ABSTRACT: This study identified and monitored the population fluctuations of insect vectors of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in experimental orchards in the North and Northwest Regions of the State of Paraná. The experiments were conducted in the cities of Londrina and Paranavaí at the Experimental Research Stations of the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brazil. The study period was from September 2019 to March 2021. In the experiments conducted in Londrina and in Paranavaí, yellow passion fruit plants were grown in trellis systems. Moericke traps were used to capture insects, and collections were performed weekly. Aphids were identified using a taxonomic identification key. The numbers of aphids present in each region were compared, and the populations were correlated with the climate and local precipitation. A total of 1522 and 1340 winged aphids were observed in the experiments in Londrina and Paranavaí, respectively. In Londrina, moderate positive correlations were observed between the number of insects and the maximum and average temperatures, while negative correlations were observed between the number of insects and the minimum temperature and precipitation. In contrast, in Paranavaí, the correlation between aphids and abiotic factors was negative, where maximum temperature was strongly correlated. In both regions, the following seven species of aphid vectors of CABMV were detected: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Uroleucon ambrosiae. The population fluctuations of these species were influenced by variations in temperature and precipitation. ABSTRACT aphidborne borne (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brazil 201 2021 systems weekly key compared precipitation 152 134 respectively temperatures contrast regions detected fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 15 13 2 1

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e monitorar as flutuações populacionais de insetos vetores do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) em pomares experimentais nas Regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Paraná. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas cidades de Londrina e Paranavaí nas Estações de Pesquisa Experimental do Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brasil. O período de estudo foi de setembro de 2019 a março de 2021. Nos experimentos realizados em Londrina e em Paranavaí, plantas de maracujá amarelo foram cultivadas em sistema de latada. Foram utilizadas armadilhas Moericke para captura dos insetos e as coletas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os pulgões foram identificados por meio de uma chave de identificação taxonômica. Os números de pulgões presentes em cada região foram comparados e as populações correlacionadas com o clima e a precipitação local. Foram observados 1.522 e 1.340 pulgões alados nos experimentos de Londrina e Paranavaí, respectivamente. Em Londrina, foram observadas correlações positivas moderadas entre o número de insetos e as temperaturas máxima e média, enquanto correlações negativas foram observadas entre o número de insetos e a temperatura mínima e precipitação. Em contrapartida, em Paranavaí, a correlação entre pulgões e fatores abióticos foi negativa, onde a temperatura máxima estava fortemente correlacionada. Em ambas as regiões foram detectadas as seguintes sete espécies de pulgões vetores do CABMV: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Uroleucon ambrosiae. As flutuações populacionais dessas espécies foram influenciadas pelas variações de temperatura e precipitação. RESUMO aphidborne aphid borne CABMV (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brasil 201 2021 latada semanalmente taxonômica local 1522 1 522 1.52 1340 340 1.34 respectivamente média contrapartida negativa correlacionada fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 152 52 1.5 134 34 1.3 2 15 5 1. 13 3

RESUMO O balanço hídrico é uma ferramenta com diversas aplicações na agricultura, incluindo a avaliação da adequação de um ambiente para o cultivo de uma determinada cultura, através da compreensão de como os recursos hídricos operam no sistema. Esta informação é vital para determinar se a água disponível satisfaz a necessidade da cultura. Assim, objetivou-se calcular o balanço hídrico em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo para o cultivo de Coffea canephora no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, utilizando uma série histórica de 36 anos para avaliar o potencial e as restrições da cultura de acordo com a água disponível. Os resultados mostraram que, de forma geral, o cultivo de Coffea canephora é adequado para a região de estudo. Os períodos de déficit hídrico e de excesso de água são bem definidos, ocorrendo de abril a agosto e de setembro a março, respectivamente. Verificou-se que apenas a fase de floração do cafeeiro coincide com o período de déficit hídrico na região, exigindo assim irrigação para evitar comprometer essa etapa do desenvolvimento do fruto. Em relação ao Indice de Satisfação da Necessidade de Água (ISNA), observou-se que, quando calculado em uma escala mensal, indica baixo risco climático para o cultivo de Coffea canephora na região. No entanto, quando calculado em uma escala diária, o ISNA indica risco climático médio a alto para o cultivo durante vários períodos. O ISNA mostrou ser uma ferramenta adequada para a tomada de decisão quanto à adoção de técnicas de irrigação. agricultura sistema Assim objetivouse objetivou VermelhoAmarelo Vermelho Amarelo Sul Acre 3 geral estudo definidos março respectivamente Verificouse Verificou fruto ISNA, , (ISNA) observouse observou mensal entanto diária (ISNA

