Abstract This article analyzes the risks to children's rights, with an emphasis on education and health in humanitarian situations circumscribed by child poverty, combined with the pandemic health crisis. The argument was based on the question: according to the students' perception what are the impacts of the pandemic and the post-pandemic period on education and health? Therefore, the objective of the study was to map students’ perceptions of their Rights in their daily lives, in six different Latin American countries. Empirical data were obtained through online forms (with open and closed questions) via Google Forms applied in two stages of qualitative research carried out in the second half of 2020 and 2022. The first stage covered 504 basic education students (10-18 years old) from eight educational institutions and the second 462 of thirteen institutions also from basic education. Thus, the contributions of 966 students are discussed in this text in dialogue with bibliographic and documentary references. Closed questions were statistically systematized and content analysis was applied to open questions (Bardin, 2009), as a whole, the data is analyzed using a qualitative approach. Students highlight the right to education and health as the most priority when speaking out about the Rights necessary in their daily lives. Such perceptions reveal specificities of educational communities and the challenges experienced in guaranteeing Rights in everyday spaces which affect the processes of access, permanence and results of education, as well as physical and emotional health problems which emerged and/or worsened during the period. Therefore, in this context the risks increased and worsened in a scenario in which a historical weakness in guaranteeing children's rights was already identified, especially regarding the rights to education and health.

Resumen Este artículo analiza los riesgos para los derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, con énfasis en la educación y la salud en contextos de situación humanitaria circunscritos por la pobreza infantil, combinada con la crisis sanitaria pandémica. El argumento se basó en la pregunta: ¿según la percepción del estudiantado, ¿cuáles son los impactos de la pandemia y del período postpandemia en educación y en salud? Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue mapear, en la actualidad, las percepciones estudiantiles sobre los derechos de la niñez en la vida cotidiana en seis diferentes países latinoamericanos. Los datos empíricos se obtuvieron a través de formularios en línea (con preguntas, abiertas y cerradas) con el uso de Google Forms, aplicados en dos etapas de investigación cualitativa, realizadas en el segundo semestre de 2020 y 2022. La primera etapa abarcó a 504 estudiantes de primaria y secundaria (10-18 años), de ocho instituciones educativas y la segunda a 462 de trece instituciones, también de primaria y secundaria. Así, en este texto se discuten las aportaciones de 966 estudiantes, en diálogo con las referencias bibliográficas y documentales. Las preguntas cerradas se sistematizaron estadísticamente y a las preguntas abiertas se aplicó el análisis de contenido (Bardin, 2009), en su conjunto los datos son analizados bajo un enfoque cualitativo. Al hablar sobre los Derechos necesarios en su vida diaria, los estudiantes destacan el derecho a la educación y a la salud como la máxima prioridad. Tales percepciones revelan las especificidades y los desafíos experimentados en la garantía de Derechos en los espacios cotidianos, los cuales afectan los procesos de acceso, permanencia y resultados de la educación, así como los problemas de salud física y emocional, surgidos y/o agravados en el período de la crisis sanitaria pandémica. En este contexto, por lo tanto, los riesgos han aumentado y empeorado, en un escenario en el que ya se identificó una fragilidad en la historia de garantía de los derechos de la niñez, especialmente en lo que respecta a los derechos a la educación y a la salud.

Resumo Este artigo analisa os riscos sobre os direitos da infância, com ênfase na educação e na saúde em contextos de situação humanitária circunscritos pela pobreza infantil, aliada à crise sanitária pandêmica. O argumento baseou-se na pergunta: segundo a percepção dos estudantes, quais os impactos da pandemia e do período pós-pandemia na educação e na saúde? Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi mapear as percepções de estudantes sobre seus Direitos nos cotidianos, em seis diferentes países latino-americanos. Os dados empíricos foram obtidos por meio de formulários online (com perguntas, abertas e fechadas) via Google Forms, aplicados em duas etapas de investigação qualitativa, realizadas no segundo semestre de 2020 e de 2022. A primeira etapa abrangeu 504 estudantes da educação básica (10-18 anos), de oito instituições de ensino e a segunda 462 de treze instituições, também da educação básica. Assim, as contribuições de 966 estudantes são discutidas neste texto, em diálogo com as referências bibliográficas e documentais. As questões fechadas foram sistematizadas estatisticamente e a análise de conteúdo foi aplicada às questões abertas (Bardin, 2009), como um todo os dados são analisados sob abordagem qualitativa. Ao se manifestarem sobre os Direitos necessários em seus cotidianos, os estudantes destacam o direito à educação e à saúde como os mais prioritários. Tais percepções revelam especificidades das comunidades educativas e os desafios vivenciados na garantia de Direitos nos espaços cotidianos, que afetam os processos de acesso, permanência e resultados da educação, bem como os problemas de saúde física e emocional, surgidos e/ou agravados no período. Nesse contexto, portanto, aumentaram e se agravaram os riscos, num cenário no qual já se identificava uma histórica fragilidade na garantia dos Direitos das crianças, especialmente quanto aos direitos à educação e à saúde.

