Resumen Los trastornos del sueño son frecuentes en niños y afectan al desarrollo neurológico, con importante repercusión cognitiva, emocional y conductual. Existe una alta prevalencia de trastornos del sueño (TS) en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo (TND), como trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) y trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH). Los TS en población pediá trica tienen una prevalencia del 6-25%, mientras que en los niños con TND esta cifra asciende al 50-80%. En los TND se observa un incremento de las dificultades para conciliar el sueño, de los despertares nocturnos y de la somnolencia diurna. Así mismo, presentan alteracio nes del ritmo circadiano y trastornos respiratorios del sueño. Como consecuencia se produce una reducción de la alerta para las actividades diarias con incremento de trastornos conductuales, problemas emocionales y dificultades académicas asociadas a disfunciones eje cutivas y de memoria. La evaluación del sueño debe formar parte sistemática en la valoración clínica de los niños con TND, con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico y un tratamiento adecuados a cada caso, permitiendo mejorar la calidad de vida del niño y de su familia.

Abstract Sleep disorders are common in children and affect neurological development with important cognitive, emotional and behavioral repercussions. There is a high prevalence of sleep disorders (SD) in neurodevelop mental disorders (NDD) such as autism spectrum dis order (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sleep disorders in pediatric population have a prevalence of 6-25%, while in children with NDD this number rises to 50-80%. In NDDs, higher rates of dif ficulties in falling asleep, nocturnal awakenings and daytime sleepiness are observed. Disturbances in the circadian rhythm as well as respiratory sleep disorders are also observed. Consequently, there is a decrease in alertness for daytime activities with increased be havioral disorders, emotional problems and academic difficulties associated with executive and memory dys functions. Sleep assessment has to be a systemic part in the clinical evaluation of children with NDDs, so as to give a convenient diagnosis and treatment in each case, allowing to improve the quality of life of children and their families.

Resumo Introdução A paralisia cerebral (PC) hemiparética espástica é o tipo de PC mais prevalente. Crianças com hemiparesia es-pástica apresentam dificuldades ao usar as extremidades superiores afetadas e um tratamento eficaz é a Terapia por Contensão Induzida (TCI). O estudo dos padrões de atividade-repouso fornece informações sobre as atividades diárias de crianças com PC hemiparética espástica durante o dia e o sono. Objetivo Investigar o efeito da TCI nos padrões de repouso-atividade em crianças com PC hemiparética espástica versus um grupo saudável. Métodos Realizou-se um ensaio controlado não randomizado no Centro de Neuropediatria do Complexo do Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba, Brasil. Crianças com PC hemi-parética espástica entre 5 e 16 anos participaram do grupo de estudo e receberam a TCI. O grupo saudável foi composto por crianças entre 5 e 15 anos. Ambos os grupos utilizaram um acelerômetro para registrar padrões de atividade-repouso, os quais podem ser estudados através de variáveis não paramé-tricas do acelerômetro: M10 (10h mais ativas de um indivíduo); L5 (5h menos ativas de um indivíduo); e AR (amplitude rela-tiva dos padrões de atividade-repouso). Resultados Foram recrutadas 45 crianças e 38 foram incluídas nas análises (19 alocadas em cada grupo). No grupo de estudo, houve aumento significativo de M10 e L5 (p < 0,001) após TCI. Os valores de M10 e L5 foram significativamente maiores (p < 0,001) no grupo saudável em comparação ao grupo de estudo após TCI. Conclusão Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que crianças com PC hemiparética espástica tornaram-se mais ativas e participantes de sua vida diária durante o dia, bem como dormiram mais eficientemente. (PC prevalente es pástica . (TCI) atividaderepouso atividade repouso sono repousoatividade Realizouse Realizou se Clínicas Curitiba Brasil hemi parética 1 atividaderepouso, repouso, paramétricas paramé tricas M M1 10h h indivíduo indivíduo) L 5h amplitude relativa rela tiva atividaderepouso. atividade-repouso) 4 3 19 (1 grupo. grupo) p 0,001 0001 0 001 tornaramse tornaram eficientemente (TCI ( 0,00 000 00 0,0 0,

