Abstract: Water resource management is an important issue that involves several factors such as economics, social, politician, among others, for its adequate administration. Water can be classified according to its usage purposes since it is used for human consumption, industrial usage, agriculture, etc. Thus, correct strategies to manage this vital liquid are essential to effectively use it. This paper studies water management from a mathematical optimization approach by considering factors and constraints that may suit real-world conditions. The proposed mathematical model is based on the classical transportation problem, which is well-known in the literature. We perform an empirical evaluation of the proposed model using off-the-shelf optimization software over a set of proposed instances, and the results show the feasibility of the proposal. Finally, we discuss the faced challenges in the research and possible future research directions that may help the management of water resources from a computational approach.

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene como propósito examinar los aparentes beneficios y efectos del libre comercio a partir de la dinámica propia del que fuera el General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) y su sucesora, la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC). Se denuncia el carácter eminentemente ideológico de las premisas tributarias según las cuales sus efectos son, en la generalidad de los supuestos, intrínsecamente provechosos para las economías en desarrollo y subdesarrolladas. En este sentido, se intenta demostrar que las instituciones de referencia han perpetuado consistentemente las derivas que el modelo analítico "centro-periferia" históricamente denunciara en detrimento de esta última. La metodología empleada ha consistido en la revisión bibliográfica del sistema GATT y el esquema de comercio internacional de la OMC, a partir de un examen crítico de estas últimas en función de las tesis de la economía estructuralista cepalina tanto clásica como contemporánea. Los resultados del estudio señalan que el sistema multilateral comercial y las propias políticas comerciales de las naciones hegemónicas, a través del funcionamiento primero del GATT y luego de la OMC, han supuesto efectos endémicamente disvaliosos para las economías periféricas. Las implicaciones de la presente investigación sugieren la necesidad del reexamen tanto en el ámbito nacional como interregional de los términos -actualmente poco equitativos- que rigen el comercio internacional, y de una promoción más activa, en ambos espacios, de aquellas políticas de desarrollo que sean provechosas para los países económicamente desfavorecidos. Clasificación JEL: F01; F12; F13; F53; F60; F63.

Abstract: The present work aims to examine the apparent benefits and effects of free trade based on the dynamics of the former General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). The eminently ideological nature of the tax premises is denounced according to which its effects are intrinsically beneficial for developing and underdeveloped economies in the generality of the assumptions. In this sense, an attempt is made to demonstrate that the reference institutions have consistently perpetuated the drifts that the "center-periphery" analytical model historically denounced to the latter's detriment. The methodology used has involved a literature review of the GATT system and the international trade framework of the WTO, based on a critical examination of these in relation to the theses of both classical and contemporary structuralist economics. The study's results indicate that the multilateral trade system, along with the trade policies of hegemonic nations, through the functioning first of the GATT and then of the WTO, has resulted in endemically detrimental effects for peripheral economies. In this sense, the implications of this research suggest the need for a reexamination, both at the national and interregional levels, of the currently inequitable terms governing international trade, along with a more active promotion, at both levels, of development policies that prove to be beneficial for economically disadvantaged countries.

ABSTRACT Classical developmentalism was heterodox economics that showed countries require a moderate intervention of the state in the economy to industrialize and catch up. Growth depends on investments and on a satisfying expected rate of profit, which import tariffs legitimized by the infant industry argument assure. Latin American countries adopted this industrial policy from the 1950s and experienced high growth rates. But the infant argument loses validity with time. In the 1980s, under the pressure of the Global North, Latin American countries adopted the neoliberal reforms, and are quasi-stagnant since then. New developmentalism emerged in the 2000s, made the critique of conventional economics, proposed a new growth strategy focused on a competitive exchange rate, and legitimized the use of import tariffs with the Dutch disease argument. up profit assure s rates time 1980s North reforms quasistagnant quasi stagnant then 2000s

