Abstract Introduction: Blooms of cyanobacteria are becoming increasingly common, and understanding their dynamics can be crucial for proposing appropriate management strategies. While physical and chemical parameters influencing blooms have been widely studied, less attention has been paid to the susceptibility of biological communities. Objective: To analyze phytoplankton abundance networks during cyanobacterial blooms at different intensity levels and how they interact and/or affect the phytoplankton community. Methods: We used 22 samplings conducted in El Limón reservoir located in Northern Argentina, known for recurrent cyanobacterial blooms. Each sampling was classified into four levels based on cyanobacteria abundance (cells/ml): Level 1 (10 000-30 000); Level 2 (30 000-50 000); Level 3 (50 000-100 000); and Level 4 (> 100 000). For each level, abundance correlation networks were constructed considering all species. Results: A pattern of decreasing statistically significant abundance correlations was observed as bloom intensity increased: 219 correlations at Level 1; 144 at Level 2; 80 at Level 3, and only 33 at Level 4. Blooming cyanobacteria showed few correlations with other species at all levels, indicating a certain independence from the community. An increase in bloom intensity appears to disconnect the phytoplankton abundance correlation network. Conclusion: The analysis of abundance correlation networks should be a valuable tool for understanding the dynamics and development of cyanobacterial blooms, as well as identifying key species in this process.

Resumen Introducción: Las proliferaciones de cianobacterias están volviéndose cada vez más comunes, y comprender su dinámica puede ser crucial para proponer estrategias de gestión adecuadas. Si bien se han estudiado ampliamente los parámetros físicos y químicos que influyen en las proliferaciones, se ha prestado menos atención a la susceptibilidad de las comunidades biológicas. Objetivo: Analizar las redes de abundancia de fitoplancton durante las proliferaciones de cianobacterias a diferentes niveles de intensidad y cómo las mismas interactúan y/o afectan a la comunidad de fitoplancton. Métodos: Se realizaron 22 muestreos en el embalse El Limón ubicado en el norte de Argentina, conocido por las proliferaciones recurrentes de cianobacterias. Cada muestreo se clasificó en cuatro niveles basados en la abundancia de cianobacterias (células/ml): Nivel 1 (10 000-30 000); Nivel 2 (30 000-50 000); Nivel 3 (50 000-100 000) y Nivel 4 (> 100 000). Para cada nivel, se construyeron redes de correlación de abundancias considerando todas las especies. Resultados: Se observó un patrón de disminución de correlaciones de abundancia estadísticamente significativas a medida que aumentaba la intensidad de las proliferaciones: 219 correlaciones en el nivel 1; 144 en el nivel 2; 80 en el nivel 3 y solo 33 en el nivel 4. Las cianobacterias que forman proliferaciones mostraron tener poca correlación con otras especies en todos los niveles, lo que podría estar asociado a cierta independencia con respecto a la comunidad. Un aumento en la intensidad de la proliferación parece desconectar la red de correlaciones de abundancia del fitoplancton. Conclusión: El análisis de las redes de correlaciones de abundancias debería ser una herramienta valiosa para comprender la dinámica y el desarrollo de las proliferaciones de cianobacterias, así como para identificar especies clave en este proceso.

ABSTRACT Toxic cyanobacteria blooms are an increasingly common global problem due to eutrophication, the effects of climate change and increased surveillance efforts in aquatic ecosystems. In Cuba, several ecosystems have been analyzed in the eastern region, demonstrating that this risk occurs to surface and inland waters, due to climatic conditions, mainly in small ecosystems with great human pressures. However, other areas are still unexplored. The objective of this work was to implement a risk management protocol in the San Blas Lagoon, Camaguey, due to the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in the ecosystem, following a community report, with the death of domestic and wild animals; unpleasant odors and dermatological symptoms in humans. A management protocol and community actions were implemented to minimize the impact of toxic cyanobacteria. In this small eutrophic reservoir, the presence of a mixed bloom of toxigenic cyanobacteria was confirmed, being Spherospermopsis torques-reginae the majority, as well as other nine species associated with the production of microcystins, anatoxins and/or cylindrospermopsins were identified. Strategic actions were implemented to contain the risk situation, with the participation of the community and experts, led by the Camagüey Criminalistics Laboratory.

RESUMEN Las floraciones de cianobacterias tóxicas constituyen un problema global cada vez más frecuente, debido a la eutrofización, los efectos del cambio climático y a un mayor esfuerzo de vigilancia en los ecosistemas acuáticos. En Cuba se han muestreado varios ecosistemas en la región oriental, demostrando que este riesgo existe en aguas superficiales e interiores, debido a las condiciones climáticas, principalmente en pequeños ecosistemas con grandes presiones humanas. Sin embargo, otras zonas están aún inexploradas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue implementar un protocolo de gestión de riesgos en la Laguna San Blas, debido a la presencia de cianobacterias tóxicas en el ecosistema, a raíz de un reporte comunitario, con muerte de animales domésticos y silvestres; olor desagradable y síntomas dermatológicos en humanos. Se implementó un protocolo de gestión y acciones comunitarias para minimizar el impacto de las cianobacterias tóxicas. En este pequeño reservorio eutrófico se confirmó la presencia de una floración mixta de cianobacterias toxigénicas, siendo mayoritaria Spherospermopsis torques-reginae, identificándose otras nueve especies asociadas a la producción de microcistinas, anatoxinas y/o cilindrospermopsinas. Se implementaron acciones estratégicas para contener la situación de riesgo, con la participación de la comunidad y expertos, liderados por el Laboratorio de Criminalística de Camagüey.