Abstract Introduction Spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent type of CP. Children with spastic hemiparesis experience difficulties when using their affected upper extremities, and one effective treatment is the Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT). The study of rest-activity patterns provides information on children’s daily activities with spastic hemiparetic CP during the day and sleep. Objective To investigate the effect of CIMT on the rest-activity patterns in children with spastic hemiparetic CP vs in a healthy group. Methods Nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted at the Neuropediatric Center of the Hospital de Clínicas Complex, in Curitiba, Brazil. Children with spastic hemi-paretic CP between 5 and 16 years old participated in the study group and receive the CIMT. The healthy group was composed of children between 5 and 15 years old. Both groups used accelerometer to record rest-activity patterns, that may be studied through nonparametric variables of accelerometer: M10 (an individual’s most active 10h); L5 (an individual’s least active 5h); and RA (relative amplitude of the circadian rest-activity patterns). Results Forty-five children were recruited, and 38 were included in the analyses (19 allocated to each group). In the study group, there was a significant increase in M10 and L5 (p < 0.001) after CIMT. The values of M10 and L5 were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the healthy group compared to the study group after CIMT. Conclusion Our results showed that children with spastic hemiparetic CP became more active and participant in their daily life during the day as well as more efficient sleeping. (CP extremities ConstraintInduced Constraint Induced . (CIMT) restactivity rest activity childrens s sleep Complex Curitiba Brazil hemi paretic 1 M M1 an individuals individual 10h h 10h) L 5h 5h) relative patterns. patterns) Fortyfive Forty five recruited 3 19 (1 group) p 0.001 0001 0 001 sleeping (CIMT ( 0.00 000 00 0.0 0.

Abstract Animals adapt to the daily changes in their environmental conditions by means of genetically encoded circadian clocks. These clocks, found throughout the tree of life, regulate diverse biological functions, and allow periodical changes in physiology and behaviour. The molecular underpinnings of these clocks have been extensively studied across taxa, revealing a brain-based system that coordinates rhythmic activities through neuronal networks and signalling pathways. Entrainment, the alignment of internal rhythms with external cues or zeitgebers, is crucial for the adaptive value of these internal clocks. While the solar light-dark cycle is a primary zeitgeber for most animals, other relevant cues such as temperature, meal timing, predators, anxiety, fear, physical activity, and social interactions also play roles in entraining circadian clocks. The search of a detailed description of the circadian clocks is a goal for neurobiology and an area of growing societal interests. Moreover, as disruptions in circadian rhythms are implicated in various diseases, understanding the entrainment pathways contributes to developing interventions for improved wellbeing and health outcomes. This review focuses on socially relevant cues, examining their impact on animal physiology and behaviour, and explores the sensory pathways transmitting information to the central clock. life functions behaviour taxa brainbased brain based Entrainment zeitgebers lightdark light dark animals temperature timing predators anxiety fear activity interests Moreover diseases outcomes clock

Abstract Daily rhythms of behavior and their synchronization in relevant social contexts are fundamental for the survival and reproductive success of all animal species. South American annual fish are adapted to extreme environmental conditions, where the ponds they inhabit dry out as the year progresses, while engaging in reproductive behavior from sexual maturity to death. The ever-changing environmental cycles these species are subjected to makes them an excellent model for studying the expression of biological rhythms in nature. In this work we show for the first time that Garcialebias reicherti, an annual fish native to Uruguay shows daily rhythms in both their locomotor and reproductive behavior. This species shows diurnal behavioral patterns, with neither sex nor reproductive context affecting the phase relationship between the light/dark cycle and activity. However, reproductive context modulates the amount of locomotor activity and leads to synchronization between members of the dyads, while introducing a second behavioral rhythm for reproductive events. Reproductive context emerges as a significant modulator of rhythmic behavior, driving circadian rhythms synchronization alongside environmental zeitgebers, while illuminating the complexity of physiological and behavioral coordination. conditions progresses death everchanging ever changing nature reicherti patterns lightdark light dark However dyads events zeitgebers coordination

Resumen Los ritmos diarios de la conducta y su sincronización en contextos sociales relevantes son fundamentales para la supervivencia y el éxito reproductivo. Los peces anuales sudamericanos están adaptados a condiciones ambientales extremas, donde los charcos que habitan se secan a medida que avanza el año, mientras despliegan conducta reproductiva desde la madurez sexual hasta su muerte. Los ciclos ambientales extremos a los que estas especies están expuestas las convierten en un modelo excelente para estudiar la expresión de los ritmos biológicos en la naturaleza. En este trabajo mostramos por primera vez que Garcialebias reicherti, un pez anual nativo de Uruguay, muestra ritmos diarios tanto en su comportamiento locomotor como reproductivo. Esta especie muestra patrones de comportamiento diurnos, sin que el sexo ni el contexto reproductivo afecten el enganche de fase entre el fotoperiodo y la conducta. Sin embargo, el contexto reproductivo modula la cantidad de actividad locomotora y promueve la sincronización entre los integrantes de las díadas, al tiempo que introduce el comportamiento reproductivo como otro ritmo conductual. El contexto social emerge como un modulador significativo de la conducta rítmica, funcionando en conjunto con los zitegebers ambientales, poniendo en evidencia una compleja coordinación fisiológica y conductual. extremas año muerte naturaleza reicherti Uruguay diurnos embargo díadas conductual rítmica

