-ndhC of 55 individuals from 10 populations were sequenced. The genetic diversity and the genetic structure were estimated with Hd, π and F ST. The parameters G ST and N ST determined the phylogeographic structure. The genealogical relationships were inferred with a haplotype net. Phylogenetic hypotheses were generated with Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood. The demographic history was determined by means of neutrality tests, analyses of mismatch distribution (AMD) and Bayesian skyline plot. The paleodistribution was estimated with ecological niche models (ENMs). Results: Tigridia durangensis showed genetic and phylogeographic structure. Nine haplotypes were identified; H1 and H2-H9 formed two intraspecific lineages. The neutrality tests were not significant. The AMD plot was congruent with the haplotype net. Tigridia durangensis experienced a bottleneck in the recent past and the ENMs displayed a disjunct distribution in all scenarios. Conclusions: In Tigridia durangensis, the bottleneck and the interruption of the gene flow between the haplogroups might have been associated with orogenic processes and volcanism of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt.

Resumen Antecedentes: La diversidad topográfica y climática de la Zona de Transición Mexicana (ZTM) favorecieron la riqueza de especies, la disyunción y el endemismo. Tigridia durangensis es una geófita endémica con distribución disyunta en la ZTM. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: ¿Cuál es la diversidad genética de Tigridia durangensis? ¿Tiene estructura genética y filogeográfica? ¿Hubo cambios en su historia demográfica? ¿Las oscilaciones climáticas del Cuaternario afectaron su área de distribución? Métodos: En el ADNcp, las regiones ndhF-rpL32, rpL32-trnL y 3´trnV-ndhC en 55 individuos de 10 poblaciones fueron secuenciadas. La diversidad y estructura genética fueron calculadas con Hd, π y F ST. Los parámetros G ST y N ST estimaron la estructura filogeográfica. Las relaciones genealógicas fueron estimadas con una red de haplotipos. Hipótesis filogenéticas fueron inferidas con Inferencia bayesiana y Máxima verosimilitud. La demografía histórica fue determinada con pruebas de neutralidad, análisis de distribución de diferencias pareadas (ADDP) y de graficas de líneas de cielo bayesianas. La paleodistribución fue estimada con modelos de nicho ecológico (MNE). Resultados: Tigridia durangensis mostró estructura genética y filogeográfica. Nueve haplotipos fueron identificados, H1 y H2-H9 formaron dos linajes intraespecíficos. Las pruebas de neutralidad no fueron significativas. El gráfico ADDP fue congruente con la red de haplotipos. Tigridia durangensis experimentó un cuello de botella durante el pasado reciente. Los MNE estimaron una distribución disyunta en todos los escenarios. Conclusiones: Un cuello de botella y la interrupción del flujo genético entre los haplogrupos de Tigridia durangensis parecen estar asociados a procesos orogénicos y al volcanismo de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana.

Resumen Introducción: Los Andes se caracterizan por tener gran abundancia de recursos hídricos y las corrientes son frecuentemente reguladas por embalses para la generación de energía. Los efectos de la regulación en las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos no se conocen bien en Colombia. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que las corrientes reguladas presentan menor diversidad de macroinvertebrados. Métodos: Recolectamos muestras de agua y organismos, antes y después de la regulación de los ríos Tafetanes, Calderas y La Arenosa, en Antioquia, Colombia, durante varios ciclos hidrológicos (lluvia, transición y sequía) y fenómenos climáticos (ENSO/Fenómeno de El Niño) entre 2016 y 2018. Resultados: Recolectamos 53 214 individuos, de 165 táxones, en su mayoría de los órdenes Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera y Diptera (90 % de las capturas). Los cambios en la diversidad respondieron a las diferencias espaciales más que a las variables fisicoquímicas: la diversidad fue mayor en sitios no regulados, independientemente del periodo hidrológico o del ENSO. La mayoría de las especies se encontraron en todos los sitios de muestreo, pero su abundancia fue mayor en el sitio de mejor estado de conservación del hábitat. Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que las barreras físicas tienen efectos sobre la diversidad de macroinvertebrados a escala local, sin embargo, el estado de los hábitats adyacentes también parece jugar un papel importante en la preservación de la riqueza y abundancia. La conservación del bosque adyacente podría mitigar los impactos generados por la regulación.

