Abstract Thermal resilience refers to a building’s capacity to adapt to extreme thermal variations, maintaining a healthy environment for its occupants. This study aims to assess the thermal resilience of a naturally ventilated low-income residential building in overheating conditions within a region of savannah tropical climate. Various indices, including adaptive thermal comfort, Indoor Overheating Degree (IOD) and Exceedance Hours (HE), Heat Index (HI), and Standard Effective Temperature (SET) were calculated in current and climate change scenarios using two models, a standard building (HISp) and a building that incorporates passive bioclimatic strategies (HISe).It was demonstrated that thermal insulation and low absorption strategies significantly contribute to indoor environmental quality, reducing the risk of overheating exposure in all evaluated scenarios. Despite reducing discomfort hours and critical thermal stress levels, the idealized strategies do not provide adequate habitability conditions for the occupants. Overheating will become even more severe in projected future scenarios. Among the two dwellings, HISe demonstrates a superior potential to mitigate the risk of overheating compared to HISp in all the scenarios evaluated. buildings s variations occupants lowincome income indices comfort IOD (IOD HE, HE , (HE) HI, HI (HI) SET (SET models (HISp HISe.It HISeIt .It It quality levels dwellings (HE (HI

Resumo A resiliência térmica se refere à capacidade de um edifício de se adaptar às variações térmicas extremas, mantendo um ambiente saudável para seus ocupantes. Este estudo visa avaliar a resiliência térmica de uma edificação residencial de baixa renda, naturalmente ventilada, em situação de sobreaquecimento, localizada em região climática tropical de savana. Vários índices, incluindo conforto térmico adaptativo, Grau de Sobreaquecimento Interior (IOD) e Horas Excedentes (HE), Índice de Calor (HI) e Temperatura Efetiva Padrão (SET) foram calculados, no presente e cenários futuros de mudança climática, utilizando-se dois modelos, uma edificação padrão (HISp) e uma edificação que incorpora estratégias bioclimáticas passivas (HISe). Evidenciou-se que as estratégias de isolamento térmico e baixa absorção contribuíram significativamente para a qualidade ambiental interior, reduzindo os riscos de exposição ao sobreaquecimento. Apesar de reduzir as horas de desconforto e os níveis mais críticos de estresse térmico, as estratégias idealizadas não promovem condições adequadas de habitabilidade aos seus ocupantes. O sobrequecimento se tornará ainda mais severo nos cenários futuros projetados. Entre as habitações, a HISe demonstra um potencial superior ao da HISp para mitigar o risco de sobreaquecimento em todos os cenários avaliados. extremas ocupantes renda ventilada savana índices adaptativo IOD (IOD HE, HE , (HE) HI (HI SET (SET calculados utilizandose utilizando modelos (HISp HISe. . (HISe) Evidenciouse Evidenciou interior projetados habitações avaliados (HE (HISe

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract Climate change crisis is a global concern for the humanity and for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). One of the solutions proposed is family planning which plays a dual role. Firstly, family planning must ensure gender equality (SDG 5) and good health (SDG 3) that “strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries” (SDG 13.1). Secondly, it would make it possible to contribute to the reduction in population growth, which will turn lead to a reduction in the levels of greenhouse gas emissions. This article analyzes this dual role to determine whether family planning could be an ethical solution for climate change and for contributing to sustainable development for a better future of humanity.

Resumen La crisis del cambio climático es una preocupación mundial para la humanidad y para la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Una de las soluciones propuestas es la planificación familiar, que desempeña un doble papel. En primer lugar, la planificación familiar debe garantizar la igualdad de género (ODS 5) y una buena salud (ODS 3) que “refuerce la resiliencia y la capacidad de adaptación a los riesgos relacionados con el clima y los desastres naturales en todos los países” (ODS 13.1). En segundo lugar, permitiría contribuir a la reducción del crecimiento demográfico, lo que a su vez conllevaría una reducción de los niveles de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Este artículo analiza esta doble función para determinar si la planificación familiar podría ser una solución ética para el cambio climático y para contribuir al desarrollo sostenible para un futuro mejor de la humanidad.

Climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) agendas converge in their priorities to reduce social vulnerability and enhance resilience in the face of climate change. However, they are often treated separately in practice and in local government plans. In South Africa, while municipalities are legally mandated to develop Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and Disaster Management Plans (DMPs), this is not the case for CCA. In this study, we assessed the engagement with, and linkages between, CCA and DRR in 20 local municipalities from contrasting socio-economic contexts in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa by conducting an analysis of their IDPs, DMPs and any plans or strategies pertaining to CCA. Our results show that none of the municipalities had separate CCA strategies, with only two municipalities complying with the mandate to have DMPs. While municipalities mostly included CCA- and DRR-related activities in their IDPs, there were no explicit linkages made between the two approaches. Apparent was the prioritisation of bolstering infrastructure with little attention towards addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. Overall, little has been done to prioritise or link CCA and DRR at the local government level, especially in the context of addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. These findings suggest the need for South Africa to implement and promulgate legal instruments, policies and resources to capacitate local municipalities in mainstreaming and integrating CCA and DRR. SIGNIFICANCE: • This study highlights that, while CCA and DRR converge in theoretical frameworks and international and national policies, little has been done to link the two at the local government level in South Africa. • Overall, findings indicate that social vulnerability reduction and resilience building are still not recognised as important aspects of CCA and DRR. • Local municipalities prioritise technical solutions and infrastructure maintenance, with little attention to development and structural causes of vulnerability. • Support, in terms of resources, is needed to capacitate local municipalities in (1) linking CCA and DRR and (2) reducing social vulnerability and building resilience.

Abstract Much is discussed about the climatic changes associated with regional or global atmospheric phenomena. Empiric evidence, however, only sometimes supports such claims even though it is necessary to visualize the strength of their effects and their relevance for the management and conservation agendas of those biosystems supporting the modern lifestyle. This work conducted a time series analysis with monthly precipitation data from the Monte Alto Protected Zone in Hojancha, Costa Rica, between May 2013 and November 2022. A disruption in the temporal pattern was detected in the rainy season of 2017, and it took about two years to return to the state observed back in 2013. Such disruption was linked to a cold period of the ENSO phenomenon, colloquially known as “La Niña”, and followed by a second disruption with an effect lasting until this moment. The data presented herein suggests that ENSO directly affects the precipitation pattern in the Monte Alto Reserve, whose original conservation purpose was to provide drinking water to local populations. The oscillations in the hydrological cycle, apparently more frequent in the last years based on the local context of this analysis, influence the quality of life of the affected populations and deserve monitoring for proper documentation and quantification intended to increase human resilience by means of adaptation.

Resumen Mucho se habla de los cambios climáticos producto de fenómenos atmosféricos de orden regional y global; sin embargo, no siempre se cuenta con evidencia relacionada a ellos. Esta comprobación científica es necesaria para visualizar la dimensión de su efecto y para sentar las bases de manejo y conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos que sustentan el estilo de vida moderno. En este trabajo, se ha hecho un análisis de series de tiempo del registro mensual de precipitación de la Zona Protectora Monte Alto en Hojancha, Costa Rica, para el periodo entre mayo 2013 y noviembre 2022. Se ha descubierto que una disrupción del patrón temporal de precipitación durante la temporada lluviosa del año 2017 tomó alrededor de dos años para regresar a lo observado en el año 2013. Tal disrupción estuvo directamente vinculada con un periodo frío del fenómeno ENSO, conocido coloquialmente como “La Niña” y fue seguida por otra disrupción similar, cuyo efecto continuó hasta finales del 2022. Los datos acá presentados sugieren que el fenómeno ENSO tiene un efecto directo sobre la precipitación de la Zona Protectora Monte Alto, cuya función original en el contexto local es la de proveer agua potable a las comunidades aledañas. Las oscilaciones con variabilidad extrema en el ciclo hidrológico, aparentemente más frecuentes en los últimos años en el contexto local de este análisis, tienen un efecto real sobre la calidad de vida de las poblaciones afectadas y merecen seguir siendo documentadas y cuantificadas para incrementar la resiliencia por adaptación de las sociedades afectadas.

