Abstract This study addresses the issue of the relationship between theories and pedagogical models, focusing on their connection with educational research and classroom practice. In this context, the main objective is to analyze the role of the inductive method in the relationship between theories and pedagogical models from classroom praxis, using meta-research and reflective critique based on Grounded Theory. Thus, the definitions of theories and pedagogical models, the historical role of the inductive method in educational research, the relationship between inductive reasoning, the main theories and pedagogical models, and the practical implications of these approaches in teaching and learning are explored. The results reveal that the inductive method is essential for formulating hypotheses, theories, and models from empirical observations, providing a solid foundation for educational research. Additionally, it has significantly influenced the development of various pedagogical models, facilitating the integration of theory and practice, which is vital for effective teaching. In conclusion, the study highlights the ongoing relevance of the inductive method in educational research and its potential to improve pedagogical practices, especially with the advancement of technology, which offers new opportunities to enhance data collection and analysis.

Resumen Este estudio aborda la problemática en torno a la relación de las teorías y modelos pedagógicos, centrándose en su vínculo con la investigación educativa y la práctica en el aula. En este sentido, el objetivo principal es analizar el rol del método inductivo en la relación entre las teorías y modelos pedagógicos desde la praxis en el aula, utilizando la metainvestigación y la crítica reflexiva basada en la teoría fundamentada. De este modo, se exploran las definiciones de teorías y modelos pedagógicos, el rol histórico del método inductivo en la investigación educativa, la relación entre el razonamiento inductivo, las principales teorías y modelos pedagógicos, y las implicaciones prácticas de estos enfoques en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Los resultados revelan que el método inductivo es esencial para formular hipótesis, teorías y modelos a partir de observaciones empíricas, proporcionando una base sólida para la investigación educativa. Además, ha influido significativamente en el desarrollo de diversos modelos pedagógicos, facilitando la integración de teoría y práctica, lo cual es vital para una enseñanza efectiva. En conclusión, el estudio destaca la relevancia continua del método inductivo en la investigación educativa y su potencial para mejorar las prácticas pedagógicas, especialmente con el avance de la tecnología, que ofrece nuevas oportunidades para mejorar la recopilación y el análisis de datos.

In this article we report on the initial professional discourse on teaching natural science (NS) in the Foundation Phase among a sample of novice teachers in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The sample comprised 7 novice teachers (NTs) with 3 or fewer years of teaching experience. We investigated the NTs preparedness to teach NS, exploring their interpretation of the foundation phase (FP) life skills (LS) curriculum and assessment policy statement (CAPS). We identified and examined gaps in the NTs' understanding and knowledge of teaching NS to formulate an intervention programme (IP), and an 8-week IP integrating theoretical and practical elements was subsequently developed. The data collection instruments included a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. Inductive and deductive analysis were employed in coding the data, defining common trends and categorising these into themes. The findings highlight the teachers' lack of content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for NS teaching. The study underscores the need for effective approaches to teaching NS, such as a pedagogy of inquiry with specific strategies to foreground learner agency. Instruction in these approaches should be incorporated into teacher training curricula at higher education institutions (HEIs), which is recommended as a topic for future research.

RESUMO Este artigo trata de uma experiência de estágio docente realizado durante o mestrado em Letras, no qual foi ministrada a disciplina “Língua Inglesa I” para estudantes ingressantes no curso de graduação em Letras (Português/Inglês) da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Além de abordar os tópicos da ementa da disciplina, com foco na língua inglesa, foram realizadas discussões sobre a teoria racial crítica e seu desenvolvimento no contexto educacional, por meio de atividades didáticas fundamentadas nas teorias de letramento racial crítico e interseccionalidade (LADSON BILLINGS, 1998; CRENSHAW, 2004; FERREIRA, 2023). Neste contexto, examinamos nossas práticas como docentes e as reflexões advindas dessa experiência, as quais ampliaram nosso entendimento sobre questões étnico-raciais, suas conexões com a educação linguística em língua inglesa e os impactos nas práticas sociais contemporâneas, incluindo as trocas de experiência com os discentes. Assim, este artigo objetiva compartilhar reflexões decorrentes da experiência citada. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e interpretativista (MOITA LOPES, 1994; SALDAÑA, 2009), focado na análise dos sentidos construídos durante o estágio docente, envolvendo reflexões do diário de campo dos pesquisadores e registros de atividades de sala de aula (PARDO, 2019; PAIVA, 2019). As análises seguem a corrente de estudos Suleados (SILVA JR; MATOS, 2019; PENNYCOOK; MAKONI, 2020), que preconizam a inclusão de vozes de grupos socialmente marginalizados. Os resultados indicam a relevância da construção de pontes entre a produção de conhecimento acadêmico e as práticas sociais de grupos marginalizados na educação linguística em inglês.