ABSTRACT Water balance is a tool that has various applications in agriculture, including assessing whether an environment is suitable for growing a specific crop by providing information on how water resources function in the system. This information is essential for determining whether the available water satisfies the crop’s demand. Thus, the objective of this work was to calculate the water balance of Typic Hapludults for growing coffee (Coffea canephora) crops in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil, using a 36-year historical series to assess the potential and limitation of the crop according to the water availability. The results showed that coffee crops are, in general, suitable for growing in the study region. Water deficit and water surplus periods are well-defined, from April to August and September to March, respectively. Flowering was the only stage of coffee crops that coincides with the water deficit period in the region; thus, irrigation is necessary to prevent compromising this stage and fruit development. The Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI), calculated on a monthly basis, indicates a low climate risk for coffee crops in the region. However, when calculated on a daily basis, the WRSI shows a medium to high climate risk for coffee crops in several periods. The WRSI proved to be an adequate tool for assisting in decision-making regarding the adoption of irrigation. agriculture system s demand Thus Coffea canephora Sul Acre Brazil 36year year 36 availability general region welldefined, welldefined well defined, defined well-defined March respectively thus development WRSI, , (WRSI) basis However decisionmaking decision making 3 (WRSI

ABSTRACT Desertification is the degradation process caused by climatic conditions and human activities that results in loss of soil productivity and decline in vegetation growth in the long term. Several indices related to vegetation, soil and climate are used to monitor desertification, but few studies explore qualitative and quantitative aspects of indices on desertification on spatial and hierarchical scale. This study aims to identify and measure indices related to increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales using multinomial logistic regression models. Images from TM, ETM+ and OLI sensor from 1997 to 2018 in the end of dry and rainy seasons were used to quantify NDVI, TGSI, albedo, temperature, aridity index, evapotranspiration and precipitation on global spatial scale (Irauçuba Centro Norte) and local spatial scale (Miraíma, Canindé, Irauçuba and Santa Quitéria). GISD was calculated by geometric mean of weighted indices and segmented into 8 classes of susceptibility to desertification (hierarchical scale). The results showed that the best models were obtained on local scale and for the end of the rainy season. Temperature proved to be the most important variable for increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales. Therefore, the increase in the risk of desertification in the studied areas is due to human activities of deforestation, overgrazing and fire. These factors contributed to reduction of vegetation cover and increase in temperature, changing the microclimatic, which led to decline in precipitation and worsening of desertification. term TM ETM 199 201 NDVI TGSI albedo temperature index Norte Miraíma, Miraíma (Miraíma Canindé Quitéria. Quitéria . Quitéria) scale) season Therefore deforestation fire microclimatic 19 20 1 2

The sixth IPCC report states that a proper conception of climate justice that can address the complexity of the phenomenon of anthropogenic climate change as a whole requires considering not only one but rather three dimensions of justice today: redistributive, procedural, and recognition dimensions. In this article, my focus is on exploring the latter dimension, drawing special attention to climate policies addressing cultural-identity issues. In the first section, I illustrate how climate policies can be connected to discriminatory practices against minority cultures and their identities. To do so, I take the struggles of Black movements against environmental racism and the struggles of Indigenous peoples against a colonialist cultural heritage as case studies. In the second section, I look into the most advanced normative model to address the dimension of recognition, its advantages, and how it addresses the so-called ‘institutionalization of cultural patterns’ in climate policies: the Nancy Fraser model. Finally, in the third section, I investigate an aspect that remains open. It concerns the matter of how to use institutional authority to ‘deinstitutionalize’ non-ecological cultural patterns, while respecting pluralism and avoiding falling into the risks of institutional paternalism. today redistributive procedural article culturalidentity identity issues section identities so studies advantages socalled called institutionalization patterns Finally open ‘deinstitutionalize deinstitutionalize nonecological non ecological paternalism

Resumen Introducción. En becerras prepúberes, la Kisspeptina-10 ha estimulado la secreción de las hormonas luteinizante (LH) y folículo estimulante (FSH), y en vacas posparto amamantando ha estimulado la secreción de LH sin evidencia de inducir la ovulación. Objetivo. Inducir la ovulación con Kisspeptina-10 u hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH), en vacas productoras de carne en condiciones subtropicales de México. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la región nororiente del estado de Puebla durante los años 2020 al 2021, con 252 vacas cruzadas Bos taurus x Bos indicus. El protocolo de sincronización estral consistió en la aplicación de un dispositivo intravaginal impregnado con progesterona (1,9 g) y la inyección intramuscular de 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (día 0). El día siete se removió el dispositivo intravaginal y de inmediato las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 0,150 mg de D-cloprostenol. Al día siguiente (día ocho), las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol. Entre 52 y 56 horas posteriores al retiro del dispositivo intravaginal (día nueve), las vacas se inyectaron vía intramuscular con GnRH o Kisspeptina-10. Las vacas se asignaron a cuatro tratamientos: T1, 100 µg de GnRH (control positivo), T2, T3 y T4 500 µg, 1000 µg y 1500 µg de Kisspeptina-10, respectivamente. La ovulación se detectó mediante ultrasonografía a los cuatro días post-tratamiento. La variable de respuesta evaluada fue la tasa de ovulación. Los datos se analizaron mediante modelos lineales generalizados y se aplicó una función liga logit. Resultados. Las tasas de ovulación obtenidas con T1 y T4 fueron iguales estadísticamente (99,9 %; p>0,05) y mayores (p<0,05) que las logradas con T2 (98,5 %) y T3 (88,4 %), estas dos últimas fueron iguales estadísticamente (p>0,05). Conclusión. La Kisspeptina-10 1500 µg fue tan efectiva como la GnRH para inducir la ovulación.