Abstract Under the turbulent environment of the 21st century, climate change emerges as a menacing and urgent crisis, especially in urban poverty-stricken areas, where its impacts are most acutely felt. Despite the importance of understanding public perceptions to foster effective climate change resilience, there still exists a notable gap in nuanced scholarship within the informal settlements of South Africa. This study employs a mixed-method approach to explore how cognitive, emotional, motivational and cultural factors affect these communities' resilience or vulnerability to climate-related hazards. The prevailing consensus in the literature suggests a general underestimation of climate change risks among residents. However, this paper contends that innovative, resource-constrained strategies observed in these communities suggest a significant degree of agency and preparedness to confront these challenges. This study sheds light on the interplay between individual actions, social networks, information channels, cultural practices, and power dynamics in shaping climate change perceptions. It recommends integrating local, costeffective adaptation measures into wider policy frameworks. In conclusion, the study emphasises the importance of educating informal settlement residents, harnessing community participation and utilising local adaptation knowledge and sustainable development techniques to forge a resilient and equitable future for the inhabitants of Buffalo City Municipality.

Resumo Num cenário marcado pela turbulência do século XXI, as alterações climáticas surgem como uma crise iminente e urgente, particularmente acentuada nas áreas urbanas afetadas pela pobreza, onde os seus impactos se manifestam de forma mais severa. Apesar da importância de compreender as perceções públicas para promover uma resiliência eficaz às alterações climáticas, há ainda uma lacuna considerável no que toca a investigação diferenciada nos aglomerados populacionais informais da África do Sul. Este estudo emprega uma abordagem de métodos mistos para explorar como os fatores cognitivos, emocionais, motivacionais e culturais influenciam a resiliência ou vulnerabilidade dessas comunidades aos riscos associados às alterações climáticas. O consenso predominante na literatura sugere uma tendência geral de subestimação dos riscos das alterações climáticas entre os residentes. No entanto, este artigo defende que as estratégias inovadoras e com recursos limitados observados nessas comunidades sugerem um grau significativo de capacidade de ação e preparação para enfrentar esses desafios. Este estudo revela a interação entre iniciativas individuais, redes sociais, canais de informação, práticas culturais e dinâmicas de poder na formação das perceções das alterações climáticas. É recomendada a integração de medidas de adaptação locais e económicas em enquadramentos políticos mais amplos. Em conclusão, o estudo sublinha a importância de educar os residentes de aglomerados populacionais informais, de promover a participação da comunidade e de utilizar os conhecimentos locais de adaptação e as técnicas de desenvolvimento sustentável para construir um futuro resiliente e equitativo para os habitantes do município de Buffalo City.

Abstract The Cluster WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) is one of the cornerstones of humanitarian action, and a key element for the promotion of health worldwide. The recent years demonstrated the pressure on this humanitarian cluster, as a result of climate change. At the same time, it is also clear that WASH actions have a potential to foster health promotion, preparedness, and resilience among communities affected by humanitarian crisis related to climate hazards. This aspect is visible in both the existing literature of the major international organisations and NGOs networks acting in this field. It is also visible in the best practices promoted in two countries looked at in the paper: Bangladesh and the United States. This comparative analysis allows us to extract conclusions that may be replicable in other national or local contexts. It contributes to a better comprehension of the links between the humanitarian indicators and actions, and the imperative of a work with communities in order to improve even more the preparedness of the health impact of climate change.

Resumo Os sistemas de água doce fornecem uma vasta gama de recursos e serviços que são frequentemente vulneráveis às alterações climáticas e outras pressões humanas que afectam milhões de pessoas que ali vivem. A implementação de um plano de gestão para a segurança hídrica numa comunidade rural no Estado de Guerrero, México; contribuiu para o aumento da segurança hídrica sob uma abordagem de Quadro Lógico com a sua variante de objectivos aninhados em matrizes em cascata. Onde foram desenvolvidas oficinas e reuniões para trabalhar atividades comunitárias, fortalecendo a organização, a participação e o cuidado com o meio ambiente. Esta abordagem proporcionou uma forma rápida e participativa de escolher opções, tendo em conta múltiplos impactos, setores, dimensões de resiliência e perspetivas das partes interessadas. As medidas indicadas nos projectos giram em torno do aumento do capital humano e social (organização, formação e participação comunitária) para que se espere que a sua implementação contribua para a melhoria da governação da água.

