ABSTRACT In regions with water shortages, detailed planning on water resource use is essential. The use of climate models for short- and medium-range forecasts is an important strategy for obtaining early information on the water requirements of crops and the water regime of a particular basin. This study aimed to assess the performance of seasonal climate forecasts and their applicability in estimating irrigation needs. To that end, the Simulation Model for Irrigation Strategies and climate forecast data derived from the Eta model were used. To analyze simulations, five members (days 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17) of the seasonal forecasts of rainfall and reference evapotranspiration for every month between 2001 and 2012 were used. The spread for reference evapotranspiration demonstrated that the model was unable to reproduce the behavior of this variable during the dry period. Comparison between forecasts months in advance showed no significant differences between the rainfall and the reference evapotranspiration forecasts. However, the results obtained for a one-month lead-time forecast exhibited superior performance. shortages essential short mediumrange medium range basin needs end used simulations days 13 14 15 1 17 200 201 period However onemonth one leadtime lead time 20 2

RESUMO Em regiões com baixa disponibilidade hídrica é de grande importância um planejamento mais detalhado sobre o uso de recursos hídricos. A utilização de modelos climáticos destinados às previsões de curto e médio prazo se apresenta como uma estratégia importante para se obter informações antecipadas acerca da demanda hídrica de culturas e do regime hídrico de determinada bacia. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o desempenho das previsões climáticas sazonais e sua aplicabilidade na estimativa da demanda de irrigação. Para tanto, utilizou-se o Modelo de Simulação de Estratégias de Irrigação e dados de previsão climática derivados do modelo Eta. Para análise das simulações, foi utilizado um conjunto de cinco membros (dias 13, 14, 15, 16 e 17) de previsão sazonal de precipitação e evapotranspiração de referência para cada mês entre o período de 2001 a 2012. O espalhamento para a evapotranspiração de referência demonstrou que o modelo não foi capaz de reproduzir o comportamento desta variável durante o período seco. Comparação entre previsões com os meses de antecedência não demonstraram diferenças significativas entre previsões da precipitação e da evapotranspiração de referência. Contudo, os resultados obtidos para as previsões com um mês de antecedência apresentaram melhor desempenho. hídricos bacia Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, Objetivou-se estudo irrigação tanto utilizouse utilizou Eta simulações dias 13 14 15 1 17 200 2012 seco Contudo 20 201 2

Abstract This paper aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the CCWorldWeatherGen tool, focusing on climate change in São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. For this, dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, global solar radiation, and wind speed data from the test reference year weather file (1954) and the CCWorldWeatherGen file for the 2020 period (representing the 2011-2040 period) were compared with observational data collected between 2011 and 2023 by the Meteorological Station of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of São Paulo. The accuracy of variables predicted using weather files was evaluated using five statistical measures of error. Annual relative root mean square error (RRMSE) values for dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, global solar radiation, and wind speed in the morphed weather file were 17.04% (good), 17.95% (good), 31.57% (poor), and 224.44% (poor), respectively. It is concluded that CCWorldWeatherGen is suitable for generating future weather files with complete information, mainly for its practicality. However, this approach requires caution, as sequences depend on the consistency of the weather file used as a basis. tool State Brazil drybulb dry bulb temperature humidity radiation 1954 (1954 202 representing 20112040 2040 2011-204 201 Astronomy Geophysics RRMSE (RRMSE 1704 17 04 17.04 good, good , (good) 1795 95 17.95 3157 31 57 31.57 poor, poor (poor) 22444 224 44 224.44 respectively information practicality However caution basis 195 (195 20 2011204 204 2011-20 170 1 0 17.0 (good 179 9 17.9 315 3 5 31.5 (poor 2244 22 4 224.4 19 (19 2 201120 2011-2 17. 31. 224. (1 20112 2011- (

