Abstract Citrus production in Colombia is divided into six productive centers, with a total production of 1,450 thousand tons in 2021. The greater entrepreneurial activity stands out in the West and a lower level in the South, which generates 230 thousand tons per year of citrus waste, posing challenges in terms of pollution and wet/semi-solid waste management. This study evaluates the industrial potential of these waste products for strengthening the national citrus industry, considering three aspects: raw materials availability, technological opportunities, and market opportunities. The results indicate that Colombia has a robust citrus production, with an emphasis on oranges, mandarins, and lemons, and significant potential in the industrialization of the peel, which constitutes between 40% and 60% of the total fruit. To industrialization were identified six key research areas of citrus waste in terms of technological opportunities. Regarding market opportunities, there is observed growth both nationally and internationally in products derived from citrus waste, including essential oils, terpenes, dietary fiber, pectin, citric acid, and biofuels. Colombia is considered a country with great potential for the industrialization of citrus waste, supported by its abundant raw materials, promising technological opportunities, and a growing market. However, improvements in infrastructure, investment in research and development, and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture in the citrus sector are needed to fully capitalize on this opportunity.

Resumen La producción de cítricos en Colombia se divide en seis núcleos productivos con una producción en 2021, de 1450 mil toneladas. Se destaca mayor empresarización en el Occidente y menor nivel en el Sur, lo que genera 230 mil toneladas por año de residuos cítricos, planteando desafíos de contaminación y gestión de desechos húmedos/semi-sólidos. El presente estudio evalúa el potencial industrial de estos residuos para el fortalecimiento de la industria citrícola nacional, considerando tres aspectos: disponibilidad de materia prima, oportunidades tecnológicas y oportunidades de mercado. Los resultados indican que Colombia tiene una sólida producción de cítricos, con énfasis en naranjas, mandarinas y limones, y un potencial significativo en la industrialización de la cáscara, que constituye entre el 40% y el 60% del total de la fruta. Se identifican seis áreas clave de investigación para la industrialización de residuos cítricos en términos de oportunidades tecnológicas. En cuanto a las oportunidades de mercado, se observa un crecimiento tanto a nivel nacional como internacional en productos derivados de residuos cítricos, que incluyen aceites esenciales, terpenos, fibra dietética, pectina, ácido cítrico y biocombustibles. Colombia se considera un país con un gran potencial para la industrialización de residuos cítricos, respaldado por su abundante materia prima, prometedoras oportunidades tecnológicas y un mercado en crecimiento. Sin embargo, se requiere mejorar la infraestructura, invertir en investigación y desarrollo, y promover la cultura empresarial en el sector citrícola para aprovechar al máximo esta oportunidad.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is the determination some quality parameters of grape and mulberry pestils (leathers) sold in Elazig. For this purpose, a total of 45 fruit pestil samples, of which 23 were grape pestils and 22 were mulberry pestils, were analyzed for their physical properties, chemical properties, and microbiological characteristics. In grape and mulberry pestils, the average L* (lightness/darkness) values were 42.72 and 44.81, a* (redness) values were 10.29 and 9.07, and b* (yellow) values were 20.90 and 20.90, respectively. In grape and mulberry fruit pestil samples, the thickness values were 1.62 and 1.34, pH values were 3.82 and 4.75, acidity values (as citric acid) were 0.63 and 0.22%, aw values were 0.602 and 0.627, dry matter values were 68.78% and 72.99 %, ash values were 2.25% and 0.64%, insoluble ash values in 10% HCl were 0.20 and 0.29, and Brix values were 18.83 and 19.36, respectively. TMAB, coliform, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus, and yeast-mold counts were found to be 4.72 and 4.48, 1.30 and 1.89, 2.11 and 2.12, and 2.04 and 2.11 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in all samples examined. In 14 of the samples (31.11%), the total number of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms was found to be >5 log10 cfu/g. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were not found in any of the samples. However, the samples were found to contain significant levels of yeast-mold. There was no difference between the groups in microbiological terms in statistical analysis (P > 0.05). According to the current study, there was no standard production and not enough hygiene rules were observed in the pestil production process in family businesses in Elazig. On the other hand, essential information was obtained on some physical, chemical and microbiological quality parameters of grape and blackberry pulps sold in markets and stores in Elazig. ABSTRACT leathers (leathers Elazig purpose 4 2 properties characteristics L lightness/darkness lightnessdarkness lightness darkness (lightness/darkness 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 redness (redness 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b yellow (yellow 2090 20 90 20.9 respectively 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 as acid 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0.60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.9 % 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliform StaphylococcusMicrococcus, StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus, Micrococcus Staphylococcus-Micrococcus yeastmold yeast mold 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 2.12 204 04 2.0 log log1 cfug cfu g cfu/g examined 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp However yeastmold. mold. P 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 0.05) hand 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72. 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0.0 44. 9. 68. 19. 31.1 (31.11 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é a determinação de alguns parâmetros de qualidade de pestilos de uva e amoreira (couros) vendidos em Elazig. Para tanto, um total de 45 amostras de pestil de frutas, sendo 23 de uva e 22 de amoreira, foram analisadas quanto às suas propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas. Em pestils de uva e amoreira, os valores médios de L* (claridade/escuridão) foram 42.72 e 44.81, os valores de a* (vermelhidão) foram 10.29 e 9.07, e os valores de b* (amarelo) foram 20.90 e 20.90, respectivamente. Nas amostras de pestil de uva e amoreira, os valores de espessura foram 1.62 e 1.34, os valores de pH foram 3.82 e 4.75, os valores de acidez (como ácido cítrico) foram 0.63 e 0.22%, os valores de aw foram 0,602 e 0.627, os valores de matéria seca foram 68.78% e 72.99%, os valores de cinzas foram 2.25% e 0.64%, os valores de cinzas insolúveis em HCl a 10% foram 0.20 e 0.29, e os valores Brix foram 18.83 e 19.36, respectivamente. As contagens de TMAB, coliformes, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus e fungos de levedura foram 4.72 e 4.48, 1.30 e 1.89, 2.11 e 2.12 e 2.04 e 2.11 log10 ufc/g, respectivamente, em todas as amostras examinadas. Em 14 das amostras (31.11%), o número total de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos foi >5 log10 ufc/g. Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. não foram encontrados em nenhuma das amostras. No entanto, verificou-se que as amostras continham níveis significativos de bolor de levedura. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em termos microbiológicos na análise estatística (P > 0,05). De acordo com o estudo atual, não houve produção padrão e não foram observadas regras de higiene suficientes no processo de produção de pestil em empresas familiares em Elazig. Por outro lado, foram obtidas informações essenciais sobre alguns parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos de qualidade das polpas de uva e amora-preta comercializadas em mercados e lojas de Elazig. RESUMO couros (couros Elazig tanto 4 frutas 2 físicas microbiológicas L claridade/escuridão claridadeescuridão claridade escuridão (claridade/escuridão 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 vermelhidão (vermelhidão 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b amarelo (amarelo 2090 20 90 20.9 respectivamente 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 como cítrico 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0,60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.99% 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliformes StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 204 04 2.0 log log1 ufcg ufc g ufc/g examinadas 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp entanto verificouse verificou se P 0,05. 005 0,05 . 05 0,05) atual lado físicos amorapreta amora preta 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 0,6 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72.99 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0,0 44. 9. 0, 68. 72.9 19. 31.1 (31.11 72. 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

