ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS) supplementation in embryo culture on the blastocyst rate and embryo quality. The bovine zygotes obtained by in vitro maturation (MIV) and fertilization (IVF) were transferred to Evolve medium in 4 groups (T1: Without ITS supplement; T2: ITS the first 48 h of culture (CIV1): T3: ITS after day 2 of culture (CIV2), T4: ITS during all culture time (CIV1+CIV2). All procedures were performed at 38.5 °C,5%CO2and90%relativehumidity. The cleavage and blastocyst rates were determined at 48 h and day 8 of culture. The total cell number and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the expanded blastocysts were determined by staining the nucleus with Hoechst and the oxidation of the fluorescent probe dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). The T4 cultured embryos presented the highest rate of blastocysts (32.6%) and total cell number (145.6) compared to the control group without STI (26.2% and 98.6, respectively; p<0.05). Likewise, the production of ROS in T4 blastocysts was lower (p<0.05) than that obtained in the other study groups. The results show that the addition of the ITS supplement throughout the embryo culture time has beneficial effects on the percentage of blastocysts and embryo quality, assessed by the number of total cells and the production of ROS.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del suplemento Insulina-Transferrina-Selenio (ITS) en el cultivo embrionario sobre la tasa de blastocistos y calidad embrionaria. Los cigotos de bovino obtenidos por maduración (MIV) y fertilización in vitro (FIV) fueron transferidos a medio Evolve en 4 grupos (T1: Sin suplemento ITS; T2: ITS las primeras 48 h de cultivo (CIV1): T3: ITS después del día 2 de cultivo (CIV2), T4: ITS todo el tiempo de cultivo (CIV1 + CIV2). Todos los procedimientos se realizaron a 38.5 °C, 5% de CO2 y 90% de humedad relativa. Las tasas de clivaje y de blastocistos se determinaron a las 48 h y día 8 de cultivo, respectivamente. El número de células totales y la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs) en los blastocistos expandidos fueron determinados por tinción del núcleo con Hoechst y la oxidación de la sonda fluorescente diacetato diclorodihidrofluoresceína (H2DCFDA). Los embriones cultivados de T4 presentaron la mayor tasa de blastocistos (32.6%) y número de células totales (145.6) comparada al grupo control sin ITS (26.2% y 98.6, respectivamente; p<0.05). Asimismo, la producción de EROs en los blastocistos de T4 fue menor (p<0.05) que la obtenida en los demás grupos de estudio. Los resultados demuestran que la adición del suplemento ITS durante todo el tiempo de cultivo embrionario tiene efectos benéficos sobre el porcentaje de blastocistos y calidad embrionaria, valorada por el número de células totales y la producción de EROs.

Abstract 17. The study aimed to evaluate the Fertilization Rate of four independent in vitro treatments of bovine oocytes with Sexed (SX) and Conventional (Conv) semen, capacitated (B.O and Percoll) using the Swim-Up technique. Cleavage was assessed at 48 hours post-fertilization and on the seventh day of embryonic development. The results showed a cleavage percentage of 59.4% in T1 (Conv. Percoll), 60% in T2 (Conv. B.O), 75% in T3 (SX. Percoll), and 46.6% in T4 (SX. B.O), with a statistically significant difference (p>0.05) observed specifically between T3 and T4. The embryo development rate on the seventh day was 34.4% in T1, 20% in T2, 15% in T3, and 10.51% in T4. In this case, a statistically significant difference was found in the use of conventional medium with Percoll compared to SX B.O medium (p<0.05) (T1 and T4, respectively). The results also showed similar production of morula and early blastocysts and protruded embryos among the four treatments, demonstrating the feasibility of in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique for producing bovine embryos. In conclusion, the preliminary evaluation highlights the significant influence of the sexing method and treatment on semen quality and embryonic development in animal reproduction programs. Although Sexed semen with Percoll shows potential to improve cleavage rates, conventional semen, especially in T1 treatment (Conv. Percoll), exhibits superiority in individual motility and concentration. These findings provide crucial insights for optimizing reproductive programs.

Resumen 13. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la Tasa de Fecundación in vitro de ovocitos bovinos con semen sexado (SX) y convencional (Conv.) capacitados (B.O y Percoll) con la técnica Swim-Up. Se evaluó el clivaje a las 48 horas post fecundación y al séptimo día del desarrollo embrionario. Los resultados mostraron un porcentaje de clivaje del 59,4% en el T1 (Conv. Percoll), 60% en el T2 (Conv. B.O), 75% en el T3 (SX. Percoll) y 46,6% en el T4 (SX. B.O), mostrando diferencia estadística entre T3 y T4 (p>0,05). La tasa de desarrollo del embrión al séptimo día fue 34,4% T1, 20% en T2, 15% en T3 y 10,51% en T4; en este caso, se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el uso del medio convencional más Percoll en comparación con el medio de SX B.O (p<0,05) (T1 y T4, respectivamente). Los resultados también mostraron una producción similar de mórulas y blastocitos tempranos y protruidos entre los cuatro tratamientos, y demuestran la viabilidad del desarrollo e implementación de la técnica de fertilización in vitro (FIV) para producir embriones bovinos. Concluyendo la evaluación preliminar, destaca la significativa influencia del método de sexado y del tratamiento en la calidad del semen y desarrollo embrionario en programas de reproducción animal. Aunque el semen sexado con Percoll muestra potencial para mejorar tasas de clivaje, el semen convencional, especialmente en el tratamiento T1 (Conv. Percoll), exhibe una superioridad en motilidad individual y concentración. Estos resultados informan decisiones cruciales para optimizar programas reproductivos.