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a eficácia da ferramenta CCWorldWeatherGen, considerando as mudanças climáticas na cidade de São Paulo. Para tanto, as variáveis temperatura do ar (bulbo seco), umidade relativa do ar, radiação solar global, e velocidade do vento do arquivo climático de referência, de 1954, e do arquivo climático gerado pelo CCWorldWeatherGen para 2020 (representa 2011 a 2040), foram comparadas com observações da Estação Meteorológica do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade de São Paulo, obtidas entre 2011 e 2023. A acurácia das variáveis dos arquivos climáticos foi avaliada por meio de cinco indicadores de erro. Os resultados da raiz do erro quadrático médio relativo (RRMSE) anual para a temperatura de bulbo seco do ar, umidade relativa do ar, radiação solar horizontal global, e velocidade do vento foram 17,04% (bom), 17,95% (bom), 31,57% (ruim) e 224,44% (ruim), respectivamente. A ferramenta CCWorldWeatherGen é adequada, especialmente por sua praticidade, para gerar futuros arquivos climáticos com informações completas. Mas seu uso demanda cautela porque as progressões dependem da consistência dos dados do arquivo climático utilizado como base. Paulo tanto seco, , seco) global referência 1954 202 representa 201 2040, 2040 2040) Astronomia 2023 RRMSE (RRMSE 1704 17 04 17,04 bom, bom (bom) 1795 95 17,95 3157 31 57 31,57 ruim (ruim 22444 224 44 224,44 ruim, respectivamente adequada praticidade completas base 195 20 204 170 1 0 17,0 (bom 179 9 17,9 315 3 5 31,5 2244 22 4 224,4 19 2 17, 31, 224,

Abstract Introduction. Corn is one of the oldest known food grains. With climate change and frequent and severe droughts, the water available in the soil will be considerably reduced. Water deficit affects maize crop development to varying degrees, and sensitivity to this stress varies at different development stages. Objective. To identify the phenological stages most sensitive to water deficit in maize. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021 in El Ejido, Los Santos province, Panama, under semi-controlled conditions in the greenhouse facilities of the Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. The commercial corn hybrid ADV-9293 was used and agronomic management was carried out according to the recommendations of the Institute for Agricultural Innovation of Panamá (IDIAP). Plant height, leaf length and width, stem diameter, biomass and yield components, such as number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and 100-grain mass, were determined throughout the crop cycle. Soil moisture was also determined by the gravimetric method. Water deficit at different stages was generated by drought simulation. Results. The grain yields of the control were higher than the different treatments evaluated with 12.83 t ha-1, followed by the treatment with grain filling stress with 10.31 t ha-1. Two periods were determined to be more sensitive to water deficit; these were the stages from 20 to 35 and 40 to 55 days after planting. Water deficit in the different phenological stages of the crop had a negative impact on the relative chlorophyll content. Conclusion. The pre-flowering and flowering stages were more sensitive to water deficiency in maize.

Resumen Introducción. El maíz es uno de los granos alimenticios más antiguos conocido. Con el cambio climático y las sequías severas y frecuentes, se reducirá en gran medida el agua disponible en el suelo. El déficit hídrico afecta en diversos grados el desarrollo del cultivo de maíz y la sensibilidad a este estrés varía en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Objetivo. Identificar las etapas fenológicas más sensibles al déficit hídrico en el cultivo de maíz. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó durante dos ciclos en los años 2020 y 2021 en El Ejido, Provincia de Los Santos, Panamá. Se desarrolló bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la casa de cultivo del Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. Se utilizó el híbrido de maíz comercial ADV-9293. El manejo agronómico se realizó según las recomendaciones del Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). Durante todo el ciclo del cultivo, se determinaron las variables altura de planta, largo y ancho de hojas, diámetro del tallo, biomasa y los componentes del rendimiento como número de hileras por mazorca, número de granos por hilera y peso de cien granos. También, se determinó la humedad del suelo por el método gravimétrico. El déficit hídrico en distintas etapas se generó a través de la simulación de sequía. Resultados. El rendimiento de grano del testigo superó los diferentes tratamientos evaluados con 12,83 t ha-1, seguido por el tratamiento con estrés en el llenado de grano con 10,31 t ha-1. Se determinaron dos períodos más sensibles al déficit hídrico; los cuales son las etapas comprendidas desde los 20 a 35 y 40 a 55 dds. El déficit hídrico, durante las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo, tuvo un impacto negativo en el contenido relativo de clorofilas. Conclusión. Las etapas de prefloración y floración resultaron más sensibles a la deficiencia hídrica en el cultivo del maíz.