ABSTRACT Brazil is the world’s largest producer of passion fruit, with the species Passiflora edulis Sims (yellow and purple passion fruit) being the most popular commercially. Due to the great economic importance of this culture, seeking high productivity, phytotechnical quality, and maintenance of existing germplasms, among others, it is necessary to carry out studies of the most diverse types of this culture. In this crop, the use of multivariate techniques has increasingly driven studies on genetic differences between passion fruit species. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the variables that deserve greater emphasis in experiments with two commercial species of Passiflora: Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis (purple passion fruit) and Passiflora edulis Sims (yellow passion fruit), verifying if the species differ from each other. For this purpose, principal component analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Hotelling’s T2 test were performed. The principal component analysis proved to be effective, allowing the removal of five variables for yellow passion fruit and six variables for purple passion fruit and yellow passion fruit present contrasting differences between them, being the explanatory variables for the purple passion fruit the external and internal color and for the yellow passion fruit length, diameter, and citric acid. worlds world s commercially culture productivity quality germplasms others crop Therefore f , other purpose MANOVA, MANOVA (MANOVA) Hotellings Hotelling T performed effective them length diameter acid (MANOVA

RESUMO O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de maracujá, sendo a espécie Passiflora edulis Sims (maracujá-amarelo e roxo), a de maior expressão comercial. Devido à grande importância econômica desta cultura, buscando alta produtividade, qualidade fitotécnica e manutenção dos germoplasmas existentes, entre outros, faz-se necessário estudos dos mais diversos tipos sobre esta cultura. Nesta cultura, a utilização de técnicas multivariadas tem impulsionado cada vez mais os estudos referentes a divergências genéticas entre espécies de maracujá. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi identificar as variáveis que merecem maior destaque em experimentos com duas espécies comerciais de Passiflora: Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis (maracujá-roxo) e Passiflora edulis Sims (maracujá-amarelo), verificando se as espécies diferem entre si. Para tanto, foram realizadas a análise de componentes principais, análise multivariada da variância (MANOVA) e o teste T2 de Hotelling. As espécies maracujá-roxo e maracujá-amarelo, apresentam diferenças contrastantes entre si; as variáveis explicativas para o maracujá-roxo são coloração externa e interna, e para maracujá-amarelo são comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, acidez, Brix, espessura da casa e rendimento do suco. A análise de componentes principais mostrou-se eficaz, permitindo a retirada de cinco variáveis para o maracujá amarelo e seis variáveis para o maracujá roxo. Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis (maracujá roxo) e Passiflora edulis Sims (maracujá amarelo) apresentam diferenças contrastantes entre si, sendo as variáveis explicativas para o maracujá roxo a cor externa e interna e para o maracujá-amarelo comprimento, diâmetro e ácido cítrico. maracujáamarelo roxo, , comercial cultura produtividade existentes outros fazse faz disso f maracujároxo (maracujá-roxo maracujáamarelo, (maracujá-amarelo) si tanto MANOVA (MANOVA T Hotelling amarelo, frutos acidez Brix suco mostrouse mostrou eficaz cítrico