ABSTRACT This article is about the teaching internship experience conducted during the master’s program in Languages, in which the course “English Language I” was taught to incoming students of the undergraduate course in Languages (Portuguese/ English), at the Federal University of Sergipe. Alongside covering topics outlined in the course syllabus, focusing on the teaching of English, discussions were held on critical race theory and its place in the educational context, through classroom activities based on critical racial literacy and intersectionality (LADSON BILLINGS, 1998; CRENSHAW, 2004; FERREIRA, 2023). So, we examined our practices as educators and the reflections arising from this experience, which broadened our understanding of ethnic-racial issues, their connections with English language education, and the impacts on contemporary social practices, including exchanges of experiences with the students. Thus, this article aims to share reflections arising from the aforementioned experience. It is a qualitative and interpretive study (MOITA LOPES, 1994; SALDAÑA, 2009), focused on the analysis and interpretation of the meanings constructed during the teaching internship, involving reflections from the researchers’ field diary and records of classroom activities (PARDO, 2019; PAIVA, 2019). The analysis follows the strand of Southern studies (SILVA JR; MATOS, 2019; PENNYCOOK; MAKONI, 2020), which advocate for the inclusion of voices from socially marginalized groups. The results of the experience indicate the relevance of building bridges between academic knowledge production and the social practices of marginalized groups in English language education.

Resumen (Objetivo) Aunque el uso de vídeos de aula no es un tópico novedoso en la formación inicial del profesorado de educación matemática infantil, todavía hay preguntas de investigación sin resolver asociadas, sobre todo, a criterios para seleccionar y analizar vídeos desde un enfoque didáctico y disciplinar. Desde esta perspectiva, la finalidad del artículo es diseñar y validar una rúbrica que sirva para este doble propósito. (Metodología) A partir de un paradigma de investigación cualitativo, se ha seguido un proceso 4x3, es decir, un método secuenciado en cuatro fases con tres pasos en cada una de ellas: 1) revisión, 2) creación, 3) contraste y evaluación, y 4) mejora. (Resultados) La versión definitiva de la rúbrica, denominada R4, consta de 28 ítems organizados en cuatro dimensiones: 1) rol docente, sobre la función que tiene cada docente en el aula; 2) respuesta del alumnado infantil en la tarea, sobre su actuación; 3) relaciones matemáticas, sobre el tipo de matemática; 4) recursos, sobre la gestión y uso de recursos-materiales humanos. Para cada dimensión se considera diversas subdimensiones, en total 16. (Conclusiones) Se concluye que la rúbrica R4 aborda aspectos fundamentales (rol docente, respuesta del alumnado infantil, relaciones matemáticas y recursos) en la labor docente de una maestra o maestro de educación infantil, lo cual permite analizar la práctica docente de un modo holístico y fundamentado.

Resumo (Objetivo) Embora o uso de vídeos em sala de aula não seja um tópico novo na formação inicial de professores de matemática da educação infantil, ainda há questões de pesquisa não resolvidas associadas, sobretudo, aos critérios de seleção e análise de vídeos a partir de uma abordagem didática e disciplinar. A partir dessa perspectiva, o objetivo do artigo é projetar e validar uma rubrica que atenda a essa dupla finalidade. (Metodologia) Com base em um paradigma de pesquisa qualitativa, foi seguido um processo 4x3, ou seja, um método sequenciado em quatro fases com três etapas em cada uma delas: 1) revisão, 2) criação, 3) contraste e avaliação, e 4) aprimoramento. (Resultados) A versão final da rubrica, denominada R4, consiste em 28 itens organizados em quatro dimensões: 1) papel do professor, sobre a função que cada professor tem na sala de aula; 2) resposta dos alunos à tarefa, sobre seu desempenho; 3) relações matemáticas, sobre o tipo de matemática; 4) recursos, sobre o gerenciamento e o uso de recursos humanosmateriais. Para cada dimensão são consideradas diversas subdimensões, totalizando 16. (Conclusões) Conclui-se que a rubrica R4 aborda os principais aspectos (função do professor, resposta dos alunos da educação infantil, recursos e relações matemáticas) no trabalho de ensino de um professor da educação infantil, o que permite uma análise holística e informada da prática de ensino.