Abstract The exploration of the biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae holds great promise for obtaining pigments of industrial interest. This study focused on the bioprospecting of these organisms to obtain pigments of industrial interest together with enriched biomass. We investigated the impact of photoperiod and concentration of C/N/P nutrient sources in heterotrophic cultures, controlling specific variables such as light intensity, volume, pH, temperature, air flow and time to produce phycobiliproteins in Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 and total carotenoids in Scenedesmus sp. using a nonfactorial Plackett‒Burman design in STATISTICA 7.0 software. The biomass concentration was determined by dry weight, while the concentrations of phycocyanin and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically at specific wavelengths. Heterotrophic cultures demonstrated superior productivity, with phycocyanin and carotenoids achieving percentages of 7% and 0.4% (w/w), respectively, and an R2 value of 0.99. Among the influential parameters, potassium diphosphate and sodium bicarbonate played pivotal roles in the final deposition of carotenoids and phycocyanin, respectively, yielding concentrations of 96.5 mg/L phycocyanin and 6.5 mg/L carotenoids.

Resumen La exploración de la biodiversidad de cianobacterias y microalgas es muy prometedora para la obtención de pigmentos de interés industrial. Este estudio se centra en la bioprospección de estos organismos para obtener pigmentos de interés industrial junto con biomasa enriquecida. Investigamos el impacto del fotoperiodo y la concentración de fuentes de nutrientes C/N/P en cultivos heterótrofos, controlando variables específicas como la intensidad luminosa, volumen, pH, temperatura, flujo de aire y tiempo para la producción de ficobiliproteínas en Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 y carotenoides totales en Scenedesmus sp. Empleando un diseño Plackett‒Burman no factorial en el software STATISTICA 7.0. La concentración de biomasa fue determinada por peso seco, mientras que la concentración de ficocianinas y carotenoides fueron determinadas espectrofotométricamente a longitudes de onda específicas. Los cultivos heterótrofos demostraron una productividad superior, alcanzando las ficocianinas y los carotenoides porcentajes del 7% y el 0,4% (% p/p) respectivamente, y un notable valor R2 de 0,99. Entre los parámetros influyentes, el difosfato potásico y el bicarbonato sódico desempeñaron papeles fundamentales en la deposición final de carotenoides y ficocianinas, respectivamente, alcanzando concentraciones de 96,5 mg/L de ficocianinas y 6,5 mg/L de carotenoides.

Abstract Background: Nostocales is a widely distributed, monophyletic order of cyanobacteria, whose species are mainly characterized by the presence of specialized structures such as heterocytes and akinetes. Despite being the most diverse group in marine environments, little is known about coastal species in Mexico. Particularly in Veracruz, only 17 species have been recorded, without photographic, morphological references, or ecological data; these records are only mentioned in floristic lists. Questions and / or Hypotheses: The present study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of benthic marine Nostocales species in Veracruz, Mexico, as well as to provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of the species found, which can serve as a reference in subsequent studies. Study site and dates: Collect of cyanobacterial growths were made in three locations throughout Veracruz in 2020. Methods: The organisms were isolated from the field material. With the use of specialized taxonomic keys, they were morphologically identified, described and photographed. Results: A total of 20 Nostocales species were obtained, of which 17 were additions to the phycoflora of Veracruz, constituting an increase of 55 %. Taxonomic notes are added highlighting their differences with the literature. One of the species was identified as cf. and seven as sp., because their characteristics fully coincided with the generic morphology, but did not completely concur with the literature. Conclusions: These suggest that several records could correspond to new taxon not yet described that must be confirmed with different molecular markers.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Nostocales es un orden monofilético de cianobacterias, ampliamente distribuido, cuyas especies se caracterizan principalmente por la presencia de estructuras especializadas como heterocitos y acinetos. A pesar de ser el grupo más diverso en ambientes marinos, en México se conoce poco sobre las especies litorales. Particularmente en Veracruz solo se han registrado 17 especies, sin referencias fotográficas, morfológicas, ni datos ecológicos; estos registros solo se mencionan en listas florísticas. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la diversidad de especies Nostocales marinos bentónicos en Veracruz, México, así como brindar descripciones e ilustraciones detalladas de las especies encontradas, que puedan servir como referencia en estudios posteriores. Sitio y años de estudio: Se realizaron recolectas de crecimientos de cianobacterias en tres localidades de Veracruz en 2020. Métodos: A partir del material de campo se aislaron los organismos. Con el uso de claves taxonómicas especializadas se identificaron morfológicamente, describieron y fotografiaron. Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 20 especies de Nostocales, de las cuales 17 fueron adiciones a la ficoflora de Veracruz, constituyendo un incremento del 55 %. Se agregan notas taxonómicas destacando las diferencias de estas con la literatura. Una de las especies fue identificada como cf. y siete como sp., debido a que sus características coincidían plenamente con la morfología genérica, pero no lo hacían completamente con la literatura. Conclusiones: Estos sugieren que varios registros podrían corresponder a nuevo taxón aún no descrita que deben ser confirmados con diferentes marcadores moleculares.