Abstract Freshwater systems provide a wide range of resources and services that are often vulnerable to climate change and other human pressures that affect millions of people who live there. The implementation of a management plan for water security in a rural community in the State of Guerrero, Mexico; contributed to the increase in water security under a Logical Framework approach with its variant of objectives nested in cascading matrices. Where workshops and meetings were developed to work on communal activities, strengthening organization, participation and care of the environment. This approach provided a rapid and participatory way to choose options, taking into account multiple impacts, sectors, dimensions of resilience and stakeholder perspectives. The measures indicated in the projects revolve around increasing human and social capital (organization, training and community participation) so that their implementation is expected to contribute to the improvement of water governance.

Resumen Los sistemas de agua dulce proporcionan una amplia gama de recursos y servicios que a menudo son vulnerables al cambio climático y otras presiones humanas que afectan a millones de personas que viven allí. En tal sentido, la implementación de un plan de manejo para la seguridad hídrica en una comunidad rural del estado de Guerrero, México, contribuyó al incremento de la seguridad hídrica bajo un enfoque de marcó lógico con su variante de objetivos anidados en matrices en cascada. Para ello, se desarrollaron talleres y reuniones con el propósito de trabajar en las actividades comunales y fortalecer la organización, participación y cuidado del medio ambiente. Este enfoque proporcionó una forma rápida y participativa de elegir opciones, pues se tomaron en cuenta múltiples impactos, sectores, dimensiones de la resiliencia y perspectivas de las partes interesadas. Las medidas señaladas en los proyectos giran en torno a incrementar el capital humano y social (organización, capacitación y participación comunitaria), por lo que se espera que su implementación contribuya a la mejora de la gobernanza del agua.

ABSTRACT The aviation sector has a vital significance for the socio-economic development of nations. It is in constant expansion and is not immune to the climate change impacts. For this reason, it is necessary the application of measures that contribute to its resilience. In this paper was analyzed the established list proposed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in order for airports to face the climate threats such as the changing conditions, the sea-level rise and desertification; explaining how each one of them might affect the aviation sector using instances of previous damages occurred in Cuban airports. From the trends and projections analysis of the Cuban climate and the study of foreign airports experiences, were proposed adaptation and mitigation measures following the ICAO recommendations, using the José Martí International Airport as an example. The results of this paper will help to implement climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in this important sector.

RESUMEN El sector aeroportuario es de importancia vital para el desarrollo socioeconómico de los países. El mismo se encuentra en constante expansión y no está exento de los impactos del cambio climático, por lo que se hace necesario la aplicación de medidas que contribuyan a su resiliencia. En este trabajo se analizó la lista establecida por la Organización de la Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI) para la planificación de los aeropuertos en el enfrentamiento a amenazas climáticas tales como cambio en las condiciones, aumento del nivel del mar y desertificación, explicando cómo cada uno estas pueden impactar al sector aeroportuario y ejemplificando con afectaciones ocurridas anteriormente en aeropuertos cubanos. A partir del análisis de las tendencias y proyecciones del clima en Cuba, se realizaron propuestas de adaptación y mitigación siguiendo las recomendaciones de la OACI y otras estrategias aplicadas en otros aeropuertos del mundo. Para ello se utilizó como ejemplo el Aeropuerto Internacional “José Martí” de La Habana, Cuba. Los resultados de este trabajo ayudarán a la implantación de medidas que permitan la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático en este importante sector económico.

Resumo As florestas tropicais secas da Nicarágua, localizadas principalmente nas áreas do Pacífico e Centro-Norte, desempenham um papel essencial na manutenção dos recursos naturais como a água e a biodiversidade, agora pressionados pelas mudanças no uso da terra e pelas mudanças climáticas. Esses recursos são essenciais para o bem-estar da população, pois os principais aquíferos do país estão localizados nesta área, juntamente com os serviços ecossistêmicos deste ecossistema florestal agora fortemente fragmentado. A influência contínua das mudanças climáticas, juntamente com as mudanças no uso da terra, causou o crescimento de zonas áridas em toda a América Central. Essas mudanças contínuas no uso da terra estão diminuindo a resiliência às mudanças climáticas presentes e futuras.. São mencionados esforços individuais para uma gestão florestal sustentável, mas, no entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de introduzir uma gestão florestal e de bacias hidrográficas mais ampla e intensiva no âmbito de uma estratégia bem planejada baseada nos resultados da investigação científica. Será sublinhada a importância da inter-relação entre a água e as florestas na gestão de ecossisstemas florestais sustentáveis. Nicarágua CentroNorte, CentroNorte Centro Norte, Norte Centro-Norte biodiversidade bemestar estar população área fragmentado Central futuras futuras. sustentável mas entanto científica interrelação inter relação sustentáveis