ABSTRACT: Piura is the region with the largest organic banana production in Peru; however, the post-harvest disease crown rot has generated large economic losses. Therefore, the following objectives were raised: to evaluate the efficacy of biofungicides in vitro and in vivo for the control of this disease. The products used were: oregano extract, citric acid; ascorbic acid, bioflavonoids; biofertilizer and tea tree oil. In vitro, the "poisoned medium" method was used. In vivo, fruits were inoculated with conidial suspensions at 1 x 104 CFU ml-1 of the phytopathogens Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Colletotrichum musae. The biofungicides were prepared according to the commercial dose. The products were applied, and the fungi were inoculated with manual sprayers. The banana clusters with treatment were placed in 18,4 kg cardboard boxes and packed, incubating at 13 °C for 18 days and 4 days in a maturation chamber with ethylene gas. In vitro, the biofungicides: oregano extract (1450 ppm) and citric acid (2825 ppm) obtained 100% inhibition in the growth of the mycelium of T. paradoxa and C. musae. In fruits, the lowest severity index was for the citrus extract biofungicide (4275 ppm), registering 0,0% against T. paradoxa and C. musae.

RESUMEN: Piura es la región con mayor producción de banano orgánico en el Perú; sin embargo, la enfermedad post cosecha de la pudrición de la corona ha generado grandes pérdidas económicas. Por lo cual, se planteó los siguientes objetivos: evaluar la eficacia de biofungicidas in vitro e in vivo para el control de esta enfermedad. Los productos usados fueron: extracto de orégano, ácido cítrico; ácido ascórbico, bioflavonoides; biofertilizante y aceite del árbol de té. In vitro se utilizó el método del “medio envenenado”. In vivo, se inocularon a frutos con suspensiones de conidias a 1 x 104 UFC mL-1 de los fitopatógenos Thielaviopsis paradoxa y Colletotrichum musae. Se prepararon los biofungicidas según la dosis comercial. Se aplicaron los productos y se inocularon los hongos con asperjadores manuales. Los clústeres de banano con tratamiento se embalaron en cajas de cartón de 18,4 kg y fueron embaladas incubándose a 13 °C durante 18 días y 4 días en cámara de maduración con gas etileno. En in vitro los biofungicidas: extracto de orégano (1450 ppm) y ácido cítrico (2825 ppm) obtuvieron 100% inhibición en el crecimiento del micelio de T. paradoxa y C. musae. En in vivo los frutos el menor índice de severidad lo fue para el biofungicida extracto de cítricos (4275 ppm) registrándose 0,0% frente a T. paradoxa y C. musae.

ABSTRACT Objective : To evaluate the remineralizing effect of synthetic saliva on eroded bovine dental enamel. Materials and methods : 50 enamel blocks were prepared from bovine teeth. The specimens were divided into 5 study groups according to treatment: group A (Colgate Total®, toothpaste containing fluoride), group B (MI Paste Plus®, toothpaste containing casein phosphopeptide, amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP] with fluoride), group C (Salival® Solution, synthetic saliva), group D (distilled water) and group E (no treatment). All specimens in groups A, B, C and D received 0.5% citric acid attacks for 2 minutes at 0, 8, 24 and 32 hours. After each acid attack, toothpastes corresponding to each treatment group were applied. The degree of mineralization was then evaluated by Raman microscopy and surface microhardness by Vickers microhardness. Results : Regarding the degree of mineralization and surface hardness, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the eroded bovine tooth enamel treated with Colgate Total®, Mi Paste Plus® and Salival® Solution in comparison with the healthy enamel samples. But all presented a significantly higher degree of mineralization and surface hardness than the eroded bovine tooth enamel samples preserved in distilled water (p < 0.05). Conclusion : This in vitro study shows that the synthetic saliva Salival® Solution has a remineralizing potential on eroded bovine enamel.