Abstract Since 2010, there has been an approximate annual increase of 1% in CO2 emissions due to buildings. The reduction of energy consumption and consequently the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases are global goals due to the global issue of climate change. A key step in achieving these goals is to improve the energy performance of buildings, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions generated by the built environment. In this regard, the present research focuses on identifying and estimating strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings known as Community Police Units (UPCs) located in the city of Guayaquil, which corresponds to a very hot and humid climate zone. The study consists of statistical analysis of the historical energy performance of 43 buildings sharing the same architectural design. Additionally, the selection of a representative building was made for energy use monitoring and energy simulation. The results revealed a potential saving of 16 000 kWh per year by reducing the control temperature of the air conditioning system by 1°C and adjusting the on/off schedule. This is equivalent to 1 150 USD and 5 metric tons of CO2 emissions.

Resumen: Desde el 2010 existe un incremento aproximado del 1% anual respecto a las emisiones de CO2 a causa de los edificios. La disminución del consumo energético y consecuentemente la mitigación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero son metas a nivel mundial debido a la problemática global del cambio climático. Un paso clave para alcanzar estas metas es mejorar el desempeño energético de las edificaciones y de esta manera reducir la energía consumida y las emisiones generadas por el parque edificado. En este sentido, la presente investigación se centra en identificación y estimación de estrategias para reducir el consumo de energía de los edificios llamados Unidades de Policía Comunitaria (UPC) localizadas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, y que corresponde a una zona climática húmeda muy calurosa. El estudio está compuesto por el análisis estadístico del rendimiento energético histórico de 43 edificios, que comparten el mismo diseño arquitectónico. Además, se realizó la selección de un edificio representativo para el monitoreo del uso de energía y simulación energética. Los resultados evidenciaron un potencial de ahorro de 16 000 kWh al año, al disminuir 1°C la temperatura de control del sistema de climatización y modificando el horario de encendido y apagado. Esto es equivalente a 1 150 USD y 5 toneladas equivalentes de CO2.

Resumen Costa Rica es reconocido como el principal país exportador de piña fresca (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), 2020), lo que ha requerido un amplio conocimiento de la dinámica espacial de la producción del cultivo a escala nacional. Este estudio simuló el comportamiento espacial del cultivo de piña en los cantones de Upala y Los Chiles en la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica para el año 2028. Por medio de una entrevista a los productores de la zona, se identificaron las variables impulsoras del cambio en el periodo 2015-2018: “Condiciones del clima y suelo”, “Otros procesados industriales de la piña”, “La demanda de la piña”, “Exporta hacia Europa” y “Distancia a plantas empacadoras”. Con la utilización de QGis y DINAMICA EGO se espacializaron los resultados y se simuló la cobertura de piña al 2028. La comparación con el mapa real al 2018 (MOCUPP) mostró un coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicó una similitud moderada. La simulación proyectó 6 096,52 ha de piña para Upala y 10 568,78 ha de piña para Los Chiles. Se identificaron zonas de cambio sobre áreas silvestres protegidas y sobre cobertura arbórea para el año 2028.

Resumo A Costa Rica é reconhecida como o principal país exportador de abacaxi fresco (FAO, 2020), o que requereu um amplo conhecimento da dinâmica espacial da produção da cultura em escala nacional. Este estudo simulou o comportamento espacial do cultivo de abacaxi nos cantões de Upala e Los Chiles, na Região Huetar Norte da Costa Rica, para o ano de 2028. Por meio de uma entrevista com os produtores da região, foram identificadas as variáveis impulsionadoras da mudança no período 2015-2018: “Condições climáticas e do solo”, “Outros processamentos industriais do abacaxi”, “A demanda pelo abacaxi”, “Exportação para a Europa” e “Distância para instalações de embalagem”. Com o uso do QGis e do DINAMICA EGO, os resultados foram espacializados e a cobertura de abacaxi foi simulada até 2028. A comparação com o mapa real de 2018 (MOCUPP) mostrou um coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicou uma semelhança moderada. A simulação projetou 6.096,52 ha de abacaxi para Upala e 10.568,78 ha de abacaxi para Los Chiles. Foram identificadas áreas de mudança em áreas silvestres protegidas e cobertura arbórea para o ano de 2028.