Abstract In Brazil, there has been an uncontrolled increase in incarceration of women, and this situation is not interrupted during periods of pregnancy or lactation. A scoping review was carried out to systematically map and synthesize evidence published since 2000 on the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among imprisoned people in Brazil. Intersectionality and penal abolitionism were the theoretical-methodological approaches used to analyze the studies. A total of 25 studies were selected, 90% of which were published from 2010 to 2020. In the context of maternal and child health, they mainly exposed the difficulties of maintaining EBF in prison, including the lack of definition of a minimum period of stay for the baby, the lack of professional guidance for the practice of EBF, and the inadequate structure of prison units. In the area of law, the studies reported tensions between the disciplinary order and children’s irreducible human right to food. The studies focused the investigation on the mothers’ experiences, but did not question the practical and historical forms of imprisonment, especially regarding Black, female, and poor bodies. Critical and propositional approaches are necessary to produce evidence toward the guarantee of rights to health and food. Brazil women lactation 200 (EBF theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological 2 selected 90 201 2020 baby units law childrens children s food mothers experiences imprisonment Black female bodies 20 9 202

Resumo No Brasil, houve crescimento descontrolado do encarceramento feminino, sendo que não se interrompe essa situação em períodos de gravidez ou lactação. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo com objetivo de mapear e sintetizar sistematicamente evidências, publicadas a partir do ano 2000, sobre a prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) entre pessoas em situação de cárcere no Brasil. A interseccionalidade e o abolicionismo penal foram as abordagens teórico-metodológicas utilizadas para análise dos artigos. Ao todo, 25 estudos foram selecionados, sendo 90% publicados entre 2010 e 2020. No âmbito de saúde materno-infantil, eles expuseram principalmente as dificuldades de manter o AME no cárcere, incluindo a indefinição de um período mínimo de estadia do bebê, a falta de orientação profissional à prática de AME e a estrutura inadequada das unidades prisionais. Na área do direito, os estudos relataram tensões entre a ordem disciplinar e o irredutível direito humano das crianças à alimentação. Os estudos focalizaram a investigação na vivência das mães, porém não questionaram as formas práticas e históricas do aprisionamento, em especial sobre corpos negros, femininos e pobres. Abordagens críticas e propositivas são necessárias à produção de evidências para a garantia de direitos à saúde e à alimentação. Brasil feminino lactação 2000 (AME teóricometodológicas teórico metodológicas artigos todo 2 selecionados 90 201 2020 maternoinfantil, maternoinfantil infantil, infantil materno-infantil bebê prisionais alimentação mães aprisionamento negros pobres 200 9 20 202

ABSTRACT This paper results from a participatory research with children in public spaces. The research, guided by a framework based on the Sociology of Childhood and the Urban Studies, offers an interdisciplinary dialogue that considers childhood as a generational category of its own worth, constituted by children as social actors with the ‘right to a voice’, recognizing that they have particular modes of communication, relationship and cultures (Dornelles; Fernandes, 2015; Sarmento, 2003; 2008). From the Sociology of Childhood’s perspective, the concept of ‘city’ is widely used when discussing children’s participation, even if such actions do not always take place in the context of the city. It is the case of the space where our research took place, as it seemed to us that the word “city” did not took into consideration the characteristics of the space under analysis. There are several authors in the field of Urbanism who have been questioning the concept of ‘city’, proposing some reflections about it and bringing to the discussion alternative definitions. Likewise, we advocate the importance of using the concept of ‘territory’ instead of ‘city’, in order to be more accurate and to safeguard the participation of all children, regardless of the context in which they live, helping to overcome their geographical/social invisibility. spaces Studies worth right voice, voice , voice’ communication Dornelles (Dornelles Fernandes 2015 Sarmento 2003 2008. 2008 . 2008) Childhoods s perspective ‘city city childrens “city analysis ‘city, definitions Likewise ‘territory territory live geographicalsocial geographical invisibility 201 200 20 2

