Este trabalho investiga se existem conjuntos harmônicos que são universalmente priorizados ao se ajustar a escala cromática pura com uma afinação igualmente temperada. Nós criamos um método para encontrar quais temperamentos ajustam de forma não-ambígua um conjunto de intervalos puros e mostramos que: (a) No intervalo N ∈ [9, 54] temperamentos com 12, 19, 22, 24, 31, 41 e 53 divisões são os adequados para ajustar a escala cromática pura de 12 notas – em particular, 53 divisões proporcionam o ajuste mais preciso, (b) Para subconjuntos com M ∈ [3, 7] notas, essas soluções são sempre mais fielmente reproduzidas por escalas maiores, em comparação com as menores, e (c) Sequências de notas uniformemente distribuídas pela oitava são referências desvantajosas para a busca numérica de bons temperamentos. A última observação sugere um contexto matemático para entender a preferência por escalas não-uniformes na música mundial revelada por estudos recentes em etnomusicologia. temperada nãoambígua não ambígua (a 9, 9 [9 54 19 22 24 31 4 5 1 particular preciso b (b 3, 3 [3 7 maiores menores c (c nãouniformes uniformes etnomusicologia [ 2

This work investigates whether there are harmonic sets which are universally prioritized when fitting the chromatic just scale with equal-tempered tunings. We design a method to find which temperaments properly and non-ambiguously fit a set of pure intervals and show that: (a) Within range N ∈ [9, 54], temperaments with 12, 19, 22, 24, 31, 34, 41 and 53 divisions are suitable for adjusting the twelve-tone chromatic just scale – in particular, 53 divisions provide the most accurate fit, (b) For M-element subsets of the chromatic universe with M ∈ [3, 7], these solutions are always more faithfully reproduced when the target set is a major scale rather than a minor one, and (c) Sequences of notes uniformly distributed over the octave are disadvantageous references for finding suitable temperaments numerically. The latter observation suggests a mathematical background for understanding the preference for non-uniform scales in world music revealed by recent studies in ethnomusicology. equaltempered equal tempered tunings nonambiguously non ambiguously that (a 9, 9 [9 54, 54 , 54] 12 19 22 24 31 34 4 5 twelvetone twelve tone particular b (b Melement element 3, 3 [3 7, 7 7] one c (c numerically nonuniform uniform ethnomusicology [ 1 2

ABSTRACT The cocoa husk is a by-product of the cocoa industry with a high content of phytochemical and nutritional compounds. It has a typical chocolate flavor and smell that can be used in the production of food products. As a general objective, it was proposed to optimize the process for obtaining the infusion type aqueous extract from the husk of the roasted cocoa bean. A micromorphological and microbiological evaluation of the scale was carried out. Then the experiment was designed (11 experimental runs) where the best infusion type extract was selected taking into account the variables sensory quality and total polyphenol content, using the response surface methodology. The main results were that the cocoa husk presents different structural characters: cavities or pockets of fat or oils, different types of vessels, sclerenchymal and sclereid fibers, reserve parenchyma with pentagonal cells, presence of proteins and starch grains. The performance optimization obtained quadratic models that described the behavior of the sensory quality, the total content of polyphenols and the best conditions for obtaining them (0.1 g/mL). The negative correlation between the total polyphenol variables and sensory quality was verified, fulfilling from the relation 0.08 with a higher intensity. The selected infusion presented 2.3% of total solids, acceptable sensory quality, total polyphenols of 1098.3 mg (AGE)/L of extract and chromatic coordinates that correspond to a medium brown color. This study constitutes the basis for expanding the application of this by-product in food production.

RESUMEN La cascarilla de cacao es un subproducto de la industria cacaotera con gran contenido de compuestos fitoquímicos y nutricionales. Esta posee un sabor y olor típico a chocolate que puede ser empleada en la elaboración de productos alimenticios. Como objetivo general se planteó optimizar el proceso de obtención del extracto acuoso tipo infusión a partir de la cascarilla del grano de cacao tostado. Se realizó una evaluación micromorfológica y microbiológica de la cascarilla. Luego se diseñó el experimento (11 corridas experimentales) donde se seleccionó el mejor extracto tipo infusión teniendo en cuenta las variables calidad sensorial y contenido de polifenoles totales, empleando la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Como principales resultados se obtuvo que la cascarilla de cacao presenta diferentes caracteres estructurales: cavidades o bolsas de grasa o aceites, diferentes tipos de vasos, fibras esclerenquimatosas y esclereidas, parénquima de reserva con células pentagonales, presencia de proteínas y granos de almidón. La optimización del extracto permitió obtener modelos cuadráticos que describieron el comportamiento de la calidad sensorial, el contenido total de polifenoles y las mejores condiciones para su obtención (0,1 g/mL). Se comprobó la correlación negativa existente entre las variables polifenoles totales y calidad sensorial, cumpliéndose a partir de la relación 0,08 con una mayor intensidad. La infusión seleccionada presentó 2,3 % de sólidos totales, calidad sensorial aceptable, polifenoles totales de 1098,3 mg (AGE)/L de extracto y coordenadas cromáticas que correspondieron a un color pardo medio. Este estudio constituye la base para ampliar la aplicación de este subproducto en la producción de alimentos.