Abstract Introduction. In prepubertal heifers, Kisspeptin-10 has stimulated the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and in postpartum lactating cows, it has stimulated LH secretion without evidence of inducing ovulation. Objective. To induce ovulation using Kisspeptin-10 or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in beef-producing cows under subtropical conditions in Mexico. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the northeastern region of the state of Puebla uring the years 2020 to 2021, with 252 Bos taurus x Bos indicus cows. The estrous synchronization protocol involved the insertion of an intravaginal device impregnated with progesterone (1.9 g) and intramuscular injection of 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (day 0). On day seven, the intravaginal device was removed, and cows were immediately intramuscularly injected with 0.150 mg of D-cloprostenol. On the following day (day eight), Kisspeptin-10 was as effective as GnRH in inducing ovulation. 56 hours after the removal of the intravaginal device (day nine), cows were intramuscularly injected with GnRH or Kisspeptin-10. Cows were assigned to four treatments: T1, 100 µg of GnRH (positive control), T2, T3, and T4 with 500 µg, 1000 µg, and 1500 µg of Kisspeptin-10, respectively. Ovulation was detected via ultrasonography four days post-treatment. The response variable evaluated was the ovulation rate. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models with a logit link function. Results. Ovulation rates obtained with T1 and T4 were statistically equal (99.9%; p>0.05) and higher (p<0.05) than those achieved with T2 (98.5%) and T3 (88.4%), with the latter two being statistically equal (p>0.05). Conclusion. Kisspeptin-10 1500 µg was as effective as GnRH in inducing ovulation.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El maíz es uno de los granos alimenticios más antiguos conocido. Con el cambio climático y las sequías severas y frecuentes, se reducirá en gran medida el agua disponible en el suelo. El déficit hídrico afecta en diversos grados el desarrollo del cultivo de maíz y la sensibilidad a este estrés varía en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Objetivo. Identificar las etapas fenológicas más sensibles al déficit hídrico en el cultivo de maíz. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó durante dos ciclos en los años 2020 y 2021 en El Ejido, Provincia de Los Santos, Panamá. Se desarrolló bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la casa de cultivo del Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. Se utilizó el híbrido de maíz comercial ADV-9293. El manejo agronómico se realizó según las recomendaciones del Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). Durante todo el ciclo del cultivo, se determinaron las variables altura de planta, largo y ancho de hojas, diámetro del tallo, biomasa y los componentes del rendimiento como número de hileras por mazorca, número de granos por hilera y peso de cien granos. También, se determinó la humedad del suelo por el método gravimétrico. El déficit hídrico en distintas etapas se generó a través de la simulación de sequía. Resultados. El rendimiento de grano del testigo superó los diferentes tratamientos evaluados con 12,83 t ha-1, seguido por el tratamiento con estrés en el llenado de grano con 10,31 t ha-1. Se determinaron dos períodos más sensibles al déficit hídrico; los cuales son las etapas comprendidas desde los 20 a 35 y 40 a 55 dds. El déficit hídrico, durante las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo, tuvo un impacto negativo en el contenido relativo de clorofilas. Conclusión. Las etapas de prefloración y floración resultaron más sensibles a la deficiencia hídrica en el cultivo del maíz.

Abstract Introduction. Corn is one of the oldest known food grains. With climate change and frequent and severe droughts, the water available in the soil will be considerably reduced. Water deficit affects maize crop development to varying degrees, and sensitivity to this stress varies at different development stages. Objective. To identify the phenological stages most sensitive to water deficit in maize. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021 in El Ejido, Los Santos province, Panama, under semi-controlled conditions in the greenhouse facilities of the Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. The commercial corn hybrid ADV-9293 was used and agronomic management was carried out according to the recommendations of the Institute for Agricultural Innovation of Panamá (IDIAP). Plant height, leaf length and width, stem diameter, biomass and yield components, such as number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and 100-grain mass, were determined throughout the crop cycle. Soil moisture was also determined by the gravimetric method. Water deficit at different stages was generated by drought simulation. Results. The grain yields of the control were higher than the different treatments evaluated with 12.83 t ha-1, followed by the treatment with grain filling stress with 10.31 t ha-1. Two periods were determined to be more sensitive to water deficit; these were the stages from 20 to 35 and 40 to 55 days after planting. Water deficit in the different phenological stages of the crop had a negative impact on the relative chlorophyll content. Conclusion. The pre-flowering and flowering stages were more sensitive to water deficiency in maize.