RESUMO Este artigo resulta das interrogações levantadas a partir de uma pesquisa participativa com crianças em espaços públicos. A investigação, orientada pela Sociologia da Infância e pelos Estudos Urbanos, oferece um diálogo interdisciplinar entre as duas abordagens teóricas, considerando a infância como uma categoria geracional de valor próprio, constituída por crianças como atores sociais com “direito a uma voz”, reconhecendo que elas têm modos de comunicação e relacionamento e também culturas particulares (Dornelles; Fernandes, 2015; Sarmento, 2003; 2008). Da Análise do Estado da Arte sobre o que tem sido produzido na Sociologia da Infância, quando se fala das questões de participação das crianças, pode-se ver que o conceito de “cidade” é amplamente utilizado quando se discute este tema, mesmo que tais ações nem sempre se realizem no contexto da cidade. Esta perplexidade assumiu contornos mais desafiantes quando olhamos para o espaço no qual decorreu a nossa investigação, pois nos pareceu que a palavra “cidade” não tomava em consideração as características do espaço em análise. Notando que há vários autores no campo do urbanismo e da sociologia, que têm questionado o conceito de “cidade”, propondo algumas reflexões sobre ele e trazendo à discussão outros conceitos como “território”, discutiremos a importância de utilizar o conceito de território em vez de “cidade” para sermos mais precisos, salvaguardando a participação de todas as crianças, independentemente do contexto em que vivem, ajudando a ultrapassar a sua invisibilidade geográfica/social. públicos investigação Urbanos teóricas próprio direito voz, voz , voz” Dornelles (Dornelles Fernandes 2015 Sarmento 2003 2008. 2008 . 2008) podese pode cidade “cidade tema análise sociologia cidade, território, “território” precisos vivem geográficasocial geográfica social geográfica/social 201 200 “território 20 2

RESUMO: Neste ensaio, é apresentado um mapeamento cartográfico (de processos, eventos, fluxos e afetos como linhas de força em um território), considerando o fortalecimento do espectro político das direitas radicais e consequentes retrocessos e subversões adultocêntricas nos significados de “melhor interesse” das crianças, centralmente. São discutidos alguns acontecimentos noticiados pelas mídias tradicionais/sociais, casos de violência entre crianças devido à disputa eleitoral para a Presidência da República, violência física de adultos contra crianças também por motivos políticos, além de outros casos que evidenciam uma política autoritária de subjetivação em ascensão e mudanças na dinâmica cultural. Os acontecimentos e as análises tecidas, a partir dos atravessamentos do militarismo sobre as subjetividades infantis, convergem no sentido de nos alertar para que as crianças passem a nos guiar nestas iminentes tarefas civilizatórias e epistemológicas. É possível que sigamos por esses caminhos, por meio de teorias relacionais e também por meio de nossos afetos como pesquisadores/as. RESUMO ensaio processos eventos território, território , território) melhor interesse centralmente tradicionaissociais tradicionais sociais tradicionais/sociais República políticos cultural tecidas infantis epistemológicas caminhos pesquisadoresas pesquisadores pesquisadores/as

RESÚMEN: En este ensayo se presenta un mapeo cartográfico (de procesos, eventos, flujos y afectos como líneas de fuerza en un territorio), considerando el fortalecimiento del espectro político de las derechas radicales y los consecuentes retrocesos y subversiones adultocéntricas en los significados de “mejor interés” de les niñes, centralmente. Se comentan algunos hechos reportados por medios tradicionales/sociales, casos de violencia entre niños por la disputa electoral por la Presidencia de la República, violencia física de adultos contra niños también por motivos políticos, además de otros casos que evidencian una política autoritaria de subjetivación creciente y cambios en las dinámicas culturales. Los hechos y análisis tejidos, a partir de los cruces del militarismo sobre las subjetividades infantiles, confluyen en el sentido de alertarnos para que les niñes comiencen a orientarnos en estas inminentes tareas civilizatorias y epistemológicas. Es posible que sigamos estos caminos, a través de teorías relacionales y también a través de nuestros afectos como investigadores/as. RESÚMEN procesos eventos territorio, territorio , territorio) mejor interés centralmente tradicionalessociales tradicionales sociales tradicionales/sociales República políticos culturales tejidos infantiles epistemológicas caminos investigadoresas investigadores as investigadores/as