Abstract (Objective) Although the use of classroom videos is not a new topic in the initial training of early childhood mathematics education teachers, there are still unresolved research questions associated, above all, with criteria for selecting and analyzing these videos from both a didactic and disciplinary approach. From this perspective, the purpose of this article is to design and validate a rubric that serves this dual purpose. (Methodology) Based on a qualitative research paradigm, a 4x3 process has been followed, that is, a method sequenced in four phases with three steps in each one of them: 1) Review; 2) Creation; 3) Contrast and Evaluation; and 4) Improvement. (Results) The final version of the rubric, called R4, consists of 28 items organized in four dimensions: 1) Teaching role, on the role of the teacher in the classroom; 2) Response of children in the task to his/her performance; 3) Mathematical relations, on the type of mathematics; 4) and Resources, on the management and use of human resources and materials. For each dimension, several subdimensions are considered, 16 in total. (Conclusions) It is concluded that the R4 rubric addresses fundamental aspects (Teaching role, Childrens’ response, Mathematical relations and Resources) in the teaching work of an early childhood education teacher, which allows analyzing the teaching practice in a holistic and justified way.

Resumen Los tiempos de pandemia a causa del COVID 19 marcaron un antes y después dentro del ámbito educativo, provocando que la vuelta a la presencialidad en las cursadas en 2022 significara un reto. En ese año se recibieron en las aulas estudiantes que cursaron a distancia durante dos años, en el aislamiento de sus hogares, sin haber acudido con anterioridad a la universidad. En la carrera de Arquitectura, el espacio de taller junto a las dinámicas grupales son la base en la enseñanza de todas las asignaturas de la carrera. Por ende, la vuelta a la presencialidad resultó una oportunidad y un desafío significativos para docentes y estudiantes. Pensar la educación superior postpandemia, requiere de un alto compromiso por parte de los docentes, con la necesidad de adoptar estrategias que acompañen a los estudiantes ante la nueva realidad. En este sentido, la evaluación de los aprendizajes como instancia de formación es una oportunidad de monitoreo y acompañamiento necesarios. Este trabajo aborda la experiencia deriva de autoevaluación realizada en el taller de la asignatura Historia de la Arquitectura en la UNDAV, como herramienta de acompañamiento para los estudiantes que regresan a la presencialidad, fomentando prácticas reflexivas y críticas en el proceso de formación universitaria.

Abstract The years of the COVID 19 pandemic determined a before and an after for the educational field which led to the challenge of returning to face-to-face courses in 2022. That year, students who carried out distance learning for two years, in the isolation of their homes, without having previously attended the University, were received in the classrooms. In the Architecture career, the workshop space and the group dynamics embody the basis for teaching all the subjects. Therefore, in this context, the return to face-to-face attendance implied a significant opportunity and a challenge for teachers and students. Thinking about post-pandemic higher education requires great commitment from the teaching staff due to the need to adopt strategies devised to accompany students facing the new reality. In this sense, learning assessment as an instance of training is an opportunity for necessary monitoring and accompaniment. This paper deals with the experience of self-assessment drift developed in the workshop of the History of Architecture course at UNDAV. It is considered a tool for accompanying students who return to the classroom which encourages practices that help them to learn how to use the new reality.

Resumen Este artículo presenta la sistematización del programa de líderes, un ejercicio democrático implementado desde 2017 en la Preparatoria IBERO Puebla, México. El programa, basado en la simulación de procesos electorales mexicanos, busca que los estudiantes experimenten la democracia como una vivencia formativa. El objetivo es fomentar actitudes democráticas a través de la responsabilidad electiva, el servicio y el diálogo, promoviendo el consenso y la mediación para el bien común. Utilizando la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa, el estudio involucra a toda la comunidad educativa en la construcción de su formación académica y personal. La implementación del programa ha presentado desafíos en la convivencia y el sentido comunitario, tanto en la resolución de problemas educativos cotidianos como en las relaciones interpersonales. Este ejercicio de ciudadanía, resultado de una evaluación crítica por parte de los actores educativos, ha permitido ampliar la perspectiva sobre cómo el diálogo y la reflexión en prácticas democráticas promueven la construcción social. El estudio contribuye a la creciente línea de investigación sobre estrategias pedagógicas que vinculan democracia y ciudadanía en la educación media superior.