Resumen Introducción. Las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático requieren de la toma de decisiones informadas. Sin embargo, la agricultura de pequeña escala muestra bajas tasas de adopción de tecnologías por su costo y falta de conectividad. Objetivo. Evaluar tres prototipos de dispositivos para agricultura de pequeña escala y de bajo costo para medir humedad de suelo en diferentes texturas, así como determinar las respectivas ecuaciones de calibración y los efectos de conductividad eléctrica y temperatura en la medida de humedad. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron tres prototipos de dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad de suelo, en suelos con diferencial en contenido de arcilla/arena y conductividad eléctrica en parcelas productivas de la Universidad Zamorano, en Honduras; y Finca demostrativa en Popayán, Colombia, durante el primer trimestre del 2022. Se tomaron como referencia sensores comerciales para la comparación del desempeño de los prototipos, mediante análisis de regresión de las lecturas por hora de los sensores durante 90 días. Se recolectaron las variables de conductividad eléctrica (dS/m) y temperatura para determinar la influencia en la precisión de la lectura de humedad. Resultados. Los dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. La medición de los dispositivos sobrestimó entre 0,19 y 0,52 puntos porcentuales la lectura de humedad por cada grado adicional de temperatura del suelo, y que por cada dS/m adicional de conductividad eléctrica la lectura se debe ajustar entre 8 y 55 puntos porcentuales. Conclusiones. El prototipo A fue el dispositivo más exacto, mientras que el prototipo B fue el más preciso, con respecto a los sensores comerciales. Los dispositivos de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. Los tres modelos evaluados obtuvieron el mejor desempeño en suelo franco con contenido medio de arcilla.

Abstract Introduction. Climate change adaptation measures require informed decision-making. However, small-scale agriculture shows low rates of technology adoption due to cost and lack of connectivity. Objective. To evaluate three low-cost prototypes of small-scale agriculture devices for soil moisture measurement in different soil textures, as well as to determine the respective calibration equations, and the effects of electrical conductivity and temperature on moisture measurement. Materials and methods. Three measurement and recording prototypes for soil moisture were evaluated in soils with variations in clay/sand content and electrical conductivity in productive plots at Zamorano University in Honduras and a demonstration farm in Popayán, Colombia during the first quarter of 2022. Commercial sensors were used as a reference to compare the performance of the prototypes through regression analysis of hourly sensor readings over 90 days. Electrical conductivity (dS/m) and temperature variables were collected to determine their influence on moisture reading accuracy. Results. The soil moisture measurement devices showed better performance in soils with lower sand content. The measurement from the devices overestimated moisture readings by 0.19 to 0.52 percentage points for each additional degree of soil temperature. Additionally, for each additional dS/m of electrical conductivity, the reading needed adjustment by 8 to 55 percentage points. Conclusions. Prototype A was the most accurate device, while prototype B was the most precise compared to commercial sensors. Soil moisture devices performed best in soils with lower sand content. The three models evaluated performed best in loam soil with a medium clay content.

Resumen Costa Rica es reconocido como el principal país exportador de piña fresca (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), 2020), lo que ha requerido un amplio conocimiento de la dinámica espacial de la producción del cultivo a escala nacional. Este estudio simuló el comportamiento espacial del cultivo de piña en los cantones de Upala y Los Chiles en la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica para el año 2028. Por medio de una entrevista a los productores de la zona, se identificaron las variables impulsoras del cambio en el periodo 2015-2018: “Condiciones del clima y suelo”, “Otros procesados industriales de la piña”, “La demanda de la piña”, “Exporta hacia Europa” y “Distancia a plantas empacadoras”. Con la utilización de QGis y DINAMICA EGO se espacializaron los resultados y se simuló la cobertura de piña al 2028. La comparación con el mapa real al 2018 (MOCUPP) mostró un coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicó una similitud moderada. La simulación proyectó 6 096,52 ha de piña para Upala y 10 568,78 ha de piña para Los Chiles. Se identificaron zonas de cambio sobre áreas silvestres protegidas y sobre cobertura arbórea para el año 2028.

Resumo A Costa Rica é reconhecida como o principal país exportador de abacaxi fresco (FAO, 2020), o que requereu um amplo conhecimento da dinâmica espacial da produção da cultura em escala nacional. Este estudo simulou o comportamento espacial do cultivo de abacaxi nos cantões de Upala e Los Chiles, na Região Huetar Norte da Costa Rica, para o ano de 2028. Por meio de uma entrevista com os produtores da região, foram identificadas as variáveis impulsionadoras da mudança no período 2015-2018: “Condições climáticas e do solo”, “Outros processamentos industriais do abacaxi”, “A demanda pelo abacaxi”, “Exportação para a Europa” e “Distância para instalações de embalagem”. Com o uso do QGis e do DINAMICA EGO, os resultados foram espacializados e a cobertura de abacaxi foi simulada até 2028. A comparação com o mapa real de 2018 (MOCUPP) mostrou um coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicou uma semelhança moderada. A simulação projetou 6.096,52 ha de abacaxi para Upala e 10.568,78 ha de abacaxi para Los Chiles. Foram identificadas áreas de mudança em áreas silvestres protegidas e cobertura arbórea para o ano de 2028.