Abstract The Tropical Dry Forests of Nicaragua located mainly in the Pacific and Central-North zones play an essential role in maintaining resources such as water and the special biodiversity of this vulnerable ecosystem now under pressure from land-use changes and climate change These resources are essential to the well-being of the population as the main aquifers of the country are located in this area along with ecosystem services of this now heavily fragmented forest ecosystem. The ongoing influence of climate change along with land-use changes have caused the growth of arid zones in all of Central America. These on-going land use changes are lowering the resilience to the present and future climate change. Individual efforts to sustainable management of the forests are mentioned but it is nonetheless urgent to introduce wider and more intensive sustainable forestry and watershed management under a well-planned strategy based on findings of scientific research. The importance of the interrelationship between water and forests in the management of sustainable forest ecosystems will be stressed. CentralNorth North landuse wellbeing well being America going wellplanned planned research stressed

ABSTRACT Fruit growing, especially in family farming, has a significant income potential in small areas, but climate change is a major challenge. This study aimed to quantify the irrigation requirements for citrus, papaya, mango and passion fruit, in the Vão do Paranã region, Goiás state, Brazil. The climate data encompassed the observed periods from 1961 to 2020 and future scenarios from 2021 to 2100. The irrigation demand was obtained from the daily water balance, while the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated using the Penman-Monteith method and then compared with an artificial intelligence tool. The future scenarios indicated a higher increase for air temperature and a lower increase for rainfall. The ETo levels raised from 1,528 mm year1, in 1991-2020, to 1,614-1,656 mm year1, in 2021-2050. The artificial intelligence performance was limited in the ETo estimation, with a mean absolute error of 0.71 mm day−1 and an “r” value of 0.59, when considering the air temperature as the input variable. For the 2021-2050 period, when compared with 1991-2020, there was an increase in irrigation demand, in which, under the extreme scenario, the citrus demand reached 690 mm year−1 (+11 %); papaya (+10 %) and passion fruit (+5 %) surpassed 800 mm year−1; and mango reached 491 mm year−1 (+14 %). An increase in demand for irrigation was observed, with management alternatives in association with strategies for maximum cultivation area based on water supply being recommended. growing farming areas challenge region state Brazil 196 202 2100 balance (ETo PenmanMonteith Penman Monteith tool rainfall 1528 1 528 1,52 year1 year 19912020, 19912020 1991 2020, 1991-2020 1,6141,656 16141656 1,614 1,656 614 656 1,614-1,65 20212050. 20212050 2050. 2050 estimation 071 0 71 0.7 day1 day day− r “r 059 59 0.59 variable 2021-205 period which scenario 69 year− +11 11 (+1 % +10 10 +5 5 (+ 80 49 +14 14 %. . recommended 19 20 210 152 52 1,5 1991202 199 1991-202 6141 1,6141,65 1614165 1614 1,61 1656 1,65 61 65 1,614-1,6 2021205 205 07 7 0. 05 0.5 2021-20 6 +1 + ( 8 4 2 21 15 1, 199120 1991-20 1,6141,6 161416 161 1,6 165 1,614-1, 202120 2021-2 19912 1991-2 1,6141, 16141 16 1,614-1 20212 2021- 1991- 1,6141 1,614-