RESUMEN Objetivo : Evaluar el efecto remineralizante de una saliva sintética en el esmalte dental bovino erosionado. Materiales y métodos : Se prepararon 50 bloques de esmalte de dientes de bovino. Las muestras fueron divididas en 5 grupos de estudio según el tratamiento: grupo A (Colgate Total®, pasta de dientes que contiene fluoruro), grupo B (MI Paste Plus®, pasta de dientes que contiene fosfopéptido de caseína-fosfato de calcio amorfo [CPP-ACP] con fluoruro), grupo C (Salival® Solución, saliva sintética), grupo D (agua destilada) y grupo E (sin tratamiento). Todos los especímenes de los grupos A, B, C y D recibieron ataques con ácido cítrico al 0,5 % durante 2 minutos a las 0, 8, 24 y 32 horas. Después de cada ataque ácido, se aplicaron las pastas de dientes correspondientes a cada grupo de tratamiento. Luego se procedió a evaluar el grado de mineralización mediante microscopía Raman y la microdureza superficial mediante microdureza Vickers. Resultados : Respecto al grado de mineralización y la dureza superficial, no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p > 0,05) en el esmalte dental bovino erosionado tratado con Colgate Total®, MI Paste Plus® y Salival® Solución en comparación con las muestras de esmalte sano; sin embargo, todas presentaron un grado de mineralización y dureza superficial significativamente mayor que las muestras de esmalte de dientes bovinos erosionados conservados en agua destilada (p < 0,05). Conclusión : Este estudio in vitro muestra que la saliva sintética Salival® Solución tiene un potencial remineralizante en el esmalte bovino erosionado.

RESUMO Objetivo : Avaliar o efeito remineralizante de uma saliva sintética no esmalte dentário bovino erodido. Materiais e métodos : Foram preparados 50 blocos de esmalte de dentes de bovinos. As amostras foram divididas em 5 grupos de estudo de acordo com o tratamento: grupo A (Colgate Total®, pasta dentífrica contendo flúor), grupo B (MI Paste Plus®, pasta dentífrica contendo fosfopeptídeo de caseína, fosfato de cálcio amorfo [CPP-ACP] com flúor), grupo C (Salival® Solution, saliva sintética), grupo D (água destilada) e grupo E (sem tratamento). Todos os espécimes dos grupos A, B, C e D receberam um ataque ácido cítrico a 0,5% durante 2 minutos às 0, 8, 24 e 32 horas. Após cada ataque ácido, foram aplicadas as pastas dentífricas correspondentes a cada grupo de tratamento. O grau de mineralização foi então avaliado por microscopia Raman e a microdureza superficial por microdureza Vickers. Resultados : Relativamente ao grau de mineralização e à dureza da superfície, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) no esmalte dentário bovino erodido tratado com Colgate Total®, Mi Paste Plus® e Salival® Solution em comparação com as amostras de esmalte saudável. Mas todos mostraram um grau significativamente mais elevado de mineralização e dureza superficial do que as amostras de esmalte de dentes de bovinos erodidos preservados em água destilada (p < 0,05). Conclusão : Este estudo in vitro mostra que a saliva sintética Salival® Solution tem um potencial remineralizante no esmalte bovino erodido.

Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH● e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS●+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.

Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH● assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS●+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.

Abstract Fruit peels such as Banana, Orange, and Pineapple can be used to produce eco-enzymes producing diverse chemical compounds. Eco-enzymes are derived from the organic fermentation process of the specified ingredients. The objective of this study was to characterize the organic compounds present in Eco-enzymes derived from various raw materials. The research phase involved the extraction of eco-friendly Eco-enzymes from different raw materials and the identification of the chemical compounds in them. The results of this study are expected to contribute to organic waste management, highlighting the importance of utilizing waste as an economically and environmentally viable resource and strategic steps in a more sustainable waste management. Data analysis of the Eco-enzyme extraction results was carried out using high-liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ascertain the levels of organic chemical compounds produced. The findings revealed eight organic compounds categorized into organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid) Acetic acid compound in pineapple fermentation 1.83 (g/L). Citric acid compound in banana peel fermentation 3.39 (g/L). Lactic acid compounds in orange fermentation 4.89 (g/L). The highest oxalic acid compound was identified in orange fermentation with a content of 0.1764 (g/L). Banana Orange ecoenzymes eco enzymes Ecoenzymes Eco ingredients ecofriendly friendly them management Ecoenzyme enzyme highliquid high liquid HPLC (HPLC produced acetic 183 1 83 1.8 g/L. gL g/L . g L (g/L) 339 3 39 3.3 489 4 89 4.8 01764 0 1764 0.176 18 8 1. (g/L 33 3. 48 4. 0176 176 0.17 017 17 0.1 01 0.