RESUMO O desenvolvimentismo clássico é uma teoria econômica heterodoxa que mostrou que os países precisam de intervenção moderada do Estado na economia para se industrializar. Os países latino-americanos adotaram essa política industrial a partir da década de 1950 e tiveram altas taxas de crescimento. Mas o argumento da indústria nascente perde validade com o tempo. Na década de 1980, sob a pressão do Norte, os países latino-americanos adotaram as reformas neoliberais e estão quase estagnados desde então. O novo desenvolvimentismo surgiu nos anos 2000, fez a crítica da economia convencional, formulou uma macroeconomia do desenvolvimento baseada nos cinco preços macroeconômicos, desenvolveu um argumento contraintuitivo contra a política de crescimento com endividamento e poupança externa e a retomada de tarifas de importação para neutralizar a doença holandesa. industrializar latinoamericanos latino americanos 195 tempo 1980 Norte então 2000 convencional macroeconômicos holandesa 19 198 200 1 20 2

Resumo O objetivo do presente artigo é contribuir com o estudo a respeito da trajetória intelectual de James M. Buchanan. O artigo argumenta que a tradição italiana de finanças públicas foi um importante canal de transmissão das ideias da economia política clássica e da filosofia do contrato social para Buchanan, temas que ele considera essenciais para a formação da economia constitucional. Isso é relevante para a melhor compreensão da trajetória de Buchanan na medida em que a importância da tradição italiana para a formação da economia constitucional é frequentemente subestimada pela literatura. M literatura

Abstract The objective of this article is to contribute to the study of the intellectual trajectory of James M. Buchanan. The article argues that the Italian tradition of public finance was an important channel for the transmission of ideas from classical political economy and the philosophy of the social contract to Buchanan, themes he considers essential for the formation of constitutional economics. This is relevant for a deeper understanding of Buchanan’s trajectory as the importance of the Italian tradition for the formation of constitutional economics is often underestimated in the literature. M Buchanan Buchanans s literature

Resumo A desigualdade salarial é entendida, pela economia ortodoxa, a partir de um indivíduo cujas ações, insuladas e perfeitamente racionais, são invariavelmente autointeressadas. As escolhas e características produtivas desse indivíduo, sob as forças de mercado, determinariam sua remuneração. Ainda que objeto de recorrentes críticas, a perspectiva neoclássica continua a ignorar fatores sociais, alheios a essas características e escolhas. Neste artigo, investigamos as origens e a consolidação desse entendimento: quando e de que modo a sociedade foi apartada da compreensão da desigualdade salarial? O ensaio revisita o pensamento de autores da escola clássica e de precursores da teoria neoclássica com o objetivo de compreender em que medida fatores sociais eram atribuídos à determinação de salários. Concluímos que a atomização da desigualdade, estranha a pensadores clássicos, permaneceu incipiente na economia ortodoxa até meados do século XX. Examinamos o processo que levou esse entendimento a tornar-se hegemônico e elencamos fatores responsáveis por sua consolidação. entendida ações racionais autointeressadas mercado remuneração críticas artigo salários clássicos XX tornarse tornar se

Abstract According to orthodox economics, wage inequality must be understood from the perspective of an individual whose actions, insulated and perfectly rational, are invariably self-interested. The choices and productive characteristics of these individuals, under the law of supply and demand, would determine their earnings. Despite being the target of recurrent criticism, the neoclassical perspective continues to ignore the role of social factors. In this article, we investigate the origins and consolidation of this understanding: when and in what way was society separated from wage inequality? The essay revisits the thinking of classical school authors and precursors of neoclassical theory in order to understand the extent to which social factors were attributed to wage determination. We conclude that the atomization of wage inequality, strange to classical thinkers, remained incipient in orthodox economics until the mid-twentieth century. We examine the process that led this understanding to become hegemonic, considering factors responsible for its consolidation. actions rational selfinterested. selfinterested self interested. interested self-interested individuals demand earnings criticism article determination thinkers midtwentieth mid twentieth century hegemonic

Resumen Este artículo es una contribución a la literatura sobre la determinación del tipo de cambio real mediante el desarrollo de un modelo basado en las proposiciones principales de la economía política clásica en la cual la competencia real gobierna el comercio nacional e internacional. La teoría del valor trabajo subyace a los precios nacionales e internacionales y, en estas condiciones, el principio de la ventaja de costos absolutos configura el comercio internacional. El análisis econométrico muestra que los costos laborales unitarios relativos son los reguladores clave del comportamiento de largo plazo de los tipos de cambio reales en China y en Estados Unidos de América en el periodo 1982-2018.