RESUMO A fruticultura, especialmente na agricultura familiar, possui grande potencial de renda em pequenas áreas, mas as mudanças climáticas são um grande desafio. Objetivou-se quantificar a demanda de irrigação para citros, mamão, manga e maracujá, na região do Vão do Paranã, Goiás. Os dados climáticos compreenderam os períodos observados de 1961 a 2020 e cenários futuros de 2021 a 2100. A demanda por irrigação foi obtida com base no balanço hídrico diário, enquanto a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método de Penman-Monteith e então comparada com uma ferramenta de inteligência artificial. Os cenários futuros indicaram aumento da temperatura do ar, em maior intensidade, e de chuvas, em menor intensidade. A ETo passou de 1.528 mm ano−1, em 1991-2020, para 1.614-1.656 mm ano−1, em 2021-2050. O desempenho da inteligência artificial na estimativa da ETo foi limitado, com erro médio absoluto de 0,71 mm dia−1 e r de 0,59, quando considerada a temperatura do ar como dado de entrada. Para o período de 2021-2050, em relação a 1991-2020, houve aumento na demanda por irrigação, em que, no cenário extremo, os citros atingiram 690 mm ano−1 (+11 %%); mamão (+10 %%) e maracujá (+5 °%) ultrapassaram 800 mm ano−1; e a manga chegou a 491 mm ano−1 (+14 %). Observou-se aumento na demanda por irrigação, sendo recomendadas alternativas de manejo associadas a estratégias de área máxima de cultivo com base na oferta de água. fruticultura familiar áreas desafio Objetivouse Objetivou se Paranã Goiás 196 202 2100 diário (ETo PenmanMonteith Penman Monteith intensidade chuvas 1528 1 528 1.52 ano1 ano 19912020, 19912020 1991 2020, 1991-2020 1.6141.656 16141656 1.614 1.656 614 656 1.614-1.65 20212050. 20212050 2050. 2050 2021-2050 limitado 071 0 71 0,7 dia1 dia dia− 059 59 0,59 entrada 20212050, 2050, que extremo 69 ano− +11 11 (+1 %% +10 10 +5 5 (+ °% 80 49 +14 14 %. % . %) Observouse Observou água 19 20 210 152 52 1.5 1991202 199 1991-202 6141 1.6141.65 1614165 1614 1.61 1656 1.65 61 65 1.614-1.6 2021205 205 2021-205 07 7 0, 05 0,5 6 +1 + ( ° 8 4 2 21 15 1. 199120 1991-20 1.6141.6 161416 161 1.6 165 1.614-1. 202120 2021-20 19912 1991-2 1.6141. 16141 16 1.614-1 20212 2021-2 1991- 1.6141 1.614- 2021-

Resumo Este artigo examina alguns dos pressupostos políticos-legais e de ação tanto internacionais como comunitários europeus (UE) para um novo paradigma socioeconômico sustentável que supere, por meio de uma transição justa, a tensão entre os efeitos das mudanças climáticas e a erradicação definitiva da pobreza. O objetivo é demonstrar que uma reformulação sustentável da economia deve estar associada a uma transição justa desde uma abordagem holística que trate das diversas variáveis que convergem para o impacto negativo que as mudanças climáticas têm sobre a perpetuação da pobreza. Para tal propósito, utiliza-se o conceito de pobreza multidimensional, ou seja, além da privação de renda, o qual permite ponderar tanto os efeitos das mudanças climáticas como a idoneidade do Acordo de Paris (mitigação, adaptação e resiliência) para enfrentar os desafios do binômio mudança climática/pobreza. Por meio do enfoque dedutivo, conclui-se que as medidas de transição justa devem responder a uma abordagem mais integrada e interativa das normas jurídicas internacionais, especialmente aquelas relativas aos direitos humanos, as quais obrigam os Estados a erradicar a pobreza causada pelas mudanças climáticas. políticoslegais políticos legais UE (UE supere propósito utilizase utiliza se multidimensional seja renda mitigação, mitigação (mitigação resiliência climáticapobreza climática climática/pobreza dedutivo concluise conclui humanos

Resumen El texto estudia algunos de los presupuestos político-jurídicos y de acción tanto internacionales como comunitarios europeos (UE) de un nuevo paradigma socioeconómico sostenible para superar, a través de una transición justa, la tensión entre los efectos del cambio climático y la erradicación definitiva de la pobreza. El objetivo es demostrar que el replanteamiento sostenible de la economía debe asociarse a una transición justa desde una aproximación más holística con la que abordar las diversas variables que confluyen en el impacto negativo que tiene el cambio climático sobre la perpetuación de la pobreza. Con este fin, se maneja el concepto de pobreza multidimensional, es decir, más allá de la privación de ingresos, que permite ponderar tanto los efectos del cambio climático sobre la pobreza como la idoneidad del Acuerdo de París (mitigación, adaptación y resiliencia) para hacer frente a los retos del binomio cambio climático/pobreza. Por medio del abordaje deductivo, se concluye que las medidas para la transición justa deben responder a una aproximación más integrada e interactiva de las normas jurídicas internacionales, especialmente en lo que concierne a las relativas a los derechos humanos, que confluyen en obligar a los estados a erradicar la pobreza a causa del cambio climático. políticojurídicos político jurídicos UE (UE superar fin multidimensional decir ingresos mitigación, mitigación (mitigación resiliencia climáticopobreza climático/pobreza deductivo humanos

