resumen está disponible en el texto completo

ABSTRACT University social responsibility is a set of actions that helps to promote the active participation of students in their university education, with ethical conduct to create a culture of social commitment based on values and academic quality. The main role of the university is to develop the functions of teaching, research and social responsibility; this allows creating a broader vision of the needs in the community, generating competent professionals and causing a positive impact (Palomino, Vázquez, Vicente, & Tomás, 2019). Objective: To identify the main authors of the subject from the systematic review of the literature, to point out the four axis that RSU has and the four university impacts. Materials and methods: This research is exploratory and documentary with a qualitative approach. The information sources used correspond to consultation pages, among which are: Google academic, and Lens.org. Likewise, inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to collect information and the results obtained were delimited after adding search conditions such as the year interval from 2017 to 2023. Another limitation is that they were only review articles and in any language. Results: The results obtained were 10 definitions of prominent authors which haves an impact on the fact that the University social responsibility has 8 dimensions among which are: Responsible Campus, Citizen Education, Social Knowledge Management, and Mutual Learning Communities for Development, Organizational, Educational, Cognitive and social. The four axis of the RSU are the basis of the organizations to be able to fulfill the mission that each university community pursues. Within the responsible campus, care is taken to ensure that environmental and sustainable care is met and students are taught to participate in it. , responsible citizen and professional training, deontology, which is the duty of people, this helps the university community to do things ethically and with good morals inside and outside universities, knowledge management is a of the main tasks of higher education institutions, social work, the reason for being of various organizations, thanks to which they can disseminate their knowledge and contribute to the development of community and group culture, and finally the need for The society of inclusion and communication between people occur within communities of mutual learning for development. The organizational impacts, within the RSU, impact people, management and sustainability. The educational impacts are related to the training of students (their ethics, their way of interpreting the world and the social role that corresponds to them) and involves all university processes (curriculum, central administration and knowledge management policies). Cognitive impacts are the dissemination of knowledge and social impacts are the relationship within and on the university campus, the treatment and participation of students; Students in the different branches offered. When reviewing and reading the different existing articles, it was observed that there is little information regarding the RSU, focusing on a chronology of the different authors from 2014 to date. Within the articles reviewed, it can be defined that RSU trains, teaches, supports, promotes, guides and organizes; involving the student community, teachers, administrative and managerial staff. The RSU transmits responsible knowledge, ethical principles and helps to train responsible citizen professionals. Conclusion: After studying the literary review, it can be mentioned that all the axis of the RSU must have the participation of the students and all the people who make up the university community in order to have a responsible university, both internally and externally, according to the different concepts that are mentioned of University Social Responsibility; In other words, it is a way to help the professional and civic training of all students, since this is part of what social responsibility seeks. It is mentioned that university students must get involved in real problems within their professional and civic training, since this helps to create links between learning and social responsibility and thus be able to promote human development, both ethically and morally, as that participation in the different projects that the same institution carries out in its activities will grow.Ramírez (2020),Quezada and Rodríguez (2019),Arauco and Apaza (2022),Évora (2017), agree that RSU is reflected in the existence of four axis for the socially responsible management of universities, so that the students are aware that everything that is done within the institution will be reflected outside of it. Complying with Social Responsibility in higher education is a transformation resource that promotes compliance with transparent practices and ethical conduct for sustainable development, generating social well-being on the university campus for the comprehensive and ideal training of its students. Currently, globalization leads to constant changes in organizations and forces them to be able to identify their challenges for the new trends that their environment requires. Therefore, globalization, competition, technology, social responsibility, knowledge and intangible assets demand serious modifications in their structures and strategies from companies.Niebles Nuñez et al. (2018)the universities have the important mission of equitably distributing knowledge and social information. That is why universities must assume the position of University Social Responsibility and analyze whether effective or null knowledge is being provided. The current era is characterized by its constant change, in social demands, in the role of traditional actors, in the situation at the regional and international level, in development approaches (Uribe et al., 2020). Addressing the issue of RSU requires articulating the various parts of the institution in an equitable and sustainable social promotion project, for the production and transmission of responsible knowledge and the training of equally responsible citizen professionals (Mosquera Tayupanta and Alba Granados, 2021; Peña y otros, 2017). There is a proposal for university social responsibility that provides a space for participation in the activities carried out and that are adapted to the new acquisition modalities for students, in addition to the fact that university social responsibility seeks not only to work on the axis of transformation within of the institution, but is also aimed at the entire society that is involved (Pedró, 2019). The university must promote the participation of its students in cultural, social, sports and environmental activities.