Summary: Cyanobacteria are oxygenic phototrophic organisms that possess a high adaptive capacity to different environments, allowing them to pioneer terrestrial ecosystems. The objective of this study was to compare the cyanobacterial community in two areas of secondary mountain forest: one seven days after a fire (post-fire soil) and another nearby without fire (control soil). The collected samples were cultivated for 8 weeks under controlled conditions. A total of 35 taxa were identified: 2 unicellular, 24 filamentous without heterocytous, and 9 with heterocytous cyanobacteria; 13 of them represent the first record for soils in Córdoba.Microcoleus vaginatuswas the most frequent taxon, along withScytonema hoffmannii, Desmonostoc muscorum, andNostoc commune, which persisted until the end of the experiment. The presence of exclusive organisms such asCalothrix brevissima, Chlorogloeopsis fritschii,andCylindrospermum muscicolain the control soils highlights their sensitivity to this type of disruptive event in the community. The availability of nitrogen, CO content, and pH are the physicochemical soil variables that define the community structure. This work is contributing to increase our knowledge of soil restoration after forest fires.

Resumen: Las cianobacterias son los organismos fototróficos oxigénicos que poseen una alta capacidad adaptativa a diferentes ambientes, lo cual les permite ser pioneros en los ecosistemas terrestres. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la comunidad de cianobacterias en dos zonas de bosque serrano secundario, uno a siete días de ocurrido un incendio (suelo post-fuego) y otra próxima sin incendio (suelo testigo). Las muestras extraídas se cultivaron durante 8 semanas en condiciones controladas. Se identificaron un total de 35 taxones: 2 unicelulares, 24 filamentosas sin heterocitos y 9 con heterocitos; 13 de ellos constituyen primera cita para suelos de Córdoba.Microcoleus vaginatusfue el taxón más frecuente, junto conScytonema hoffmannii, Desmonostoc muscorumyNostoc communepermanecieron hasta finalizar el ensayo. Se destaca la presencia de organismos exclusivos tales como:Calothrix brevissima, Chlorogloeopsis fritschiiyCylindrospermum muscicolaen los suelos testigos, serían los taxones sensibles a este tipo de eventos disruptivos en la comunidad. La disponibilidad de nitrógeno, contenido de CO y pH son las variables físico-químicas del suelo que definen la estructura de la comunidad. Se considera que este trabajo aporta valiosa información para el avance del conocimiento de la restauración de suelos luego de los incendios forestales.

RESUMEN Las investigaciones sobre cianobacterias bentónicas en reservorios de alta montaña en regiones tropicales aún son limitadas, debido a su complejidad y vacíos de conocimiento en relación con su ecología. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la composición, diversidad y potencial tóxico de estas cianobacterias en sedimentos superiores de dos embalses colombianos, empleando múltiples metodologías, como experimentos de germinación para evaluar su presencia y viabilidad en sedimentos, ensayos de ELISA competitivo para cuantificar toxinas en cultivo, análisis de Unidades Taxonómicas Operativas (OTUs) a partir de submuestras de los cultivos para evaluar su diversidad y riqueza entre los diferentes phylum procarióticos, y análisis filogenético de cianobacterias cultivables. Se confirmó la presencia de poblaciones viables de cianobacterias en los sedimentos mediante mediciones de clorofila-a y la identificación microscópica demostró su capacidad de crecimiento en condiciones controladas de laboratorio. A pesar de los bajos niveles de microcistina en cultivo, la detección previa de genes mcy en muestras directas de sedimento, sugiere un potencial tóxico en las cianobacterias presentes. El análisis de la comunidad reveló una notable diversidad microbiana en los sedimentos de ambos embalses, con una mayor abundancia relativa de cianobacterias en comparación con otros phylum procarióticos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la hipótesis de que los sedimentos superficiales desempeñan un papel fundamental como depósito de cianobacterias que pueden plantear riesgos inherentes a la salud del ecosistema. En conclusión, esta investigación subraya la necesidad de realizar más estudios para lograr una comprensión holística de la dinámica de las cianobacterias bentónicas en reservorios tropicales de alta montaña.