Abstract Costa Rica is recognized as the main exporter of fresh pineapple (FAO, 2020), which has required extensive knowledge of the spatial dynamics of crop production on a national scale. This study simulated the spatial behavior of pineapple cultivation in the cantons of Upala and Los Chiles in the Huetar Norte Region of Costa Rica for the year 2028. Through an interview with producers in the area, the driving variables of change were identified in the period 2015-2018: “Climate and soil conditions”, “Other industrial pineapple processing”, and “The demand for pineapple”, “Exports to Europe” and “Distance to packing plants”. With the use of QGis and DINAMICA EGO, the results were specialized and pineapple coverage was simulated for 2028. The comparison with the real map for 2018 (MOCUPP) showed a kappa coefficient of 0.55 and indicated a moderate similarity. The simulation projected 6,096.52 ha of pineapple for Upala and 10,568.78 ha of pineapple for Los Chiles. Zones of change over forest coverage and protected areas were identified for the year 2028.

Abstract In the upper basin of the Medellín River (Colombia) a hydrologic study was carried out to analyze the rainfall-runoff relationships in an event-scale, for the estimation of the maximum streamflow regime associated with different return periods in the basin and its tributary sub-basins, through hydrological modeling that considers the existence of climate change. This study is composed of the characterization of the basin of the study area, as well as the hydrological characterization, which includes the analysis of measured data with high temporal resolution of precipitation and the river levels. Different methods were considered to obtain the necessary information for the execution of a semi-distributed hydrological modeling activities, using the HEC-HMS. The model was calibrated by the simulation of 5 maximum streamflow events of the year 2021 and then it was run with different configurations of the antecedent moisture condition, rainfall-runoff models and stationary and non-stationary conditions (in rainfall), the latter to assess potential effects of the climate change. According to the results, the relative differences between the modeling cases with stationary and non-stationary conditions are, on average, negligible, with values between 3 and 5% in the considered cases, with the non-stationary cases having higher magnitudes of streamflow.

Resumen En la cuenca alta del río Medellín (Colombia) se realizó un estudio hidrológico con el fin de analizar las relaciones lluvia-escorrentía a escala de eventos en esta zona, para la estimación del régimen de caudales máximos asociados a diferentes períodos de retorno en la cuenca del río y subcuencas tributarias, mediante modelación hidrológica considerando cambio climático. Este estudio está compuesto por la caracterización de la cuenca de la zona de estudio, así como la caracterización hidrológica, la cual abarca el análisis de datos medidos con alta resolución temporal de precipitación y niveles del río. Se tienen en cuenta también diferentes métodos para la obtención de la información necesaria para la correcta ejecución de actividades de modelación hidrológica semidistribuida, utilizando el software HEC-HMS. El modelo fue calibrado simulando 5 eventos máximos de caudal del año 2021, y luego ejecutado con distintas configuraciones de condición de humedad antecedente, modelos lluvia-escorrentía y la consideración de condiciones estacionarias y no estacionarias (en la precipitación), estas últimas con el fin de evaluar potenciales efectos debido al cambio climático. Según los resultados obtenidos, las diferencias relativas entre los caudales máximos obtenidos simulando las curvas IDF estacionarias y no estacionarias (estos últimos siendo usados como proxy para condiciones de cambio climático) no presentan diferencias significativas y oscilan entre 3-5%,obteniéndose las mayores magnitudes en los casos no estacionarios.

Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.

Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify, synthesize, and analyze the scientific knowledge produced regarding the implications of using clinical simulation for undergraduate nursing or medical students' motivation for learning. Methods: The search for articles was conducted between July 28 and August 3, 2022, on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO databases. The following was used for the search: P - undergraduate students attending Nursing or Medicine courses; C - motivation for learning, and C - skills and clinical simulation laboratory. The following research question guided the study: “What are the implications of clinical simulation on the motivation for learning of undergraduate students of nursing and medicine?” Of the 1,783 articles found, 13 were included in the sample for analysis. All stages of the selection process were carried out by two independent evaluators. The results were presented as charts and a discursive report. Results: The studies analyzed indicated the beneficial effects of clinical simulation on students' motivation, in addition to other gains such as competencies, technical and non-technical skills, knowledge, belonging, autonomy, clinical judgment, critical and reflective thinking, self-efficacy and decreased anxiety, self-management, and improvements in learning and learning climate. Conclusion: Clinical simulation provides a positive learning environment favorable to the development of technical and interpersonal skills and competencies, and raising the level of motivational qualities. Objective identify synthesize Methods 2 3 2022 PubMedMEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE PubMed/MEDLINE Scopus Science databases courses laboratory study What medicine medicine? 1783 1 783 1,78 found analysis evaluators report Results competencies nontechnical non belonging autonomy judgment thinking selfefficacy self efficacy anxiety selfmanagement, selfmanagement management, management self-management climate Conclusion qualities 202 178 78 1,7 20 17 7 1,