Resumo Surtos frequentes do vírus da gripe aviária H9N2 no Paquistão revelaram que esse subtipo se tornou endêmico na avicultura e, além das perdas econômicas, representa uma ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo descreve a caracterização molecular e as alterações patológicas em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados com a atual cepa H9N2 e sua dinâmica filogenômica. Neste estudo, amostras de tecidos (traqueia, pulmões, rim e intestino) de 100 lotes comerciais de frangos foram coletadas de julho de 2018 a agosto de 2019. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção molecular, filogenia e posterior exame patológico. O comprimento completo do gene HA foi amplificado com sucesso em cinco amostras. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos revelou amostras positivas colocadas em um clado pertencente à sublinhagem B2 do genótipo G1 e categorizado como LPAIV com base na sequência de aminoácidos do gene da hemaglutinina (HA) no local de clivagem (PAKSSR/G). A análise genética do gene da HA revelou: nt = 80,5%-99,5%; aa = 83,8%-98,9% de homologia com cepas de H9N2 relatadas anteriormente no Paquistão e em países vizinhos (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). As lesões macroscópicas incluíram aerossaculite leve, hemorragias leves, congestão difusa e exsudato purulento na mucosa traqueal, cilindro fibrinonecrótico no lúmen da traqueia e congestão pulmonar leve. As alterações histopatológicas incluíram descamação de células epiteliais, infiltração de células inflamatórias na traqueia, infiltração de células mononucleares (MNCs), congestão pulmonar e exsudato no lúmen dos parabrônquios, congestão peritubular nos rins com degeneração das células epiteliais tubulares, alterações degenerativas nas células epiteliais das vilosidades intestinais e hiperplasia de células caliciformes. A análise imunoistoquímica confirmou a presença do antígeno AIVH9N2 na traqueia, nos pulmões, no rim e no intestino. A microscopia eletrônica revelou alterações ultraestruturais na traqueia, incluindo cílios degenerados, inchaço mitocondrial e retículo endoplasmático aumentado. Com base em todas as análises, o presente estudo revelou a distribuição do vírus H9N2 do genótipo G1 em Punjab, Paquistão, com patogenicidade de leve a moderada.

Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.

Enzymatic reactions have been widely applied to the design of various sensing systems. However, the detection sensitivity of partial systems is still low, possibly attributed to the large molecular size of the substrate. In this study, we propose a strategy toward sensitive enzyme analysis with monoaromatic substrate. That is, salicyl phosphate ester (SPE) as a fluorimetric probe is presented for evaluating the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The sensing mechanism is that ALP catalyzes the dephosphorylation cleavage of SPE and generates salicylic acid with strong fluorescence by modulating intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Due to the specific phosphorylation-dephosphorylation chemistry, the SPE based probe shows high specificity toward ALP over other possible interferents. The SPE probe provides a limit of detection of 0.005 UL-1. In addition, the practical application of the SPE probe is supported by ALP determination in human serum. However low substrate study (SPE ALP. . (ALP) bonding phosphorylationdephosphorylation phosphorylation chemistry interferents 0005 0 005 0.00 UL1. UL1 UL 1. 1 UL-1 addition serum (ALP 000 00 0.0 UL- 0.

Abstract One of the crucial aspects to be considered for successful in vitro production (IVP) of embryos is the composition of the various media used throughout the stages of this reproductive biotechnology. The cell culture media employed should fulfill the metabolic requirements of both gametes during oocyte maturation and sperm development, as well as the embryo during its initial cell divisions. Most IVP protocols incorporate blood serum into the media composition as a source of hormones, proteins, growth factors, and nutrients. Numerous studies have suggested Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) as a substitute for fetal sera in cell culture, particularly for stem cells. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the potential use of PRP as a replacement for fetal bovine serum (FBS) during oocyte maturation for in vitro production of bovine embryos. During in vitro maturation (IVM), cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were allocated into the following experimental groups: Group G1 (IVM medium with 5% PRP); Group G2 (MIV medium with 5% PRP and 5% SFB); Group G3 (MIV medium with 5% SFB); and Group G4 (MIV medium without either PRP or SFB). Subsequently, the cumulus-oocyte complexes were fertilized with semen from a single bull, and the resulting zygotes were cultured for seven days. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were assessed on days 2 and 7 of embryonic development, respectively. The quality of matured COCs was also evaluated by analyzing the gene expression of HSP70, an important protein associated with cellular stress. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences among the experimental groups in terms of embryo production rates, both in the initial cleavage stages and blastocyst formation (except for the G4 group, which exhibited a lower blastocyst formation rate on D7, as expected). This indicates that PRP could be a cost-effective alternative to SFB in the IVP of embryos. (IVP biotechnology development divisions hormones proteins factors nutrients PlateletRich Platelet Rich (PRP cells Therefore FBS (FBS IVM, IVM , (IVM) cumulusoocyte cumulus (COCs G 5 PRP) MIV SFB) SFB. . Subsequently bull respectively HSP70 HSP stress except group D7 D expected. expected expected) costeffective cost effective HSP7