ABSTRACT Benthic cyanobacteria research in high mountain reservoirs remains limited, mainly due to their complexity and knowledge gaps that persist in relation to their ecology in tropical regions. This study aimed to explore the composition, diversity, and toxic potential of cyanobacterial in the upper sediment of two Colombian reservoirs. Our investigation involved multiple methodologies, such as germination experiments, that allowed us to assess the presence and viability of cyanobacteria in upper sediment samples, while the competitive ELISA assay allowed for the quantification of toxins within the cultures. The molecular analysis of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from subsamples of sediment cultures focused on evaluating cyanobacterial diversity and richness among prokaryotic phyla, and the Phylogenetic analysis of culturable cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll-a measurements confirmed the presence of viable populations in sediment cultures, while microscopic identification demonstrated the growth capacity of cyanobacteria from the orders Nostocales, Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, and Synechococcales under controlled laboratory conditions. Despite low microcystin levels in culture, the prior detection of mcy genes in direct sediment samples suggests a possible toxic potential of cyanobacterial inhabiting the upper sediments. Community analysis, based on the OTUs abundance, revealed a notably diverse microbial community in both reservoir sediments, with a higher relative abundance of cyanobacteria compared to other prokaryotic phyla. These findings support the hypothesis that surface sediments play a fundamental role as a repository for cyanobacteria that may pose inherent risks to ecosystem health. In conclusion, this research underscores the necessity of further studies to achieve a holistic comprehension of benthic cyanobacteria dynamics in high-mountain tropical reservoirs.

RESUMEN Las cianobacterias y las microalgas representan fuentes prometedoras para la producción sostenible de biofertilizantes y bioestimulantes, que pueden mejorar el rendimiento, la calidad de los cultivos y contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria. Sin embargo, a pesar de su potencial, su exploración sigue siendo incompleta, obstaculizada por los desafíos técnicos y económicos que surgen cuando se intenta escalar la producción. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es profundizar en los compuestos químicos activos responsables de las funciones de biofertilización y bioestimulación de las cianobacterias y las microalgas. También, explora las operaciones unitarias esenciales involucradas en la transformación de su biomasa en potenciales bioproductos. Además, esta revisión destaca estudios que han empleado cianobacterias y microalgas como fuentes de biofertilizante en diversos cultivos, describiendo su modo de acción y aplicación. Mediante la integración del procesamiento de cianobacterias y microalgas con otras herramientas biotecnológicas avanzadas, se puede mejorar significativamente la viabilidad de estos productos para la agricultura sostenible.

ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria and microalgae represent promising sources for sustainable production of biofertilizers and biostimulants, which can improve crop yield and quality and contribute to food security. However, despite their potential, their exploration remains incomplete, hindered by technical and economic challenges that arise when attempting to scale up production. The primary focus of this review is to delve into the active chemical compounds responsible for the biofertilizing and biostimulating roles of cyanobacteria and microalgae. In addition, it explores the essential unit operations involved in transforming their biomass into potential bioproducts. Moreover, this review highlights studies that have employed cyanobacteria and microalgae as sources of biofertilizer in various crops, describing their mode of action and application. By integrating cyanobacteria and microalgae processing with other advanced biotechnological, the viability of these products for sustainable agriculture can be significantly enhanced.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize seasonal changes in microphytoplankton composition and abundance on Bahia continental shelf, a region with upwelling events. Semi-annual sampling was conducted during summer and winter from 2017 to 2021 at nine points. Microphytoplankton was sampled using a conical plankton net through horizontal subsurface drags, using a flowmeter coupled to the net, to measure the total volume of filtered water. Temperature and salinity were measured in situ, presenting typical values of tropical waters. In addition, dissolved inorganic nutrient concentration corroborated a tropical marine oligotrophic pattern. A total of 144 taxa were identified in the region, with the phyla Heterokontophyta and Dinoflagellata being the most representative, as is typically recorded in tropical coastal regions. The density ranged from 6.08 × 104 to 3.38 × 108 cells L-1, with higher average values in summer. Although cyanobacteria accounted for only 3.2% of species richness in the region, due to summer blooms of Trichodesmium erythraeum (2018, 2019, and 2021), it was the most abundant group throughout the study. It was observed that upwelling events do not seem to establish favorable conditions for marked seasonal changes in microphytoplankton composition and abundance. Trichodesmium erythraeum blooms are closely related to physiology and ecological capacity of this species. Except for bloom periods, the study area presented a high species richness and diversity throughout the analyzed time series.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar los cambios estacionales en la composición y abundancia del microfitoplancton en la plataforma continental de Bahía, una región con presencia de eventos de surgencia. Se realizaron muestreos semestrales durante los veranos e inviernos de 2017 a 2021 en nueve puntos. El microfitoplancton se muestreó utilizando una red cónica de plancton en arrastres horizontales debajo de la superficie, utilizando un medidor de corriente acoplado a la red, para medir el volumen total de agua filtrada. La temperatura y la salinidad fueron medidas in situ, presentando valores típicos de aguas tropicales. Además, las concentraciones de nutrientes inorgánicos disueltos corroboraron el patrón oligotrófico marino tropical. Se identificaron un total de 144 taxones en la región, siendo los phyla Heterokontophyta y Dinoflagellata los más representativos, como se registra típicamente en las regiones costeras tropicales. La densidad varió de 6,08 × 104 a 3,38 × 108 células L-1, con valores promedio más altos en verano. Aunque las cianobacterias representaron solo el 3,2% de la riqueza de especies en la región, debido a las floraciones de verano de Trichodesmium erythraeum (2018, 2019 y 2021), fue el grupo más abundante a lo largo del estudio. Se observó que los eventos de surgencia no parecen establecer condiciones favorables para cambios estacionales marcados en la composición y abundancia del microfitoplancton. Las floraciones de Trichodesmium erythraeum están estrechamente relacionadas con la fisiología y la capacidad ecológica de esta especie. Con excepción de los períodos de floración, el área de estudio presentó patrones de alta riqueza y diversidad de especies a lo largo de la serie temporal analizada.