RESUMEN Se propone sistematizar tres caminos diferentes para abordar instancias participativas en arquitectura que permitan afrontar intervenciones en el ambiente construido desde el diálogo entre técnicos y vecinos. Para esclarecer estos caminos, se tomarán como referencias las propuestas teóricas de tres arquitectos que sentaron las bases de la participación en las disciplinas proyectuales durante las décadas del sesenta y el setenta: John Turner, Nicholas John Habraken y Christopher Alexander. Si bien el aporte de estos autores suele destacarse en un sentido general, como fundamentos conceptuales de la participación en arquitectura, este trabajo apunta a interpretar sus escritos con una mirada metodológica con el fin de alcanzar, más que una defensa de la participación de los usuarios, distintos caminos para llevarla a cabo. En la presentación de resultados, los diferentes caminos se sistematizan según sus elementos metodológicos (rol de los técnicos, rol de los habitantes, etapas e instrumentos). En la discusión se aborda el trasfondo conceptual de cada propuesta y en las conclusiones se incluye una serie de recomendaciones para orientar decisiones metodológicas en futuras intervenciones participativas según los requisitos del contexto y el posicionamiento ante el ejercicio profesional.

ABSTRACT This article proposes to systematize three different approaches for addressing participatory instances in architecture, enabling interventions in the built environment through dialogue between professionals and neighbors. In order to clarify these approaches, the theoretical proposals of three architects who laid the foundations for participation in the design disciplines during the 1960s and 1970s will be referenced: John Turner, Nicholas John Habraken and Christopher Alexander. While the contributions of these authors are generally recognized as foundational concepts in participatory architecture, this paper aims to interpret their writings through a methodological view in order to achieve not only a defense of user participation, but also different paths to implement it. In presenting the results, the various approaches are systematized according to their methodological elements (roles of professionals and residents, stages, and instruments). The discussion addresses the conceptual background of each proposal and the conclusions include a series of recommendations to guide methodological decisions in future participatory interventions based on contextual requirements and the professional practice perspectives.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the level of compliance with the public policy on citizen participation in the Decentralized Municipal Autonomous Government of Portoviejo, it is a documentary investigation, with a mixed approach, using inductive, analytical and interpretive methods, determining the level of compliance of the citizen participation policy in accountability reports through content analysis. The results show that they comply with the minimum participation regulations, emphasizing public hearings, participatory budgets, local planning councils, and the empty chair mechanism. Concluding that the instances of citizen participation during the study period were more relevant during 2019, and in 2020 due to the health emergency it decreased, increasing in 2021 and 2022, periods that were also analyzed.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el nivel de cumplimiento de la política pública sobre participación ciudadana en el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de Portoviejo. Es una investigación documental, de enfoque mixto, con el empleo de los métodos inductivo, analítico e interpretativo, que determina el nivel de cumplimiento de la política de participación ciudadana en los informes de rendición de cuenta a través del análisis de contenido. Los resultados evidencian que cumplen las normativas mínimas de participación, dando énfasis a las audiencias públicas, presupuestos participativos, consejos locales de planificación, y el mecanismo de silla vacía. Se concluye que las instancias de participación ciudadana durante el período de estudio fueron más relevantes durante 2019 y en 2020, porque la emergencia sanitaria fue descendiente, incrementándose en 2021 y 2022, cuando también fueron analizados.