Resumen En este artículo de investigación se amplía el concepto de cromatismo dentro de los corales de J. S. Bach, concepto y materiales que son tradicionalmente incluidos en los programas de formación musical a nivel de pregrado. Así, del análisis de los corales surge la discusión que lleva a cuestionar si la clasificación actual de los cromatismos es la que mejor explica cada uno de los eventos cromáticos que ocurren en este repertorio, planteando la tesis de que los cromatismos no estructurales (CNE) en realidad no existen en estos corales, sino que cumplen una función tonal (CFT) que busca establecer, melódica o armónicamente, una nueva estructura diatónica o centro tonal. Así mismo, esta investigación analiza y explica seis casos excepcionales únicos que sirven para corroborar la teoría que se propone al poder agruparse dentro de algunas de las categorías propuestas.

Abstract This research broadens the concept of chromaticism in J. S. Bach's chorales; concept and materials that are currently included in music training programs at the undergraduate level. Thus, the idea that the Nonessential Chromaticism (NC), which is explained by the traditional theory, virtually doesn't exist in this music. On the contrary, all of these chromatic events have a Tonal Function (CTF) that is not explicit at the moment of their appearance, but it is part of a new chord or a melodic movement that belongs to a new scale or a new tonality. Likewise, this research attempts to explain the only six exceptional cases that serve to corroborate this theory because they can be grouped into some of the categories.

Resumo Esta pesquisa expande o conceito de cromatismo dentro dos corais de J. S. Bach; conceito e materiais que são tradicionalmente incluídos em programas de treinamento de música no nível de graduação. Assim, a partir da análise dos corais surge a discussão que leva a questionar se a classificação atual dos cromatismos é a que melhor explica cada um dos eventos cromáticos que ocorrem nesse repertório, levantando a tese de que os Cromatismos Não Estruturais (CNE) na realidade, eles não existem nesses corais, mas eles preenchem uma Função Tonal (CFT) que procura estabelecer, melodicamente e / ou harmonicamente, uma nova estrutura diatónica ou centro tonal. Da mesma forma, esta pesquisa analisa e explica seis casos excepcionais únicos que servem para corroborar a teoria que se propõe a ser agrupada em algumas das categorias propostas.

Resumen El leucismo es una aberración cromática poco frecuente, manifestada por la ausencia total o parcial de melanina en la piel. Este estudio reporta un caso de leucismo en el pez Lebiasina bimaculata (Characiformes: Lebiasinidae), en el río Chongón, Ecuador. El individuo con leucismo presentó despigmentación en todo el cuerpo, excepto en el iris y en la base de la tercera escama de la cuarta serie de escamas longitudinales. Con este suman 19 los registros de aberraciones cromáticas en peces dulceacuícolas de Suramérica.

Abstract Leucism is a rare chromatic aberration, manifested by the total or partial absence of melanin in the skin. This study reports a case of leucism in the fish Lebiasina bimaculata (Characiformes: Lebiasinidae), in the Chongón river, Ecuador. The individual with leucism presented depigmentation all over the body, except in the iris and on the base of the third scale of the fourth longitudinal scale-series. With this case, there are 19 records of chromatic aberrations in South American freshwater fish.

When aiming to use the strontium isotopic ratio 87Sr/86Sr for the traceability and authentication of wine, it is crucial to understand the impacts of anthropogenic factors and technological processes on this parameter. A study was developed to evaluate the effect of nanofiltration (NF), a membrane process with several applications in oenology, on the isotopic ratio 87Sr/86Sr of wine, testing its robustness as geographical tracer. NF assays, for dealcoholisation, were carried out at laboratory scale with model solutions and white and red wines from Portuguese DO. High rejections to strontium (97%) and tartaric acid (> 70%) and low rejection to ethanol (< 10%) at 15 bar were observed in model solutions. Wines and NF-processed wines (17 bar; 2.1 L/min) were evaluated for physicochemical composition (including phenolic composition, chromatic characteristics and polysaccharides), multi-elemental composition and 87Sr/86Sr ratio by Q-ICP-MS. The preferential membrane permeation of ethanol was associated with a slight increase in the quality parameters of the wine (anthocyanins and polysaccharides). High rejections to mineral elements, including heavy metals, were observed. Rejection to Sr was mostly higher than 95%. No significant differences in the 87Sr/86Sr of wines and corresponding permeate fractions were observed, suggesting that NF does not preclude the use of this parameter for wine traceability purposes.

Introducción: Aspectos etológicos de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L) proporcionan el conocimiento para diseñar dispositivos para la vigilancia entomológica. Objetivo: Diseñar y construir una trampa para el monitoreo de Aedes aegypti. Metodología: Experimentos de ovipostura y captura de alados de Ae. aegypti fueron realizados con contenedores diseñados de acuerdo a forma, color y sistemas internos de retención. Las contenedores con mayor eficiencia de ovipostura y captura de adultos fueron usados para diseñar el prototipo de la trampa. La forma del dispositivo se determinó por medio de la preferencia de ovoposición con prototipos de base circular, cuadrada y triangular. La discriminación por el color, se evaluó cubriendo los contenedores de color verde (523 nm), rojo (621 nm), blanco y gris (que pertenecen a la escala cromática que va del negro al blanco), todos con una abertura de entrada de color negro. La capacidad de ingreso de Ae. aegypti a los contenedores fue evaluada incorporando una entrada al contenedor en forma de pirámide oblicua truncada invertida con dimensiones en la base, área media y ápice de 6,5-4 cm, 5-2,5 cm y 4,5-1,5 cm respectivamente. Todos los experimentos fueron sometidos a análisis de variancia con el programa "Statistica v11", únicamente datos con p < 0.05 se consideraron significativos. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que la forma no influencia la atracción de ovoposición de las hembras de Ae. aegypti [K-W: H (3, N = 64) = 0.3222769 p = 0.9558] y el color rojo presenta alta selección (K-W: H (4, N = 80) = 20.81260 p = 0.0003). Las dimensiones de la entrada no tienen significancia en la captura de los mosquitos[K-W: H (3, N= 16) = 4.284865 p = 0.2323]. Conclusión: El diseño final de la trampa tuvo forma de pirámide truncada de base cuadrada de color rojo, con entrada oblicua negra de dimensiones de entrada 5 x 2,5 cm más un sistema interno de retención. El prototipo final presentó 90.5 ± 5 % de captura en los experimentos de laboratorio.