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate how phytoplankton community diversity, dominance, and rarity are influenced by different local environmental conditions in urban lakes. We expect that richness will be negatively influenced in lakes with higher nutrient concentrations and high turbidity, while abundance will be positively influenced. Thus, lakes with these conditions will have greater dominance of a few species and lower rarity, and the opposite in lakes with lower nutrient concentrations and less turbidity. Methods Phytoplankton and abiotic variables samples were collected in fourteen lakes distributed in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, during a rainy period. Results It was possible to identify an environmental heterogeneity among the lakes. We identified a separation of the lakes according to phytoplankton richness and density, especially due to the contribution of green algae, desmids, and cyanobacteria. Most lakes showed high diversity and evenness values, with a predominance of rare taxa and few dominant species. The main variables associated with phytoplankton were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations. Conclusions Therefore, the study of species diversity, dominance, and rarity based on phytoplankton richness and abundance and their relationship with different local environmental conditions can be an important model for assessing water quality in urban lakes. turbidity Thus Goiânia Goiás Brazil period density algae desmids cyanobacteria values temperature oxygen Therefore

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como a diversidade, dominância e raridade da comunidade fitoplanctônica são influenciadas por diferentes condições ambientais locais em lagos urbanos. Nós esperamos que a riqueza será influenciada negativamente em lagos com maiores concentrações de nutrientes e maior turbidez, enquanto a abundância será influenciada positivamente. Assim, haverá uma maior dominância de poucas espécies e menor raridade em lagos com essas condições, sendo esperado o contrário em lagos com menores concentrações de nutrientes e menor turbidez. Métodos As amostras do fitoplâncton e das variáveis abióticas foram coletadas em quatorze lagos distribuídos no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, durante um período chuvoso. Resultados Foi possível identificar uma heterogeneidade ambiental entre os lagos. Nós identificamos uma separação dos lagos em função da riqueza e densidade fitoplanctônica, especialmente devido à contribuição de algas verdes, desmídias e cianobactérias. A maioria dos lagos apresentou altos valores de diversidade e equitabilidade, com predominância de táxons raros e poucas espécies dominantes. As principais variáveis que estiveram relacionadas com o fitoplâncton, foram a temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e as concentrações de nutrientes. Conclusões Portanto, o estudo da diversidade, dominância e raridade baseada na riqueza e abundância fitoplanctônica e a sua relação com as diferentes condições ambientais locais pode ser um importante modelo na avaliação da qualidade da água em lagos urbanos. urbanos positivamente Assim Goiânia Goiás Brasil chuvoso verdes cianobactérias equitabilidade dominantes dissolvido Portanto

Abstract The aim of this research was to study the diversity of planktonic cyanobacteria in three urban lakes in Manaus, in the state of Amazon, by analyzing samples collected monthly with a plankton net from October 2009 to September 2010 (except March 2010). Twelve species were identified and classified. Anathece cf. minutissima, Aphanocapsa annulata, Ap. stagnalis, Coelomoron microcystoides and Pseudanabaena mucicola were recorded for the first time in the Brazilian Amazon region. Potentially toxic cyanobacteria blooms occurred in all three lakes, especially in Ceasa and Japiim, where Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii, respectively, were the predominant species in all analyzed samples. Descriptions and illustrations of the identified species are presented as well as comments. In addition, environmental variables were presented (electrical conductivity, pH and water temperature). The waters of the studied environments ranged from slightly acid to alkaline and temperature varied from 23.2 to 30.5 °C. Manaus 200 201 except 2010. . 2010) classified cf minutissima annulata Ap stagnalis region Japiim agardhii respectively comments addition electrical conductivity temperature. temperature) 232 23 2 23. 305 30 5 30. C °C 20 3

Resumo O trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a diversidade de cianobactérias planctônicas de três lagos urbanos de Manaus, no estado do Amazonas, a partir da análise de amostras coletadas com rede de plâncton, mensalmente, de outubro de 2009 a setembro de 2010, excetuando-se março de 2010. Foram identificadas 12 espécies, dentre estas, Anathece cf. minutissima, Aphanocapsa annulata, Ap. stagnalis, Coelomoron microcystoides e Pseudanabaena mucicola foram registradas pela primeira vez na Amazônia brasileira. Florações de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas ocorreram nos três lagos, destacando-se os lagos Ceasa e Japiim onde Microcystis aeruginosa e Planktothrix agardhii foram, respectivamente, as espécies predominantes em todas as amostras analisadas. São apresentadas descrições e ilustrações das espécies identificadas, bem como comentários taxonômicos. Adicionalmente, as variáveis ambientais (condutividade elétrica, pH e temperatura da água) foram apresentadas. As águas dos ambientes estudados oscilaram de levemente ácidas a alcalinas com valores de temperatura variando de 23,2 a 30,5 °C. Manaus Amazonas plâncton mensalmente 200 2010 excetuandose excetuando se 1 estas cf minutissima annulata Ap stagnalis brasileira destacandose destacando respectivamente analisadas taxonômicos Adicionalmente condutividade elétrica água 232 23 2 23, 305 30 5 30, C °C 20 201 3