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on determining the real exchange rates by developing a model that is based on key propositions of the classical political economy within which the real competition governs domestic and international trade, the labor theory of value is underneath domestic and international prices and, under these conditions, the principle of absolute cost advantage shapes international trade. The econometric analysis shows that the relative real unit labor cost is a key regulator of the long-run behavior of real exchange rates in both, China and the United States of America (USA), for the period 1982-2018.

ABSTRACT The aim of the article is to critically analyze Environmentally-Adjusted Multifactor Productivity (EAMP), by considering the Classical-Post-keynesian environmental framework Ecological Macroeconomics, integrated with the Evolutionary Environmental Economics. The paper introduces EAMP as rooted in in neoclassical economics and derived from Cobb-Douglas function with natural resources built by Solow (1974). I present theoretical critiques of EAMP’s neoclassical assumptions by developing perspectives from heterodox Ecological Macroconomics literature. Finally, I discuss the shortcomings of EAMP’s conceptual framework, making specific reference to the policy debate on Porter Hypothesis. The article puts in evidence how the assumptions of constant returns to scale, perfect competition and perfect input substitutability seriously alter the meaning and promise of sustainability policy. The analysis indicates that EAMP is a poor instrument to study complex issues regarding the promotion and effectiveness of green innovations and should therefore be abandoned to face the great challenges regarding the process of ecological transformation. EnvironmentallyAdjusted Environmentally Adjusted EAMP, , (EAMP) ClassicalPostkeynesian Classical Post keynesian Macroeconomics Economics CobbDouglas Cobb Douglas 1974. 1974 . (1974) EAMPs s literature Finally Hypothesis scale transformation (EAMP 197 (1974 19 (197 1 (19 (1 (

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo é analisar criticamente a Produtividade Multifatorial Ajustada ao Meio Ambiente (PMAMA), considerando o aspecto ambiental clássico-pós-keynesiano, integrado à Economia Ambiental Evolucionária. O artigo apresenta a PMAMA enraizada na economia neoclássica e derivada da função Cobb-Douglas com recursos naturais construída por Solow (1974). Apresento críticas teóricas aos pressupostos neoclássicos da PMAMA desenvolvendo perspetivas da literatura heterodoxa da Macroeconomia Ecológica. Por fim, discuto as deficiências da estrutura conceitual da PMAMA fazendo referência específica ao debate político sobre a Hipótese de Porter. O artigo evidencia como as premissas de retornos constantes de escala, concorrência perfeita e substitutibilidade perfeita de insumos alteram seriamente o significado e a promessa da política de sustentabilidade. A análise indica que a PMAMA é um instrumento pobre para estudar questões complexas sobre a promoção e eficácia das inovações verdes e, portanto, deve ser abandonado para enfrentar os grandes desafios do processo de transformação ecológica. PMAMA, , (PMAMA) clássicopóskeynesiano, clássicopóskeynesiano clássico pós keynesiano, keynesiano clássico-pós-keynesiano Evolucionária CobbDouglas Cobb Douglas 1974. 1974 . (1974) Ecológica fim Porter escala sustentabilidade portanto ecológica (PMAMA 197 (1974 19 (197 1 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT This paper aims to revisit and systematize the concepts of Economic Development and Developmentalism. The hypothesis raised by the research is that due to the historical-social procedurality of Economic Sciences, the terms Economic Development and Developmentalism can be categorized differently by epistemological and didactic option nowadays. The article opted to perform a bibliographic study. The methodological procedures for selecting the references were bibliographic research focused on the authors with historical, concrete and inductive analysis of the economy and the phenomenon of economic development. The results obtained are that the terms Economic Development and Developmentalism can be categorized differently, one as a concept used by several schools of economic thought; other as a School of Economic Thought, which has four theoretical currents (Classical Developmentalism, Social Developmentalism, New Developmentalism, Socialist Market Developmentalism). historicalsocial historical social Sciences nowadays study development thought Thought Classical . Developmentalism)