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric illness characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression, leading to significant cognitive and functional impairments, psychiatric and metabolic comorbidities, and substantial healthcare costs. The complex nature and lack of specific biomarkers for BD make it a daily challenge for clinicians. Therefore, advancing our understanding of BD pathophysiology is essential to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Although its neurobiology remains unclear, circadian disruption and lipid alterations have emerged as key hallmarks of BD. Lipids are essential components of the brain and play a critical role in regulating synaptic activity and neuronal development. Consequently, alterations in brain lipids may contribute to the neuroanatomical changes and reduced neuroplasticity observed in BD. Lipid droplets, which regulate the storage of neutral lipids, buffer the levels of toxic lipids within cells. These dynamic organelles adapt to cellular needs, and their dysregulated accumulation has been implicated in several pathological conditions. Notably, lipid droplets and different classes of lipids exhibit rhythmic oscillations throughout the 24-hour cycle, suggesting a link between lipid metabolism, circadian rhythms, and lipid droplets. In this review, we explore the impairment of circadian rhythms and lipid metabolism in BD and present evidence that circadian clocks regulate lipid droplet accumulation. Importantly, we propose the “hypothesis of lipid droplets for BD,” which posits that impaired lipid metabolism in BD is closely linked to alterations in lipid droplet homeostasis driven by circadian clock disruption. (BD depression impairments comorbidities costs clinicians Therefore targets unclear development Consequently cells needs conditions Notably 24hour hour 24 cycle review Importantly hypothesis BD, 2

Resumo Antecedentes A compreensão das alterações do sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) na fase crônica do acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCi) ainda é insuficiente. A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) fornece uma abordagem não invasiva para avaliar a função autonômica. Objetivo Comparar os parâmetros da VFC durante o ciclo sono-vigília entre participantes saudáveis e com AVCi crônico. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo transversal baseado em registros clínicos e registros de eletrocardiograma de 24 horas de 179 pacientes com AVCi confirmado e 184 controles pareados por idade e sexo. As variações do índice de atividade autonômica total (VTAI) e do índice de atividade parassimpática (VPAI) foram usados para calcular a variação circadiana. As comparações foram feitas usando testes não paramétricos. Análise discriminante canônica (CDA) e análise de variância (ANOVA) de três vias foram usadas para análises multivariadas. Um nível de confiança de 95% foi estabelecido para a significância estatística. Resultados O grupo controle exibiu maior variabilidade nos parâmetros de domínio do tempo e da frequência durante as horas de vigília: desvio padrão dos intervalos NN (SDNN, p < 0,001) e das médias dos intervalos NN (SDANN, p < 0,001), assim como a banda de baixa frequência (LF, p < 0,001). Durante o sono, a diferença foi maior na banda de alta frequência (HF, p < 0,001) e a razão baixa/alta frequência (LF/HF) foi menor (p < 0,001). O VPAI e VTAI mostraram menor variabilidade nos pacientes com AVC (p < 0,001). Conclusão Os pacientes com AVCi apresentaram atividade vagal cardíaca diminuída, medida pela VFC. Isto pode resultar de desequilíbrios nos sistemas simpático e parassimpático que mudam durante as fases do sono. Em pacientes com AVCi, esses desequilíbrios podem permanecer meses após a lesão inicial. SNA (SNA (AVCi insuficiente (VFC sonovigília sono vigília crônico 2 17 18 sexo (VTAI (VPAI circadiana paramétricos CDA (CDA ANOVA (ANOVA multivariadas 95 estatística SDNN, SDNN (SDNN 0,001 0001 0 001 SDANN, SDANN (SDANN 0,001, , LF, LF (LF 0,001. . HF, HF (HF baixaalta LF/HF LFHF (LF/HF diminuída inicial 1 9 0,00 000 00 0,0 0,