ABSTRACT: In this essay, a cartographic mapping is presented (of processes, events, flows and afects as lines of force in a territory), considering the strengthening the alt-right political spectrum and importance setbacks and adultocentric subversions on the meanings of “best interest” of children, centrally. Some cases reported by the traditional/social media are discussed, cases of violence between children due to the electoral dispute for the Presidency of the Republic, fisical violence by adults against children also for political reasons, in addition to other cases that show a authoritarian political of subjectivation in rise and changes in cultural dynamics. The events and analyzes woven, from the crossings of militarism on children's subjectivities, converge in the direction of alerting us so that children begin to guide us through these imminent civilizing and epistemological tasks. It is possible that we follow these paths, through relational theories and also through our affections as researchers. ABSTRACT essay processes territory, territory , territory) altright alt right best interest centrally traditionalsocial traditional social discussed Republic reasons dynamics woven childrens s subjectivities tasks paths researchers

RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar la adaptación transcultural del instrumento Children Care Quality at Hospital a la lengua portuguesa hablada en Brasil. Método: estudio metodológico sobre la adaptación de un instrumento diseñado para evaluar la calidad de la atención de enfermería desde la perspectiva de niños en edad escolar. Para la evidencia de validez de contenido participaron 13 expertos y en la etapa de pretest se aplicó el instrumento a una muestra de 40 niños hospitalizados. El análisis se realizó utilizando el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido y el coeficiente de concordancia de segundo orden para verificar la concordancia entre evaluadores; mientras que en el pretest la confiabilidad se calculó mediante el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase y el alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: el coeficiente de evidencia de validez de contenido total referente a la evaluación de equivalencias y de contenido alcanzó valores entre 0,876 y 0,993 y el coeficiente de concordancia de segundo orden entre 0,935 y 0,951, demostrando una concordancia casi perfecta. En el pretest con niños se consideraron satisfactorios tanto el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase de 0,60 como el alfa de Cronbach de 0,690. En la versión adaptada se mejoraron algunos términos y se mantuvieron otros con el agregado de notas explicativas. Conclusión: la versión brasileña Children Care Quality at Hospital en el Hospital presentó evidencia adecuada de validez de contenido para medir la satisfacción de los niños con la calidad de la atención de enfermería. En el contexto clínico de la enfermería pediátrica, el instrumento fortalece paradigmas de atención que tienen en cuenta la dignidad del niño y respetan su derecho a ser escuchado y a evaluar los cuidados recibidos. Objetivo Brasil Método escolar 1 4 hospitalizados evaluadores Resultados 0876 0 876 0,87 0993 993 0,99 0935 935 0,93 0951 951 0,951 perfecta 060 60 0,6 0690 690 0,690 explicativas Conclusión pediátrica recibidos 087 87 0,8 099 99 0,9 093 93 095 95 0,95 06 6 0, 069 69 0,69 08 8 09 9

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar a adaptação transcultural do instrumento Children Care Quality at Hospital para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil. Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico sobre a adaptação de um instrumento destinado a avaliar a qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem na perspectiva das crianças em idade escolar. Para evidência de validade baseada no conteúdo participaram 13 especialistas e na fase do pré-teste o instrumento foi aplicado em uma amostra de 40 crianças hospitalizadas. A análise deu-se pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo e o second-order agreement coefficient para verificar a concordância interavaliadores; enquanto no pré-teste, a confiabilidade foi calculada utilizando o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse e o alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: o coeficiente de evidência de validade de conteúdo total referente a avaliação das equivalências e do conteúdo, alcançou valores entre 0,876 e 0,993 e second-order agreement coefficient entre 0,935 e 0,951, demonstrando concordância quase perfeita. No pré-teste com as crianças, tanto o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse de 0,60 quanto o alfa de Cronbach de 0,690 foram considerados satisfatórios. Na versão adaptada alguns termos foram aprimorados e outros mantidos com o acréscimo de notas explicativas. Conclusão: a versão brasileira do Children Care Quality at Hospital apresentou evidências de validade de conteúdo adequadas para medir a satisfação das crianças com a qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem. No contexto clínico da enfermagem pediátrica, o instrumento fortalece paradigmas de cuidado que levam em consideração a dignidade da criança, respeitando o seu direito de ser ouvida e de avaliar os cuidados recebidos. Objetivo Brasil Método tratase trata se escolar 1 préteste pré teste 4 hospitalizadas deuse deu secondorder second order interavaliadores préteste, teste, Resultados 0876 0 876 0,87 0993 993 0,99 0935 935 0,93 0951 951 0,951 perfeita 060 60 0,6 0690 690 0,69 satisfatórios explicativas Conclusão pediátrica criança recebidos 087 87 0,8 099 99 0,9 093 93 095 95 0,95 06 6 0, 069 69 08 8 09 9