ABSTRACT Background: Climate change, which has mainly manifested in Iran in the form of intensifying periods of drought, can have profound effects on the valuable forest ecosystems of Zagros in the west of Iran. In this study, the drought trend in the period from 2000 to 2020 was investigated on the spatio-temporal dynamics of greenness of Zagros oak forests in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province in the west of Iran. SPI, PDSI, NDVI and EVI with modeling their relationship based on GWR was used. Also, based on two climate change scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, the simulation of drought conditions and changes in forest greenness until 2050 were studied. Results: The results showed that the peak greenness of the oak forests has a significant sensitivity to changes in rainfall and drought at the end of the cold period of the year and in the spring season. The negative phases of the drought have been completely consistent with the periods of greenness loss. Also, both the greenness and the area of the oak forests have decreased. The EVI index showed the highest sensitivity to the PDSI, and the developed model based on these two indices had a spatial explanation coefficient between 40 and 70%. Conclusion: The implementation of the developed model under two scenarios showed that the forest greenness will face a decrease of about 25% in the RCP8.5 scenario and about 15% in the RCP2.6 scenario until 2050. The relationship between drought and forest decline was proven in this study. Background study 200 202 spatiotemporal spatio temporal SPI PDSI used Also RCP26 RCP RCP2 6 RCP2. RCP85 RCP8 5 205 studied Results season loss decreased 4 70 70% Conclusion 25 RCP8. 15 20 7 2 1

Resumen La investigación tiene como objetivo proponer el mejoramiento de una vivienda construida con fondos de remesas por migrantes de Oaxaca en México, para incrementar sus condiciones de habitabilidad mediante estrategias bioclimáticas pasivas. Para lo anterior, se llevó a cabo una fase diagnóstica del sitio en la agencia Guadalupe Victoria en la región mixteca de Oaxaca, particularizando la caracterización de casas que construyen las personas que emigran a los Estados Unidos. Lo anterior, para seleccionar el caso de estudio de una vivienda de remesas sobre la cual se realizó un análisis termofísico de los sistemas constructivos con las que fue edificada, el cual se complementó con una simulación térmica con el software Ener-Habitat. Posteriormente se llevó a cabo un estudio higrotérmico de la vivienda referida colocando registradores de temperatura tipo HOBOS data logger RH2 en su interior durante el periodo de calor de la zona (mayo y junio 2021). Como resultado se obtuvo que la vivienda de remesas en estudio está descontextualizada al clima de la zona, y requiere adecuaciones en su envolvente para mejorar el confort en su interior. Para mejorar las condiciones de habitabilidad de esta vivienda se propusieron: paneles de “totomoxtle” (hoja del maíz) en muros y cubiertas con aplanado de yeso. Con esta estrategia pasiva se obtienen valores de 63% de amortiguamiento de onda térmica y un desfase de 8 horas en el sistema muro, en tanto que para el sistema techo se alcanzan valores de 100% y 11.5 horas respectivamente. Así mismo se propone la adecuación de un invernadero orientado al Sur-Este, la conducción de calor de estufa Patsari en cocina y comedor e incrementar aleros de 80 cm en techos, garantizando con ello que se mejoren las condiciones de habitabilidad de la vivienda estudiada beneficiando a la familia Gonzáles García propietaria de la casa.

Abstract The objective of the research is to propose the improvement of a house built with remittance funds by migrants from Oaxaca in Mexico to increase their living conditions through passive bioclimatic strategies. For this, a diagnostic phase of the site was carried out in the Guadalupe Victoria agency in the Mixtec region of Oaxaca, specifying the characterization of houses built by people who immigrate to the United States. The above, to select the case study of a remittance house on which a thermophysical analysis of the construction systems with which it was built was carried out, which was complemented with a thermal simulation with the Ener-Habitat software. Subsequently, a hygrothermal study of the home was carried out, placing HOBOS data logger RH2 type temperature recorders inside it during the hot period in the area (May and June 2021). As a result, it was obtained that the remittance housing under study is decontextualized to the climate of the area, and requires adjustments in its envelope to improve comfort inside. To improve the habitability conditions of this house, the following proposals were made: “totomoxtle” (corn leaf) panels on the walls and covered with plaster. With this passive strategy, values of 63% of thermal wave damping and a lag of 8 hours are obtained in the wall system, while for the roof system values of 100% and 11.5 hours are reached, respectively. Likewise, it is proposed the adaptation of a greenhouse facing South-East, the heat conduction of the Patsari stove in the kitchen and dining room, and increasing 80 cm eaves in ceilings, thus guaranteeing that the habitability conditions of the studied dwelling are improved, benefiting to the González García family that owns the house.