Abstract Pedagogical strategies that link the topics of democracy and citizenship in upper secondary education represent a growing line of research (Mesa, 2019). This article contributes to the systematization of the “Leaders Program,” a democratic exercise,” a democratic exercise that has been carried out since 2017 at the IBERO Puebla High School, Mexico. The systematization was under the gaze of the Participatory Action Research methodology, where the dialogue and participation from all educational community members give meaning to their academic and personal development. The main objective is directed at the service students promotion of their democratic attitudes through elective responsibility, service, and dialogue to reach a consensus and mediate with a view toward the common good. The program is based on a line of action that emulates the processes of popular elections in Mexico, with the intention of experiencing democracy as a formative experience (Mir, 1998) . Its impact within the classroom has involved numerous challenges in community interactions and the sense of community in addressing solutions to everyday problems in education, as well as relationships within the community itself. This citizenship exercise the critical evaluation by educational actors, allowing for an expanded perspective and recognizes the result of the critical evaluation by educational actors, allowing for an expanded perspective and recognizing how dialogue and reflection on these democratic practices promote social construction.

ABSTRACT This article shows the results of an educational research whose purpose was to understand the influence of educational practices on the self-regulatory process of students in Colombia. The methodological approach was qualitative with a descriptive scope that sought details about the teaching process and classroom learning. The sample is made up of 137 participants distributed among 90 students, 24 teachers and 23 parents to whom a characterization sheet, an interview and a focus group are applied throughout 9 areas of the country: Garzón (Huila), Fortul. (Arauca), Bucaramanga (Santander), Bogotá, Tenjo, Guayabal de Siquima (Cundinamarca), Urabá, Medellín, Rionegro (Antioquia), Ibagué (Tolima), Granada (Meta), Santiago de Cali (Valle del Cauca) and Almaguer (Cauca). For the analysis of the information, a triangulation matrix was used and its subsequent interpretative exercise. The results show that teaching practice encourages students' autonomy and self-control when learning, while there is a need to provide training on parental monitoring guidelines. In this sense, it is recognized that education in context based on games, creativity and group work encourages self-regulation learning skills such as metacognition, monitoring, delegation of tasks, planning and projection of goals to reach.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación educativa cuyo propósito fue comprender la influencia de las prácticas educativas en el proceso autorregulatorio de los estudiantes en Colombia. El enfoque metodológico fue de tipo cualitativo con un alcance descriptivo que buscó detalles sobre el hacer docente y el aprendizaje de aula. La muestra se compone de 137 participantes distribuidos en 90 estudiantes, 24 docentes y 23 padres de familia a quienes se les aplicaron una ficha de caracterización, una entrevista y un grupo focal a lo largo de 9 zonas del país: Garzón (Huila), Fortul (Arauca), Bucaramanga (Santander), Bogotá, Tenjo, Guayabal de Siquima (Cundinamarca), Urabá, Medellín, Rionegro (Antioquia), Ibagué (Tolima), Granada (Meta), Santiago de Cali (Valle del Cauca) y Almaguer (Cauca). Para el análisis de la información se contó con una matriz de triangulación y su posterior ejercicio interpretativo. Los resultados muestran que la práctica docente fomenta en los estudiantes su autonomía y su autocontrol a la hora de aprender, mientras que se ve la necesidad de brindar formación sobre las pautas de monitoreo parental. En ese sentido, se reconoce que la educación en contexto a partir de los juegos, la creatividad y el trabajo en grupo incentivan las habilidades de autorregulación del aprendizaje como la metacognición, el monitoreo, la delegación de tareas, la planeación y proyección de las metas a alcanzar.

In this study I explored how professional development training impacts Grade 3 teachers' ability to assess reading proficiency and provide targeted support to enhance learner outcomes in Namibia. An action research methodology was used to plan, engage, and reflect on reading assessment. Data were collected from artifacts gathered during training and teacher reflections in focus groups. Key themes included pacing when taking running record assessment, sign and symbol conventions, and effective data capturing. The main findings reveal teachers' accuracy in recording running records, assessment influenced by learners' reading pace, fluency and comprehension of text, and the overall reading levels of Grade 3 learners. The focus group results indicate the need for more effective assessment tools such as running records, consideration of linguistic diversity within the classroom setting, strategies to address the impact of class size on individual reading assessment, and opportunities for training teachers. Further research is recommended to identify teachers' English language needs and explore integrating linguistic frameworks into teachers' practices to tailor professional development for improved Grade 3 reading outcomes. The study contributes toward research in professional development to refine teachers' assessment skills for learners' literacy development.