Resumen Basado em análisis del discurso francés, con este estudio, objetivo analizar los discursos de Caroline de Toni, diputada federal por el Partido Liberal (Santa Catarina), y de José Geraldo de Souza, profesor investigador sénior de la Universidad de Brasilia (UnB), en la Comisión Parlamentaria Mixta de Investigación (CPMI), que tuvo lugar en 2023, sobre el Movimiento de los Trabajadores Sin Tierra (MST). Pretendo verificar en qué consiste la discrepancia y el clivaje entre ellos, además de detectar en qué constituye el funcionamiento de cada uno. Por último, dirijo mi atención a lo que motiva el recurso de ellos a la ciencia, ya que ésta aparece sobredeterminada por un efecto de protección de las filiaciones ideológicas, lo que significa que, a veces, alejada de su terreno puramente demostrativo, la ciencia es utilizada para la defensa de puntos de vista. francés estudio Toni Santa Catarina, Catarina , Catarina) Souza UnB, UnB (UnB) CPMI, CPMI (CPMI) 2023 MST. MST . (MST) uno último ideológicas veces demostrativo vista (UnB (CPMI 202 (MST 20 2

Abstract Based on French discourse analysis, with this essay, I aim to analyze the speeches of Caroline de Toni, federal deputy for the Liberal Party of Santa Catarina, and José Geraldo de Souza, senior professor and researcher at the University of Brasília (UnB), at the Joint Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry (CPMI in Portuguese) on the Landless Rural Workers’ Movement (MST in Portuguese), which took place in 2023. I intend to verify the discrepancy and cleavage between them and examine what constitutes the functioning of each one. Finally, I focus on what motivates their appeal to science since it appears overdetermined by an effect of protecting ideological affiliations, which means that, sometimes, when removed from its purely demonstrative terrain, science is used to defend points of view. analysis essay Toni Catarina Souza UnB, UnB , (UnB) CPMI Portuguese Workers MST Portuguese, 2023 one Finally affiliations that sometimes terrain view (UnB 202 20 2

Resumo Tendo a Análise de Discurso de linha francesa como fundamento, com este ensaio, tenho o objetivo de analisar os discursos de Caroline de Toni, deputada federal pelo Partido Liberal de Santa Catarina, e de José Geraldo de Souza, professor pesquisador sênior da Universidade de Brasília (UnB), na Comissão Parlamentar Mista de Inquérito (CPMI), ocorrida em 2023, sobre o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem-Terra (MST). Pretendo verificar em que consiste a discrepância e a clivagem entre eles, além de detectar o que constitui o funcionamento de cada um. Por fim, volto a atenção ao que motiva o recurso à ciência por parte deles, já que ela aparece sobredeterminada por um efeito de proteção a filiações ideológicas, o que significa que, às vezes, sendo retirada do terreno puramente demonstrativo, a ciência é usada para defesa de pontos de vista. fundamento ensaio Toni Catarina Souza UnB, UnB , (UnB) CPMI, CPMI (CPMI) 2023 SemTerra Sem Terra MST. MST . (MST) eles fim deles ideológicas vezes demonstrativo vista (UnB (CPMI 202 (MST 20 2

Abstract Why do some agreements take longer to be approved by national legislatures than others? This question motivates this research, which aims to understand how the nature of coalitions influences the time for the approval of international agreements. To this end, the analysis covers all agreements signed within Mercosur between 1995 and 2019 and the internalisation processes in four member states. This study provides insights into which variables define motivation when voting regionalism bills, concluding that the government-opposition cleavage drives the parliamentarians’ behaviour on this topic, with the size of the president’s party being the decisive factor in parliamentary procedures. others research end 199 201 states bills governmentopposition government opposition parliamentarians topic presidents president s procedures 19 20 1 2