ABSTRACT Objective: to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the Children Care Quality at Hospital instrument to the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil. Method: this is a methodological study on the adaptation of an instrument designed to assess the quality of nursing care from the perspective of school-aged children. For content validity evidence, 13 experts participated, and in the pre-test phase, the instrument was applied to a sample of 40 hospitalized children. The analysis was done using the Content Validity Coefficient and the second-order agreement coefficient to verify inter-rater agreement; while in the pre-test, reliability was calculated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. Results: the total content validity evidence coefficient regarding the assessment of equivalences and content ranged from 0.876 to 0.993, and the second-order agreement coefficient ranged from 0.935 to 0.951, demonstrating an almost perfect agreement. In the pre-test with children, both the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.60 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.690 were considered satisfactory. In the adapted version, some terms were improved, and others were kept with the addition of explanatory notes. Conclusion: the Brazilian version of the Children Care Quality at Hospital showed adequate content validity evidence to measure children's satisfaction with the quality of nursing care. In the clinical context of pediatric nursing, the instrument strengthens care paradigms that take into account the child's dignity, respecting their right to be heard and to evaluate the care received. Objective crosscultural cross cultural Brazil Method schoolaged school aged children 1 participated pretest pre test phase 4 secondorder second order interrater inter rater pretest, test, Cronbachs Cronbach s Results 0876 0 876 0.87 0993 993 0.993 0935 935 0.93 0951 951 0.951 060 60 0.6 0690 690 0.69 satisfactory improved notes Conclusion childrens childs child dignity received 087 87 0.8 099 99 0.99 093 93 0.9 095 95 0.95 06 6 0. 069 69 08 8 09 9

The right to housing or shelter is a fundamental right that has been given recognition at national, regional, and international levels. In Kenya, everyone's right to access adequate housing and basic shelter is enshrined in the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 and various international and regional human instruments, but there is no specific legislation or policy that caters to the right of street families and children to access housing or shelter. The gap that exists in law and policy deepens the vulnerability of street families and children, who are being left behind and not included in governmental socioeconomic programmes and interventions targeting vulnerable and marginalised persons. For example, street children are often excluded from planning, budgeting, and national decisions relating to socio-economic rights that include shelter. This article considers how Kenya's street children's right to shelter may be protected. Accordingly, it recommends measures that could be taken to protect their right to shelter, as well as other socio-economic rights, and thereby create a pathway to realising the values of equality and human dignity enshrined in the Constitution.

The South African post-constitutional era gave rise to the reframing of what was previously referred to as parental authority to parental responsibilities and rights. Throughout these developments, the best interests of the child remained a constant consideration, resulting in a move away from a parent-centred approach to a child-centred approach. In line with this child-centred approach, modern South African law recognises that children have the right to family or parental care. Recognition is also given to the subsequent fundamental principle that parents and the family perform a central role in a child's care and protection. However, analogous to global trends South African family structures have transformed and are no longer typically nuclear, but are characterised by a diversity of parental, family and community-based forms of caregiving. Children accordingly find themselves being cared for by persons who are not their biological parents. In this regard the position of the "interested third party" or so-called "co-holder of parental responsibilities and rights" is gaining increasing relevance. Although the role of interested third parties is recognised in domestic law, in the Children's Act, some uncertainty about the right of these parties to obtain parental responsibilities and rights over a child prevails. One such aspect is the right of a former life-partner to obtain parental responsibilities and rights over a non-biological child upon the dissolution of a life-partner relationship. A recent High Court case, RC v SC 2022 4 SA 308 (GJ) and its appeal namely, RC v HSC 2023 4 SA 231 (GJ) to a full bench of the High Court provides valuable insight into this regard and specifically on the approach taken by the courts about an application for parental rights and responsibilities to a non-biological child by an interested third party in terms of the Children's Act.