Introduction: Understanding Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L) behavior will provide insight into the design of entomological surveillance devices. Objective: Design and build a trap for surveillance Aedes aegypti. Methodology: We examined egg-laying preference and the ability to capture adult Ae. aegypti using containers that differed in shape, color and internal retention systems. The characteristics most effective in capturing adult mosquitoes were used to develop a prototype efficient in trapping mosquitoes. The shape of the prototype was determined by examining oviposition preference of containers having circular, square and triangular bases. Color discrimination was assessed by covering the bodies of the containers in green (523 nm), red (621 nm), white and gray (the chromatic scale from black to white). The propensity of Ae. aegypti to enter the containers was assessed by incorporating an entrance to the container in the shape of an inverted truncated oblique pyramid with base, middle and apex dimensions of 6.5-4 cm, 5-2.5 cm and 4.5-1.5 cm, respectively. All variables as the number of egg and adults captured in treatments were subjected to variance analysis; only data with P < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Our results indicate that neither shape nor entrance dimension attract ovipositing Ae. aegypti females [K-W: H (3, N = 64) = 0.3222769 p = 0.9558 and K-W: H (3, N= 16) = 4.284865 p = 0.2323, respectively]. However, we found that the color red had a high positive response [K-W: H (4, N = 80) = 20.81260 p = 0.0003]. Conclusions: The final design of the trap resembled a truncated pyramid with a red square base, a black oblique entrance of 5 x 2.5 cm and an internal retention system. The final prototype had a capture rate of 90.5 ± 5% under laboratory conditions.

Introduction: Peritoneal infection is a common complication in peritoneal dialysis, which determined a significant morbidity and mortality. Usually the diagnosis is established by clinical signs and symptoms, cloudy effluent and positive culture. Sometimes the symptoms are not evident, the leukocyte count may not be available and culture takes several days. On the other hand it is known that early antibiotic therapy increases effectiveness and promotes the resolution of the episodes of peritoneal infection. Objective: Study the diagnostic capacity of Siemens Multistix 10 SG® reagent strips in determining peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out. Samples of peritoneal fluid effluent from prevalent patients on peritoneal dialysis were analyzed for six months. It was taken as the criterion of peritonitis, the presence of more than 100 leukocytes (L)/ µl and over 50% of these polymorphs. Samples of peritoneal fluid effluent were obtained after two-hours minimum stays and minimum volume of 1500 cc. All samples were analyzed using Siemens Multistix 10 SG® reagent strips for 2 minutes, scoring the observer the result according to the chromatic scale (value 0 = 0-15 L / µl; value 1 = 16-70 L / µl; value 2 = 71-125 L / µl; and value 3 = 126-500 L / µl) and compared to those sent to the hospital laboratory for manual leukocyte count. Other clinical and epidemiological variables were collected. Results: 111 samples of peritoneal dialysis were analyzed. Peritoneal infection were detected in 28 samples (25.2%). No significant differences between infected and uninfected by reason of age, sex, diabetes or number of previous peritonitis were observed. 68% of infected patients reported suffering from pain. In those infected samples, 73% presented cloudy fluid. In relation to the result of Multistix and considering infection a value greater than 1, we found a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%. If the cut point is taken in the value 2 we found a sensitivity of 96.4% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions: The use Siemens Multistix 10 SG® reagent strips as a diagnostic test for the detection of peritoneal infection has excellent validity and could replace the manual leukocyte count.

Introducción: La infección peritoneal es una complicación frecuente en diálisis peritoneal, que condiciona una importante morbi-mortalidad. Habitualmente el diagnóstico se establece mediante signos y síntomas clínicos, efluente turbio y cultivo positivo. En ocasiones los síntomas son poco evidentes, el recuento leucocitario puede no estar disponible y el cultivo se demora varios días. Por otro lado se sabe que el inicio precoz del tratamiento antibiótico aumenta la eficacia y favorece la resolución de los episodios de infección peritoneal. Objetivo: Estudiar la capacidad diagnóstica de las tiras reactivas Multistix 10 SG Siemens® en la determinación de peritonitis en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo donde se analizaron muestras de líquido peritoneal efluente de pacientes prevalentes en diálisis peritoneal, durante seis meses. Se tomó como criterio de peritonitis la presencia de más de 100 Leucocitos (L)/ µl y más de 50% de ellos polimorfonucleares. Las muestras de líquido peritoneal efluente fueron obtenidas después de permanencias mínimas de dos horas y volumen mínimo de 1500 cc. Todas las muestras se analizaron usando tiras reactivas de Multistix® 10 SG Siemens durante 2 minutos, anotando el observador el resultado de acuerdo a la escala cromática (valor 0= 0-15 L/µl, valor 1= 16-70 L/µl, valor 2=71-125 L/µl y valor 3=126-500 L/µl) y se compararon con las enviadas al laboratorio de nuestro hospital para el recuento manual de leucocitos. Se recogieron otras variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Resultados: Se analizaron 111 muestras de efluente peritoneal. Detectándose infección peritoneal en 28 muestras (25.2%). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre infectados y no infectados por razón de edad, sexo, diabetes ni número de peritonitis anteriores. El 68 % de los pacientes infectados declararon sufrir dolor. El 73% de las muestras con infección presentaron líquido turbio. En relación al resultado del Multistix, y considerando infección un valor por encima de 1, encontramos una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95.2%. Si el punto de corte se toma en el valor 2 encontramos una sensibilidad del 96,4% y una especificidad del 100%. Conclusiones: La utilización de las tiras Multistix® 10 SG Siemens como prueba diagnóstica para la detección de infección peritoneal, tiene una validez excelente, pudiendo sustituir al recuento manual de leucocitos.