Abstract Introduction: The Andes are characterized by an abundance of water resources and flows are frequently regulated by reservoirs for the generation of energy. The effects of regulation on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities are not well known in Colombia. Objective: To test the hypothesis that regulated currents have less macroinvertebrate diversity. Methods: We collected water and organism samples before, and after, the regulation of the Tafetanes, Calderas and Arenosa rivers, in Antioquia, Colombia, during various hydrological cycles (rain, transition and drought) and climatic phenomena (ENSO/El Niño Phenomenon) between 2016 and 2018. Results: We collected 53 214 individuals, from 165 taxa, mostly from the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera (90 % of captures). Changes in diversity responded to spatial differences rather than to physicochemical variables: diversity was higher in non-regulated sites, regardless of the hydrological period or associated ENSO. Most species were found in all sampling sites, but abundance was higher in the site with the best habitat conservation status. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that physical barriers have effects on macroinvertebrate diversity at the local scale, however, the condition of adjacent habitats also seems to play an important role in preserving richness and abundance. The conservation of forest adjacent to the riverbed could mitigate the impacts of regulation.

Abstract Background: Hechtioideae is a group of Bromeliaceae that is distributed in Megamexico III. In recent years, evolutionary relationships within this lineage have been studied; however, the biogeography of these plants have not yet been explored from a phylogenetic framework. The integration of geographic and phylogenetic information in the evolutionary study of organisms has facilitated the identification of patterns, as well as the exploration of new hypotheses that allow for the understanding the processes that have influenced the evolutionary history of lineages. Questions and/or Hypotheses: What is the biogeographic history of this lineage? How Hechtioideae has diversified over time? Results: The Neotropical region has the highest species richness of Hechtioideae and the Mexican Transition Zone is the area with the greatest phylogenetic diversity. This lineage presented its highest diversification rate during the late Miocene and Pleistocene (6.5-1 Ma). The ancestral area of the group corresponds to the Neotropical region and the Mexican Transition Zone. In addition, Hechtioideae spread across its current ranges through multiple dispersal events associated with climatic and geological events during the last 10 Ma. Conclusions: Hechtioideae is a group of recent origin whose evolutionary history has been strongly influenced by geological and climatic events over the past 10 Ma, such as the glacial and interglacial periods of the Pleistocene and the great tectonic and volcanic activity that led to the formation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.

Resumen Antecedentes: Hechtioideae es un grupo de Bromeliaceae que se distribuye en Megaméxico III. En los últimos años se han estudiado las relaciones evolutivas dentro de este linaje, sin embargo, aún no se ha explorado la biogeografía de estas plantas desde un marco filogenético. La integración de información geográfica y filogenética en el estudio evolutivo de los organismos ha facilitado la identificación de patrones, así como el planteamiento de nuevas hipótesis que permiten comprender los procesos que han influido en la historia evolutiva de los linajes. Preguntas y/o Hipótesis: ¿Cuál es la historia biogeográfica de este linaje? ¿Cómo ha sido la diversificación de Hechtioideae a través del tiempo? Resultados: La región Neotropical tiene la mayor riqueza de especies de Hechtioideae y la Zona de Transición Mexicana es el área con mayor diversidad filogenética. Este linaje presentó su mayor tasa de diversificación durante el Mioceno tardío y el Pleistoceno (6.5-1 Ma). El área ancestral del grupo corresponde a la región Neotropical y la Zona de Transición Mexicana. Además, Hechtioideae ha alcanzado su área de distribución actual mediante múltiples eventos de dispersión fuertemente influenciados por eventos geológicos y climáticos que han ocurrido durante los últimos 10 Ma. Conclusiones: Hechtioideae es un grupo de origen reciente cuya historia evolutiva se ha visto fuertemente influenciada por eventos geológicos y climáticos durante los últimos 10 Ma, como los períodos glaciares e interglaciares del Pleistoceno y la gran actividad tectónica y volcánica que condujo a la formación del Cinturón Volcánico Transmexicano.

Resumen En México, la meta de crecimiento económico, sustentabilidad, disminución del consumo de combustibles petroleros importados y aditivos que cumplan con los compromisos de cambio climático con biocombustible de etanol es una meta de desarrollo aún no resuelta. Este trabajo se basa en la premisa de que la materia prima, el uso de las tierras agrícolas en función de los aspectos económicos, ecológicos y sociales, las políticas públicas ineficientes, la desinformación y la falta de conocimiento, la cultura y la actitud de la población y los actores hacia los biocombustibles se han identificado como factores críticos de éxito para la transición de un ingenio azucarero convencional a un complejo agroindustrial. Por lo tanto, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la investigación académica y tecnológica sobre las innovaciones recientes y el alcance de los esfuerzos futuros en biocombustible de etanol. El etanol puede ganar importancia en países en desarrollo como México, productores y exportadores de petróleo sin capacidad de refinación para beneficios ambientales, climáticos y financieros. En tal escenario, las inversiones y las políticas públicas en el sector para aumentar la eficiencia de la producción y los rendimientos de los cultivos como la caña de azúcar jugarán un papel crítico en la cadena de valor del bioetanol.