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo de este estudio fue recolectar información sobre la percepción de la ciudadanía costarricense en temas ambientales que permitiera generar información para incidir en los tomadores de decisión. (Metodología) Se realizó una investigación descriptivo-cuantitativo por medio de una encuesta telefónica a 702 personas, utilizando un muestreo de bancos telefónicos celulares activos del país, se ejecutó del 13 al 17 y el 20, 22 y 23 junio de 2022. (Resultados) Las encuestas de opinión aportan elementos del sentir de la población y permiten medir las acciones desarrolladas en diferentes áreas, por eso este estudio se torna relevante al mostrar lo que piensa la población en materia ambiental; por ejemplo, seis de cada diez personas consideran que el prestigio internacional del país en términos ambientales corresponde a la realidad, pero queda en evidencia que el 67,8 % de las personas consultadas considera que el Gobierno no tiene claridad sobre política ambiental. Sin embargo, deberá atender de forma prioritaria 11 temas ambientales, además las personas encuestadas están de acuerdo con los enunciados del Acuerdo de Escazú, como instrumento de normativa internacional en cuando al derecho a la participación e información ciudadana en temas ambientales. En otro tema 7 de cada 10 personas indican que las aguas residuales del país se vierten en los ríos contaminando las fuentes de agua y en gestión de residuos sólidos se percibe poco avance en soluciones para atender este problema. (Conclusiones) Finalmente, se evidencia un conocimiento sobre temas ambientales y esperan que el Gobierno solucione los problemas identificados como prioritarios.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo deste estudo foi coletar informações referentes à percepção dos cidadãos costarriquenhos sobre questões ambientais que permitissem gerar dados para influenciar os tomadores de decisão. (Metodologia) Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva-quantitativa por meio de uma pesquisa telefônica com 702 pessoas, usando uma amostra de bancos de telefones celulares ativos no país, de 13 a 17 e nos dias 20, 22 e 23 de junho de 2022. (Resultados) As pesquisas de opinião fornecem elementos do sentir da população e permitem medir as ações desenvolvidas em diferentes áreas, por exemplo, seis em cada dez pessoas consideram que o prestígio internacional do país em termos ambientais corresponde à realidade, mas é evidente que 67,8% das pessoas consultadas consideram que o governo não tem clareza sobre a política ambiental. No entanto, deverá dar atenção prioritária às questões ambientais, e as pessoas pesquisadas concordam com as declarações do Acordo de Escazú, como um instrumento de regulamentação internacional relativa ao direito à informação e participação cidadã sobre questões ambientais. Em outra questão, sete em cada dez pessoas indicam que as águas residuais do país são despejadas nos rios, contaminando as fontes de água, e na gestão de resíduos sólidos, percebe-se pouco progresso em termos de soluções para resolver esse problema. (Conclusões) Por fim, há evidências de conhecimento sobre questões ambientais e esperam que o governo resolva os problemas identificados como prioritários.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this study was to collect the perception of Costa Ricans on environmental issues in order to generate information to influence decision-makers. (Methodology) A descriptive-quantitative research was conducted from June 13th to 17th and June 20th, 22nd, and 23rd, 2022 through a telephone poll of 702 people, using a sampling of active cellphone banks in the country. (Results) Opinion polls provide elements of the population’s sentiments and help measure actions developed in different areas; therefore, this study is relevant to show what the population thinks about environmental matters. For example, six out of ten people consider that the country’s international prestige on environmental matters is an accurate representation of reality, but it is evident that 67.8% of the people polled think the government is not clear on environmental policies. However, the government must address 11 environmental issues as a priority. Furthermore, interviewees agree with the statements in the Escazú Agreement, as an instrument of international regulations regarding the right to citizen participation and information on environmental issues. On another issue, seven out of ten people indicate that the country’s wastewater is dumped into the rivers, thus contaminating water sources. Regarding solid waste management, little progress is perceived regarding solutions to this problem. (Conclusions) Finally, there is evidence of knowledge about environmental issues and an expectation for the government to solve the problems identified as priorities.

RESUMEN El acceso a la información es crucial para la toma de decisiones informadas y la participación ciudadana en los asuntos públicos. El objetivo principal del artículo es analizar los retos que enfrenta Perú en el acceso democrático a la información. Se realizó una revisión documental y análisis de contenido, utilizando las bases de datos Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc y Dialnet. Se identificaron 18 documentos para su revisión y se lograron identificar dos categorías fundamentales en el estudio: a) Marco legal y político para el acceso a la información en el Estado peruano y b) Retos y desafíos en el acceso a la información en Perú. Se concluyó que existen avances importantes en el marco legal y político en el país, pero también retos y desafíos pendientes en este ámbito.

ABSTRACT Access to information is crucial for informed decision-making and citizen participation in public affairs. The main objective of the article is to analyze the challenges faced by Peru in democratic access to information. A documentary review and content analysis were carried out, using the Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc and Dialnet databases. 18 documents were identified for review and two fundamental categories were identified in the study: a) Legal and political framework for access to information in the Peruvian State and b) Challenges and challenges in access to information in Peru. It was concluded that there are important advances in the legal and political framework in the country, but also challenges and pending challenges in this area.