Abstract Background Alterations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the chronic stage of ischemic stroke (IS) are not well understood. Heart rate variability (HRV) provides a noninvasive approach to assess autonomic function. Objective To compare the HRV parameters during the sleep-wake cycle between patients with IS in the chronic stage and healthy subjects. Methods We conducted a retrospective transversal study based on clinical records and 24-hour electrocardiogram (EKG) monitoring registries of 179 patients with a confirmed IS diagnosis and 184 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Circadian variation was calculated according to the variation of the total autonomic activity (VTAI) and the parasympathetic activity (VPAI) indexes. Comparisons were performed using nonparametric tests. Multivariable analyses were performed with canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was established with a confidence level of 95%. Results During waking hours, the healthy group exhibited higher variability in the time domain and frequency domain parameters: standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN, p < 0.001) and of the average NN intervals (SDANN, p < 0.001), as well as low-frequency (LF) band (p < 0.001). During sleep, the difference was higher in the high-frequency (HF) band (p < 0.001), and lower in the low-/high-frequency ratio (LF/HF, p < 0.001). Both VPAI and VTAI showed less significant difference in IS patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion There was diminished heart vagal activity among IS patients, as measured through HRV. During sleep, this is likely caused by an imbalance in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems shifting through the sleep phases. These imbalances could persist over time in patients with IS, lasting months after the initial injury. ANS (ANS (IS understood (HRV function sleepwake wake subjects 24hour hour 24 EKG (EKG 17 18 age sexmatched sex matched (VTAI (VPAI indexes tests CDA (CDA threeway three way ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) 95 95% hours SDNN, SDNN (SDNN 0.001 0001 0 001 SDANN, SDANN (SDANN 0.001, , lowfrequency low LF (LF 0.001. highfrequency high HF (HF low/highfrequency lowhighfrequency /high LF/HF, LFHF (LF/HF phases injury 2 1 (ANOVA 9 0.00 000 00 LF/HF 0.0 0.

Resumo Introdução evidências científicas enfatizam que disrupções cronobiológicas podem promover a obesidade por mecanismos envolvendo ação de importantes hormônios marcadores do ritmo circadiano: a melatonina e cortisol. Estes hormônios estão presentes no colostro humano e representam importante mecanismo de proteção materno infantil frente à obesidade e infecções infantis, devido à intensa interação entre mãe e filho durante a gravidez e amamentação. Assim, os hormônios melatonina e cortisol presentes no colostro humano representam promissores candidatos para fornecer resultados com capacidade de aplicação clínica e de embasamento de futuras estratégias de intervenção com enfoque na redução da obesidade e de infecções neonatais. Entretanto, são escassos os estudos na literatura sobre o tema. Objetivo analisar as repercussões da obesidade materna sobre os níveis e as ações da melatonina e do cortisol no colostro e leite materno. Método foi realizada uma revisão sistematizada da literatura científica seguindo as recomendações do protocolo Prisma. Foram pesquisados artigos originais, publicados em inglês, nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Lilacs e Scopus. Não houve restrição quanto ao ano de publicação. Resultados foram identificados 37 artigos nas bases de dados pesquisados, 15 artigos foram excluídos por estarem duplicados, após aplicação do critério de inclusão e exclusão apenas 5 estudos tiveram relação ao tema, sendo 2 estudos abordando sobre melatonina e 3 pesquisas que analisaram o cortisol. Esta revisão mostrou que a melatonina está elevada em colostro de obesas e para este grupo ela possui potencial de restaurar atividade de fagócitos e de elevar a proliferação de linfócitos. Os estudos sobre o cortisol ilustraram que os níveis deste hormônio no leite materno não foram alterados pela obesidade materna. Conclusão o aleitamento materno deve ser encorajado para todos os públicos, assim como mais pesquisas originais devem ser desenvolvidas para descrever os mecanismos protetores do colostro e leite materno.