Abstract This article examines some of the international and European Union (EU) political, legal, and policy assumptions for a new sustainable socio-economic paradigm to overcome, with a just transition, the tension between the effects of climate change and the ultimate eradication of poverty. The aim is to show that a sustainable rethinking of the economy must be linked to a just transition based on a more holistic approach to addressing the many variables that converge on the negative impact of climate change on the perpetuation of poverty. To this end, the concept of multidimensional poverty, i.e., going beyond income deprivation, is used to weigh both the impact of climate change on poverty and the adequacy of the Paris Agreement (mitigation, adaptation, and resilience) to address the challenges of the climate change/poverty nexus. Using a deductive approach, it concludes that just transition policies must respond to a more integrated and interactive approach to international legal norms, in particular those related to human rights, which converge to oblige states to eradicate poverty caused by climate change. EU (EU political socioeconomic socio economic overcome end ie i e i.e. deprivation mitigation, mitigation (mitigation adaptation resilience changepoverty nexus norms rights i.e

ABSTRACT Functional traits, short life cycles, and the pivotal role in the ocean make copepod diversity a solid foundation for assessing the effect of global changes in marine food webs and ecosystem functioning. Climate change and extreme events, particularly El Niño, can affect coastal ecosystems. The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve (MPA), located in highly productive coastal waters of the Southern Brazilian Bight, presents complex climate and oceanographic conditions. This study investigates the influence of oceanographic processes and El Niño 2015-2016 on the copepod functional diversity from 2014 to 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA. Horizontal tows were performed using a WP2 net with a mesh size of 200 µm. The 41 species accounted for 19 functional entities and four functional groups. Our findings reveal that the seasonal intrusion of water masses influenced copepod functional diversity. During summer, the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water increased nutrient availability and favored large herbivore-omnivores and carnivores. The Plata Plume Water enrichment during winter coincided with a decline in functional richness and abundance, leading to the predominance of the Oithona nana, a small-sized omnivore. Compensatory mechanisms were observed as functional equivalence and species composition shifts. Acartia lilljeborgii and Temora turbinata exhibited functional equivalence and compensated for each other in response to salinity changes associated with upwelling and El Niño. The copepod assemblage demonstrated the ability to maintain functional diversity despite changes in copepod abundance. However, the decline in functional diversity and abundance during the intense winter indicated potential disruption in trophic dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Maintaining balance and compensating for disturbances such as El Niño is crucial for marine food web resilience. The functional trait approach provided a comprehensive understanding of the copepod assemblage in Arvoredo MPA, contributing to a broader knowledge of the impact of oceanographic processes intensification. Monitoring functional diversity and abundance is crucial for evaluating the effects of copepod assemblage changes in ecosystem functionings. traits cycles functioning events ecosystems MPA , (MPA) Bight conditions 20152016 2015 2015-201 201 WP 20 µm 4 1 groups summer herbivoreomnivores herbivore omnivores carnivores nana smallsized small sized omnivore shifts However resilience intensification functionings (MPA 2015201 2015-20 2 201520 2015-2 20152 2015-

ABSTRACT By 2050, most of the population in Mexico will be between 44 and 50 years old. By 2100, the population is expected to decrease to 116 million, 9% less than in 2020. Mexico recently ratified its commitment to face the planetary climate crisis by updating its nationally determined contribution, increasing its goal of reducing greenhouse gases from 22% to 35% by 2030. The main goal of this article is to estimate carbon emissions in 2018 (pre-pandemic conditions) of selected mitigation components and compare them with estimated values for 2030, considering the population variation under a business-as-usual scenario. If growth takes place at an exponentially compounded rate, this projection exercise shows that by 2030, the transport sector (private and public) could reduce its CO2 emissions by 21%, the residential sector will increase its CO2 emissions by 4.1%, and the municipal waste sector would increase its methane emissions by 10%. It is advisable to quantify the differentiated impact of climate change on the lives of diverse population groups, and after evaluating the effectiveness of solutions that reduce the exposure of these groups to climate change, to enhance their role as agents of climate action in terms of decarbonization and/or resilience to its effects.