Abstract Costa Rica is recognized as the main exporter of fresh pineapple (FAO, 2020), which has required extensive knowledge of the spatial dynamics of crop production on a national scale. This study simulated the spatial behavior of pineapple cultivation in the cantons of Upala and Los Chiles in the Huetar Norte Region of Costa Rica for the year 2028. Through an interview with producers in the area, the driving variables of change were identified in the period 2015-2018: “Climate and soil conditions”, “Other industrial pineapple processing”, and “The demand for pineapple”, “Exports to Europe” and “Distance to packing plants”. With the use of QGis and DINAMICA EGO, the results were specialized and pineapple coverage was simulated for 2028. The comparison with the real map for 2018 (MOCUPP) showed a kappa coefficient of 0.55 and indicated a moderate similarity. The simulation projected 6,096.52 ha of pineapple for Upala and 10,568.78 ha of pineapple for Los Chiles. Zones of change over forest coverage and protected areas were identified for the year 2028.

Summary: Currently, agricultural activity is constantly threatened by the effects of climate change and radical expression of environmental factors as irregular rainfall distribution responsible for water availability and deficit. These factors generate water stress in productive systems, whose negative effect is reflected on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of vegetative growth. The use of biostimulants arises as a strategy to counteract this impact, improving crop efficiency in the use of resources and generating responses, as metabolite production, among other substances that mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. In this context, waxes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and ALGAENZIMSMR were used on raspberry plants subjected to moderate water stress (-0. 8 MPa) to evaluate the fruit response in aspects of vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical quality. For the establishment, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments: Green Cover as 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, salicylic acid 0.27 mM, ALGAENZIMSMR 7.5 mL L-1 and the control with 50% recovery of the transpired volume as well as water potential similar to the rest of plants and 4 replicates. The results showed that waxes, SA and algal extract increased the photosynthetic rate; the four treatments increased root length; waxes increased root height; and H2O2 increased root biomass. Compared to the control, higher levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins were produced in fruits - a very important aspect due to the functionality of these compounds in human health. Therefore, the use of these biostimulants are a very useful tool for crop management in environments with water restriction.

Resumen: En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L-1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.

Summary: Excessive use of chlorpyrifos affects the quality of agricultural soils causing negative effects on the safety of harvested food. The behavior of chlorpyrifos residues depends on soil properties, especially organic matter. Our aim in this research was to determine the effect of the application of vermicompost on the residual and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in an entisol soil of semi-arid climate with variations in its edaphic fertility. Four treatments were studied. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) and 92.5% soil (S); T2: 5% V and 95% S; T3: 2.5% V and 97.5% S; T4: 0% V and 100% S. The treatments were subjected to a seven-day incubation period. Subsequently, a dose of chlorpyrifos of 1.5 mg kg-1 as active ingredient was applied once for each treatment. A completely randomized design was used with three replicates for each treatment, forming 12 experimental units. The analytical determination of chlorpyrifos was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluations were carried out 1.7, 14, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days after the application of chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the incorporation of vermicompost to the soil at increasing levels promoted a decrease in the residual concentration of chlorpyrifos and facilitated its gradual dissipation. The chlorpyrifos dissipation curves correspond to a first order logarithmic equation where the effects of the treatments caused greater dissipation of chlorpyrifos as the evaluation period elapsed. At 98 days of evaluation, T1 registered lower residuality (0.786 m kg-1), higher daily dissipation rate (0.008) and lower half-life of chlorpyrifos (86.64 days). At the end of the research period, edaphic levels of P, K, EC and CEC increased while OM, N and pH decreased after vermicompost application.

Resumen: El uso excesivo de clorpirifos afecta la calidad de los suelos agrícolas provocando efectos negativos en la inocuidad de los alimentos cosechados. El comportamiento de los residuos de clorpirifos depende de las propiedades edáficas especialmente la materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de vermicompost en la residualidad y disipación de clorpirifos en un suelo entisol de clima semiárido con variaciones en su fertilidad edáfica. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) y 92.5% suelo (S); T2: 5% V y 95% S; T3: 2.5% V y 97.5% S; T4: 0% V y 100% S. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a un periodo de incubación de siete días. Posteriormente, se aplicó una dosis de clorpirifos de 1.5 mg kg-1 como ingrediente activo en una sola oportunidad por cada tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento conformando 12 unidades experimentales. La determinación analítica de clorpirifos se efectuó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Las evaluaciones se realizaron a 1,7, 14, 28, 42, 70 y 98 días de la aplicación de clorpirifos. Los resultados demostraron que la incorporación de vermicompost al suelo en niveles crecientes promovió la disminución de la concentración residual de clorpirifos y facilitó su disipación de manera gradual. Las curvas de disipación de clorpirifos corresponden a una ecuación logarítmica de primer orden donde los efectos de los tratamientos ocasionaron mayor disipación de clorpirifos conforme transcurrió el periodo de evaluación. A 98 días de evaluación el T1 registró menor residualidad (0.786 m kg-1), mayor tasa de disipación diaria (0.008) y menor vida media de clorpirifos (86.64 días). Al final del periodo de investigación, los niveles edáficos de P, K, CE y CIC se incrementaron mientras que la MO, N y pH descendieron luego de la aplicación de vermicompost.