Ferritic stainless steel is essential in many industries due to its corrosion resistance advantages over austenitic stainless steels. However, it is susceptible to embrittlement caused by factors such as grain growth, sigma phase formation, and carbide precipitation. This study investigates the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of AISI-409 ferritic stainless steel welded with AWS E316LT1-4 flux-cored wire, with heat inputs ranging from 400 J/mm to 805 J/mm. SCC tests were conducted by applying a constant load, followed by mechanical and microstructural analysis upon failure. Interestingly, higher heat input exhibited superior SCC resistance despite slower cooling rates compared to lower heat input. SCC initiated in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and extended into the ferritic region. Photomicrographs depicted a ductile-to-brittle transition with reduced elongation values. Two distinct fracture regions were observed: dimples and cleavage facets, indicative of SCC-induced brittle fracture behavior. These findings provide insights into the SCC behavior of ferritic stainless steel, guiding the development of more resilient, corrosion-resistant materials for various industries. steels However growth formation precipitation (SCC AISI409 AISI 409 AISI-40 E316LT14 ELT E316LT1 4 E LT E316LT1- fluxcored flux cored wire 40 Jmm J mm 80 load failure Interestingly heataffected affected HAZ (HAZ region ductiletobrittle ductile values observed facets SCCinduced induced resilient corrosionresistant resistant AISI40 AISI-4 E316LT 8 AISI4 AISI-

ABSTRACT The group-specific antigen (gag) plays a crucial role in the assembly, release, and maturation of HIV. This study aimed to analyze the partial sequence of the HIV gag gene to classify HIV subtypes, identify recombination sites, and detect protease inhibitor (PI) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs). The cohort included 100 people living with HIV (PLH) who had experienced antiretroviral treatment failure with reverse transcriptase/protease inhibitors. Proviral HIV-DNA was successfully sequenced in 96 out of 100 samples for gag regions, specifically matrix (p17) and capsid (p24). Moreover, from these 96 sequences, 82 (85.42%) were classified as subtype B, six (6.25%) as subtype F1, one (1.04%) as subtype C, and seven (7.29%) exhibited a mosaic pattern between subtypes B and F1 (B/F1), with breakpoints at p24 protein. Insertions and deletions of amino acid at p17 were observed in 51 samples (53.13%). The prevalence of PI RAM in the partial gag gene was observed in 78 out of 96 PLH (81.25%). Among these cases, the most common mutations were R76K (53.13%), Y79F (31.25%), and H219Q (14.58%) at non-cleavage sites, as well as V128I (10.42%) and Y132F (11.46%) at cleavage sites. While B/F1 recombination was identified in the p24, the p17 coding region showed higher diversity, where insertions, deletions, and PI RAM, were observed at high prevalence. In PLH with virological failure, the analysis of the partial gag gene could contribute to more accurate predictions in genotypic resistance to PIs. This can aid guide more effective HIV treatment strategies. groupspecific group specific (gag assembly release sites (PI resistanceassociated associated RAMs. RAMs . (RAMs) 10 (PLH transcriptaseprotease transcriptase inhibitors HIVDNA DNA 9 regions p (p17 p24. (p24) Moreover sequences 8 85.42% 8542 85 42 (85.42% 6.25% 625 6 25 (6.25% F 1.04% 104 1 04 (1.04% C 7.29% 729 7 29 (7.29% B/F1, BF1 BF , (B/F1) p2 protein p1 5 53.13%. 5313 53.13% 53 13 (53.13%) 81.25%. 8125 81.25% 81 (81.25%) cases RK R K 53.13%, YF Y 31.25%, 3125 31.25% 31 (31.25%) HQ H Q 14.58% 1458 14 58 (14.58% noncleavage non VI V I 10.42% 1042 (10.42% 11.46% 1146 11 46 (11.46% B/F diversity insertions PIs strategies (RAMs (p1 (p24 85.42 854 4 (85.42 6.25 62 2 (6.25 1.04 0 (1.04 7.29 72 (7.29 (B/F1 531 53.13 (53.13% 812 81.25 (81.25% 312 31.25 3 (31.25% 14.58 145 (14.58 10.42 (10.42 11.46 114 (11.46 (p (p2 85.4 (85.4 6.2 (6.2 1.0 (1.0 7.2 (7.2 (B/F 53.1 (53.13 81.2 (81.25 31.2 (31.25 14.5 (14.5 10.4 (10.4 11.4 (11.4 85. (85. 6. (6. 1. (1. 7. (7. 53. (53.1 81. (81.2 31. (31.2 14. (14. 10. (10. 11. (11. (85 (6 (1 (7 (53. (81. (31. (14 (10 (11 (8 ( (53 (81 (31 (5 (3