This article investigates the extent to which the South African Legislature and the international community recognise the right to identity of a child born through embryo donation. A distinction is drawn between embryo donation, gamete donation and surrogacy. Thereafter, the article discusses the multiple aspects which the right to identity comprises, namely: personal, biological, family and siblingship identity. An assessment is made of how these various aspects are impacted by national and cross-border embryo donation arrangements. The Children's Act 38 of 2005, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the National Health Act 61 of 2003 and the Regulations Relating to Artificial Fertilisation of Persons, in addition to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) are critically examined to the extent that may be applicable to children born through embryo donation. The article concludes that neither the South African legislative framework, nor the CRC or the ACRWC explicitly upholds the child's right to identity.

In part 1 of this article the current level of protection of the right to identity both at the national and international levels were considered in the case of embryo donation. It was concluded that at a national level the National Health Act, its accompanying regulations and the Children's Act fail to protect this right. The constitutional provisions on children's rights are also unhelpful in providing the requisite level of protection. At an international level it was further found that neither the CRC nor the ACRWC explicitly uphold the child's right to identity in the case of embryo donation. In an attempt to address this defect, this article compares the legal protection provided for the right to identity of children born through embryo donation in Australia and New Zealand. A number of lessons can be drawn from this comparative analysis. At a national level the article submits that the birth certificate should indicate the child's true origins and in addition to a register which holds the particulars of the child's donor parents, a separate donor sibling register is also suggested. Legislative amendments are also suggested to Parliament. At an international level, the following recommendations are made: a new United Nations (UN) Convention which centres on Assisted Reproductive Technology, a General Comment drafted by the CRC Committee to cover specific issues and interests of children, ratification of a Convention by the Hague Conference, and an investigation into the concerns raised by international embryo donation to be carried out by the International Social Service Network should be accomplished. Further, the article concludes that an Africa-based instrument would not be as effective as a UN proposed solution, given the cultural and religious concerns in traditional African societies.

Abstract In Brazil, there has been an uncontrolled increase in incarceration of women, and this situation is not interrupted during periods of pregnancy or lactation. A scoping review was carried out to systematically map and synthesize evidence published since 2000 on the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among imprisoned people in Brazil. Intersectionality and penal abolitionism were the theoretical-methodological approaches used to analyze the studies. A total of 25 studies were selected, 90% of which were published from 2010 to 2020. In the context of maternal and child health, they mainly exposed the difficulties of maintaining EBF in prison, including the lack of definition of a minimum period of stay for the baby, the lack of professional guidance for the practice of EBF, and the inadequate structure of prison units. In the area of law, the studies reported tensions between the disciplinary order and children’s irreducible human right to food. The studies focused the investigation on the mothers’ experiences, but did not question the practical and historical forms of imprisonment, especially regarding Black, female, and poor bodies. Critical and propositional approaches are necessary to produce evidence toward the guarantee of rights to health and food.

Resumo No Brasil, houve crescimento descontrolado do encarceramento feminino, sendo que não se interrompe essa situação em períodos de gravidez ou lactação. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo com objetivo de mapear e sintetizar sistematicamente evidências, publicadas a partir do ano 2000, sobre a prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) entre pessoas em situação de cárcere no Brasil. A interseccionalidade e o abolicionismo penal foram as abordagens teórico-metodológicas utilizadas para análise dos artigos. Ao todo, 25 estudos foram selecionados, sendo 90% publicados entre 2010 e 2020. No âmbito de saúde materno-infantil, eles expuseram principalmente as dificuldades de manter o AME no cárcere, incluindo a indefinição de um período mínimo de estadia do bebê, a falta de orientação profissional à prática de AME e a estrutura inadequada das unidades prisionais. Na área do direito, os estudos relataram tensões entre a ordem disciplinar e o irredutível direito humano das crianças à alimentação. Os estudos focalizaram a investigação na vivência das mães, porém não questionaram as formas práticas e históricas do aprisionamento, em especial sobre corpos negros, femininos e pobres. Abordagens críticas e propositivas são necessárias à produção de evidências para a garantia de direitos à saúde e à alimentação.