Resumo Cascas de frutas, como banana, laranja e abacaxi, podem ser usadas para produzir ecoenzimas que produzem diversos compostos químicos. As ecoenzimas são derivadas do processo de fermentação orgânica dos ingredientes especificados. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os compostos orgânicos presentes nas ecoenzimas derivadas de várias matérias-primas. As fases de pesquisa envolveram a extração de ecoenzimas ecológicas de diferentes matérias-primas e a identificação dos compostos químicos nelas contidos. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo contribuam para o gerenciamento de resíduos orgânicos, destacando a importância da utilização de resíduos como um recurso econômica e ambientalmente viável, e de etapas estratégicas em um gerenciamento de resíduos mais sustentável. A análise de dados dos resultados da extração da ecoenzima foi realizada usando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) para verificar os níveis de compostos químicos orgânicos produzidos. Os resultados revelaram oito compostos orgânicos categorizados em ácidos orgânicos (ácido acético, ácido cítrico, ácido láctico e ácido oxálico), sendo: composto de ácido acético na fermentação do abacaxi (1,83 g/L); composto de ácido cítrico na fermentação da casca de banana (3,39 g/L), e compostos de ácido láctico na fermentação da laranja (4,89 g/L). O maior composto de ácido oxálico foi identificado na fermentação da laranja, com teor de 0,1764 g/L. frutas especificados matériasprimas. matériasprimas matérias primas. primas contidos Esperase Espera se viável sustentável HPLC (HPLC produzidos oxálico, , oxálico) sendo 1,83 183 1 83 (1,8 g/L gL g L g/L) 3,39 339 3 39 (3,3 g/L, 4,89 489 4 89 (4,8 . 01764 0 1764 0,176 1,8 18 8 (1, 3,3 33 (3, 4,8 48 (4, 0176 176 0,17 1, (1 3, (3 4, (4 017 17 0,1 ( 01 0,

A new class of deep eutectic solvents (DES) was used in the extraction of levodopa (L-dopa) present in Mucuna cinerea, which has been termed “green” or “designer” solvents, with notable productive and economic/environmental benefits. The seeds of Mucuna cinerea were prepared and submitted to extraction with heating and agitation in a solvent mixture of DES with citric acid, urea, or glycerol. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which confirmed the efficiency of DES in extracting L-dopa. These extractions were carried out to determine the L-dopa extracts in DES with regard to the induction of cellular response activity, demonstrating the synergy between L-dopa and DES. The DES-glycerol extract exhibited a higher proliferative activity than commercial L-dopa after 24 h of treatment. The human glandular kallikrein-1 gene (hGK3) demonstrated higher expression in the treatment with the DES-urea, while the G protein-coupled receptor kinase-6 gene (GRK6) showed higher expression for all extracts compared to commercial L-dopa, with a higher value obtained for DES glycerol, followed by DES urea extract. The DES extraction method is therefore promising and unprecedented, confirming its possible use in the replacement of expensive solvents, supporting the use of ecologically viable DES in the extractions of other plant species. (DES Ldopa L dopa (L-dopa green “green designer “designer economicenvironmental economic environmental benefits acid glycerol HPLC (HPLC Ldopa. dopa. DESglycerol 2 kallikrein1 kallikrein 1 kallikrein- hGK3 hGK (hGK3 DESurea, DESurea DES-urea proteincoupled protein coupled kinase6 kinase 6 kinase- GRK6 GRK (GRK6 Ldopa, dopa, unprecedented species (hGK (GRK

Solid and liquid fractions of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were simultaneously used as substrate of a novel continuous compartmentalized reactor. The effect of four (56, 42, 28, and 14 h) hydraulic retention time (HRT) and three (0.5, 3.0, and 9.0 g L-1) chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were evaluated on hydrogen (H2) and organic acids production. Higher H2 production and yield (686 mL and 1.63 mol mol-1 carbohydrate, respectively) were obtained under an HRT of 28 h, probably due to the Clostridium and Thermoanaerobacterium metabolisms, which accounted for almost 60% of the microbial relative abundance. Under lower and higher HRT (14 and 56 h, respectively) lactic acid prevailed without hydrogen production. Other value-added chemicals such as citric, valeric and caproic acids were also obtained according to the HRT. From the functional point of view, enzymes from the glycoside hydrolases group (GHs) potentially performed important roles in the lignocellulosic biomass bioconversion. SCB (SCB reactor 56, (56 42 1 h (HRT 0.5, 05 0 5 (0.5 30 3 3.0 90 9 9. L1 L L-1 COD (COD H (H2 686 (68 163 63 1.6 mol1 mol- carbohydrate respectively 2 metabolisms 60 abundance (1 valueadded value added citric view GHs (GHs bioconversion (5 4 0.5 (0. 3. L- (H 68 (6 16 6 1. ( 0. (0

RESUMEN Jacques Personne (1816-1880) fue un químico francés que investigó en detalle la acción del hidrato de cloral en la economía animal y se creyó haber demostrado que el cloroformo liberado actuaba como cloroformo común en la producción de anestesia. Para ello, realizó experimentos adicionales utilizando pirogalol en lugar de cloral. También explicó el uso de la trementina como antídoto en la intoxicación por fósforo. Personne también demostró que el fósforo rojo amorfo era inocuo para la economía animal, que la fermentación del acetato cítrico producía ácido acético y butírico, que la quinina eliminada por la orina no había sufrido alteración por su paso por la economía; y que una gran cantidad de quinina ingerida fue completamente destruida dentro de la economía.