The objective was to propose the use of Fuzzy Logic for recognition of comfort patterns in people undergoing a technology of nursing care because of pemphigus vulgaris, a rare mucocutaneous disease that affects mainly adults. The proposal applied experimental methods, with subjects undergoing a qualitative-quantitative comparison (taxonomy/relevance) of the comfort patterns before and after the intervention. A record of a chromatic scale corresponding to the intensity of each atribute was required: pain, mobility and impaired self-image. The Fuzzy rules established by an inference engine set the standard for comfort in maximum, median and minimum discomfort, reflecting the effectiveness of nursing care. Although rarely used in the area of nursing, this logic enabled viable research without a priori scaling of the number of subjects depending on the estimation of population parameters. It is expected to evaluate the pattern of comfort in the client with pemphigus, before the applied technology, in a personalized way, leading to a comprehensive evaluation.

El objetivo es proponer la lógica Fuzzy para reconocer estándares de comodidad en personas con pénfigo vulgar, una enfermedad muco-cutánea rara que afecta principalmente a los adultos. La propuesta es aplicable en métodos experimentales con sujetos sometidos a la comparación cualitativa y cuantitativa (taxonomía/ pertinencia) del estándar de comodidad antes y después de la intervención. Se requiere el registro en una escala cromática de la correspondiente intensidad de cada atributo: dolor, movilidad y compromiso de la autoimagen. Las reglas Fuzzy establecidas por la máquina de inferencia, definen el estándar de comodidad del cliente en condiciones máximas, regular y mínimo de incomodidad traduciendo la eficacia de los cuidados de enfermería. Sin embargo, a pesar que la lógica Fuzzy que es poco utilizada en el área de enfermería, podrá contribuir para viabilizar investigaciones sin el cálculo a priori del número de sujetos en función de la estimación de los parámetros poblacionales. Se espera la evaluación del estándar de comodidad del cliente con pénfigo utilizando tecnologías aplicadas de forma personalizada y con miras a una evaluación integral.

Propuesta de reconocimiento del estándar de comodidad en clientes con pénfigo vulgar utilizando la Lógica FuzzyO objetivo é propor a Lógica Fuzzy para reconhecimento de padrões de conforto de pessoas submetidas a uma tecnologia de cuidar em Enfermagem por apresentarem pênfigo vulgar, uma doença cutâneo-mucosa rara que acomete principalmente adultos. A proposta aplicável em métodos experimentais com sujeitos submetidos à comparação quali-quantitativa (taxonomia/pertinência) do padrão de conforto antes e depois da intervenção. Requer o registro em escala cromática correspondente à intensidade de cada atributo: dor; mobilidade e comprometimento da autoimagem. As regras Fuzzy estabelecidas pela máquina de inferência definem o padrão de conforto em desconforto máximo, mediano e mínimo, traduzindo a eficácia dos cuidados de Enfermagem. Apesar de pouco utilizada na área de Enfermagem, essa lógica viabiliza pesquisas sem dimensionamento a priori do número de sujeitos em função da estimação de parâmetros populacionais. Espera-se avaliação do padrão de conforto do cliente com pênfigo diante da tecnologia aplicada de forma personalizada, conduzindo a avaliação global.

Propuesta de reconocimiento del estándar de comodidad en clientes con pénfigo vulgar utilizando la Lógica FuzzyO objetivo é propor a Lógica Fuzzy para reconhecimento de padrões de conforto de pessoas submetidas a uma tecnologia de cuidar em Enfermagem por apresentarem pênfigo vulgar, uma doença cutâneo-mucosa rara que acomete principalmente adultos. A proposta aplicável em métodos experimentais com sujeitos submetidos à comparação quali-quantitativa (taxonomia/pertinência) do padrão de conforto antes e depois da intervenção. Requer o registro em escala cromática correspondente à intensidade de cada atributo: dor; mobilidade e comprometimento da autoimagem. As regras Fuzzy estabelecidas pela máquina de inferência definem o padrão de conforto em desconforto máximo, mediano e mínimo, traduzindo a eficácia dos cuidados de Enfermagem. Apesar de pouco utilizada na área de Enfermagem, essa lógica viabiliza pesquisas sem dimensionamento a priori do número de sujeitos em função da estimação de parâmetros populacionais. Espera-se avaliação do padrão de conforto do cliente com pênfigo diante da tecnologia aplicada de forma personalizada, conduzindo a avaliação global.

The objective was to propose the use of Fuzzy Logic for recognition of comfort patterns in people undergoing a technology of nursing care because of pemphigus vulgaris, a rare mucocutaneous disease that affects mainly adults. The proposal applied experimental methods, with subjects undergoing a qualitative-quantitative comparison (taxonomy/relevance) of the comfort patterns before and after the intervention. A record of a chromatic scale corresponding to the intensity of each atribute was required: pain, mobility and impaired self-image. The Fuzzy rules established by an inference engine set the standard for comfort in maximum, median and minimum discomfort, reflecting the effectiveness of nursing care. Although rarely used in the area of nursing, this logic enabled viable research without a priori scaling of the number of subjects depending on the estimation of population parameters. It is expected to evaluate the pattern of comfort in the client with pemphigus, before the applied technology, in a personalized way, leading to a comprehensive evaluation.