Resumen El desarrollo sostenible de áreas pericentrales requiere un modelo de ocupación que fomente la equidad. La participación ciudadana se presenta como elemento clave para sustentarlo a través de relaciones virtuosas entre actores. El objetivo del artículo es destacar el papel de propietarios, residentes –presentes y futuros– en la configuración del tejido social visualizando formas de asociación que viabilicen su participación. El análisis del contexto físico y social, en el caso de estudio El pericentro sur de Cali, identifica las características de la comunidad que impulsarán la renovación urbana. El conocimiento detallado del contexto, contrastado con experiencias nacionales e internacionales, facilita la estructuración de mecanismos y herramientas que promuevan una participación efectiva y vinculante. El tejido social consolidado, las formas de asociación variadas y los instrumentos de gestión, planificación y financiación normativamente disponibles son las cualidades que sustentan la renovación de las áreas pericentrales como estrategia de desarrollo urbano sostenible, equitativa y paulatina.

Abstract The sustainable development of pericentral areas requires an occupation model encouraging equity. Citizen participation is presented as a key element underpinning it through virtuous relationships among actors. The objective of the article is to highlight the role of present and future owners and residents in the configuration of the social fabric by means of the visualization of forms of association that unable their participation. The analysis of the physical and social context, in “the southern pericenter of Cali” case study, identifies the characteristics of the community that will drive urban renewal. Detailed knowledge of the context -contrasted with national and international experiences- facilitates the structuring of mechanisms and tools that promote effective and binding participation. Consolidated social fabric; varied forms of association; and normatively available management, planning and financing instruments are the qualities that support the renewal of pericentral areas as a sustainable, equitable and gradual urban development strategy.

Resumen La Guardia Nacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires constituyó un poderoso referente identitario para la dirigencia política y la opinión pública porteñas en los años en que la provincia estuvo separada de la Confederación (1852-1861). Ampliamente celebrada, la Guardia Nacional urbana adquirió el rol simbólico de una fuerza ciudadana multisocial comprometida con la defensa de la libertad y las instituciones. En este trabajo se revisa su participación en las principales campañas bélicas de la época (sitio de Buenos Aires, Cepeda, Pavón), especialmente a la luz de afirmaciones de Bartolomé Mitre, máximo promotor de la mística heroica de la milicia urbana, respecto al riesgo moral y político que su empleo acarreaba, así como sobre las precauciones supuestamente tomadas por él para evitar su sacrificio en batalla.

Abstract The National Guard of Buenos Aires city constituted a powerful identity reference for the capital’s political elite and public opinion while the Province remained separated from the Argentine Confederation (1852-1861). Widely celebrated, the urban National Guard attained a symbolic status as a multi-social citizen force deeply committed to the defense of liberty and republican institutions. In this paper, its participation in the main military campaigns of the time (siege of Buenos Aires, Cepeda, Pavón) is analyzed, especially in light of Bartolome Mitre’s –the greatest promoter of the urban militia’s heroic mystique– claims about the moral and political risks its use in combat entailed, as well as about the precautions he supposedly took to protect it in battle.

Resumen El artículo aborda la implementación de políticas públicas de seguridad en contextos sociales diversos desde un enfoque etnográfico. En particular, examina los procesos sociopolíticos involucrados en dos sectores populares de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) y las experiencias de participación en una trama que reúne vecinas/os, funcionarios, expertos y policías en el marco de los denominados “Consejos Barriales”. Estos espacios se construyeron como parte del Plan Integral Córdoba se encuentra (2016), diferenciándose de otras modalidades securitarias anteriores al adoptar un enfoque “preventivo integral” y un Sistema de Cuadrantes que clasifica barrios según su “nivel de vulnerabilidad”. Los casos analizados corresponden a consejos ubicados, según este esquema, en cuadrantes rojos con un índice alto de vulnerabilidad y “necesidades urgentes”. Si bien presentan historias de conformación y urbanización diferentes, comparten una serie de definiciones respecto a la “(in)seguridad” y la política interesante para examinar procesos locales contemporáneos.