Secondary school language teachers who participated in this study taught using tablets and MS Teams, which has its own associated challenges. In the study reported on here we explored ways in which the 13 digital learning competencies in the South African education context support teachers in addressing their teaching-related challenges. The challenges and digital teaching practices of 4 secondary school teachers were explored using a collaborative action research design. The phenomenon was explored and described as a case study. Data collection instruments included focus-group interviews, classroom observations, and documents from teachers' lessons. We employed a conceptual framework with digital didactical design as context for levels of technology integration and digital learning competencies as the conceptual framework. Seven interviews, 24 observation sheets, as well as lesson documents were analysed, using content analysis and coding. The results point to teachers effectively addressing digital teaching challenges by aiming to improve their digital competencies and levels of technology integration.

Abstract: The present study examines the teaching strategies used by physics professors while providing a guide for students through learning activities that develop thinking skills, knowledge, and attitudes to solve specialty-related problems. A didactic approach is applied to teaching competency-based general physics in engineering within a modular structure. A mixed methodology is employed, with qualitative methods for the case study interpreting professors' discourse regarding classroom pedagogical design and practice, and quantitative methods examining teaching practice and its impact on academic performance. As a result, three main categories are identified: 1) didactic strategies, 2) technological resources, 3) and learning monitoring. It is observed that the teaching model influences student dropout rates and academic success. In conclusion, there is a preference for traditional strategies over constructivist strategies, regardless of the professor's experience level.

Resumen: El presente estudio examina las estrategias de enseñanza utilizadas por los docentes de física y provee una guía al estudiante a través de actividades de aprendizaje que desarrollen habilidades de pensamiento, conocimientos y actitudes para resolver problemas de la especialidad. Se aplica un enfoque didáctico para enseñar por competencias en física general en ingeniería bajo estructura modular. Se utiliza una metodología mixta, cualitativa para el estudio de caso que interpreta el discurso de los docentes en relación con el diseño y la práctica pedagógica de aula y el cuantitativo que examina la práctica docente y su impacto en el rendimiento académico. Como resultado, se identifican tres categorías principales: 1) estrategias didácticas, 2) recursos tecnológicos, y 3) seguimiento del aprendizaje. Se observa que el modelo de enseñanza influye en la tasa de deserción y el éxito académico de los estudiantes. En conclusión, se evidencia una preferencia por estrategias tradicionales sobre las constructivistas, independientemente de la experiencia del docente.

Abstract Higher education in Honduras faces multiple challenges due to the social context that affects its environment and therefore its students, which requires that these institutions assume a leading role in identifying and addressing territorial realities through teaching-learning practices that promote research and participation of university students in the construction of knowledge for their awareness and action to improve their environment. The objective of this research is to reflect the analysis of the International Relations students of the Central American Technological University on the perspective of human rights, education and gender contemplated in the government plan of Honduras 2022-2026 using Research Based Learning (RBL) methodology tools, a study developed in the subject “Management of Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid” where 16 students participated in documentary reviews, tree diagrams, focus groups, SWOT analysis and the elaboration of an opinion article as a final project. This educational experience underscored the importance of cooperating and creating spaces for research linked to the Honduran reality in order to promote academic freedom within the classroom with active dynamics, including the evaluation of thematic content and the understanding of current regulations and their real impact on society. In addition, the proposal encourages self-taught practice, allowing students to assume responsibility and autonomy in their learning, with the teacher’s role being crucial in guiding and supporting the development of these skills.