El objetivo es proponer la lógica Fuzzy para reconocer estándares de comodidad en personas con pénfigo vulgar, una enfermedad muco-cutánea rara que afecta principalmente a los adultos. La propuesta es aplicable en métodos experimentales con sujetos sometidos a la comparación cualitativa y cuantitativa (taxonomía/ pertinencia) del estándar de comodidad antes y después de la intervención. Se requiere el registro en una escala cromática de la correspondiente intensidad de cada atributo: dolor, movilidad y compromiso de la autoimagen. Las reglas Fuzzy establecidas por la máquina de inferencia, definen el estándar de comodidad del cliente en condiciones máximas, regular y mínimo de incomodidad traduciendo la eficacia de los cuidados de enfermería. Sin embargo, a pesar que la lógica Fuzzy que es poco utilizada en el área de enfermería, podrá contribuir para viabilizar investigaciones sin el cálculo a priori del número de sujetos en función de la estimación de los parámetros poblacionales. Se espera la evaluación del estándar de comodidad del cliente con pénfigo utilizando tecnologías aplicadas de forma personalizada y con miras a una evaluación integral.

The current persistence of Triatoma infestans, and therefore of Chagas disease transmission, in the Andean valleys of Bolivia and the Gran Chaco (precisely where wild populations of the vector are widespread), indicates a possible relationship between these two occurrences. This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding wild T. infestans in Bolivia. The different morphs of the wild vector, their known distributions and some traits of their biology and ecology are presented. Particularly interesting is the considerable behavioural and chromatic plasticity that is displayed by wild T. infestans. According to the biogeographic region, different morphs of the vector occur in rupicolous habitats (common form and Mataral morph in Andean wild T. infestans) or arboreal ones ("dark morph" populations from the Chaco). The high genetic variability found at the microgeographical scale in Andean wild T. infestans favours the hypothesis that the Andes were the centre of origin and dispersal of T. infestans throughout South America. The relevant question regarding the origin of domestic populations is also addressed. Finally, current considerations of the epidemiological significance of wild T. infestans are discussed in the context of recent discoveries. Even if several observations support the epidemiological risk represented by wild T. infestans, the climatic and environmental conditions of their distribution areas would not favour the continued flow of triatomines between sylvatic refuges and domestic environments.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el dolor pélvico después de utilizar la técnica con Ligasure® de la ligadura de las venas ováricas varicosas por laparoscopia en mujeres con síndrome de congestión pélvica en una clínica de Cali, entre junio de 2002 y junio de 2003. TIPO DE ESTUDIO: Ensayo clínico no controlado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó laparoscopia operatoria a 29 pacientes con clínica de síndrome de congestión pélvica y evaluación de la intensidad del dolor con la escala visual análoga cromática, a través de una encuesta antes y 6 meses después del procedimiento. A 28 se les realizó varicocelectomía con técnica de Ligasure® por evidencia de varicocele pélvico y a una paciente se evidenció endometriosis. El promedio de edad de las pacientes fue 33.8 años. La información se procesó en Epi-Info 6.4. El análisis de la diferencia entre los valores de la intensidad del dolor antes y después del procedimiento quirúrgico fue realizado con la prueba chi cuadrado (c²) con un nivel de significancia de 95% y el valor de p <0.05 considerado estadísticamente significante. RESULTADOS: Después del procedimiento, los valores de la intensidad del dolor en la escala disminuyeron, siendo la mayoría <6 (26 pacientes). Al final del período de observación, ninguna de las pacientes había establecido un valor en la escala de 0 (sin dolor). Haciendo la comparación antes y después del procedimiento, hubo diferencia significativa en la disminución de la intensidad del dolor después de la cirugía (con prueba c² de 43.13 con 4 grados de libertad y valor de p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: El presente estudio muestra que el dolor se reduce significativamente después de la ligadura de las venas ováricas varicosas por laparoscopia con técnica de Ligasure®, considerándose un método optativo efectivo en el tratamiento del síndrome de congestión pélvica

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pelvic pain after tie the ovarian veins by laparocopy using the technique with Ligasure® in patients with pelvic congestion syndrome at a clinic in Cali, between june of 2002 and june of 2003. TYPE OF STUDY: Not controlled clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 29 patients with pelvic congestion syndrome who underwent to laparoscopy and evaluation of the intensity of the pain with the chromatic analogous visual scale, through a survey before and 6 months after the surgical procedure. To 28 patients underwent varicocelectomy with the technique of Ligasure® because they were found pelvic varicosities and one patient was found endometriosis. The average of age was 33,8 years old. The information was processed with Epi-Info 6.4. The analysis of the difference between the values of intensity of the pain before and after the surgical procedure, was performed using the c² with a level of significance of 95% and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: After the procedure, the values of the intensity of the pain of patients was decreased, the majority <6 (26 patiens). At the end of the period of observation, none of them had established a value in the scale of 0 (zero=without pain). Making the comparison before and after the laparoscopic procedure, there was significant difference in the diminution of the intensity of the pain after the surgery (the c² = 43.13 with 4 degrees of freedom and a value of p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the pain is reduced significantly after the laparoscopic technique of tie the ovarian veins varicosities with Ligasure®, considering an optional effective method for the treatment of the pelvic congestion syndrome