Abstract Introduction scientific evidence has highlighted the role of chronobiological disruptions in promoting obesity through mechanisms involving important circadian rhythm hormones: melatonin and cortisol. These hormones are present in human colostrum and serve as crucial maternal and child protection mechanisms against obesity and childhood infections, owing to the intense interaction between mother and child during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Consequently, the melatonin and cortisol hormones present in human colostrum hold promise as potential candidates for yielding clinically applicable results and supporting future intervention strategies aimed at reducing obesity and neonatal infections. However, there is a scarcity of literature on this subject. Objective the objective of this study is to to analyze the impact of maternal obesity on the levels and functions of melatonin and cortisol in colostrum and breast milk. Methods a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted following the recommendations outlined in the PRISMA protocol. Original articles published in English were searched in the PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, and Scopus databases. There were no restrictions on the publication year. Results a total of 37 articles were identified from the searched databases. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only five studies were relevant to the topic: two studies addressing melatonin and three studies analyzing cortisol. This review revealed that melatonin levels are elevated in the colostrum of obese women, and for this particular group, it has the potential to restore phagocyte activity and increase lymphocyte proliferation. Studies on cortisol have demonstrated that maternal obesity does not alter the levels of this hormone in breast milk. Conclusion breastfeeding should be encouraged for all populations, and further original research should be conducted to elucidate the protective mechanisms of colostrum and breast milk.

Pectis brevipedunculata is native species and widely available in dry and semi-arid ecosystems showing high biotechnological potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the circadian and seasonal chemical variation of the essential oil (EO) of P. brevipedunculata, as well as its acaricide effect on Rhipicephalus microplus larvae. Aerial parts were collected and submitted to the hydrodistillation process, and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the assays with R. microplus, the larval immersion test was performed. The main constituents were citral (75% of the EO), followed by α-pinene and limonene. In the seasonality analysis, the highest yields were in the months of April (2.08%) and August (2.05%), while in the study of circadian rhythm, the percentage was 2.0% at 6 p.m. in the rainy season, and 1.2%, dry season at 6 p.m. Concerning acaricidal activity (50% lethal concentration (LC50)), the April (1.17 mg mL-1), March (1.28 mg mL-1), June (1.37 mg mL-1), and October (1.27 mg mL-1) oils obtained were the most active and assays performed with circadian rhythm revealed in the rain season (April) at 6 p.m. and dry season (September) at 12 a.m. LC50 values of 1.75 and 1.75 mg mL-1, respectively. Additionally, this EO is selective to non-target organisms, i.e., ladybeetles and lacewing. semiarid semi arid potential (EO P larvae process GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) R 75% 75 (75 EO, , EO) αpinene α pinene limonene analysis 2.08% 208 2 08 (2.08% 2.05%, 205 2.05% 05 (2.05%) 20 0 2.0 pm p m p.m 1 1.2% 50% 50 (50 LC50, LC (LC50)) 1.17 117 17 (1.1 mL1, mL1 mL 1.28 128 28 (1.2 1.37 137 37 (1.3 1.27 127 27 mL-1 (April September (September am a a.m LC5 175 1.7 1, respectively Additionally nontarget non target organisms ie i e i.e. lacewing (GC-MS 7 (7 2.08 (2.08 2.05 (2.05% 2. 1.2 5 (5 (LC50) 1.1 11 (1. 1.3 13 3 mL- 1. i.e ( (2.0 (2.05 (LC50 (1 (2. (LC5 (2 (LC

RESUMEN Todos los animales disponen de mecanismos fisiológicos y homeostáticos para generar, mantener, ajustar y sincronizar los ciclos endógenos/exógenos del sueño. Varias áreas del cerebro intervienen en la activación y regulación de los ciclos sueño/vigilia y su sincronía con el ciclo luz/oscuridad. Toda esta actividad fisiológica está incluida en el reloj biológico (o ritmo circadiano) de cada animal, el cual está modulado por genes, proteínas, y neurotransmisores. El sueño se relaciona con los procesos de recuperación o reparación, mantenimiento y restauración de la eficacia de todos los sistemas del organismo, principalmente de los sistemas nervioso, endocrino e inmunológico. Dada la importancia del sueño tanto para los animales como para los humanos, esta revisión presenta una reseña sobre la fisiología y homeostasis del sueño, documentada a través de bibliografía científica publicada en los últimos cinco años (2017-2022), en revistas científicas como Science y Nature, de las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, o clasificadas en Scimago. El sueño está regulado por factores exógenos y endógenos, en estos últimos son actores principales los neurotransmisores (serotonina, histamina), neuromoduladores (noradrenalina), hormonas (sistema orexina/hipocretina, melatonina), el sistema glinfático y los genes que activan las diferentes vías de señalización para que funcione en forma óptima las neuronas y la glía del encéfalo.