Resumen La educación superior en Honduras enfrenta múltiples desafíos debido al contexto social que afecta a su entorno y, por ende, a sus estudiantes. Esto exige que dichas instituciones asuman un papel protagónico en la identificación y el abordaje de las realidades territoriales, a través de prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje que promuevan la investigación y participación del universitario en la construcción de conocimiento, para su sensibilización y la acción de mejora en su medio. El objetivo de la presente investigación es reflejar el análisis de los estudiantes de Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana sobre la perspectiva de derechos humanos, educación y género contemplada en el Plan de Gobierno para Refundar Honduras 2022-2026, usando herramientas de metodología del aprendizaje basado en investigación. El estudio se desarrolló en la asignatura Gestión de la Cooperación y Ayuda Humanitaria, en la que dieciséis estudiantes participaron en revisiones documentales, diagramas de árbol, grupos focales, análisis FODA y la elaboración de un artículo de opinión como proyecto final. Esta experiencia educativa subrayó la importancia de cooperar y crear espacios de investigación vinculados a la realidad hondureña para promover la libertad académica dentro del aula con dinámicas activas, incluyendo la evaluación de contenidos temáticos y la comprensión de la normativa vigente y su impacto real en la sociedad. Además, la propuesta fomenta la práctica autodidacta, al permitir a los estudiantes asumir la responsabilidad y autonomía en su aprendizaje. El docente, por su parte, tiene un rol crucial en la guía y el apoyo para el desarrollo de estas habilidades.

ABSTRACT This study aims to gather information about intercultural pedagogical practices, the concept of interculturality on which they are based, as well as those elements that support or hinder their emergence. A qualitative methodology was used, specifically a case study and data in a particular school and from the voices of pedagogical teams at the transition level. Two techniques were used to collect information: the semi-structured interview and the group interview, to learn about the set of actions that pedagogical teams use to promote intercultural practices. The results allow us to demonstrate the use of intercultural pedagogical practices driven by the recognition of the cultural diversity present in classrooms, supported by more functional and relational models of interculturality. It is concluded that there is a need to think about intercultural education articulated between those who lead the center and those who lead the pedagogical practices in the classroom so that the local context reflects the meaning of providing critical intercultural education within the school.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como propósito recoger información sobre las prácticas pedagógicas interculturales, la concepción de interculturalidad en la que se sustentan, así como aquellos elementos que ayudan o entorpecen su emergencia. El diseño metodológico contempló una aproximación cualitativa, específicamente un estudio de caso en un establecimiento educativo en particular y desde las voces del profesorado del nivel transición. Se ocuparon dos técnicas de recolección de información, a saber, la entrevista semiestructurada y la entrevista grupal, para conocer el conjunto de acciones que ponen en uso educadoras y las asistentes educativas orientadas a promover prácticas interculturales. Los resultados permiten evidenciar el uso de prácticas pedagógicas interculturales, impulsadas por el reconocimiento a la diversidad cultural presente en las aulas, sustentadas en modelos de interculturalidad más funcionales y relacionales. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de pensar la educación intercultural vinculada entre quienes lideran el centro y quienes lideran prácticas pedagógicas en el aula, de manera que desde el contexto local se reflexione y signifique el sentido de otorgar una educación intercultural crítica al interior del centro.

ABSTRACT The increase in the presence of migrant children in early childhood educational centers allows a large part of the classrooms to be characterized by cultural diversity. Consequently, new needs emerge and inclusion practices of migrant children are presented as a challenge for teachers. The aim of this case study is to explore inclusion practices for migrant children in an early childhood education center in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. The technique used to collect data was semistructured interviews with the Director of the center, the early childhood teachers and the teaching assistants. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. The results are grouped into four categories: adaptations in the classroom that respond to the cultural diversity of migrant children; the link between the educational center and migrant families; professional training on inclusion and interculturality; and finally, factors that stress the inclusion practices of migrant children. The need for professional training is discussed, focusing on the need for inclusive practices from an intercultural perspective that allows for intentional educational work with children and families of migrant origin, as well as the importance of addressing these problems as both a political and social responsibility.

RESUMEN El aumento en la presencia de niñas y niños de origen migrante en los centros educativos de educación inicial permite que al día de hoy una parte importante de las aulas se caractericen por la diversidad cultural. En consecuencia, nuevas necesidades emergen y las prácticas de inclusión de párvulos de origen migrante son presentadas como un desafío para educadoras y educadores. El propósito de este estudio de caso es explorar las prácticas de inclusión para niñas y niños de origen migrantes en un centro de educación inicial en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. La técnica empleada corresponde a entrevistas semi estructuradas realizadas a la directora del centro, educadoras y técnicas en párvulos, las cuales luego de ser transcritas fueron analizadas mediante análisis temático. Los resultados se agruparon en cuatro categorías que refieren a prácticas asociadas a: las adecuaciones en el aula que responden a la diversidad cultural de niñas y niños migrantes; el vínculo entre el centro educativo y las familias migrantes; al desarrollo profesional sobre inclusión e interculturalidad; y por último se mencionan factores que tensionan las prácticas de inclusión de niñas y niños migrantes. Se discute la necesidad de formación profesional en prácticas inclusivas desde una perspectiva intercultural, que permitan intencionar el trabajo educativo con niñas, niños y sus familias de origen migrante, como también la importancia de abordar estas problemáticas como una responsabilidad a nivel político y social.