Summary: The middle area of the state of Sinaloa in Northwestern Mexico is characterized by a warm semi-arid climate where rainfall is insufficient for the adequate development of some introduced plant species. For example, those that correspond to the genus Brachiaria, despite technological advances in sencor development, the producers have limted access to sufficient meteorological information. Therefore, the aim in the present study is to determine water requirement, crop coefficient, and productivity of Convert 300 hybrid grass (Brachiaria sp) in a warm semiarid climate of Mexico by using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO56 Penman-Montiel equation) method with complete and limited data; a meteorological station was used to measure climatic parameters, and the FAO56 method with dual kc was applied to estimate crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions, and subsequently, water productiviy. The estimated water consumption for the Convert 330 hybrid in the warm semiarid climate of northwest Mexico was 1849 mm with measured data and 1973.5 mm with limited data. The statistical analyses yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92, Willmott’s coefficient of agreement (d) of 0.90, RMSE of 0.694 mm d-1, BIAS of 0.380 mm d-1 and a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (EF) of 0.98. The kc values were 0.49, 1.11 and 1.04 for initial, middle and end of season, respectively; the water productivity (WUE) was 2.666 kg m-3 for green forage, and 0.726 kg m-3, for dry matter, in the same way, 375.1 and 1378 L kg-1 were required to produce green forage and dry matter, respectively. To conclude, althought the ETc estimation with limited data overestimated the ETc with measured data by 6.7%, statistics showed that the procedure is reliable.

Resumen: La región central del estado de Sinaloa en el noroeste mexicano, se caracteriza por un clima semiárido cálido donde la precipitación es insuficiente para el desarrollo adecuado de algunas especies vegetales introducidas, como las correspondientes al género Brachiaria, a pesar del avance tecnológico en el desarrollo de sensores, es escaso el acceso de los productores a suficiente información meteorológica; el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en determinar el requerimiento hídrico, coeficiente de cultivo y productividad del pasto híbrido Convert 330 (Brachiaria sp) en un clima semiárido cálido de México, utilizando el método FAO56 con datos medidos y datos limitados; se utilizó una estación meteorológica para medir los parámetros climáticos, y se aplicó el método FAO56 con kc dual para estimar la evapotranspiración de cultivo bajo condiciones no estándar, y posteriormente, la productividad del agua. El consumo de agua estimado para el pasto Convert 330 en clima semiárido cálido del noroeste de México fue de 1849 mm con datos medidos y 1973.5 mm con datos limitados; el análisis estadístico arrojó un coeficiente de determinación (R2) de 0.92, coeficiente de concordancia de Willmott (d) de 0.90, RMSE de 0.694 mm d-1, BIAS=0.380 mm d-1 y un coeficiente de eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe (EF) de 0.98. Los valores de kc obtenidos fueron de 0.49, 1.11 y 1.04 paras las etapas inicial, media y final, respectivamente; la productividad del agua (EUA) fue de 2.666 kg m-3 para forraje verde y 0.726 kg m-3 para materia seca; asimismo, se requirieron 375.1 y 1378 L kg-1 para la producción de forraje verde y materia seca, respectivamente. Finalmente, se concluye que, aunque la estimación de la ETc con datos limitados sobrestimó en un 6.7% la ETc con datos medidos, la estadística muestra que es confiable el procedimiento.

Summary: Avocado is a fruit (Persea americana), that has increased its consumption worldwide. Mexico is the main producer and exporter of avocado in the world, representing more than 30% of the world harvest, of which 73.2% of the total avocado production in Mexico was concentrated in the state of Michoacán. In the state of Michoacán, there is a constant production of avocado fruit throughout the year, but this production is affected by the variation in climate, water management and flowering type, putting agricultural production and sustainable development at risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the climatic effect, water management, and flowering type on fruit nutrient content in six orchards in the state of Michoacan. Six orchards were evaluated in the towns of Basilia, Cheranguerán, Tecario, Araparicuaro, Peribán and Patamburu in the state of Michoacan, which represent 90% of the climate types (TC), predominant in the state (ACW1, ACW2 and CW1)., with 100% of the water regime (irrigated and seasonal, RH) and 97% of the type of fruit produced (loca and normal, FF). The dry matter contents and total mineral content of the fruit were evaluated. The arrangement of treatments was a factorial [A= water regime (RH); B= type of climate (TC); C= floral flow (FF)], distributed completely randomly with 20 repetitions taking each tree as a repetition. The results indicated that the dry matter content is affected by TC, but not by RH and FF, FF affects the nutritional content more than TC and RH. The type of climate is the factor with the least impact on the mineral content of the fruit. In floral flow, the total nutritional content was significant in four elements with higher values for N, Cl, and Zn in crazy fruit and Na in normal fruit.