RESUMEN En 2050 la mayor parte de la población en México tendrá entre 44 y 50 años de edad. Se espera que para 2100 la población disminuya a 116 millones, 9% menos que en 2020. Recientemente, México ratificó su compromiso para enfrentar la crisis climática planetaria al actualizar su contribución nacional determinada, aumentando su meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de 22 a 35% para 2030. El principal objetivo de este artículo es estimar las emisiones de carbono en 2018 (condiciones previas a la pandemia) de componentes de mitigación seleccionados y compararlos con los valores estimados para 2030, considerando la variación de la población en un escenario tendencial. Si el crecimiento se da a una tasa compuesta exponencialmente, este ejercicio de proyección indica que para el 2030 el sector transporte (público y privado) podría reducir sus emisiones de CO2 en 21%, el sector residencial aumentaría sus emisiones de CO2 en 4.1%, y el sector de residuos municipales aumentaría sus emisiones de metano en un 10%. Es recomendable cuantificar el impacto diferenciado del cambio climático en la vida de diversos grupos de población y posteriormente evaluar la efectividad de soluciones que reduzcan la exposición de estos grupos al cambio climático, potenciando su rol como agentes de acción climática en términos de descarbonización y/o resiliencia a sus efectos.

Abstract Objective: To reflect on the most relevant fundamentals to support strategic management of sustainable land management at landscape level, as well as integrated resource management, sustainable territorial development and food security. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was based on a literature review of concepts such as sustainable land management, landscape, sustainable development and its implications in mitigating and coping with climate change. Scientific papers related to the topic were consulted in Google Scholar and Researchgate and other generic forms of scientific literature. Results: Different conceptions of the need for sustainable land management to be extended to broader geographic spaces, in this case the landscape, were analyzed. The proven effectiveness of management techniques to ensure the resilience of agroecosystems is well known. However, these areas are very small compared with the magnitude of environmental problems. Achieving the scaling up of sustainable land management to the landscape constitutes a challenge that can generate environmental, economic and social benefits. Conclusions: In this context of climate change it is necessary to achieve the implementation of sustainable land management at landscape scale because of the multiple benefits that it implies in different orders, both natural and economic, which is translated into the improvement of the living conditions of communities and their food sovereignty.

Resumen Objetivo: Reflexionar acerca de los fundamentos más relevantes para el apoyo de la gestión estratégica del manejo sostenible de tierras a nivel de paisajes, así como la gestión integrada de recursos, el desarrollo territorial sostenible y la seguridad alimentaria. Materiales y Métodos Este estudio, de tipo descriptivo, se basó en la revisión bibliográfica de conceptos como el manejo sostenible de tierras, el paisaje, el desarrollo sostenible y sus implicaciones en la mitigación y enfrentamiento al cambio climático. Se consultaron artículos científicos relacionados con el tema en Google Académico y Researchgate y otras formas genéricas de literatura científica. Resultados: Se analizaron distintas concepciones que se presentan en torno a la necesidad de que el manejo sostenible de tierras sea extendido a espacios geográficos más amplios, en este caso el paisaje. Se conoce la demostrada efectividad de las técnicas de manejo para asegurar la resiliencia de agroecosistemas. No obstante, estas áreas resultan muy pequeñas en comparación con la magnitud que alcanzan los problemas ambientales. Lograr el escalado del manejo sostenible de tierras al paisaje constituye un reto que puede generar beneficios ambientales, económicos y sociales. Conclusiones: En este contexto de cambio climático es necesario lograr la implementación del manejo sostenible de tierras a escala de paisaje por los múltiples beneficios que implica en diferentes órdenes, sea en lo natural como en lo económico, lo que se revierte en el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de las comunidades y su soberanía alimentaria.