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las tecnologías utilizadas por el equipo de enfermería en el tratamiento de lesiones cutáneas causadas por quemaduras en pacientes en cuidados intensivos. Métodos: se trata de una revisión de alcance realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, Medline, PubMed y CINAHL sin restricciones temporales ni de idioma. Resultados: las tecnologías destacadas incluyeron el uso de coberturas especializadas, agentes biológicos como probióticos y cianobacterias, además de terapias de presión negativa y enzimas como la papaína y la colagenasa. Algunas tecnologías, como la plata nanocristalina, mostraron eficacia en el control de infecciones. Consideraciones Finales: el estudio identificó las tecnologías esenciales en la atención de quemaduras, enfatizando la necesidad de investigaciones adicionales sobre tecnologías “leves”. Los hallazgos respaldan la promoción de una atención de enfermería basada en evidencia para pacientes quemados en cuidados intensivos y mejoran el conocimiento sobre tratamientos efectivos. Objetivos Métodos LILACS Medline idioma Resultados especializadas cianobacterias colagenasa nanocristalina infecciones Finales leves. leves . “leves” efectivos “leves

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the technologies used by the nursing team in the treatment of skin lesions caused by burns in patients under intensive care. Methods: this is a scope review conducted on the LILACS, Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL databases without temporal or language restrictions. Results: the highlighted technologies included the use of specialized dressings, biological agents such as probiotics and cyanobacteria, as well as negative pressure therapies and enzymes such as papain and collagenase. Some technologies, such as nanocrystalline silver, demonstrated efficacy in infection control. Final Considerations: the study identified essential technologies in burn care, emphasizing the need for further research on “soft” technologies. The findings support the promotion of evidence-based nursing care for burn patients in intensive care and enhance knowledge about effective treatments. Objectives Methods LILACS Medline PubMed restrictions Results dressings cyanobacteria collagenase silver control Considerations soft “soft evidencebased evidence based treatments

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as tecnologias utilizadas pela equipe de enfermagem no tratamento de lesões cutâneas causadas por queimaduras em pacientes sob cuidados intensivos. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo realizada nas bases LILACS, Medline, PubMed e CINAHL sem restrição temporal ou de idiomas. Resultados: as tecnologias destacadas abrangeram o uso de coberturas especializadas, agentes biológicos como probióticos e cianobactérias, além de terapias de pressão negativa e enzimas como a papaína e colagenase. Algumas tecnologias, como a prata nanocristalina, mostraram eficácia no controle de infecções. Considerações Finais: o estudo identificou as tecnologias essenciais na assistência às queimaduras, enfatizando a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais sobre tecnologias “leves”. As descobertas sustentam a promoção de uma assistência de enfermagem baseada em evidências para pacientes queimados sob cuidados intensivos e aprimoram o conhecimento sobre tratamentos eficazes. Objetivos Métodos tratase trata se LILACS Medline idiomas Resultados especializadas cianobactérias colagenase nanocristalina infecções Finais leves. leves . “leves” eficazes “leves

Abstract Aim This study aims to analyze the scientific literature on phytoplankton in assessing lake water quality, based on bibliometric and network techniques. Methods PRISMA criteria were adopted to produce reliable results. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were consulted to retrieve the documents to be studied. The number of publications, citations and bibliographic coupling were techniques used to identify relevant journals, countries, authors, and articles. The conceptual evolution was analyzed by keywords co-occurrence and thematic mapping. Results Based on 2429 documents selected from the 1973-2023 annual period, the main results indicated 519 journals, 6450 authors, 54907 references, and 4844 keyword authors, among others. The annual growth index was 10.27%, reflecting the upward trend at the time. Erick Jeppesen resulted as the top influential author, China leaded in publications and collaborations with The United States of America. Hydrobiologia was the top journal. Top influential articles content theme related to cyanobacterial blooms. According to the results of the analysis of the conceptual framework, phytoplankton, water quality, eutrophication, and cyanobacteria were the most relevant themes. Furthermore, the trending topics were mainly climate change and degradation. Conclusions This comprehensive analysis allowed us to interpret the development of research related to the subject of assessing lake water quality. quality studied journals countries authors cooccurrence co occurrence mapping 242 19732023 1973 2023 1973-202 period 51 645 5490 references 484 others 1027 10 27 10.27% time author America journal blooms framework eutrophication themes Furthermore degradation 24 1973202 197 202 1973-20 5 64 549 48 102 1 2 10.27 197320 19 20 1973-2 6 54 4 10.2 19732 1973- 10.