ABSTRACT All animals have physiological and homeostatic mechanisms to generate, maintain, adjust and synchronize the endogenous/exogenous cycles sleep. Various areas of the brain are involved in the activation and regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and its synchrony with the light/dark cycle. All this activity is included in the biological clock (or circadian rhythm) of each animal, the which is modulated by genes, proteins and neurotransmitters. The sleep is related to the recovery or repair processes, maintenance and restoration of the efficiency of all the body systems, mainly of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Given the importance of the sleep for both the animals and humans, this article presents a review about the physiology and homeostasis sleep documented through scientific bibliography published in the last five years (2017-2022), in scientific journals such as Science and Nature, the databases PubMed, Science Direct, or the Scimago journal rankings. The sleep is regulated by exogenous and endogenous factors, in the latter are main actors the neurotransmitters (serotonin, histamine), neuromodulators (noradrenaline), hormones (orexin/hypocretin system, melatonin), glymphatic system, and genes that active the different signaling pathways so that neurons and glial cells in the brain work optimally.

RESUMO Os mecanismos de segregação ecológica envolvidos na coexistência entre felídeos neotropicais são a chave para subsidiar estratégias para sua conservação. Por apresentarem comportamento inconspícuo e esquivo, as armadilhas fotográficas constituem um método não invasivo estratégico para estudá-los. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o padrão de atividade diário e sazonal de quatro espécies de felídeos: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) e Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), na RPPN Papagaios-de-Altitude, no estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Coletamos os dados através de 25 sítios de armadilhas fotográficas na área de estudo. Obtivemos 624 registros independentes de L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) e P. concolor (384) em um esforço amostral de 12.266 armadilhas/dia. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentaram distribuição de atividade diária não uniforme, quando considerados os dois anos. Relatamos o pico de atividade sazonal de todas as espécies entre os meses de junho a setembro, coincidindo com a safra de pinhão na região, e com o aumento nas populações de pequenos roedores. Também relatamos uma alta sobreposição entre os padrões de atividade das quatro espécies. A atividade diária e sazonal das espécies neste estudo parece refletir as dinâmicas intrínsecas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, além de possíveis adaptações à disponibilidade de presas. conservação esquivo estudálos. estudálos estudá los. los estudá-los Hensel, Hensel (Hensel 1872, 1872 , 1872) L Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 1758) Schinz, Schinz (Schinz 1821 1771, 1771 1771) PapagaiosdeAltitude, PapagaiosdeAltitude Papagaios Altitude, Altitude Papagaios-de-Altitude Catarina Brasil 2 62 108, 108 (108) 55, 55 (55) 77 (77 P 384 (384 12266 12 266 12.26 armadilhasdia dia armadilhas/dia uniforme anos setembro região roedores Mista presas 187 175 182 177 6 10 (108 5 (55 7 (7 38 (38 1226 1 26 12.2 18 17 (10 (5 ( 3 (3 122 12. (1

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of ecological segregation involved in the coexistence between Neotropical felids are the key to support strategies for conservation. Due to their inconspicuous and elusive behavior, camera trapping constitute a strategic, non-invasive method to study these species. The present work aimed to evaluate the daily and seasonal activity patterns of four felid species: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) and Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), in the Papagaios-de-Altitude Private Protected Area, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Data were collected from January 2018 to December 2019, using 25 sites of camera traps among the study area. We collected 624 independent records from L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) and P. concolor (384) in a sampling effort of 12,266 camera-traps/day. All species analysed showed a non-uniform distribution of daily activity, when considering the two years. We report the peak of seasonal activity for all species between the months of June and September, coinciding with the Araucaria nut harvest in the study area, and with the increase in populations of small rodents. We also report a high overlap between the activity patterns of the four species. The daily and seasonal activity patterns of the species in this study seem to reflect the intrinsic dynamics of the Araucaria Forest, as well as possible adaptations to prey availability. conservation behavior strategic noninvasive non invasive Hensel, Hensel (Hensel 1872, 1872 , 1872) L Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 1758) Schinz, Schinz (Schinz 1821 1771, 1771 1771) PapagaiosdeAltitude Papagaios de Altitude Area Catarina Brazil 201 2019 2 area 62 108, 108 (108) 55, 55 (55) 77 (77 P 384 (384 12266 12 266 12,26 cameratraps/day. cameratrapsday traps/day. day camera-traps/day nonuniform uniform years September rodents Forest availability 187 175 182 177 20 6 10 (108 5 (55 7 (7 38 (38 1226 1 26 12,2 cameratraps cameratraps/day trapsday traps/day 18 17 (10 (5 ( 3 (3 122 12, (1