RESUMO Introdução: Existem padrões partidários e ideológicos nas escolhas de políticas públicas para a educação superior? A partir de um modelo adaptado da teoria dos governos partidários, utilizado para explicar o caso dos países desenvolvidos, o artigo verifica se a clivagem esquerda-direita se aplica também ao caso brasileiro. Materiais e métodos: Para testar empiricamente a teoria, utilizaram-se dados de acesso à graduação e informações documentais sobre as políticas públicas adotadas para o ensino superior pelos ocupantes do governo federal, de diferentes inclinações ideológicas, ao longo de quase trinta anos (1990-2018). Resultados: O artigo conclui que a clivagem direita-esquerda explica as escolhas dos governos federais no Brasil para a educação superior, mas que os cálculos dos partidos são diferentes para esse nível de ensino: ampliar o acesso pode ocorrer tanto em governos de direita quanto de esquerda. Quando o nível de acesso ainda era elitizado, governos de centro-direita no Brasil expandiram as vagas, com o cálculo de que os beneficiados de tal política seriam seus potenciais eleitores no futuro. Os governos de esquerda também adotaram a expansão de vagas e incluíram o crescimento privado e a adoção de ações afirmativas com o cálculo de que essa forma de expansão produziria uma inclusão mais rápida de seus potenciais eleitores no futuro, mesmo em um cenário em que o acesso ao ensino superior não estava massificado. Discussão: Quatro governos (FHC 2, Lula 1 e 2 e Dilma 1) foram responsáveis por mais de 80% do incremento de novas matrículas no ensino superior em quase três décadas, indicando que a expansão não foi exclusiva de governos liderados por partidos de esquerda. A principal diferença está na adoção de critérios redistributivos: governos de esquerda adotaram medidas para reduzir a dependência da renda para o ingresso com ações afirmativas e outros instrumentos, promovendo inclusão social e racial. Essa forma de expansão não foi adotada, nem iniciada, por governos de direita ou de centro-direita. O texto contribui para entender quem foi incluído ou excluído no ensino superior brasileiro como resultado de escolhas políticas ideologicamente orientadas pelos diferentes ocupantes do Executivo federal desde a redemocratização. Introdução desenvolvidos esquerdadireita métodos utilizaramse utilizaram ideológicas 19902018. 19902018 1990 2018 . (1990-2018) Resultados direitaesquerda elitizado centrodireita centro futuro massificado Discussão FHC 80 décadas redistributivos instrumentos racial adotada iniciada centrodireita. direita. redemocratização 1990201 199 201 (1990-2018 8 199020 19 20 (1990-201 19902 (1990-20 (1990-2 (1990- (1990 (199 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT Introduction: Do partisan and ideological dynamics influence public policy decisions in higher education in Brazil? This article investigates whether the left-right political spectrum explains Brazilian higher education policy by applying an adapted model of partisan government theory, originally developed for developed countries, and asking whether the left-right cleavage is equally relevant in the Brazilian context. Materials and methods: To empirically test the theory, we analyzed data regarding access to undergraduate programs and reviewed public policies related to higher education adopted by different federal governments with varying ideological orientations over the past three decades (1990-2018). Results: The article concludes that the left-right cleavage does explain the federal governments' choices for higher education in Brazil. However, party strategies are specific to this level of education: both right-wing and left-wing governments chose to expand access. When access to higher education was still elitist, center-right governments increased enrollments, expecting that beneficiaries would become potential voters in the future. Likewise, left-wing governments also expanded enrollment by promoting the private and public sectors, but distinctly adopting affirmative action in order to rapidly include their potential voters. Discussion: Four administrations (FHC 2, Lula 1 and 2, and Dilma 1) were responsible for over 80% of the increase in new higher education enrollments over nearly three decades, indicating that expansion policies were not confined to left-wing governments. The key distinction lies in the adoption of redistributive policies: left-wing governments adopted measures to reduce income dependency for university admission through affirmative action and other mechanisms, thereby promoting social and racial inclusion. This approach was neither adopted nor initiated by right or center-right governments. The analysis contributes to understand who has been included or excluded from Brazilian higher education due to ideologically driven policy choices by various federal executive leaders since the country's redemocratization. Introduction Brazil leftright left theory countries context methods 19902018. 19902018 1990 2018 . (1990-2018) Results However rightwing wing leftwing elitist centerright center future Likewise sectors Discussion FHC 2 80 mechanisms inclusion countrys country s redemocratization 1990201 199 201 (1990-2018 8 199020 19 20 (1990-201 19902 (1990-20 (1990-2 (1990- (1990 (199 (19 (1 (