O pigmento vermelho licopeno (C40H56) é um carotenóide que acumula em frutos, flores e raízes de algumas espécies vegetais, incluindo, hortaliças e fruteiras. A principal fonte de licopeno na dieta humana é o fruto do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) e seus derivados. A estrutura química singular do licopeno confere marcante ação antioxidante, contribuindo na prevenção de doenças degenerativas, cardiovasculares e de certos tipos de câncer. Além do fator nutricional, a concentração do licopeno no tomate está relacionada com uma melhor percepção visual dos produtos, existindo, portanto, uma forte demanda para aumentar os teores deste pigmento em frutos das cultivares tanto para consumo in natura quanto para processamento industrial. O desenvolvimento de cultivares com teores mais elevados de fatores nutricionais, incluindo licopeno, depende da disponibilidade de métodos de seleção simples e precisos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os níveis de correlação entre os teores de licopeno determinados via espectrofotometria com os valores dos componentes de cromaticidade (L*, a* e b*) obtidos via análise colorimétrica. Foram utilizadas para a análise colorimétrica três formas de amostragem: (1) leitura da superfície externa da parede dos frutos; (2) leitura da superfície interna da parede dos frutos e (3) leitura da cor da polpa homogeneizada. Para o componente L* (grau relativo de brilho), obteve-se valores de R² entre 0,63 a 0,82, sendo que a leitura da polpa homogeneizada apresentou a maior correlação. Os valores do descritor cromático a* (+a*: grau da cor vermelha; -a*: grau da cor verde) apresentaram valores de R² variando de 0,79 a 0,82. Os valores do descritor cromático b* (+b*: grau da cor amarela; -b*: grau da cor azul) mostraram correlações mais baixas, porém ainda significativas (R² entre 0,27 e 0,46). Os valores mais expressivos de R² (entre 0,86 e 0,91) foram obtidos quando a concentração de licopeno foi correlacionada com os resultados das relações a*/b* e (a*/b*)², sendo que os valores de cromaticidade da polpa homogeneizada apresentaram novamente as mais elevadas correlações. Estes resultados confirmam que é possível estimar indiretamente e com relativa precisão, o teor de licopeno em frutos do tomateiro a partir de valores de cromaticidade. Esta metodologia pode ser empregada para seleção de genótipos com maiores teores de licopeno, de maneira mais simplificada, evitando o dispêndio e os problemas de descarte dos solventes orgânicos utilizados nos métodos espectrofotométricos.

Lycopene (C40H56) is a red carotenoid pigment, which naturally accumulates in flowers, fruits and roots of some vegetable and fruit crops. The unique properties of the lycopene molecule make this pigment one of the most powerful antioxidants available. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits and processed tomato products are the main sources of lycopene in the human diet. There is a growing amount of experimental data indicating that lycopene intake is associated with decreased risk of many types of degenerative and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancers in humans. In addition, lycopene concentration is associated with improved visual perception of tomato products. Therefore, there is a strong demand to increase the total amount of lycopene in tomato cultivars for either fresh market or processing. The development of cultivars for improved lycopene content is dependent upon the availability of simple yet accurate methodologies to quantify this carotene in tomato fruits and processed tomato products. The main objective of this work was to estimate the degree of correlation between the total lycopene content in tomato fruits measured spectrophotometrically and the chromaticity values (L*, a* and b*) obtained using a tristimulus colorimeter. Colorimetric readings were taken using three sampling strategies: (1) external fruit wall; (2) internal fruit wall and (3) the whole homogenized fruit pulp. For the achromatic component L* (relative darkness or lightness), the obtained R² values were within 0.63 and 0.82, with the whole homogenized fruit pulp providing the highest correlation. For the chromatic component a* (green to red) the correlation R² values ranged from 0.79 to 0.82. For the chromatic component b* (blue to yellow) lower yet significant values were observed (R² between 0.27 and 0.46). However, it was observed that lycopene content was best correlated with the mathematical relationships a*/b* (R² range from 0.88 to 0.90) and (a*/b*)² (R² range from 0.86 to 0.91), with these correlation values being consistently higher when the chromaticity readings were taken in whole homogenized fruit pulp. These results confirmed the feasibility of obtaining precise indirect estimation of lycopene content from chromaticity readings. The methodology described here could be useful for large scale selection of tomato lines with improved levels of lycopene without of high costs and of residue disposal problems associated with the employment of organic solvents in the standard spectrophotometric methods.

The stages of gonadal development for the female of "barba-ruça" shrimp (Artemesia longinaris Bate, 1888) were characterized based on histological analysis. Four stages (immature, almost mature, ripe and spawned) were determined according to the structure and arrangement of cells in the ovary. Each stage corresponds macroscopically to a characteristic color, except stages I (immature) and IV (spawned), in which colors are very similar and can be distinguished only microscopically. The chromatic scale varies from white/translucent (stage I), neutral green (almost mature) to dark green (ripe). The mean size of cells was 56.9 µm (±3.5) (stage I), 127 µm (±2.6) (stage II) and 183 µm (±1.91) (stage III). The size frequency of cells was polimodal, and different cell stages were observed in ripe ovary, suggesting the occurrence of multiple spawning. The chromatic scale developed is an important tool for laboratory analysis, and can be easily used to identify the gonadal stages.