Abstract The article addresses the implementation of public security policies in diverse social contexts from an ethnographic perspective. Specifically, it examines the sociopolitical processes involved in two popular sectors of the city of Córdoba, Argentina, and the experiences of participation in a network that brings together residents, officials, experts, and police within the framework of so-called “Neighborhood Councils.” These spaces were established as part of the integral Córdoba Encounters Plan (2016), setting themselves apart from previous security approaches by adopting a “comprehensive preventive” focus and a Quadrant System that classifies neighborhoods according to their “level of vulnerability.” The cases analyzed correspond to councils located, according to this system, in red quadrants with a high vulnerability index and “urgent needs.” While they have different histories of formation and urbanization, they share a series of interesting definitions regarding “insecurity” and policy, useful for examining contemporary local processes.

Resumen Esta revisión conceptual analiza exhaustivamente las políticas educativas implementadas en América Latina y el Caribe, y su impacto en el fortalecimiento de sociedades democráticas. Mediante una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos académicas reconocidas y aplicando criterios rigurosos de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron y validaron fuentes relevantes. Éstas fueron analizadas en profundidad a través de fichas de lectura, resúmenes analíticos y evaluación de su solidez metodológica. Los resultados revelan desafíos significativos, como la desigualdad en el acceso a la educación, la influencia de intereses económicos y políticos y la falta de continuidad en las políticas educativas. No obstante, también se destacan experiencias exitosas y estrategias innovadoras, como la promoción de enfoques pedagógicos críticos, el fortalecimiento de la formación docente y la participación comunitaria en la gestión escolar. Esta revisión contribuye sustancialmente al debate académico y público sobre la relación entre educación y democracia, y ofrece una perspectiva crítica y actualizada que puede orientar a los tomadores de decisiones en el diseño e implementación de políticas educativas más efectivas para el fortalecimiento de sociedades democráticas en la región.

Abstract This conceptual review exhaustively analyzes the educational policies implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean and their impact on strengthening democratic societies. Relevant sources were selected and validated through a systematic search in recognized academic databases and applying rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. These were analyzed in depth through reading sheets, analytical summaries, and evaluation of their methodological soundness. The results reveal significant challenges, such as inequality in access to education, the influence of economic and political interests, and the lack of continuity in educational policies. However, successful experiences and innovative strategies are highlighted, such as promoting critical pedagogical approaches, strengthening teacher training, and community participation in school management. This review contributes substantially to the academic and public debate on the relationship between education and democracy. It offers a critical and updated perspective that can guide decisionmakers in designing and implementing more effective educational policies for strengthening democratic societies in the region.

Resumen. Este artículo contiene un marco de análisis para el estudio del asociacionismo político; el cual se comprende como una forma específica de participación política y consiste en ciudadanos organizados que persiguen bienes colectivos cuyo principal objetivo es influir en la toma de decisiones políticas. De este modo, se retoman algunos conceptos, variables y dimensiones de la cultura política ofrecidas por Almond y Verba en su obra clásica The Civic Culture. El propósito del trabajo es identificar los elementos teóricos, metodológicos y empíricos que nos ayudarán a identificar los factores individuales que inciden en la participación política de los ciudadanos a través de asociaciones. Entonces, al retomar las orientaciones políticas, las posturas relativas al sistema político y las actitudes ciudadanas frente al Gobierno se podrá configurar un “modelo explicativo” que nos permita analizar los elementos de una cultura política democrática de participación.

Abstract. This article contains a framework of analysis for the study of political associationism, which is understood as a specific form of political participation and consists of organized citizens who pursue collective goods whose main objective is to influence political decision-making. In this way, some concepts, variables and dimensions of political culture offered by Almond and Verba in their classic work The Civic Culture are taken up again. The purpose of this work is to identify the theoretical, methodological and empirical elements that will help us to identify the individual factors that influence the political participation of citizens through associations. Then, by taking up again the political orientations, the positions relative to the political system and the citizen attitudes towards the government, it will be possible to configure an “explanatory model” that will allow us to analyze the elements of a democratic political culture of participation.