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo a análise da literatura científica sobre o fitoplâncton na avaliação da qualidade da água de lagos, baseada em técnicas bibliométricas e de rede. Métodos Critérios PRISMA foram adotados para produzir resultados confiáveis. As bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science foram consultadas para recuperação dos documentos a serem estudados. O número de publicações, citações e acoplamento bibliográfico foram técnicas utilizadas para identificar periódicos, países, autores e artigos relevantes. A evolução conceitual foi analisada por meio de coocorrência de palavras-chave e mapeamento temático. Resultados Com base em 2429 documentos selecionados do período anual 1973-2023, os principais resultados indicaram 519 periódicos, 6450 autores, 54907 referências e 4844 autores de palavras-chave, entre outros. O índice de crescimento anual foi de 10.27%, refletindo a tendência ascendente da época. Erick Jeppesen foi apontado como o autor mais influente, a China liderou em publicações e colaborações com os Estados Unidos. Hydrobiologia foi o principal periódico. O tema de conteúdo dos artigos mais influentes foi relacionado à proliferação de cianobactérias. De acordo com os resultados da análise da estrutura conceitual, o fitoplâncton, a qualidade da água, a eutrofização e as cianobactérias foram os temas mais relevantes. Além disso, os tópicos em alta foram principalmente as alterações climáticas e a degradação. Conclusões Esta análise abrangente permitiu interpretar o desenvolvimento de pesquisas relacionadas ao tema do estudo. lagos rede confiáveis estudados periódicos países relevantes palavraschave palavras chave temático 242 19732023, 19732023 1973 2023, 2023 1973-2023 51 645 5490 484 palavraschave, chave, outros 1027 10 27 10.27% época influente Unidos periódico disso degradação 24 1973202 197 202 1973-202 5 64 549 48 102 1 2 10.27 197320 19 20 1973-20 6 54 4 10.2 19732 1973-2 10. 1973-

ABSTRACT The bioaccumulation of cyanotoxins has been well documented in exposed organisms including fish, which represent a potential route to cyanotoxins transfer to humans by consumption of contaminated food. We determined the bioaccumulation of neurotoxic saxitoxins and hepatotoxic microcystins in muscle and liver/viscera of native (Goodea atripinnis), introduced (Poeciliopsis gracilis), and commercially important (Oreochromis niloticus) fish in Santa Catarina, an anthropized reservoir in Central Mexico. Additionally, we calculated the potential risk of human exposure due to the consumption of the studied species. The Santa Catarina Reservoir showed some physical and chemical water parameters generally associated with cyanobacterial blooms (e.g., high phycocyanin, chlorophyll-a, dissolved phosphorus concentrations, and alkaline pH) with presence of cyanotoxins produced by the cyanobacteria genera Microcystis, Dolichospermum, and Planktothrix, which were found in dissolved and particulate (sestonic) fractions of water. Moreover, we detected the presence of saxitoxins and microcystins in the tissues of all species studied. The risk of intoxication for humans was lower for the consumption of Nile tilapia muscle than for the other analyzed species, whose consumption should be avoided since it exceeds the recommended daily intake of microcystins for a short-term (i.e., two-week exposure time). These findings are remarkable because commercial fishing in reservoirs and the consumption of these fish could represent a route to human exposure to toxins, particularly microcystins. Our results highlight the need for the detection of cyanotoxins and the evaluation of their bioaccumulation by fish in unstudied eutrophic waterbodies, to reduce the potential health risk for humans and the environment.

RESUMEN La bioacumulación de cianotoxinas ha sido ampliamente documentada en organismos acuáticos, incluidos los peces, y representa una ruta potencial para la transferencia de cianotoxinas a los humanos mediante el consumo de alimentos contaminados. Determinamos la bioacumulación de saxitoxinas neurotóxicas y microcistinas hepatotóxicas en músculo e hígado/vísceras de peces nativos (Goodea atripinnis), introducidos (Poeciliopsis gracilis) y comercialmente importantes (mojarra, Oreochromis niloticus) en la presa Santa Catarina, Querétaro, México. Adicionalmente, calculamos el riesgo potencial de exposición humana por consumo de las especies estudiadas. El agua de la presa Santa Catarina mostró algunos parámetros físicos y químicos generalmente asociados con floraciones de cianobacterias, así como la presencia de ambas cianotoxinas (producidas por los géneros Microcystis, Dolichospermum y Planktothrix), que se encontraron disueltas (solo saxitoxinas) y en el seston (ambas cianotoxinas). Además, detectamos la presencia de saxitoxinas y microcistinas en los tejidos de todas las especies de peces estudiadas. El riesgo de intoxicación para humanos fue menor para el consumo de músculo de mojarra que para las otras especies, cuyo consumo debe evitarse ya que excede la ingesta recomendada de microcistinas para una exposición corta (es decir, dos semanas). Estos hallazgos son notables, ya que la pesca comercial en la presa y el consumo de estos peces podrían representar una vía de transferencia (particularmente de microcistinas) a las personas. Nuestros resultados destacan la necesidad de detectar las cianotoxinas y evaluar su bioacumulación en peces en otros cuerpos de agua eutróficos no estudiados, con el fin de reducir el riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente.