ABSTRACT Jacques Personne (1816-1880) was a French chemist who investigated in detail the action of chloral hydrate on the animal economy and believed to have proved that the released chloroform acted as common chloroform in producing anesthesia. For this purpose, he carried additional experiments using pyrogallol instead of chloral. He also explained the use of turpentine as an antidote in phosphorus poisoning. Personne also demonstrated that amorphous red phosphorus was innocuous to the animal economy, that the fermentation of citric acetate produced acetic and butyric acid that the quinine eliminated by the urine had undergone no alteration by its passage through the economy; and that a large amount of the quinine ingested was completely destroyed within the economy.

ABSTRACT Coffea canephora beans are used for various industrial purposes, among which the use as soluble coffees stands out for producing beverages in blends with Coffea arabica. Due to the increase in demand, EMBRAPA launched ten monoclonal C. canephora cultivars, named Amazonian Robustas, adapted to the growing conditions of the Brazilian Amazon. However, the chemical composition of the beans of these cultivars is still little known. The present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for the evaluated characteristics and determine the levels of bioactive compounds and organic acids in ten C. canephora cultivars. The experiment was set in Manaus, Amazonas, consisting of plants from the cultivars BRS 1216, BRS 2299, BRS 2314, BRS 2336, BRS 2357, BRS 3137, BRS 3193, BRS3210, BRS 3213, and BRS 3220. The cultivars were characterized according to the profile of bioactive compounds and organic acids. Analysis of variance, mean test, and genetic caracterizadas quanto ao perfil de bioativos e ácidos orgânicos. Foi parameters (genetic, environmental, and phenotypic variance and realizada análise de variância, teste de médias e estimados heritability) were conducted. The heritability of characters was parâmetros genéticos como variância genética, ambiental, fenotípica considered from intermediate 63.76% (trigonelline) to high 88.44% e herdabilidade. A herdabilidade dos caracteres foi considerada de (caffeine). Of the compounds studied, trigonelline contents ranged mediana, 63,76%, para trigonelina, a alta, 88,44%, para cafeína. Dos from 0.54 to 0.78 g.100g-1, chlorogenic acids from 3.77 to 5.31 compostos estudados, os teores de trigonelina variaram de 0,54 a g.100g-1, caffeine from 2.31 to 4.13 g.100g-1, and citric acid from 0.76 to 1.28 g.100g-1. It was observed that there is genetic variability among the cultivars for the compounds studied, and the cultivars can be used in breeding programs for the development of new cultivars. purposes arabica demand C Robustas Amazon However known Manaus Amazonas 1216 2299 2314 2336 2357 3137 3193 BRS3210 3213 3220 test orgânicos genetic, (genetic environmental conducted genética ambiental 6376 63 76 63.76 (trigonelline 8844 88 44 88.44 caffeine. . (caffeine) studied mediana 63,76% alta 88,44% cafeína 054 0 54 0.5 078 78 0.7 g.100g1, g100g1 gg g.100g 1, g 100g 1 g.100g-1 377 3 77 3.7 531 5 31 5.3 estudados 0,5 231 2 2.3 413 4 13 4.1 076 128 28 1.2 g.100g1. 1. 121 229 233 235 313 319 BRS321 321 322 637 6 7 63.7 884 8 88.4 (caffeine 63,76 88,44 05 0. 07 100g1 g.100g1 g100g g.100g- 37 3. 53 5. 0, 23 2. 41 4. 12 22 BRS32 32 63. 88. 63,7 88,4 BRS3 63, 88,

RESUMO Grãos da espécie Coffea canephora são utilizados para diversos fins industriais, dentre os quais se destacam o uso como cafés solúveis e para produção de bebidas em blends com a espécie Coffea arabica. Devido ao aumento da demanda, a EMBRAPA lançou dez cultivares monoclonais de cafeeiros C. canephora, com nome Robustas Amazônicos, adaptados às condições de cultivo da Amazônia brasileira, entretanto, a composição química dos grãos destes clones ainda é pouco conhecida. O objetivo do estudo foi estimar parâmetros genéticos para as características avaliadas e determinar os teores de compostos bioativos e de ácidos orgânicos nas dez cultivares. A unidade experimental foi instalada em Manaus, Amazonas, constituída de plantas das cultivares BRS 1216, BRS 2299, BRS 2314, BRS 2336, BRS 2357, BRS 3137, BRS 3193, BRS3210, BRS 3213 e BRS 3220. As cultivares foram 0,78 g.100g-1; os de ácidos clorogênicos de 3,77 a 5,31 g.100g-1; o de cafeína de 2,31 a 4,13 g.100g-1 e o de ácido cítrico de 0,76 a 1,28 g.100g-1. Observou-se que existe variabilidade genética entre as variedades para os compostos estudados e as cultivares podem ser utilizadas no melhoramento genético para desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. industriais arabica demanda C Amazônicos brasileira entretanto conhecida Manaus Amazonas 1216 2299 2314 2336 2357 3137 3193 BRS3210 321 3220 078 0 78 0,7 g.100g1 g100g1 gg g.100g 1 g 100g 377 3 77 3,7 531 5 31 5,3 231 2 2,3 413 4 13 4,1 g.100g- 076 76 128 28 1,2 g.100g1. 1. Observouse Observou 121 229 233 235 313 319 BRS321 32 322 07 7 0, 100g1 g100g 37 3, 53 5, 23 2, 41 4, 12 1, 22 BRS32 BRS3