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisitar e sistematizar os conceitos de Desenvolvimento Econômico e o de Desenvolvimentismo. A hipótese levantada pela pesquisa é a de que em razão da processualidade histórico-social das Ciências Econômicas, os termos Desenvolvimento Econômico e Desenvolvimentismo podem ser categorizados de forma distinta por opção epistemológica e didática na atualidade. O artigo optou por realizar um estudo bibliográfico. Os procedimentos metodológicos para selecionar as referências foram pesquisa bibliográfica focada nos autores com análise histórica, concreta e indutiva da economia e do fenômeno de desenvolvimento econômico. Os resultados obtidos são de que os termos Desenvolvimento Econômico e Desenvolvimentismo podem ser categorizados de forma distinta, o primeiro como conceito empregado por diversas escolas do pensamento econômico; o segundo é uma Escola de Pensamento Econômico em si e que possui quatro correntes teóricas (Desenvolvimentismo Clássico, Social Desenvolvimentismo, Novo Desenvolvimentismo, Desenvolvimentismo Socialista de Mercado). históricosocial histórico social Econômicas atualidade bibliográfico histórica econômico Clássico Mercado. Mercado . Mercado)

With burgeoning economic challenges that have been hard-pressing Zimbabwe for more than a decade, most Zimbabwean classical Pentecostal churches who do not strategically multiply their revenue in reciprocal correspondence with God-given resources have been disabled and forced to narrow their missionary focus towards proclamation of the gospel and neglected other dimensions of mission, such as diakonia. The partial focus on the gospel in word without corresponding deeds portrayed an exclusively Salvationist and less integral image, and defaced ecclesiastic identification when Zimbabwe is anxiously in dire need of a wholesome Church that values and attends to all areas of their lives. While extensive attention has been paid to the conceptualisation of ecclesial identity in general, and manipulative economics of some charismatic churches in Zimbabwe and Africa, research about the identity and economic sustainability of the Zimbabwean classical Pentecostal Church is sparse. Thus, this study filled the gap, taking Assemblies of God, Back to God (hereinafter referred to as AOG BTG) as a case study. Applying theonomic reciprocity theory, complemented by the concept of sustainability and engaging purposively sampled in-depth interviews, this article interfaced missionary identity with economic sustainability and recommended the adoption of contextually feasible strategies to capacitate the Church to meet the rising operating and missionary costs in the volatile Zimbabwean context. CONTRIBUTION: This study reviewed the ecclesial identity, interconnected Zimbabwean classical Pentecostal ecclesiology with current economics and observed circumstantially applicable strategies to restore a blurred identity

RESUMO A partir da década de 1980, o Brasil ficou quase estagnado, enquanto o Leste da Ásia continuou a crescer. O que deu errado? Os desenvolvimentistas clássicos e os pós-keynesianos argumentam que a causa foi o abandono do projeto nacional-desenvolvimentista. O novo desenvolvimentismo concorda e propõe que dois fatos históricos reduziram os investimentos: nos anos 1980, a crise fiscal do estado definida por poupança pública negativa e a queda do investimento público. O investimento privado também caiu - por uma ação e uma omissão. A ação foi a adoção equivocada da política de crescimento com endividamento externo (“poupança externa”) e o resultante aumento dos influxos de capital. A omissão foi a suspensão da neutralização da doença holandesa. Ambos resultaram em sobrevalorização da taxa de câmbio no longo prazo e interromperam a industrialização.