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa é propor a melhoria de uma casa construída com fundos de remessas por migrantes de Oaxaca, no México, para melhorar suas condições de vida por meio de estratégias bioclimáticas passivas. Para isso, foi realizada uma fase de diagnóstico do local na agência Guadalupe Victoria na região Mixtec de Oaxaca, especificando a caracterização de casas construídas por pessoas que imigram para os Estados Unidos. O anterior, para selecionar o estudo de caso de uma casa de remessas na qual foi realizada uma análise termofísica dos sistemas construtivos com os quais foi construída, complementada com uma simulação térmica com o software Ener-Habitat. Posteriormente, foi realizado um estudo higrotérmico da referida casa, colocando no seu interior registradores de temperatura do tipo HOBOS data logger RH2 durante o período quente na área (maio e junho de 2021). Como resultado, obteve-se que a habitação de remessa em estudo está descontextualizada ao clima da zona, e requer ajustes na sua envolvente para melhorar o conforto interior. Para melhorar as condições de habitabilidade desta casa, foram feitas as seguintes propostas: painéis totomoxtle (folha de milho) nas paredes e reboco revestido. Com esta estratégia passiva obtêm-se valores de 63% de amortecimento das ondas térmicas e um atraso de 8 horas no sistema de paredes, enquanto para o sistema de coberturas atingem-se valores de 100% e 11,5 horas, respetivamente. Da mesma forma, propõe-se a adaptação de uma estufa virada a Sudeste, a condução de calor do fogão Patsari na cozinha e sala de jantar e o aumento de beirais de 80 cm nos tectos, garantindo assim que as condições de habitabilidade da habitação estudada sejam melhoradas, beneficiando à família González García proprietária da casa.

ABSTRACT Repeated and multiple traffic loads, along with climatic conditions, influence the mechanical behavior of linear pavements, leading to the formation of cracks that propagate significantly across the wearing surface and result in a loss of load-bearing capacity of the pavement body. To remedy this problem, various reinforcement and repair methods (traditional and modern) are applied to address this issue. The use of geogrids, involving the insertion of sheets at the interfaces of the sub-base layers, has proven effective as an alternative solution due to their mechanical and aesthetic performance. However, these geogrids, primarily serving as a separation layer, are sometimes limited in the gains they make in reducing stresses and strains, since these gains do not exceed 5 to 10%. Consequently, researchers have sought other techniques that provide both separation (to prevent crack propagation) and strengthening (to increase the bearing capacity of the pavement). In this article, we propose to study the reinforcement of rigid cement concrete pavements through an experimental approach, using two laboratory batches, each comprising a number of twenty-two (22) small-scale slabs, with dimensions of 400 × 400 × 50 (mm). The first batch was produced at an ambient temperature of 20°C while the second batch was produced at an elevated temperature of 50°C (arid climate). These slabs will be tested in 4-point bending, after reinforcement with different combinations of geogrids and carbon fibers composites. To compare the experimental results obtained, a numerical simulation based on the finite element method, using appropriate software, was conducted. The results regarding stresses and strains, as well as dissipation energy, showed that the combination adopted is very effective, yielding gains of up to 20 to 35%, additionally the integration of geogrids, with the addition of the composite, enhances the reinforced pavement’s longevity, ensuring long-term savings on its upkeep and maintenance. loads conditions loadbearing load body problem traditional modern issue subbase sub base layers performance However layer strains 10 10% Consequently propagation pavement. . pavement) article approach batches twentytwo twenty 22 (22 smallscale small scale 40 mm. mm (mm) 20C C 50C arid climate. climate climate) 4point point 4 bending composites obtained method software conducted energy 2 35 35% composite s longevity longterm long term maintenance 1 (2 (mm 3 (