Abstract The Law for Just Access to Habitat in the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), passed in 2012, opened new democratic and institutional horizons for formalizing citizen participation due to the creation of new spaces and mechanisms. This article analyses the changes and challenges brought about by the implementation of Local Habitat Councils (LHC) promoted by this legislation in two municipalities of Greater Buenos Aires (Florencio Varela and Tigre). Semi-structured interviews with public officials and social actors suggest that participatory mechanisms in housing policy represent an opportunity to include neighbourhood organizations and leaders in decision-making. However, this is not yet fully consolidated; LHCs in these municipalities have followed divergent trajectories due to different levels of participation and organization on the part of local actors, working dynamics, sustainability, and local characteristics in each territory.

Resumen La Ley de Acceso Justo al Hábitat, sancionada en 2012, propuso nuevos horizontes institucionales y democráticos para formalizar la participación ciudadana en la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Este artículo analiza los cambios y dificultades que trajo la implementación de los Consejos Locales de Hábitat (CLH) (espacios de participación determinados por dicha ley( en dos municipios del Gran Buenos Aires: Florencio Varela y Tigre. A partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a funcionarios públicos y actores clave, se sostiene que la incorporación de mecanismos de participación, consulta y asesoramiento, como los CLH en las políticas de vivienda y hábitat, son una oportunidad para las organizaciones y líderes barriales en la toma de decisiones que, no obstante, no se han consolidado. Los consejos de ambos municipios poseen trayectorias distintas que dependen del nivel de organización y participación de los actores locales, sus modalidades de trabajo, la sostenibilidad y las particularidades locales de cada territorio.

Abstract Equitable and permanent access to public services is not always a priority for local management, especially in those territories and historically neglected populations. This contribution argues that in Copoya, a mostly ejido locality in the Metropolitan Zone of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, state and community service for drinking water supply is inefficient. The situation has worsened with urban growth and demand for land throughout the twentieth century. Interviews, field visits and press releases show that residents, due to the lack of water, look for alternatives such as purchasing pipes, backyard wells and untreated water systems. These alternatives do not solve the underlying issue and deepen their poverty and socio-territorial inequality. The article concludes that poor investment in projects does not allow a solution for the supply in the short and medium term.

Resumen El acceso equitativo y permanente a servicios públicos no siempre es una prioridad para la gestión local, en especial en territorios y poblaciones históricamente rezagadas. Esta contribución sostiene que en Copoya, localidad mayoritariamente ejidal de la Zona Metropolitana de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, el servicio estatal y comunitario por el suministro de agua potable no es eficiente. El problema se agudizó con el crecimiento urbano y la demanda por la tierra durante el siglo XX. A partir de entrevistas, recorridos de campo y notas de prensa, se destaca que la escasez del líquido lleva a sus residentes a buscar alternativas como la compra de pipas, pozos de traspatio y sistemas de agua no tratada que no resuelven el tema de fondo y que profundizan la pobreza y la desigualdad socioterritorial. Se concluye que la inexistencia de proyectos de inversión no permite una salida para el abastecimiento en el corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract Until 2017, only one out of eighteen ministries in Peru published complete information on the Standard Transparency Portal, as stipulated by the Transparency Law. This article provides a diagnosis of the evolution of that result for the period 2018-2020 and records a slight increase. Two tools provided data: applying a table of indicators of form and content to the information published by ministries on their portals and assessing these results with a statistical programme. Three ministries published complete information and reached the maximum score, while fifteen failed to comply with the law. Nevertheless, there is progress concerning compliance with the law due to the volume and characteristics of published data.

Resumen Hasta 2017, solo uno de dieciocho ministerios en Perú publicó información completa en el Portal de Transparencia Estándar, conforme a lo estipulado por la Ley de Transparencia. Este artículo ofrece un diagnóstico de la evolución de ese resultado para el período 2018-2020 y registra un ligero incremento. Dos herramientas proveyeron datos: la aplicación de una tabla de indicadores de forma y contenido a la información publicada por los ministerios en sus portales y la cuantificación de esos resultados con un programa estadístico. Tres ministerios publican información completa y alcanzaron el puntaje máximo, mientras que quince de ellos no logran implementar lo estipulado en la normativa. No obstante y en conclusión, existen avances respecto al cumplimiento de la ley debido al volumen y características de datos publicados.