Abstract Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904) is a shrimp commonly used in aquaculture throughout the world. It is an exotic species in several places. We investigated the preference of N. davidi for four types of shelter (rock, Vesicularia sp., Egeria sp., and wood) and its nictemeral activity variation. Individuals were divided into three experimental groups: males, non-ovigerous females, and ovigerous females. They were placed in tanks with the four shelter types and observed every 3 hours for 72 hours. Neocaridina davidi presented cryptic behavior with 82.1 ± 8.69% of individuals sheltering per observation. Sheltering was higher during the daytime (88.8 ±5.54%) than at nighttime (75.4 ± 5.53%). Vesicularia sp. was the most used shelter followed by wood. The least used shelter type was a rock. Swimming and walking were more frequently observed at nighttime, especially for ovigerous females. We have demonstrated the importance of providing shelter for the maintenance of N. davidi in tanks as well as its higher activity at nighttime.

Abstract Crayfish show locomotor activity modulated by environmental lighting. Yet, little is known about different light spectra stimulation effects on the locomotor activity of crayfish, and laboratory instruments are generally limited to the study of a single animal. As such, this research describes the development and implementation of the Crayfish-Tracking Motion Vision (CTMV) system, as a tool for experimentation. Based on artificial vision, this system allowed for the observation and recording of locomotor activity in one to four Procambarus clarkii crayfish that were placed in individual compartments. The effect of blue or green monochromatic light stimulation was explored in two groups of dark-adapted crayfish (with a total of 15 adult crayfish). Light-emitting-diodes of blue or green spectra were applied for 5 min while locomotor activity in crayfish was monitored in a large container. Both light pulses caused similar reaction times of locomotor activity (2.9 ± 3.5 s). Meanwhile, the displacement score of “blue light” animals (2.1 ± 0.9 m) was lower than that of “green light” animals (2.8 ± 0.6 m). In contrast, speed (1.1 ± 1 cm/s) and acceleration data (0 ± 0.8 cm/s2) of the two groups were similar. Finally, the locomotor activity decreased significantly when container size was decreased. These results showed that the CTMV system is appropriate for measuring the locomotor activities of multiple crayfish and suggested that both monochromatic lights induced different locomotor behavior in the crayfish. It has been postulated that this light-induced reflex activity, is caused by an interplay of the photoreceptor system output with a circadian system modulating light sensitivity and locomotor behavior in the crayfish. It can be inferred that the CTMV system will benefit subsequent studies focused on light-induced reflex activity in crustaceans.

Objective: To characterize rest-activity rhythm in chronic migraine (CM) and to investigate the relationship between this rhythm and depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with CM. Methods: This was a study of adults aged 20 to 40 years. The rest-activity rhythm of patients with CM (n=23) and non-headache controls (NH, n=23) was assessed by actigraphy for 15 days, and they completed the following assessments: Visual Analogue Scale for pain intensity; Headache Diary; Headache Impact Test-6; Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Epworth Sleepiness Scale; Beck Depression Inventory; and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: Patients with CM showed less activity over 24 hours and more fragmented sleep. Reduced interdaily stability of the rest-activity rhythm was observed, with less robustness of this rhythm in the CM group. Multiple linear regressions revealed a significant association between the rest-activity rhythm and trait anxiety variables in patients with CM, specifically regarding the relative amplitude of the cycle, activity throughout 24 hours and during sleep, and robustness of the rest-activity rhythm. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that the robustness of the rest-activity rhythm, activity throughout 24 hours, and sleep fragmentation are associated with trait anxiety in patients with CM. Clinical trial registration: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: RBR-4M5J4S).

Resumen Introducción Las personas con trastorno bipolar corren mayor riesgo de presentar morbimortalidad metabólica. El cronotipo podría desempeñar un rol importante por su efecto sobre la calidad de sueño, los patrones de alimentación y la actividad física. Objetivo Comparar la calidad de sueño, el jet lag social, la actividad física y la dieta en función del cronotipo de personas con trastorno bipolar, así como determinar la asociación entre estas variables. Método Estudio transversal, comparativo y correlacional. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas y los antecedentes clínicos de los participantes. El cronotipo se determinó con la Escala Compuesta de Matutinidad y la calidad de sueño con el Índice de Calidad de Sueño Pittsburg. El jet lag social se calculó como la diferencia absoluta entre el punto medio de sueño en días libres y de trabajo. La actividad física se midió con el registro de Bouchard y la dieta con un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se realizaron análisis comparativos entre categorías de cronotipo y se evaluó la asociación entre variables. Resultados Se incluyeron 116 participantes. Las personas de cronotipo vespertino reportaron menor calidad de sueño en comparación con las del cronotipo matutino. La vespertinidad se asoció a puntuaciones de menor calidad de sueño y más horas para dormir en días de trabajo, así como a mayor consumo de embutidos, calorías y sodio. Las tendencias indican mayor jet lag social y bajo nivel de actividad física entre cronotipos vespertinos. Discusión y conclusión Los efectos del cronotipo sobre las variables de estudio requieren más investigación, que aclare esta compleja relación, para desarrollar estrategias educativas de higiene de sueño, actividad física y dieta saludable.