ABSTRACT From the 1980s, Brazil quasi-stagnated while East-Asia continued to grow. What went wrong? Classical developmentalists and post-Keynesians argue the cause was the desertion of the national developmental project based on structural change or industrialization. New-developmental economics agrees but is more specific: two historical new facts reduced investments. In the 1980s, a fiscal crisis of the state defined by negative public savings, broke up. This crisis, which was not resolved, led to the fall of public investments. As to private investments, they also have fallen as a percentage of GDP (when we compare with the 1970). They have fallen due to an action and an omission. The action was the mistaken adoption of growth with foreign indebtedness policy and the consequent excess of capital inflows. The omission was the suspension of the neutralization of the Dutch disease. Both resulted in a long-term overvaluation of the exchange rate and stopped industrialization.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo é discutir os nudges no contexto pandêmico do SARS-CoV-2, retomando algumas reflexões sobre a ética e revisando-as sob o novo cenário imposto pela pandemia. Marco teórico: o arcabouço teórico da Economia Comportamental fundamentou a análise dos nudges, enquanto o utilitarismo, a deontologia e a ética das virtudes foram as teorias morais clássicas utilizadas para a reflexão dos aspectos éticos. Métodos: fizemos uma revisão da literatura sobre nudges e pesquisamos os últimos estudos sobre este assunto aplicados à mitigação da COVID-19. Na seção de discussão ética, referências clássicas são utilizadas para articular nudges com as seguintes teorias morais: utilitarismo, deontologia e ética das virtudes. Resultados: os resultados indicam que a tendência em termos de intervenção é enviar mensagens de nudge e aumentar o comprometimento, principalmente para direcionar um comportamento desejado e aumentar a adesão a políticas. Muitos experimentos não mostraram resultados significativos e alguns inconvenientes na aplicação de políticas indicam que os nudges devem ser revistos em cenários de crise, como em pandemias. Na discussão ética, três teorias morais podem justificar alguns aspectos dos nudges. Conclusões: este artigo mostrou algumas falhas e inconsistências tanto na teoria do nudge quanto na sua aplicação durante a pandemia, as quais podem ser resolvidas através da discussão de aspectos éticos. Sugere-se que conectar estes problemas com as teorias morais pode ser uma solução para alguns impasses encontrados.

ABSTRACT Objective: the aim of this study is to discuss nudges in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic context, bringing back some reflections on ethics and revising them in the light of the new setting imposed by the pandemic. Theoretical approach: the theoretical framework of Behavioral Economics was the basis for nudges’ analysis, while utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics were the classic moral theories used to reflect on ethical aspects. Methods: we undertook a literature review about nudges searched through the latest studies about this subject applied to COVID-19 mitigation. In the ethical discussion section, we used classical references to articulate the nudge theory with the following moral theories: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Results: our findings indicate that the trend intervention during the pandemic is ‘nudging messages’ and ‘increase people’s commitment,’ mainly to nudge people toward the desired behavior and increase policy adherence. Many experiments did not show significant results, and some drawbacks in policies’ applications indicate that nudges might be revised in crisis scenarios, such as a pandemic outbreak. The ethical discussion section relates three moral theories that justify some of the nudge’s aspects. Conclusions: this paper showed some flaws and inconsistencies in nudge theory and its application during the pandemic that can be solved by discussing ethical aspects. We suggest that connecting these problems with moral views might be a solution for some deadlocks found in the nudge theory.