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a comprehensive framework to guide actions towards a more sustainable future, emphasizing the need for sustainable production and consumption patterns (SDG 12), urgent measures to combat climate change and its impacts (SDG 13), and ensuring inclusive, equitable, and quality education (SDG 4). In this context, environmental education (EE) becomes crucial to empower present and future generations to address complex environmental challenges. Promoting EE can be enhanced through Chemistry education, encouraging the use of biomass as a primary energy source, a significant ally in addressing the SDGs. This study integrates experimental and educational chemical knowledge on the pyrolysis reaction of black pepper waste, aiming at higher education in Chemistry in an Environmental Chemistry class at Federal University of Espírito Santo. It aims to provide an in-depth understanding of chemical kinetics, connected to sustainable development through the theoretical-methodological strategy of problematized experimental activity (PEA). The developed PEA comprised five theoretical-experimental classes, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) simulation and pyrolysis furnace testing. The results indicate significant learning in Chemical Kinetics and themes related to the pyrolysis process associated with sustainable development, highlighting the contribution of the utilized PEA. SDGs (SDGs SDG 12, 12 , 12) 13, 13 13) inclusive equitable 4. 4 . 4) context (EE challenges source waste Santo indepth depth kinetics theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological (PEA) theoreticalexperimental classes TGA (TGA testing 1 (PEA

ABSTRACT. Plant growth models, derived from reliable databases, enable development of software for recommending cultural practices, harvest predictions, and enhancing productivity. This study aimed to create, refine, and simulate reference models for pineapple growth and development, adapting them based on nitrogen supply per plant and plant density per hectare. We utilized a field test database with periodic assessments of root, stem, leaf, fruit, and stem diameter fresh and dry weight, along with climate data from meteorological stations in or near the experimental areas. These growth models were developed, considering significant correlations and high correlation coefficients, using both simple non-destructive (stem diameter) and destructive (fresh or dry weight of D leaf) plant evaluations, either separately or in combination. The resulting models can provide estimated predictions for pineapple growth, adaptable to varying plant populations and nitrogen fertilization rates (measured in grams of N per plant). ABSTRACT databases practices productivity create refine hectare root leaf fruit areas developed coefficients nondestructive non evaluations combination measured plant. . plant)

Resumen En el centro de las iniciativas globales, se están discutiendo y reorientando varios enfoques para lograr objetivos globales de producción y seguridad de alimentos para las generaciones presentes y futuras. Sin embargo, los sistemas agrícolas, que son la principal fuente biogeofísica para garantizar los beneficios nutricionales y la seguridad alimentaria mundial, han sufrido cambios con el tiempo. En las próximas décadas, estos sistemas enfrentarán desafíos complejos asociados con, por ejemplo, cambios en los patrones de consumo de alimentos, cambio climático, abandono y/o intensificación del uso de la tierra. Su capacidad para apoyar la seguridad alimentaria mundial estará determinada por su eficiencia, sostenibilidad y equidad. Con la integración de enfoques geoespaciales a la investigación geográfica existe una oportunidad práctica para modelar sistemas agrícolas, lo que, a su vez, podría contribuir a la obtención de nuevos datos que ayuden en los procesos de toma de decisiones, anticipación de cambios futuros y proyección de estrategias sólidas a largo plazo. gestionar desafíos inminentes. Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre los avances en el desarrollo y la integración de análisis espaciales, datos geoespaciales y modelos de simulación en el campo de los sistemas agrícolas, destacando y ejemplificando diferentes técnicas de modelado y tecnologías geoespaciales en apoyo de las necesidades de investigación actuales y futuras. futuras embargo agrícolas tiempo décadas ejemplo climático yo o tierra eficiencia equidad vez decisiones plazo inminentes espaciales

Abstract At the center of global initiatives, various approaches are being discussed and realigned to achieve global objectives for production and food security for the present and future generations. However, agricultural systems, which are the main biogeophysical source for ensuring nutritional benefits and global food security, undergo changes over time. In the coming decades, these systems will face complex challenges, for example, associated with changes in food consumption patterns, climate change, land abandonment and/or intensification of land use. The ability of these systems to support global food security will be determined by their efficiency, sustainability, and equity. The integration of geospatial approaches to geographical research offers a practical opportunity to model agricultural systems, which, in turn, can contribute to obtain new data that assist in decision-making processes, anticipating future changes, and projecting long-term robust strategies to manage imminent challenges. This article presents a reflection on the development and integration of spatial analysis, geospatial data, and simulation models in the field of agricultural systems, highlighting and exemplifying different modeling techniques and geospatial technologies to support current and future research needs. initiatives generations However time decades challenges example patterns change andor or use efficiency sustainability equity turn decisionmaking decision making processes longterm long term analysis needs