Abstract Introduction People with bipolar disorder are at a higher risk of metabolic morbidity and mortality. Chronotype may play a significant role due to its effect on sleep quality, eating patterns, and physical activity. Objective To compare sleep quality, social jetlag, physical activity, and diet, depending on the chronotype of people with bipolar disorder, and to determine the association between these variables. Method Cross-sectional, comparative, correlational study. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of subjects were assessed. Chronotype was determined using the Composite Scale of Morningness while sleep quality was evaluated through the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Social jet lag was calculated through the absolute difference between the midpoint of sleep on weekends and workdays. Physical activity was measured through the Bouchard Activity Record and diet was evaluated through a food frequency questionnaire. Comparative analyses were performed between chronotype categories and the association between variables was measured. Results 116 subjects were included. Subjects with evening chronotype reported poorer sleep quality than those with morning chronotype. Eveningness was associated with lower sleep quality scores and more hours of sleep on workdays, as well as with higher consumption of cold meats, calories, and sodium. Trends indicate greater social jet lag and low physical activity levels among evening chronotypes. Discussion and conclusion The effects of chronotype on study variables require further research to clarify this complex relationship and develop educational strategies to promote sleep hygiene, physical activity, and a healthy diet.

Resumen (Introducción): Los refugios de vida silvestre son cruciales para mejorar la conectividad en el contexto de corredores biológicos, ya que conservan fragmentos de bosque y consecuentemente poblaciones de mamíferos neotropicales, sin embargo, para poder idear estrategias de conservación y manejo es prioritario realizar estudios de campo que validen estos esfuerzos y midan su efectividad en el tiempo. (Objetivo): Generar información de línea base sobre el estado poblacional de mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes y sus patrones de actividad, que contribuyan a realizar un adecuado manejo y protección de este grupo en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Lapa Verde. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología de foto-trampeo colocando 13 cámaras-trampa por bloque de muestreo, en dos bloques (1 855 ha) durante enero - febrero 2015 y entre diciembre 2015 - enero 2016. (Resultados): El esfuerzo de muestreo fue de 1 584 noches, registrando18 especies con presencia de grandes y medianos depredadores como Panthera onca, Canis latrans, Leopardus pardalis y Leopardus wiedii, así como especies que sirven de presas como Silvilagus sp., Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasyprocta punctata y Cuniculus paca. La especie con mayor IAR fue D. punctata, la riqueza fue similar entre bloques; sin embargo, los patrones de actividad circadiana sí presentaron diferencias entre algunas especies (L. pardalis y D. punctata). (Conclusiones): Especies como jaguares y tapires, que requieren grandes extensiones de tierra para asentarse, utilizan estos bloques de conservación, lo que indica la importancia de la conservación de estos bloques.

Abstract (Introduction): Wildlife refuges are crucial to improve connectivity in the context of biological corridors, as they conserve forest patches and consequently neotropical mammal populations. However, in order to devise conservation and management strategies, it is a priority to carry out field studies that validate these efforts and measure their effectiveness over time. (Objective): To generate baseline information on the population status of medium and large terrestrial mammals and their activity patterns to help the management and protection of the Lapa Verde Wildlife Refuge. (Methods): We analyzed the camera-trapping methodology by placing 13 camera traps per sampling block, divided into two blocks (1 855 ha) during January-February 2015 and December 2015-January 2016. (Results): The sampling effort was 1 584 nights, capturing 18 species with the presence of large and medium predators such as Panthera onca, Canis latrans, Leopardus pardalis, and Leopardus wiedii, as well as species of prey such as Silvilagus sp., Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasyprocta punctata, and Cuniculus paca. The species with the highest RAI was D. punctate. The richness was similar between blocks. However, the patterns of circadian activity differed between some species (L. pardalis and D. punctata). (Conclusions): Species such as jaguars and tapirs, which require large areas of land to settle, use these conservation blocks; this indicates the importance of the conservation of these blocks.