Section 28(1)(c) of the South African Constitution (1996) unequivocally affirms that children are the only vulnerable group with an explicit right to social services. Nonetheless, the practical realisation of this right remains elusive for many children, leaving them without access to vital social services. Through the theoretical framework of transformative constitutionalism, this article posits that the evolving field of social services provision within school settings presents a promising avenue to champion children's right to social services and a range of other children's rights, and facilitate and promote their access to basic education. Utilising a qualitative research approach with an exploratory case study design, this study investigates whether providing social services through a programme in Botshabelo schools in the Free State effectively promotes the realisation of children's rights. The results show that social services in schools can contribute to realising various children's rights. It is recommended that there should be a symbiotic partnership between the Departments of Social Development and Basic Education with the latter endorsing and expanding the provision of social services within schools. This integration is recommended on the basis that it not only advances crucial human rights for children, such as child protection, social security, and a safe environment, but also shows promise in enhancing the academic performance of learners grappling with challenging circumstances.

RESUMEN Los derechos relacionados con la sexualidad y la identidad de género de los adolescentes han sido temas complejos de tratar. Son los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos los que han establecido que los adolescentes sean sujetos de derechos, incluido los de carácter sexual y de género, porque forman parte del libre desarrollo de la personalidad. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si en el Ecuador los adolescentes trans son sujetos a los derechos sexuales, y, si pueden o no expresar libremente su identidad de género. Efectivamente, esta investigación comprobó que todos los adolescentes son sujetos de los derechos relacionados con la identidad de género y la sexualidad, los cuales deben ser ejercidos por ellos mismos, con base en el desarrollo de sus facultades. Por esta razón, los adolescentes trans tienen el derecho a expresar y disfrutar su sexualidad, de manera libre y responsable, sin sufrir discriminación alguna. Para lo cual, el Estado, a través de sus instituciones públicas, deberá garantizar un trato digno e igualitario, la rectificación registral de la nueva identidad de género, pero, sobre todo, una terapia médica que le asegure a la persona una armonía entre el sexo sentido y el sexo físico.

ABSTRACT The gender identity and sexual rights are very complex issues, even in the world of law. International organizations such as the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights or the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have stated that the minors are subjects of rights related to sexuality and gender identity, because these rights are part of the free development of the personality. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze, if in Ecuador the minors are subjects to sexual rights and if they can freely express their gender identity. This research determined that the teenagers are subjects of sexual rights and gender identity, so that, the teenagers can exercise these rights but based on their faculties and capacities. For this reason, adolescents have the right to freely express and enjoy their sexuality; namely, they cannot suffer discrimination. Therefore, the State must guarantee transsexual adolescents dignified and equal treatment, the rectification of the registry of the new gender identity and a medical therapy that assures the person a harmony between the felt sex and the physical sex.

Resumo Sidónio Muralha, “benjamim do neorrealismo”, foi um prolixo e versátil escritor, notabilizando-se enquanto poeta, sobretudo, no campo da literatura infantil. Propomos uma abordagem do diálogo artístico presente no design das suas obras publicadas, demonstrativo das redes de sociabilidade e das opções idiossincráticas do autor, no campo do neorrealismo e não só. Abordamos a globalidade da sua obra, não particularizando o género infantojuvenil, no qual, obviamente o papel do ilustrador assumiu outra preponderância. Procurámos demonstrar que, como fruto de amizades artísticas, quase “duplas criativas” e/ou de opções editoriais acertadas, a obra publicada de Sidónio Muralha viveu de um especial cuidado estético, por vezes reformulando os conceitos do livro objeto. No seu compromisso neorrealista, Sidónio elegeu a poesia como “companheira dos homens”, assim imaginamos os seus livros como “belos companheiros” ao serviço de uma causa maior.

Abstract Sidónio Muralha, “neorealism youth promisse”, was a prolific and versatile writer, most valued as a poet and a alltime reference of Portuguese children’s literature. We propose an approach to the artistic dialogue expressed on the design of his published works, demonstrating the author’s social networks and his idiosyncratic options, in the field of neorealism or other artistic movements. We approach Muralhas’s work as a whole, not just particularly the children’s books, in which, obviously, the illustrator assumed a major role. We demonstrate that, as a result of artistic friendships, almost “creative duos” and/or the right editorial choices, the published works of Sidónio Muralha had a special aesthetic care, sometimes reformulating the concepts of the book as an object. In his neorealist commitment, Sidónio chose poetry as “the companion of mankind”, thus we imagined his books as “fair companions” at the service of a greater cause.