Resumen: El aguacate (Persea americana), es un fruto que ha incrementado su consumo a nivel mundial. México es el principal productor y exportador de aguacate en el mundo que representa más del 30% de la cosecha mundial, del cual el 73.2% de la producción total de aguacate en México se concentra en el estado de Michoacán, pero dicha producción es afectada por la variación del clima, poniendo en peligro la producción agrícola y el desarrollo sostenible. El objetivo del fue evaluar el efecto climático, manejo de agua y el tipo de floración sobre el contenido nutrimental del fruto en seis huertas del estado de Michoacán. Se evaluaron seis huertos de las localidades de la Basilia, Cheranguerán, Tecario, Araparicuaro, Peribán y Patamburu del estado de Michoacan, que representan un 90% de los tipos de clima (TC), predominantes en el estado (ACW1, ACW2 y CW2), con un 100% del régimen de agua (riego y temporal, RH) y un 97% del tipo de fruto producido (loca y normal, FF). Se evaluaron los contenidos de materia seca y el contenido mineral total del fruto. El arreglo de tratamientos fue una factorial [A= régimen hídrico (RH); B= tipo de clima (TC); C= flujo floral (FF)], distribuido completamente al azar con 20 repeticiones tomando cada árbol como una repetición. Los resultados indicaron que el contenido de materia seca es afectado por TC, pero no por RH y FF, FF afecta más el contenido nutricional que TC y RH. El tipo de clima es el factor de menor impacto en el contenido mineral del fruto. En flujo floral el contenido nutricional total fue significativo en cuatro elementos con mayor valor para N, Cl, y Zn en fruto loca y Na en fruto normal.

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo del documento es verificar la estructura factorial de la Escala de Clima Escolar en Ambientes Universitarios (ECEAU) mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). (Metodología) Se realizó un estudio transversal no experimental con una muestra aleatoria de 381 estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, a los que se le aplicó la ECEAU. Se planteó un modelo SEM para verificar la estructura factorial de la escala y un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) que brindó la base para proponer un modelo SEM alternativo con una estructura distinta. La confiabilidad de las escalas se determinó mediante el omega de McDonald y los criterios de bondad de ajuste para los modelos SEM fueron el RMSEA, el CFI, el TLI y el GFI. El análisis se efectuó con el software R. (Resultados) La confiabilidad de las escalas en ambos modelos resultaron adecuadas (w >0.70), aunque mejores en el modelo propuesto. El AFE sugirió una estructura diferente para la ECEAU, manteniendo algunas dimensiones de la estructura original y modificando y eliminando otras. Los indicadores de bondad de ajuste, en ambos modelos, fueron casi idénticos con RMSEA=0.02, CFI=0.99, el TLI=0.99 y GFI=0.98, lo que brinda evidencia a favor de las estructuras factoriales planteadas. (Conclusiones) Se verifica la estructura originalmente planteada en la ECEAU y las diferencias en los métodos de estimación y rotación generaron la propuesta de otra estructura factorial, igualmente válida, para medir el constructo clima escolar, en el contexto universitario estudiado y que puede ser aplicado a contextos similares.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo do artigo é verificar a estrutura fatorial da Escala de Clima Escolar em Ambientes Universitários (ECEAU) usando modelagem de equações estruturais (SEM). (Metodologia) Foi realizado um estudo transversal não experimental com uma amostra aleatória de 381 alunos da Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica, aos quais foi aplicada a ECEAU. Uma modelagem SEM foi usada para verificar a estrutura fatorial da escala e uma análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) forneceu a base para a proposta de uma modelagem SEM alternativa com uma estrutura diferente. A confiabilidade das escalas foi determinada pelo ômega de McDonald e os critérios de adequação dos modelos SEM foram RMSEA, CFI, TLI e GFI. A análise foi realizada com o software R. (Resultados) A confiabilidade das escalas em ambos os modelos foi adequada (w >0,70), embora melhor no modelo proposto. A AFE sugeriu uma estrutura diferente para a ECEAU, mantendo algumas dimensões da estrutura original e modificando e eliminando outras. Os indicadores de adequação em ambos os modelos foram quase idênticos, com RMSEA=0,02, CFI=0,99, TLI=0,99 e GFI=0,98, o que fornece evidências a favor das estruturas de fatores propostas. (Conclusões) Confirmou-se a estrutura originalmente proposta no ECEAU e as diferenças nos métodos de estimativa e rotação geraram a proposta de outra estrutura fatorial, igualmente válida, para medir o construto clima escolar no contexto universitário estudado e que pode ser aplicada a contextos semelhantes.