ABSTRACT The quality of learning environments is strongly influenced by the type of interactions in early childhood classrooms, as these have an impact on the development of skills. In this sense, the strong demand for establishing improvements in the Chilean educational system makes it necessary to focus on the teaching practices that guide the teaching-learning processes. The objective of this research was to analyze the quality of the interactions of early childhood educators in middle school and prekindergarten classrooms of an educational center. The Teach ECE classroom observation instrument was applied to the dimensions Classroom culture, Guided learning and Social-emotional skills. The results showed that the dimension with the best quality interactions is in the Classroom Culture dimension, the lowest quality interactions were observed in the Socioemotional Skills dimension, given that there was little spontaneous participation of the children during the learning experience and a low level of interactions among peers. The educators agree on the importance of communication and positive interactions that contribute to the classroom climate. With respect to the quality of interactions aimed at the development of new concepts, there are strong differences between the classrooms observed. The results of this study open a space for discussion about the dynamics that develop inside the infant classrooms and provide key inputs for the work with educators in training.

RESUMEN La calidad de los ambientes de aprendizaje se encuentra fuertemente influida por el tipo de interacciones que ocurren al interior de aulas de educación infantil, en tanto estas impactan en el desarrollo de habilidades. En tal sentido, la fuerte demanda por establecer mejoras en el sistema educativo chileno, obliga a focalizar la mirada en las prácticas docentes que guían los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la calidad de las interacciones de educadoras de párvulos en aulas de nivel medio mayor y prekínder de un centro educativo. Se aplicó el instrumento de Observación de clases Teach ECE en las dimensiones Cultura del aula, Aprendizaje guiado y Habilidades socioemocionales. Los resultados mostraron que la dimensión con interacciones de mejor calidad se ubica en la dimensión Cultura de aula, las interacciones de menor calidad se observaron en la dimensión Habilidades socioemocionales, dado que se evidencia una escasa participación espontánea de los niños/as durante la experiencia de aprendizaje y bajo nivel en las interacciones entre pares. Las educadoras coinciden acerca de la importancia de la comunicación y de las interacciones positivas que contribuyan al clima de aula y con respecto a la calidad de las interacciones que apuntan al desarrollo de nuevos conceptos, se evidencian fuertes diferencias entre las salas observadas. Los resultados de este estudio abren un espacio de discusión en torno a las dinámicas que se desarrollan al interior de las aulas de infantil y entrega insumos claves para el trabajo con educadoras en formación.

Abstract Portuguese Traditional Music is often overlooked in formal teaching at music schools in Portugal. Furthermore, there has been little research into its use in the classroom and the informal learning practices associated with it. Thus, an Educational Project was developed and implemented in 2021/2022, at the Regional Conservatory of Ponta Delgada (CRPD), involving 7 violin students aged between 9 and 14 years and focused on learning songs from the Traditional Music of the Azores. These songs were prepared in class using informal learning practices - auditory learning and analysis, the use of recordings, memorisation without the use of sheet music, improvisation, etc. - and presented at a concert. Additionally, a research study was conducted to analyse the effects of such intervention on the motivation, learning and attitudes of the students, as well as the perceptions developed by the students, their parents, the teachers, and the general public involved in this experience. The study also aimed to assess the feasibility of combining formal and informal learning practices in violin teaching at the CRPD and to evaluate its implications for the preservation of regional cultural identity. To this end, qualitative data were collected, through direct observation of classes with field notes, audiovisual recordings, semi-structured interviews with the students, anonymous questionnaires to the parents and the audience present at the concert, and 27 violin teachers. This data was subjected to content analysis, namely by organising it into categories and sub-categories. The results show that the inclusion of Azorean Traditional Music, using informal learning practices, had a positive effect on the students' motivation, enhancing the development of technical, musical, cognitive, and social skills. In addition, the Azorean Traditional Music concert proved to be an effective means of disseminating and valuing the region's cultural heritage, boosting the students' identity development, and preserving the region's cultural identity.