Abstract Currently, social media (SM) have evolved beyond their initial purpose, reshaping social and political interactions. This study explores the effect of SM on the circulation of political information in Portoviejo, Ecuador. It examines how SM affects the dissemination and reception of this type of content in the region. Specific objectives included identifying the most used SM platforms, evaluating the predominant political content formats, and measuring their impact on users' political opinions. To this end, a mixed-methodological approach was adopted, both cross-sectional and prospective, and an anonymous survey was conducted, whose results were validated using concordance coefficients and Cronbach's Alpha. The findings reveal a preference for platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube, a diversity in types of multimedia content, exposure to varied political perspectives, and a notable influence on citizens' opinions and electoral decisions. Differences in online interaction levels and in the enrichment of political discourse were also detected, varying according to demographic and generational factors. These results provide a deeper understanding of the political environment in Portoviejo, offering crucial data for making informed political decisions and implementing effective strategies in the current digital context.

Resumen Actualmente, las redes sociales (RS) han evolucionado más allá de su propósito inicial, reconfigurando las interacciones sociales y políticas. Este estudio explora el efecto de las RS en la circulación de información política en Portoviejo, Ecuador. Se investiga cómo las RS afectan la difusión y recepción de este tipo de contenidos en la región. Los objetivos específicos incluyeron la identificación de las plataformas de RS más utilizadas, la evaluación de los formatos de contenido político predominantes y la medición de su impacto en las opiniones políticas de los usuarios. Para ello, se adoptó un enfoque metodológico mixto, tanto transversal como prospectivo, y se llevó a cabo una encuesta anónima cuyos resultados fueron validados mediante coeficientes de concordancia y el Alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados revelan una preferencia por plataformas como Facebook, Instagram, TikTok y YouTube, una diversidad en los tipos de contenidos multimedia, una exposición a variadas perspectivas políticas, y una notable influencia en las opiniones y decisiones electorales de los ciudadanos. También se detectaron diferencias en los niveles de interacción online y en el enriquecimiento del discurso político, variando según factores demográficos y generacionales. Estos resultados aportan una mayor comprensión del entorno político en Portoviejo, ofreciendo datos cruciales para la formulación de decisiones políticas informadas y la implementación de estrategias efectivas en el contexto digital actual.

ABSTRACT Efforts to improve citizenship education include the challenge of teacher preparation. For this purpose, continuing education programs should align with educational policy and respond to the contemporary maximalist approach. This article analyzes such programs from a qualitative approach. A criteria-based sample was selected from 10 diploma courses and 6 citizenship education courses offered in 2022 and 2023 for teachers of any subject. The analysis focused on the information available on the web pages of the institutions (program description and curriculum), which was analyzed deductively and inductively following the coding logic proposed by Gibbs (2012). The main findings point to the predominant adoption of the maximalist citizen approach in both courses and diploma programs, but with certain differentiating features. Similarly, a significant portion of the programs emphasize competencies for democratic participation and inclusion, developing citizen education proposals that are contextualized in the communities and aligned with the interests of the students. In addition, these programs are consistent with the new pedagogical standards (CPEIP, 2021) and represent an important opportunity for the design and implementation of institutional plans for citizenship education in educational establishments.

RESUMEN Los esfuerzos para mejorar la Formación Ciudadana incluyen el desafío de la preparación docente. Los programas de educación continua para este fin debiesen responder al enfoque maximalista contemporáneo y alinearse con la política educativa. El presente artículo analiza dichos programas desde un enfoque cualitativo. Se seleccionó una muestra basada en criterios de 10 diplomados y 6 cursos de educación ciudadana ofrecidos entre 2022 y 2023 para docentes de cualquier asignatura. El análisis se centró en la información disponible en páginas web de las instituciones (descripción del programa y malla de estudios) la que fue analizada deductiva e inductivamente siguiendo la lógica de codificación propuesta por Gibbs (2012). Los principales hallazgos apuntan a que predomina la adopción del enfoque ciudadano maximalista tanto en cursos como diplomados, pero con ciertos matices diferenciadores. Asimismo, parte importante de los programas enfatiza competencias para la participación democrática y la inclusión, elaborar propuestas educativas ciudadanas contextualizadas en las comunidades y alineadas con los intereses de los estudiantes. Además, se constata que dichos programas son coherentes con los nuevos estándares pedagógicos (CPEIP, 2021) y representan una oportunidad importante para el diseño e implementación de los planes institucionales de Formación Ciudadana en los establecimientos educacionales.