Abstract The technological development of tools that enable the spawning of different native species is paramount to enable ex situ conservation initiatives, as well as providing means for commercial hatchery of threatened fish which, in turn, relieve fisheries pressure over wild stocks. Neotropical migratory freshwater fish depend on hormonal induction for spawning in hatcheries, through expensive methods of limited efficiency. Salminus brasiliensis is one of the largest Neotropical freshwater fish, a piscivorous top-predator, prized in angling, highly valued in the market, and appreciated in gastronomy. Teleost fish have either, two or three GnRH paralogous genes: GnRH1, GnRH2 and the GnRH3. The expression products of these paralogous isoforms consist of a larger prepro-GnRH polypeptide, which undergoes post-translational proteolytic processing to yield the active decapeptide hormone. There is increasing interest in characterizing and understanding these neuropeptides, because of its practical application in hatchery spawning. We present the characterization of GnRH1’s coding sequence for the prepro-GnRH1 polypeptide of S. brasiliensis. An annotation from a genomic assembly was used for searching for GnRH paralogues, based on data from anonymous predicted transcripts. The sequence retrieved for GnRH1 was then used as a query for searching the uncharacterized GnRH paralogues from full genomes of Characiformes deposited at NCBI. The S. brasiliensis GnRH1 gene sequence retrieved was targeted for PCR and submitted to Sanger sequencing, allowing for its confirmation. It spans 423 bp (exon 1: 128 bp; intron: 161 bp; and exon 2: 1134 bp), with open reading frames coding for 264 and 88 amino acids, respectively. The different variants retrieved for the prepro-GnRH (1, 2 and 3) from Characiformes genomes and deposited sequences from NCBI grouped in three distinct clades in a neighbor joining tree, each forming a monophyletic branch and with the S. brasiliensis sequences nested within the expected groups. Here we observed a variation at a proteolytic site (GKR→GRR), reported as highly conserved in vertebrates up to now, that can potentially alter the cleavage site and modify the peptide topology. This work has characterized, for the first time, the sequence of the GnRH1 coding for its prepro-GnRH peptide, for a member of the Charaficormes order. This will help to promote research and development of tools for broodstock spawning and environmental management of S. brasiliensis and related migratory fish. initiatives turn stocks hatcheries efficiency toppredator, toppredator top predator, predator top-predator angling market gastronomy either genes GnRH3 preproGnRH prepro posttranslational post translational hormone neuropeptides GnRH1s GnRHs s preproGnRH1 S transcripts sequencing confirmation 42 1 12 intron 16 113 bp, , bp) 26 8 acids respectively 1, (1 3 tree groups GKR→GRR, GKRGRR GKR→GRR GKR GRR (GKR→GRR) now topology characterized time order 4 11 ( (GKR→GRR

Resumo O desenvolvimento tecnológico de ferramentas que possibilitem a reprodução de diferentes espécies nativas é fundamental para viabilizar iniciativas de conservação ex situ, bem como fornecer meios para produção comercial de peixes ameaçados que, por sua vez, aliviam a pressão pesqueira sobre os estoques selvagens. Peixes migratórios de água doce Neotropicais dependem de indução hormonal para desova em pisciculturas, com métodos caros e de eficiência limitada. Salminus brasiliensis é um dos maiores peixes de água doce Neotropicais, predador de topo piscívoro, admirado na pesca esportiva, muito valorizado no mercado e apreciado na gastronomia. O hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH) é uma molécula-chave na reprodução em todos os vertebrados. Os peixes teleósteos possuem dois ou três genes parálogos de GnRH: GnRH1, GnRH2 e GnRH3. Os produtos de expressão gênica dessas isoformas parálogas consistem em um polipeptídeo maior, pré-pró-GnRH, que sofre processamento proteolítico pós-traducional para produzir o hormônio decapeptídeo ativo. Há um interesse crescente na caracterização e compreensão desses neuropeptídeos, devido à sua aplicação prática na reprodução em pisciculturas. Aqui apresentamos a caracterização da sequência codificadora de GnRH1 para o polipeptídeo pré-pŕo-GnRH1 de S. brasiliensis. Uma anotação de montagem genômica foi usada para procurar parálogos de GnRH, com base em dados de transcritos anônimos preditos em um arquivo de anotação gênica. A sequência recuperada para GnRH1 foi então usada como argumento de busca para procura de parálogos não caracterizados de GnRH, a partir de genomas completos de Characiformes depositados no NCBI. A sequência recuperada de S. brasiliensis do gene GnRH1 foi alvo de PCR e submetida ao sequenciamento Sanger, permitindo a sua confirmação. Esta abrange 423 pb (éxon 1: 128 pb; íntron: 161 pb; éxon 2: 134 pb), com janelas abertas de leitura que codificam para 264 e 88 aminoácidos, respectivamente. As diferentes variantes do pré-pró-GnRH (1, 2 e 3) recuperadas dos genomas completos e sequências depositadas de Characiformes no NCBI agruparam-se em três clados distintos, numa árvore de neighbour joining, cada um formando um ramo monofilético e com as sequências de S. brasiliensis aninhadas dentro dos grupos esperados. Aqui observamos uma variação em um sítio proteolítico (GKR→GRR), até então relatado como altamente conservado em vertebrados, que pode potencialmente alterar o sítio de clivagem e modificar a topologia do peptídeo. Este trabalho caracteriza, pela primeira vez, a sequência do gene GnRH1 que codifica para o peptídeo pré-pró-GnRH1, para um membro da ordem Characiformes. Isto ajudará a promover a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a reprodução em piscicultura e a gestão ambiental de S. brasiliensis e outros peixes migratórios relacionados. situ vez selvagens pisciculturas limitada piscívoro esportiva gastronomia GnRH (GnRH moléculachave molécula chave vertebrados GnRH3 maior prépróGnRH, prépróGnRH pré pró póstraducional pós traducional ativo neuropeptídeos prépŕoGnRH1 prépŕoGnRH pŕo pré-pŕo-GnRH S Sanger confirmação 42 1 12 íntron 16 13 pb, , pb) 26 8 aminoácidos respectivamente 1, (1 3 agruparamse agruparam se distintos joining esperados GKR→GRR, GKRGRR GKR→GRR GKR GRR (GKR→GRR) caracteriza prépróGnRH1, prépróGnRH1 pré-pró-GnRH1 relacionados 4 ( (GKR→GRR