Resumo No centro das iniciativas globais, várias abordagens estão a ser discutidas e reorientadas para alcançar os objetivos globais de produção e segurança alimentar para as gerações presentes e futuras. No entanto, os sistemas agrícolas, que são a principal fonte biogeofísica para garantir os benefícios nutricionais e a segurança alimentar global, têm sofrido alterações ao longo do tempo. Nas próximas décadas, estes sistemas enfrentarão desafios complexos associados, por exemplo, à mudança no padrão de consumo alimentar, às alterações climáticas, ao abandono e/ou a intensificação do uso dos solos. A capacidade destes no apoio à segurança alimentar global será determinada pela sua eficiência, sustentabilidade e equidade. Com a integração de abordagens geoespaciais da investigação geográfica existe uma oportunidade prática para modelar os sistemas agrícolas, o que por sua vez, poderá contribuir para obter novos dados que auxiliem nos processos de tomada de decisão, antecipação de mudanças futuras e projeção de estratégias robustas a longo prazo para gerir os desafios iminentes. Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão dos avanços no desenvolvimento e integração de análises espaciais, dados geoespaciais e modelos de simulação no campo dos sistemas agrícolas, destacando e exemplificando diferentes técnicas de modelação e tecnologias geoespaciais no apoio às necessidades de investigação atuais e futuras. entanto agrícolas tempo décadas associados exemplo climáticas eou ou solos eficiência equidade vez decisão iminentes espaciais

Resumen La arquitectura vernácula de Chuquiribamba responde a las condiciones climáticas del lugar, ligada al uso de tierra transformado en adobe, tapial y bahareque, en donde destaca la práctica y transmisión de saberes ancestrales constructivos que han pasado de generación en generación. Como resultado, la parroquia presenta una arquitectura sencilla que a la vez se integra al paisaje natural, siendo este uno de los aspectos considerados para que el sitio sea declarado como Patrimonio Nacional del Ecuador. Pese a ello, se sigue dejando de lado, este tipo de construcción para optar por nuevas edificaciones con otros materiales desconociendo los beneficios térmicos que pueden presentar. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar aspectos bioclimáticos usados intuitivamente en cuatro tipologías de vivienda en un sitio de clima frío- templado a través del análisis de sus condiciones de diseño y de su ubicación respecto a aspectos ambientales, que son correlacionados con la aplicación de softwares de simulación térmica, que permitan reconocer los beneficios del uso del material.

Abstract The vernacular architecture of Chuquiribamba responds to the climatic conditions of the place, linked to the use of earth transformed into adobe, mud and wattle and daub, where the practice and transmission of ancestral constructive knowledge that has passed from generation to generation stands out. As a result, the parish presents a simple architecture that at the same time is integrated to the natural landscape, being this one of the aspects considered for the site to be declared as National Patrimony of Ecuador. In spite of this, this type of construction continues to be left aside in favor of new buildings with other materials, ignoring the thermal benefits they can provide. The objective of this study was to evaluate bioclimatic aspects used intuitively in four housing typologies in a cold-temperate climate site through the analysis of their design conditions and their location with respect to environmental aspects, which are correlated with the application of thermal simulation software, allowing to recognize the benefits of the use of the material.

Resumo A arquitetura vernácula de Chuquiribamba responde às condições climáticas do lugar, ligadas ao uso da terra transformada em adobe, taipa e pau a pique, onde se destaca a prática e a transmissão de conhecimentos ancestrais de construção que foram passando de geração em geração. Como resultado, a paróquia tem uma arquitetura simples que, ao mesmo tempo, se integra na paisagem natural, sendo este um dos aspectos considerados para que o local seja declarado Património Nacional do Equador. Apesar disso, este tipo de construção continua a ser deixado de lado em favor de novos edifícios com outros materiais, ignorando os benefícios térmicos que podem oferecer. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos bioclimáticos utilizados intuitivamente em quatro tipologias de habitação num local de clima frio-temperado, através da análise das suas condições de conceção e da sua localização em relação aos aspectos ambientais, que são correlacionados com a aplicação de software de simulação térmica, permitindo reconhecer os benefícios da utilização do material.