The potential of four commercial clones of unripe acerola fruit was investigated regarding a source of nutraceuticals and functional foods for industrial use. The chemical profiling of the BRS 235-Apodi, BRS 236-Cereja, BRS 237-Roxinha, and BRS 238-Frutacor clones was determined by the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS-MS) technique coupled to multivariate statistical analysis, which were then correlated to ABTS•+ radical capture (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays in order to measure the antioxidant capacity. A total of 24 bioactive compounds were identified, including high amounts of quercetin-O-hexoside, astilbin, and apigenin, which were correlated to three clones (BRS 235, BRS 237, and BRS 238). On the other hand, the BRS 236 clone presented high contents of ascorbic acid, iso-ascorbic acid, citric acid, procyanidin B trimer, rutin, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. These compounds were additionally found to be strongly associated with the antioxidant capacity of unripe acerola fruits. Therefore, the present study revealed that BRS 236 is a promising clone as an antioxidant source to be used as a functional food or ingredient. use 235Apodi, 235Apodi Apodi 235 Apodi, 235-Apodi 236Cereja, 236Cereja Cereja Cereja, 236-Cereja 237Roxinha, 237Roxinha Roxinha 237 Roxinha, 237-Roxinha 238Frutacor Frutacor 238 ultrahigh ultra chromatographyquadrupole chromatography quadrupole timeofflight time flight UPLCQTOF/MSMS UPLCQTOFMSMS UPLC QTOF/MS MS QTOF (UPLC-QTOF/MS-MS analysis ABTS ABTS• 2,2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic 22azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobisethylbenzothiazolinesulfonic 2,2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic 2 acid FRAP (FRAP identified quercetinOhexoside, quercetinOhexoside quercetin O hexoside, hexoside quercetin-O-hexoside astilbin apigenin 238. . 238) hand 23 isoascorbic iso trimer rutin activity fruits Therefore ingredient UPLCQTOF MSMS QTOFMS 2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobis 22 2,

Inga edulis fruits, an important cultivation commonly associated with coffee and cacao farming, were collected from Baturité, located in Ceará, Brazil. Polysaccharides from Inga edulis pods were extracted using citric acid solution, and the impact of the extraction conditions in the properties of the resultant polysaccharide such as the degree of methyl-esterification behavior and galacturonic content were evaluated utilizing Taguchi approach, an efficient and easy statistical tool. For the study, the extraction conditions applied were pH (2.4, 5 and 7), time (1, 2 and 3 h) and temperature (70, 80 and 90 °C). The condition which provides the higher degree of methyl esterification allied to higher galacturonic acid content was pH 2.4, time 1 h and temperature 90 °C. For this condition, the extraction yield obtained was 3.97% m/m polysaccharide/botanical material. The emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability were also evaluated, and the emulsions with lower concentrations of polysaccharide provided the best results about emulsifying action. In the best of our efforts in research, the characterization of polysaccharide from fruit pods of Inga edulis is reported for the first time and this research contributes to the knowledge about botanical potential of this vegetal species and reinforces its potential as industrial crop. fruits farming Baturité Ceará Brazil solution methylesterification approach tool study 24 4 (2.4 7, 7 , 7) 1, (1 70, 70 (70 8 9 C °C . °C) 2.4 397 97 3.97 mm m polysaccharidebotanical material action crop (2. ( (7 2. 39 3.9 (2 3.