Resumen: Desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX, se evidenció el debilitamiento del tradicional clivaje de clase en los comportamientos electorales de las democracias occidentales; sin embargo, los estudios son más escasos para las democracias de tercera ola. Colombia resulta un caso interesante ya que muestra señales de consolidación del sistema partidario desde la reforma política de 2003. Con base en un análisis del voto por estrato socioeconómicos en las cinco mayores ciudades en las cuatro últimas elecciones legislativas, encontramos que este país muestra, a la inversa de las tendencias internacionales una tendencia a una mayor segmentación social del voto, y proponemos unas interpretaciones al respecto.

Abstract: Since the end of the twentieth century, the weakening of the traditional class cleavage in the electoral behavior of Western democracies has become evident; however, studies are scarcer for third-wave democracies. Colombia is an interesting case as it shows signs of a consolidating partisan system since the political reform of 2003. Based on an analysis of the vote by socio-economic stratum in the five largest cities in the last four legislative elections, we find that this country shows, contrary to international trends, a tendency towards greater social segmentation of the vote, and we propose some interpretations in this regard.

Marine sponges belonging to the genus Neopetrosia represent a quasi-inexhaustible source of novel cytotoxic compounds. Yet studies delineating their molecular mechanisms of action in cancer cells remain scarce. We investigated the cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing potential of the Mauritian marine sponge Neopetrosia exigua derived crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fraction. Their cytotoxic activity was screened against four cancer cell lines and two non-malignant cell lines via the Alamar Blue metabolic assay. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined. The ability of the active extract to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and modulate the expression levels of apoptotic markers (caspases and polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)) was further evaluated via western blot. The ethyl acetate fraction (NEEAF) displayed the highest inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 6.87 μg/mL against the liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Mechanistically, NEEAF induced morphological hallmarks characteristic of apoptosis, increased ROS production, decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, NEEAF induced the activation of caspase-9, -7, -3 and cleavage of PARP. Overall, this study provides biochemical evidence for oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cells by NEEAF. Further in-depth investigations are needed to isolate the active constituents, which may potentially lead to the development of novel anticancer therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE: • Marine sponges represent an untapped goldmine of structurally unique compounds with interesting anticancer properties. • This important initial investigative work will set the stage for more in-depth mechanistic studies and chemical characterisation of potentially novel bioactive compounds from the genus Neopetrosia. • This work will also help to strengthen frameworks oriented towards the conservation of Neopetrosia species in the Western Indian Ocean region.

Resumen: el objetivo de la investigación es analizar la formación y contemporaneidad del clivaje derechas/izquierdas en los sistemas políticos centroamericanos de posguerra. La metodología a utilizar es el Análisis Histórico Comparado (AHC), La hipótesis guía del estudio es que el clivaje derechas/izquierdas, su constitución y su expresión contemporánea, es fundamental para entender la pluralidad política y la calidad democrática en general en los sistemas políticos centroamericanos de posguerra. En el artículo se afirma que en El Salvador, Guatemala y Nicaragua el clivaje derecha/izquierda ha tenido dificultades para expresarse de forma democrática. En una primera instancia se expresó en la guerra, para luego tener un balance divergente de éxitos y fracasos en la democratización de los actores.

Abstract: The aim of the research is to analyze the formation and contemporaneity of right/left cleavage in the Central American post-war political systems. The methodology to be used is the Comparative Historical Analysis (cha). The guiding hypothesis of the study is that the right/left cleavage, its constitution, and its contemporary expression, are fundamental to understanding political plurality and democratic quality in general in the postwar Central American political systems. The article states that in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, right/left cleavage has had difficulty expressing itself in a democratic manner. In the first instance, it was expressed in the war, to then have a divergent balance of successes and failures in the democratization of the actors.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including cilostazol in the in vitro maturation medium of oocytes on the in vitro production of sheep embryos. Oocytes were collected from ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse by follicular aspiration with a vacuum pump. The oocytes were divided into four maturation groups: the CON group, where the cumulus-oocyte complexes were immersed in TCM-199 supplemented with 500 IU of penicillin, 0.5 mg of streptomycin, 1.25 µg of amphotericin, 0.2 mM of sodium pyruvate, 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 ng/mL of epidermal growth factor (EGF), 10 µg/mL of FSH, 10 µg/mL of LH, 10 µg/mL of estradiol, and 100 µM of cysteamine; and in the CILO0.3, CILO1, and CILO10 groups, the oocytes were matured in the CON group medium without the addition of cysteamine and supplemented with concentrations of 0.3, 1, and 10 µM of cilostazol, respectively. After 24 hours, the oocytes were evaluated for the presence or absence of cumulus cells and the degree of expansion and then subjected to in vitro fertilization (IVF) with sperm in FIV medium. After IVF, the presumptive zygotes were cultured in vitro. Cleavage was evaluated on day 2, with day 0 being the start of IVF. Results were expressed as a percentage, and variables such as cumulus cell expansion and the number of cleaved structures were compared using the chi-square test in the Epi Info software (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2021). Results were considered significant when P lt; 0.05. All groups showed 100% cumulus cell expansion, and there were no significant differences in cumulus cell expansion degree between the cilostazol- and cysteamine-supplemented groups (P gt; 0.05), as well as no significant differences in cleavage rates between the cilostazol- and cysteamine-supplemented groups (P gt; 0.05).