RESUMEN Los humedales constituyen uno de los ecosistemas más importantes que contribu- yen en gran medida a la productividad primaria y aportan oxígeno atmosférico. Se estudió la diversidad algal y su papel ecológico en Pariyapurath Chali. Se siguieron métodos estándar de recolección, identificación y preservación, y se relevó su im- portancia en el ecosistema. Se recolectaron un total de 52 muestras, de las cuales se identificaron 65 taxones. Los que pertenecían a 4 clases: Chlorophyceae, Bacilla- riophyceae, Euglenophyceae y Cyanophyceae. La ocurrencia de cianobacterias fue alta en el sitio de estudio, las cianobacterias sin heterocistos fueron más frecuentes en todos los sitios de muestreo, especialmente en el suelo con alto contenido de ni- trógeno orgánico. En esta contribución se incrementa el conocimiento taxonómico de las algas de los humedales de la India.

ABSTRACT Wetlands are one of the important ecosystems which contribute much to primary productivity and atmospheric oxygen. Algal diversity and their ecological role in Pariyapurath Chali were studied. Standard methods for collection, identification and preservation were followed, and their importance in the ecosystem were noted. A total of 52 samples were collected, of which 65 taxa were identified. These taxa belonged to 4 classes; Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Cy- anophyceae. The occurrence of cyanobacteria was high in the study site, the non-het- rocystous cyanobacteria were more frequent in all the sampling sites especially in the soil with high nitrogen and organic content. This contribution increases the taxonomic knowledge of Indian wetland algae.

RESUMO A água é a substância mais importante da natureza e todas as formas de vida conhecidas no planeta dependem dela. Dentre as espécies aquáticas, destacam-se as microalgas e cianobactérias como indicadoras de sua qualidade, pois seu aumento pode ser prejudicial ao consumo humano, devendo haver um nonitoramento de suas concentrações. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar padrões de reflectância das microalgas Chlorella vulgaris e Raphidocelis subcapitata que permitam, por meio da criação de um algoritmo, estimar suas concentrações de chl-a. O software R verificou que a densidade e o crescimento celular foram maiores em C. vulgaris com correlação de Pearson de 0,96 (p-valor 0,000041) e o teor de Chl-a foi maior em R. subcapitata com correlação de Pearson de 0,81 (p-valor 0,013778). Um algoritmo possibilitou a edição da variável dependente com base em modelos estatísticos. As melhores leituras para as microalgas utilizadas foram na faixa espectral de 524,84 nm em R. subcapitata e 671,13 nm em C. vulgaris. O uso do espectrorradiômetro para tal análise, até então inédito, deveu-se ao melhor custo-benefício para medição da reflectância de Chl-a. Espera-se que essas duas equações sejam utilizadas em satélites para verificação remota da qualidade da água por meio da incidência dessas microalgas. dela aquáticas destacamse destacam se humano permitam chla. chla chl a. chl-a C 096 0 96 0,9 pvalor p valor 0,000041 0000041 000041 Chla Chl 081 81 0,8 0,013778. 0013778 0,013778 . 013778 0,013778) estatísticos 52484 524 84 524,8 67113 671 13 671,1 análise inédito deveuse deveu custobenefício custo benefício Chla. Esperase Espera 09 9 0, 0,00004 000004 00004 08 8 001377 0,01377 01377 5248 52 524, 6711 67 1 671, 0,0000 00000 0000 00137 0,0137 0137 5 6 0,000 000 0013 0,013 013 0,00 00 001 0,01 01 0,0

ABSTRACT Water is the most important substance in nature and all known life forms on the planet depend on it. Among aquatic species, microalgae and cyanobacteria stand out as indicators of their quality, as their increase can be harmful for human consumption, and their concentrations should be monitored. This research aimed to identify reflectance patterns of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Raphidocelis subcapitata that allow, through the creation of an algorithm, the estimation of their chl-a concentrations. The R software found that cell density and growth were higher in C. vulgaris Pearson correlation of 0.96 (p-value 0.000041) and Chl-a content was higher in R. Subcapitata Pearson correlation of 0.81 (p-value 0.013778). An algorithm made it possible to edit the dependent variable based on statistical models. The best readings for the microalgae used were in the spectral range of 524.84 nm in R. subcapitata and 671.13 nm in C. vulgaris. The use of the spectroradiometer for such an analysis, previously unprecedented, was due to the best cost-benefit for measuring the reflectance of Chl-a. It is expected that these two equations will be used in satellites to remotely check water quality through the incidence of these microalgae. species consumption monitored allow chla chl a C 096 0 96 0.9 pvalue p value 0.000041 0000041 000041 Chla Chl 081 81 0.8 0.013778. 0013778 0.013778 . 013778 0.013778) models 52484 524 84 524.8 67113 671 13 671.1 analysis unprecedented costbenefit cost benefit Chla. a. 09 9 0. 0.00004 000004 00004 08 8 001377 0.01377 01377 5248 52 524. 6711 67 1 671. 0.0000 00000 0000 00137 0.0137 0137 5 6 0.000 000 0013 0.013 013 0.00 00 001 0.01 01 0.0