Abstract This study aimed to produce Calabrese-type sausages on an industrial scale by incorporating nisin and mixtures of organic acids and their salts as preservatives. In addition, it was assessed the stability of the product during storage at 25 °C. Various formulations were investigated, each featuring distinct preservative combinations as follows: Treatment 1 (T1) included sodium lactate and sodium acetate; Treatment 2 (T2) contained sodium lactate, sodium acetate, citric acid, and nisin; Treatment 3 (T3) involved a combination of salt and nisin alongside sodium lactate; and a control group which utilized sodium lactate. The moisture values ranged from 55.84% to 57.45%, proteins from 18.53 to 19.07, and lipids from 17.04% to 19.15%, all following Brazilian legislation. The pH remained stable until 90 days of storage, with values of 6.30, 6.28, 6.05, and 6.23 for control, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. T2 presented higher acidity compared to the other formulations due to the presence of citric acid. The evaluated preservatives (T1, T2, and T3) showed lower lipid oxidation indices and inhibited microbial growth. Therefore, the evaluated preservatives have the potential to be used industrially because they maintain the characteristics of the product and ensure 120 days of storage at 25 °C. Calabresetype Calabrese type addition C °C investigated follows T1 T (T1 acetate (T2 acid T3 (T3 5584 55 84 55.84 5745 57 45 57.45% 1853 18 53 18.5 1907 19 07 19.07 1704 17 04 17.04 1915 15 19.15% legislation 9 630 6 30 6.30 628 28 6.28 605 05 6.05 623 23 6.2 respectively growth Therefore 12 (T 558 5 8 55.8 574 4 57.45 185 18. 190 0 19.0 170 17.0 191 19.15 63 6.3 62 60 6.0 6. 55. 57.4 19. 17. 19.1 57.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir linguiça tipo Calabresa em escala industrial, incorporando nisina e misturas de ácidos orgânicos e seus sais como conservantes. Adicionalmente, avaliar a estabilidade do produto durante o armazenamento a 25 °C. Várias formulações foram investigadas, cada uma apresentando combinações conservantes distintas: Tratamento 1 (T1) incluiu lactato de sódio e acetato de sódio; o tratamento 2 (T2) continha lactato de sódio, acetato de sódio, ácido cítrico e nisina; o tratamento 3 (T3) envolveu uma combinação de sal e nisina juntamente com lactato de sódio, e um grupo controle utilizando lactato de sódio. Os valores de umidade variaram de 55,84% a 57,45%, proteínas de 18,53 a 19,07, e lipídios de 17,04% a 19,15%, todos de acordo com a legislação brasileira. O pH se manteve estável até 90 dias de armazenamento, apresentando valores de 6,30; 6,28; 6,05, e 6,23 para T1, T2, T3 e controle, respectivamente. O T2 apresentou maior acidez em relação às demais formulações devido à presença do ácido cítrico. Os conservantes avaliados (T1, T2 e T3) apresentaram menores índices de oxidação lipídica e inibiram o crescimento microbiano. Portanto, os conservantes avaliados têm potencial para serem utilizados industrialmente desde que mantenham as características do produto e garantam 120 dias de estocagem a 25 °C. industrial Adicionalmente C °C investigadas distintas T1 T (T1 (T2 (T3 5584 55 84 55,84 5745 57 45 57,45% 1853 18 53 18,5 1907 19 07 19,07 1704 17 04 17,04 1915 15 19,15% brasileira 9 6,30 630 6 30 6,28 628 28 605 05 6,05 623 23 6,2 respectivamente microbiano Portanto 12 (T 558 5 8 55,8 574 4 57,45 185 18, 190 0 19,0 170 17,0 191 19,15 6,3 63 62 60 6,0 6, 55, 57,4 19, 17, 19,1 57,

ABSTRACT The high Brazilian dependence on potash fertilizers has encouraged the agricultural and forestry use of silicate rock powders. Dozens of rock powders, including glauconitic rocks produced in several states in Brazil are currently registered with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAPA) as Soil Remineralizers, being generally known as alternative sources of K. The indication of these materials as potassium fertilizers is based on the high Brazilian dependence on K from abroad, which reached around 96% in the 2021 and 2022 harvests. Glauconitic rocks, such as verdetes, slates, and glauconitic siltstones occur in extensive areas in the State of Minas Gerais (Abaeté, Quartel Geral, Cedro do Abaeté, Sete Lagoas, Matutina, and São Gotardo), predominating in the Serra da Saudade formation as the sedimentary cover of the São Francisco Craton. In these rocks, K-K2O contents generally vary in the range of 5-12% m/m. It is soluble in water (0.1-1.4%) and 2% citric acid (0.7-2.3%). In these rocks, the degree of glauconite crystallinity is variable due to different formation conditions and degree of alteration by weathering, especially in rocky outcrops. The use of natural glauconitic rocks as potassium fertilizers has shown low agronomic efficiency due to their low solubility and reactivity. Physical and thermal treatments in the presence of fluxing, chemical (acid or alkaline attacks), and biological (Acidithiobacillus sp.) agents have shown potential for dissolving glauconites. However, studies showing the financial viability of these materials are necessary for both such treatments and their direct use as fertilizers. powders MAPA (MAPA Remineralizers abroad 96 202 harvests verdetes slates Abaeté (Abaeté Geral Lagoas Matutina Gotardo, Gotardo , Gotardo) Craton KK2O KKO K2O O 512% 512 5 12% 12 5-12 mm m m/m 0.11.4% 0114 0.1 1.4% 0 1 4 (0.1-1.4% 2 0.72.3%. 0723 0.7 2.3% . 7 3 (0.7-2.3%) weathering outcrops reactivity fluxing attacks, attacks attacks) Acidithiobacillus sp. sp glauconites However 9 20 KK KO 51 5-1 11 0.11.4 011 01 0. 14 1.4 (0.1-1.4 72 0.72.3% 072 07 23 2.3 (0.7-2.3% 5- 0.11. 1. (0.1-1. 0.72.3 2. (0.7-2.3 0.11 (0.1-1 0.72. (0.7-2. (0.1- 0.72 (0.7-2 (0.1 (0.7- (0. (0.7 (0 (