Estudo da cinética de extracção por aguardentes de compostos fenólicos da madeira, efectuado em ensaio laboratorial, em volumes de 5 dm³ , com madeiras de Carvalho e Castanheiro em dois modos (Micro-aparas e toros), estes com e sem oxigenação. Determinou-se o índice de compostos fenólicos totais (Ipt) pela medição da absorvência a 280 nm, a intensidade da cor medindo-se a absorvência a 440nm, as características cromáticas (Cielab) e extracto seco. Nas aguardentes finais do ensaio foram determinados os teores, em compostos de baixa massa molecular por HPLC, e determinado o oxigénio dissolvido. Verificou-se que as grandes extracções ocorrem desde as primeiras horas, relativas ao Ipt e à intensidade da cor, atingindo um máximo por volta das 72 horas, a que se seguem extracções contínuas, com curvas de muito menor declive até final do ensaio (1080 horas), com particular incidência nas aguardentes de micro-aparas. Estas podendo assemelhar-se a uma cinética de tipo logarítmico e as das aguardentes em contacto com os toros, mais do tipo polinomial. A oxigenação parece não condicionar de forma significativa a intensidade da cor das aguardentes, mas afecta significativamente o Ipt e o extracto seco. O tempo, como era previsível, apresenta um efeito significativo em todos os parâmetros analisados, o que é de grande interesse e novo em termos de definição quantitativa e temporal. A análise dos compostos de baixa massa molecular, permite concluir que neste ensaio o carvalho apresenta-se como mais rico em comparação com o castanho na generalidade dos teores dos constituintes analisados, não estando totalmente de acordo com os estudos realizados na EVN; excepção feita ao ácido gálhico no qual o castanho confirma uma maior riqueza em comparação com o carvalho.

Un essai laboratoriel a été mise en place pour étudier la cinétique de l’extraction par les eaux-de-vie des composés de baisse masse moléculaire des bois. Les volumes ont été de 5 dm³, avec du bois de Chêne et de Châtaignier, en deux modes - micro-copeaux et tores -, et ceux encore avec et sens oxigénation. L’essai a été suivi par les déterminations des phénoliques totaux (Ipt) à 280 nm, de l’intensité de la couleur à 440nm, des charactéristiques chromatiques (Cielab) et de l’extrait sec. Dans les eaux-de-vie de la dernière échantillonnage ont été détérminés les teneurs en composés de faible masse moléculaire par HPLC, et aussi l’oxygène dissout. On a vérifié que les plus fortes extractions se déroulent pendant les prémières heures en ce qui concerne le Ipt et l’intensité de la couleur, atteignant un maximum vers les 72 hueres, a qui se suivent des extractions continuels avec des curbes de beaucoup moindre declive jusqu’au finale de l’essai (1080 heures) avec une incidence tout particulière dans les eaux-de-vie des microcopeaux. Cettes peuvent s’assembler a une cinétique du type logarithmique et celles des eaux-de-vie en contact avec les tores seront plus du type polynôme. L’oxigénation semble ne pas conditioner de façon significatif l’intensité de la couleur des eaux-de-vie, mais elle intervienne signitificativement dans le Ipt et l’extrait sec. Le temps comme il était prévisible present un effet significatif dans tous les parameters qui ont été analysés. L’analyse des composés de baisse masse moléculaire permet conclure que dans cet essai le bois de Chêne est le plus riche en comparaison avec le bois de Châtaignier dans la généralité des composés analysés. Exception faite pour l’acide gallique que confirme sa plus grand richess dans le Châtaignier.

The objective of this work was the laboratorial study of the extraction kinetics of low molecular weight compounds in brandies. For this purpose the experimental units of 5 dm³ were filled with the same Lourinhã brandy and then added with oak or chestnut woods, in the form of microchips or stumps, with or without oxygenation. Physical and chemical analysis consisted of Total Phenolic Index (A280 nm), colour intensity (A440nm), chromatic characteristics (Cielab) and dry extract. In the last sampling time it was also performed the determination of low molecular weight compounds by HPLC and the dissolved oxygen. The results obtained show that the higher extraction rate of phenolic compounds and colour intensity occur in the first hours. The maximum was reach at about 72 hours, followed by a slower extraction rate up to the end, curves with less pronounced slope, particularly in the brandies that were in contact with micro-chips. This kinetic seems to be of logarithmic type, while it is closer to polynomial type in brandies that were in contact with stumps. The oxygenation seems to be inefficient on the colour intensity, although it affects the phenolic content and the dry extract of the brandies. As expected, the ageing time has a significant effect in all analytical parameters. The analysis of low molecular weight compounds allow us to conclude that brandies aged in oak wood are richer than those aged in chestnut wood in the majority of the studied compounds. This aspect contradicts previous results obtained at EVN, except for the richness of chestnut aged brandies in gallic acid.

São descritas as células glandulares das apófises do metatórax dos machos de alguns hesperidae. As apófises glândulas odoríferas já descritas morfològicamente na primeira parte dêste trabalho. Os orgãos compõem-se de elementos glandulares independentes e unicelulares cuja secreção é excretada de cada célula por uma escama odorifera e evaporada pela superfície da mesma. Os principais componentes das células glandulares são: a) corpo plasmático ativo que apresenta alterações citológicas típicas para as fases de repouso e de secreção, com zona basal de ergastoplasma e uma zona condutora incluindo um reservatório de secreção; b) o núcleo apresenta um aumento da superfície bem como, certas alterações durante as fazes de secreção, condicionadas pelas trocas entre núcleo e protoplasma; c) aparelho condutor de natureza quitinosa formado em tôdas as espécies pela inserção da escama. A respeito do aparelho condutor são descritos dois tipos de células glandulares: 1 - Células grandes com um canal muito prolongado que a atravessa em toda extensão; 2 - Células pequenas com canal condutor curto percorrendo sómente a parte apical da mesma. Ele ocupa uma posição simétrica ou assimétrica. O primeiro tipo encontra-se em espécies possuindo sómente êste aparelho como único órgão odorífero. O segundo tipo aparece em formas que têm, além das glândulas nas apófises, mais uma dobra costal também considerada como aparelho odorífero.