Abstract In Mexico, the goal of economic growth, sustainability, decrease consumption of imported oil fuels and additives meeting the climate change commitments with ethanol biofuel is a development goal not yet resolved. This work is based on the premise that feedstock, the use of agricultural lands as a function of economic, ecological and social aspects, inefficient public policies, disinformation and lack of knowledge, culture and attitude of the population and stakeholders towards biofuels has been identified as critical success factors for the transition of conventional sugar mill to an agro-industrial complex. Therefore, a systematic review of academic and technological research was carried out on the recent innovations and scope for future endeavours in ethanol biofuel. Ethanol can gain importance in developing countries as Mexico, producers, and exporters of oil without refining capacity for environmental, climatic and financial benefits. In such a scenario, investments, and public policies in the sector for increasing production efficiency and crop yields as sugarcane will play a critical role in bioethanol value chain.

Abstract Understanding how wave climate variability and its trends change over time are crucial analyses required to mitigate potential wave-induced impacts and adapt coastal areas to such effects. The long-term trends and breakpoints of the wave energy flux (WEF) and its relationship with teleconnection patterns in southern Brazil were studied using ERA-5 wave reanalysis with validation using a waverider. We determined that the interannual mean WEF (WEFm) and extreme WEF (WEF98) that reaches the southern Brazil have increased over the past four decades, with a increment of 0.063 and 0.17 kW/m/year, respectively 0.63 and 0.29% per year. By the Muggeo method we determined that subperiods with increasing WEFm trends are related to the SSE and SSW quadrants and that these are also the most energetic ones and with the highest annual increment rates of WEFm and WEF98. Our results also suggest that the positive trends observed in interannual WEF values are likely related to the long term transition of cold to warm Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phase in the western South Atlantic Ocean. From a coastal risk perspective, it is important to understand the relationship between climatic indices and the wave climate to support long-term coastal management policies.

Resumen: El cultivo de frutales de hoja caduca en Uruguay se concentra geográficamente en el sur y expresa una elevada vulnerabilidad climática que puede comprometer la soberanía alimentaria y la continuidad de las unidades de producción. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar áreas geográficas del territorio uruguayo con potencialidad para el desarrollo de la fruticultura de hoja caduca con base en las principales variables biofísicas que condicionan la producción. Se consideró la disponibilidad de frío y la aptitud de los suelos, y se complementó con la distancia al principal mercado distribuidor y a localidades de más de cinco mil habitantes. Las variables se ponderaron y se integraron en un SIG en función de la mayor combinación entre ellas. Se identificó que el 35,6% del territorio presenta un potencial alto y muy alto para la producción de frutales de hoja caduca, lo que aporta elementos para discutir propuestas de transición agroecológica basadas en la diversificación geográfica de la producción.

Abstract: The deciduous fruit growing in Uruguay is geographically concentrated in the south and expresses a high climatic vulnerability that can compromise food sovereignty and the continuity of production units. The objective of the work was to identify geographic areas of the Uruguayan territory with potential for the development of deciduous fruit growing based on the main biophysical variables that condition production. The availability of cold and the suitability of the soils were considered, and complemented with the distance to the main distributor market and the distance to towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants. The variables were weighted and integrated into a GIS based on the greatest combination between them. It was identified that 35.6% of the territory presents a high and very high potential for the production of deciduous fruit trees, which provides elements to discuss agroecological transition proposals based on the geographical diversification of production.

Resumo: O cultivo de árvores frutíferas caducifólias no Uruguai concentra-se geograficamente no sul e expressa uma elevada vulnerabilidade climática que pode comprometer a soberania alimentar e a continuidade das unidades produtivas. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar áreas geográficas do território uruguaio com potencial para o desenvolvimento da fruticultura de caducifólias a partir das principais variáveis biofísicas que condicionam a produção. Foi considerada a disponibilidade de frio e a aptidão dos solos e foi complementada com a distância ao principal mercado distribuidor e a distância a centros povoados com mais de 5.000 habitantes. As variáveis foram ponderadas e integradas em um SIG com base na maior combinação entre elas. Identificou-se que 35,6% do território apresenta potencial alto e muito alto para a produção de árvores frutíferas decíduas, o que fornece subsídios para discutir propostas de transição agroecológica a partir da diversificação geográfica da produção.