The Zimbabwean economic crisis has exposed the unsustainability of traditional sources of Church finances. Churches that depend on tithes, freewill offerings and donations have been facing incapacitation, a disturbing predicament that has been further worsened by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the context of abject poverty and perennial price hikes of basic commodities. While attention has been given to the exploitative commercialisation of the gospel by charismatic churches, scholarship on the economics of classical Pentecostal churches is scanty. Observing fluctuating, unsustainable and unreliable incomes, this study explored the vulnerability of operating without diversified revenue and fundamentality of economising ecclesiology. Applying a theonomic reciprocity concept and using a literature-based approach, this article overviewed the nexus between ecclesiology and economics, reviewed and problematised traditional sources of ecclesial finances. Resultantly, it proposed diversification of revenue through business, interrogated problems and panaceas of doing business as churches. Conclusively, the study argued that when churches establish investments, they will not only sustain themselves, but also missionise their businesses and advance the gospel in the marketplace, hence the rationality of revolutionising their economics. CONTRIBUTION: This article debunks the interplay of ecclesiology and economics by reviewing contextual realities and financial sources of classical Pentecostal churches in Zimbabwe. It calls for scholarly and clerical attention to a theology of stewardship and investment towards economic sustainability, effective operationalisation and realisation of missio Ecclesiae in volatile contexts

ABSTRACT This paper critically assesses the economics of New Developmentalism (ND). It begins by identifying and formalizing the principal components of ND which are identified as neutralizing Dutch disease, ending growth with foreign saving, development driven by a technologically advanced and internationally competitive manufacturing private sector, and getting macroeconomic prices right. It then examines four strands of critique consisting of internal economic logic critiques, Classical Developmentalism (CD) critiques, Keynesian and Neo-Kaleckian critiques, and the fighting the last war critique. To this author, ND is best understood as a Third Way styled analysis that blends CD heterodoxy and Neoliberalism. However, ND’s substantive policy recommendations lean in the Neoliberal direction, particularly as regards budget deficits and state intervention in the development process. From a Classical Development perspective, the problematic of development cannot be solved as easily as suggested by ND.

RESUMEN En este artículo evalúo de forma crítica la economía del nuevo desarrollismo (ND). Comienza por identificar y formalizar los principales componentes del ND descritos por la neutralización de la enfermedad holandesa, la eliminación del crecimiento con ahorro externo, el desarrollo motivado por un sector manufacturero privado tecnológicamente avanzado y competitivo a nivel internacional y el establecimiento de precios macroeconómicos correctos. Posteriormente examino cuatro aspectos consistentes en la crítica de la lógica económica interna, la crítica del desarrollismo clásico (DC), las críticas keynesiana y neokaleckiana y la lucha de la crítica de la última guerra. El ND se entiende mejor como un análisis estilizado de tercera vía que combina heterodoxia y neoliberalismo. Sin embargo, sus recomendaciones de política sustantivas se inclinan en dirección neoliberal, en particular en lo que se refiere a los déficit fiscales y a la intervención del Estado en el proceso de desarrollo. Desde la perspectiva del desarrollo clásico, la problemática del desarrollo no puede resolverse de forma tan fácil como sugiere el ND.

Abstract This paper revisits Keynes’s writings from Indian Currency and Finance (1913/1971) to The General Theory (1936b/1973) with a focus on financial instability. The analysis reveals Keynes’s astute concerns about the stability/fragility of the banking system, especially under deflationary conditions. Keynes’s writings during the Great Depression uncover insights into how this event may have informed his General Theory. By exploring the connection between the experience of the Great Depression and the theoretical framework, Keynes presents in The General Theory, we can see that the assumption of a constant money stock featuring in that work is central. The analysis underscores the case that The General Theory is not a special case of the (neo-) classical theory that is relevant only to “depression economics”-refuting the interpretation offered by J. R. Hicks (1937) in his seminal paper “Mr. Keynes and the classics: A suggested interpretation”. As a scholar of the Great Depression and Federal Reserve chairman at the time of the modern crisis, Ben Bernanke provides an important intellectual bridge between the historical crisis of the 1930s and the modern crisis of 2007-2009. The paper concludes that, while policy practice has changed, the “classical” theory Keynes attacked in 1936 remains hegemonic today. The common (mis-)interpretation of The General Theory as depression economics continues to describe the mainstream’s failure to engage in relevant monetary economics.