The gland cells of the metathoracic apophyses of some Brazilian Hesperidae are descrived. The apophyses possess scent glands which were firstly descrived in the morphological part of this study (BARTH, 1). The gland represents a complex organ with a glandular part hidden in the mentioned apophyses, and with an evaporating part formed by a brush of bristles on the hand tibia. The gland surface of an apophyse is composed of unicellular and independent gland elements leading out their excretion each by means of a scent scale. The liquid apears on the surface of the scale for evaporation. The gland cells correspond to the trichogenic cells of the scent scales. The principal parts of each gland cell are: a) a secreting protoplasmic body with typical cytological alterations during the inactive and active phases, with an ergastoplasmic basal zone and a conduct apparatus of just the same material including a cavity for storage; b) a nucleus which, corresponding to the trophic correlation between nucleus and protoplasm, suffered an increasing of its surface and which runs through typical alterations during the phase of activity. The nulcei are extremly polymorphic. c) a conduct apparatus which in every case is formed by the insertion socket of the scale and, in consequence, is of cuticular nature. With regard to the conduct apparatus two types of glands are descrived: 1. large cells with a prolongated duct system running through the whole cell; 2. small cells with a shorter duct apparatus entering the apical part of the cell to occupy only one half of it, the cell thus becoming asymmetrical. The first type is found in species which possess only this apparatus as a scent organ, while the second one occurs in species which, in addition to the glands in the apophyses, have one more scent aparatus formed by a costal fold. This paper deals with the following species: Sebaldia busirus, Pellicia bromias, Pellicia polyctor, Heliopetes arsalte and Hesperia syrichtus. Different phases of function of the gland cells are descrived. The correlation between the nucleus and the protoplasm becomes specially distinct in the glands with big cells, in Sebaldia busirus and Pellicia bromias. During the formation of the scent material the nucleus grows considerably by taking up fluid substances, while the chromatic mass does not increase. Simultaneous with the expulsion of the liquid out of the protoplasm of the gland cells the nucleus excretes an important quantity of fluid substances which probably represents regenerators which, reacting like catalysatores, restore the original structure of protoplasm.

Es werden die Druesenzellen der Apophysen des Metathorax der Maennchen einiger brasilianischer Hesperiden dargestellt. Die Apopysen beherbergen Duftdruesen, die im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit (BARTH, 1) erstmalig morphologisch beschrieben wurden. Die Druese ist ein komplexorgan mit einem druesigen Teil in den genannten Apophysen und einem verdunstenden Teil in Form eines Borstenpinsels an der Hintertibie. Die Druesenflaeche einer Apophyse setzt sich aus einzelligen, selbstaend gen Druesenelementen zusammen, die ihr Sekret durch jeweils eine Duftschuppe ausleiten und auf ihr verdunsten lassen. Die Druesenzelle entspricht der trichogenen Zelle der Duftschuppe. Die Hauptteile der Druesenzelle sind: a) sezernierender Plasmakoerper mit typischen cytologischen Veraenderungen waehrend der Ruhe-und Sekretionsphase, mit ergastoplasmatischer Basalzone und einer ebensolchen Ausleitungszone, die einen Sekretsammelraum einschliesst; b) Kern, der entsprechend dem trophischen Wechselspiel zwischen Kern und Protoplasma eine Vergroesserung der Oberflaeche erfahren hat und waehrend der Sekretionsphasen charakteristische Veraenderungen durchlaeuft. Die Kerne sind extrem polymorph; c) Ausleitungsapparat, der in jedem Falle von der Insertion der Schuppe gebildet wird und damit ch t niger Natur ist. In Bezug auf den Ausleitungsapparat werden zwei Druesentypen unterschieden: 1. grosse Zellen mit stark verlaengertem Kanalsystem, das die ganze Zelle durchlaeuft; 2. kleine Zellen mit kuerzerem Ausleitungsapparat, der nur in den apikalen Zellteil eindringt, bezw, nur eine Zellhaelfte der in diesem Falle asymmetrischen Zelle einnimmt. Der erste Typ findet sich bei Arten, die nur diesen Apparat als Duftorgan besitzen, waehrend der zweite Typ bei Formen gefunden wird die ausser den Apophysendruesen noch einen ebenfalls als Duftreinrichtung gedeuteten Constalumschlag tragen. Zur Beschreibung gelangen die Druesen von: Sebaldia busirus, Pellicia bromias und polyctor, Heliopetes arsalte und Hesperia syrichtus. Es werden verschiedene Funktionsstadien der Druesenzellen beschrieben, wobei die Kern-Plasma-Korrelation besonders deutlich in den grosszelligen Druessen von Sebaldia busirus und Pellicia bromias zum Ausdruck kommt. Waehrend der Sekretbildung waechst der Kern bedeutend durch Aufnahme von Fluessigkeit. Das Chromatin wird nicht vermehrt. Waehrend des Sekretausstosses aus dem Zellplasma gibt der Kern bedeutende Mengen fluessiger Substanzen ab, die wahrscheinlich katalysatorartig wirkende Regeneratoren fuer die Wiederherstellung der urspruenglichen Plasmastruktur darstellen. Diese trophische Wechselwirkung zwischen Kern und Plasma ist sowohl an den grosskernigen, wie an den kleinkernigen Zellen zu beobachten.