Abstract (Objective) The aim of this paper is to verify the factorial structure of the School Climate Scale in University Environments (ECEAU) through structural equation models (SEM). (Methodology) A non-experimental cross-sectional study was carried out with a random sample of 381 students of the Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA), to whom the ECEAU was applied. A SEM model was proposed to confirm the factor structure of the scale and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to provide the basis for an alternative SEM model with a different structure. The reliability of scales was determined using McDonald’s omega, and the goodness of fit indexes used for the SEM models were the RMSEA, the CFI, the TLI and the GFI. The analysis was carried out using R software. (Results) The reliability of the scales in both models was adequate (w>0.70), although the metrics in the proposed model produced better results. The AFE suggested a different structure for the ECEAU, keeping some dimensions of the original structure and modifying and eliminating others. The goodness of fit indexes in both models were almost identical, with RMSEA=0.02, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.99 and GFI=0.98, which provides supporting evidence for the factorial structures proposed. (Conclusions) The original structure of the ECEAU was confirmed, while the differences in the results of the estimation and rotation methods generated another equally valid factorial structure for measuring the school climate construct in this university, and could be applied to other similar contexts.

Resumen La cuenca baja del río Acre se ubica en una zona de deforestación con la implementación de pastizales para ganado vacuno en suelos susceptibles a la erosión y clima ecuatorial. La existencia de mataderos y ganado vacuno en el municipio de Boca do Acre, en el estado de Amazonas, es uno de los problemas vinculados a la deforestación en la Amazonía brasileña. Ante este escenario, se presentó una estimación de las pérdidas de suelo con la aplicación de la Ecuación Universal en un sistema de información geográfica. En la metodología, se desarrolló una base de datos con información vectorizada para extraer las áreas de tipos de suelo y cobertura del suelo, incluyendo el análisis espacial de pendientes extraído del modelo digital de elevación. Como resultado del análisis de las áreas por geoprocesamiento y vectorización, se obtuvieron los cálculos de las parcelas de erosión a través de tablas con los parámetros adoptados por los referentes científicos. Se encontró que el 60% de la pérdida de suelo ocurre en el área agrícola en el 11% del territorio de la cuenca, siendo predominantemente en áreas de asentamientos rurales en el estado de Acre. Como resultado de la estimación, la pérdida de suelo en la cuenca baja del río Acre fue de 386.422 t/ha/año, con una producción de 46 millones de toneladas de sedimentos por año.

Abstract The Lower Acre River Basin is located in an area of deforestation with the implementation of pastures for beef cattle ranching in soils susceptible to erosion and equatorial climate. The existence of slaughterhouses and beef cattle in the municipality of Boca do Acre, in the state of Amazonas, is one of the problems linked to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Given this scenario, an estimate of soil losses was presented with the application of the Universal Equation in a geographic information system. In the methodology, a database was elaborated with vectorized information for the extraction of the areas of the types of soils and land cover, including the spatial analysis of slopes extracted from the digital elevation model. Due to the analysis of the areas by geoprocessing occurring by vectorization, the calculations of the erosion plots were obtained through tables with the parameters adopted by the scientific references. It was found that 60% of the soil loss occurs in the area of agriculture in 11% of the territory of the watershed, being predominantly in areas of rural settlements of the state of Acre. As a result of the estimate, soil loss in the Lower Acre River Basin was 386,422 t/ha/year, with a production of 46 million tons of sediment per year.

Resumo A Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre está localizada em uma área de desflorestamento com implantação de pastagens para pecuária de corte em solos suscetíveis à erosão e clima equatorial. A existência de abatedouros e pecuária de corte implantada no município de Boca do Acre, no Amazonas, é um dos problemas vinculados ao desmatamento da Amazônia Brasileira. Diante desse cenário, foi apresentada uma estimativa de perdas de solo com aplicação da Equação Universal em sistema de informação geográfica. Na metodologia, foi elaborado um banco de dados com informações vetorizadas para extração das áreas dos tipos de solos e cobertura da terra, incluindo a análise espacial de declividades extraídas do modelo digital de elevação. Em decorrência da análise das áreas pelo geoprocessamento ocorrer pela vetorização, foram obtidos os cálculos das parcelas de erosão através de tabelas com os parâmetros adotados pelas referências científicas. Foi constatado que 60% da perda de solo ocorrem na área de agricultura em 11% do território da bacia hidrográfica, sendo predominantemente em áreas de assentamentos rurais do estado do Acre. Como resultado da estimativa, a perda de solos na Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre foi de 386.422 t/ha/ano, com uma produção de 46 milhões de toneladas de sedimentos por ano.