Resumen En este artículo se reexaminan los escritos de Keynes desde Moneda y finanzas de la India (1913/1971) hasta la Teoría general de la ocupación, el interés y el dinero (1936a/1965), en particular, con un enfoque en la inestabilidad financiera. El análisis revela la aguda atención de Keynes hacia la estabilidad y la fragilidad del sistema bancario, sobre todo en condiciones deflacionarias. Los escritos de Keynes durante la Gran Depresión muestran cómo ésta pudo haber influido en su Teoría general. Al explorar la relación entre la experiencia de la Gran Depresión y el marco teórico que presenta Keynes en su obra, se encuentra que el supuesto de un acervo constante de dinero es decisivo en esta última. En el análisis se argumenta que la Teoría general no es un caso especial de la teoría (neo)clásica sólo pertinente para la “economía de la depresión”, lo cual refuta la interpretación ofrecida por J. R. Hicks (1937) en su influyente artículo “Keynes y los clásicos: una posible interpretación”. Como especialista de la Gran Depresión y presidente de la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos durante la reciente crisis, Ben Bernanke proporciona un importante puente intelectual entre la crisis histórica de la década de los treinta y la crisis moderna de 2007-2009. Se concluye que, si bien el ejercicio de la política ha cambiado, la teoría “clásica” que Keynes atacó en 1936 mantiene actualmente su hegemonía; la (mala) interpretación habitual de la Teoría general como economía de la depresión sigue explicando el fracaso de la corriente económica dominante para participar en el campo de la economía monetaria de manera significativa.

Resumen El desarrollo histórico-epistemológico del concepto de economía circular ha sido un proceso que inició desde la escuela clásica de Economía hacia finales del siglo XVIII, y que ha llegado a consolidarse hasta las primeras dos décadas del siglo XXI. En sus inicios, los economistas clásicos mostraron noción de las posibles consecuencias de alcanzar los límites de recursos del planeta, y llegar a un estado estacionario. Inclusive se generó preocupación por el impacto negativo del sistema económico convencional de mercado en el ambiente. Tal preocupación se profundizó en el siglo XX, donde surge un movimiento ambientalista contracultura que germina con ideas innovadoras para poder regenerar y restaurar nuestros recursos, con base en cómo los sistemas naturales funcionan. Por tanto, surge la economía circular en el siglo XXI en calidad de un concepto tan robusto que se empieza a considerar como un nuevo paradigma del desarrollo que requiere de esquemas de acción pronta para cambiar el rumbo en el uso de los recursos finitos del planeta.

Resumo O desenvolvimento histórico-epistemológico do conceito de economia circular foi um processo que se iniciou desde a escola clássica da Economia no final do século XVIII e se consolidou até as duas primeiras décadas do século XXI. Em seus primórdios, os economistas clássicos mostraram noção das possíveis consequências de se atingir os limites dos recursos do planeta e chegar a um estado estacionário. A preocupação foi levantada até mesmo sobre o impacto negativo do sistema econômico de mercado convencional sobre o meio ambiente. Essa preocupação se aprofundou no século XX, quando surgiu um movimento ambientalista de contracultura, que germinou com ideias inovadoras para regenerar e restaurar nossos recursos, com base no funcionamento dos sistemas naturais. Portanto, a economia circular surge no século XXI como um conceito tão robusto que começa a ser considerada como um novo paradigma de desenvolvimento que requer esquemas de ação imediata para mudar o curso no uso dos recursos finitos do planeta.

Abstract The historic-epistemological development of the circular economy concept is a process that started with the classical school of economics at the end of the 18th century and was finally consolidated during the first two decades of the 21st century. Since its beginning, classical economists showed notion of the possible consequences of reaching the limits of the planet’s resources and moving into a static state. There was even concern about the negative impact of the mainstream economic market model on the environment. Such concern increased during then 20th century, resulting in a counterculture environmental movement that brought innovative ideas to regenerate and restore our resources, based on how natural systems work. As a consequence, circular economy was born in the 21st century as a robust concept considered to be a new development paradigm requiring prompt action schemes to change the use of the finite resources of our planet.