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de cilostazol en el medio de maduración in vitro de ovocitos sobre la producción in vitro de embriones ovinos. Para ello, se realizaron recolecciones de ovocitos provenientes de ovarios obtenidos en un matadero mediante el método de aspiración folicular con bomba de vacío. Los ovocitos se dividieron en cuatro grupos de maduración: grupo CON, donde los complejos cúmulus ovocitos se sumergieron en TCM-199, suplementado con 500 UI de penicilina, 0,5 mg de estreptomicina, 1,25 µg de anfotericina, 0,2 mM de piruvato de sodio, 10% (v/v) de suero fetal bovino (SFB), 10 ng/mL de factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF), 10 µg/m de FSH, 10 µg/mL de LH, 10 µg/mL de estradiol y 100 µM de cisteamina; y en los grupos CILO0,3; CILO1 y CILO10, los ovocitos se maduraron en el medio del grupo CON, pero sin la adición de cisteamina y suplementado con las concentraciones de 0,3; 1 y 10 µM, respectivamente. Después de 24 horas, los ovocitos se evaluaron en cuanto a la presencia o no de células del cúmulus y en cuanto al grado de expansión y se destinaron a la fecundación in vitro, en medio FIV, junto con espermatozoides. Después de la FIV, los presuntos cigotos siguieron para el cultivo in vitro. Se evaluaron las clivajes en el día 2, siendo el día 0 el día del inicio del CIV. Los resultados se expresaron en porcentaje y las variables de expansión de las células del cúmulus y número de estructuras clivadas se compararon mediante la prueba del chi-cuadrado del software Epi Info (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, EE. UU., 2021). Los resultados se consideraron significativos cuando P lt; 0,05. En relación a la expansión de las células del cúmulus, todos los grupos presentaron el 100% de expansión. No hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto al grado de expansión de las células del cúmulus entre los grupos suplementados con cilostazol y cisteamina (P gt; 0,05), así como no hubo diferencias significativas entre las tasas de clivaje entre los grupos suplementados con cilostazol y cisteamina (P gt; 0,05).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de cilostazol no meio de maturação in vitro de oócitos sobre produção in vitro de embriões ovinos. Para isso, foram realizadas colheitas de oócitos oriundos de ovários obtidos em abatedouro por meio do método de aspiração folicular com bomba de vácuo. Os oócitos foram divididos em quatro grupos de maturação: grupo CON, onde os complexos cumulus oócitos foram imersos em TCM-199, suplementado com 500 UI de penicilina, 0,5 mg de estreptomicina, 1,25 µg de anfotericina, 0,2 mM de piruvato de sódio, 10% (v/v) de soro fetal bovino (SFB), 10 ng/mL de fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGF), 10 µg/m de FSH, 10 µg/mL de LH, 10 µg/mL de estradiol e 100 µM de cisteamina; e nos grupos CILO0,3; CILO1 e CILO10, os oócitos foram maturados no meio do grupo CON, mas sem a adição de cisteamina e suplementado com as concentrações de de 0,3; 1 e 10 µM , respectivamente. Após 24h, os oócitos foram avaliados quanto a presença ou não de células do cumulus e quanto ao grau de expansão e destinados à fecundação in vitro, em meio FIV, juntamente com espermatozoides. Após a FIV, os presumíveis zigotos seguiram para o cultivo in vitro. Foram avaliadas clivagens no dia 2, sendo dia 0 o dia do início do CIV. Os resultados foram expressos em porcentagem e as variáveis de expansão das células do cumulus e número de estruturas clivadas foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado do software Epi Info (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, EUA, 2021). Os resultados foram considerados significativos quando P lt; 0,05. Em relação à expansão das células do cumulus, todos os grupos apresentaram 100% de expansão. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto ao grau de expansão das células do cumulus entre os grupos suplementados com cilostazol e cisteamina (P gt; 0,05), assim como não houve diferenças significativas entre as taxas de clivagem entre os grupos suplementados com cilostazol e cisteamina (P gt; 0,05).