Resumen Se presentan resultados de una investigación empírica sobre problemas comportamentales en niños y niñas escolarizados entre 6 y 11 años. El objetivo principal es describir, desde la perspectiva epidemiológica, los problemas comportamentales de una muestra clínica (N = 395; edad: . = 7.92 y DE = 1.75) y de una muestra no clínica (N = 363; edad: . = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). Son objetivos específicos el analizar las diferencias por sexo y variables sociodemográficas en ambos contextos: clínico y no clínico. No se efectuó un estudio comparativo entre ambas muestras. Se administró el formulario Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) y una encuesta sociodemográfica a los adultos responsables. El análisis cuantitativo se efectuó mediante estudios de frecuencia, distribución y asociaciones entre variables con el objetivo de describir a ambas muestras desde el punto de vista de los resultados del CBCL y de las variables sociodemográficas. Se estudiaron asociaciones entre los valores de las escalas de síndromes del CBCL y las variables sociodemográficas mediante el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA). Se obtuvieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de problemas comportamentales y las condiciones socioeconómicas de la familia: a mayor vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y educativa, mayor deterioro en la salud mental infantil. Este estudio se encontró con la dificultad de las restricciones sanitarias por la pandemia de COVID-19 para continuar el trabajo de campo. Interesa replicar el estudio y considerar el impacto de la pandemia y el presunto deterioro de las variables sociodemográficas. Se debe priorizar la continuidad de una indagación sostenida para un seguimiento de la salud mental infantil.

Abstract This article shows the results of an empirical research study on behavioral and emotional problems in schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years old. From an epidemiological perspective the goal is to describe the behavioral problems of a clinical sample (N= 395, age: . = 7.92 y SD = 1.75) and a non-clinical sample (N = 363, age: M = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). The specific objectives are to analyze the differences by sex and possible sociodemographic variables in both clinical and non-clinical contexts. A comparative study between both samples is not carried out. We administered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a sociodemographic survey to the responsible adults. The quantitative analysis was carried out through studies of frequency, distribution and associations among variables in order to describe both samples from the point of view of the CBCL results and of the sociodemographic variables. In order to identify the possible sociodemographic conditioning factors in the childhood and youth psychopathology, we studied the associations among the CBCL syndrome scale scores and the different sociodemographic variables through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the clinical sample show mental health deterioration in boys and girls compared to previous studies. The increase of the internalizing and externalizing syndrome scores is significant. The prejudices and gender stereotypes constitute obstacles to gain access to mental health services in childhood, especially for girls whose psychological conditions may often go unnoticed. In the non-clinical sample, the gender distribution is even and the total average of average scores is lower compared to studies performed in other populations in previous years. In both samples we observe a significant relation between the psychological and behavioral problems and the socio-economic conditions of the family. The higher the educational and socio-economic vulnerability, the higher the deterioration of the children’s mental health. The simultaneous study from the epidemiological perspective in both samples is necessary to detect psychopathological problems in childhood. This study encountered some limitations: the difficulty to continue the field work due to sanitary restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic. We want to replicate the study in both samples considering the impact of the pandemic and the alleged deterioration of the sociodemographic variables and family conditions. Another limitation has been the socio-economic homogeneity of the clinical sample. It would be useful in the future to include clinical samples that belong to other socioeconomic sectors who receive mental health care from private medical insurances or medical insurances run by labor unions. The shortage of epidemiological studies on emotional and behavioral problems in children and the lack of research work on the right to receive mental health care in childhood, indicate the absence of this topic in the political agenda. This deficit prevents the implementation of efficient programs to prevent and early detect mental health problems in children, to extend clinical care proposals in the community and to train professionals so that the programs can have an accurate impact on the population. It is a priority to continue the sustained inquiry in both populations in order to ensure the follow-up of the mental health conditions. Also, it would be useful to extend and deepen the analysis incorporating the examination of other family problems such as violence situations, consumption of psychoactive drugs, suicides and other loss situation.

Abstract The elite as a social group, has been scarcely studied at the global level. In this context, this study advances in the analysis of the protection and guarantee of children's rights in elite schools. A qualitative research of multiple case design was developed. The main findings are the tension of the right to quality education, presenting a managerialist and persuasive curriculum; the right to a healthy coexistence and to the expression of one's own identity, finding dynamics of silence around situations of violence, enhanced by an experience of hegemonic masculinity; and the tension around the right to participate, be heard and give an opinion, given that a tutored participation is developed by adults. There is discussion regarding the lack of protection of children's rights in this type of establishments and the impossibility of ensuring them from the current legal regulations. Thus, the findings of the study show that the lag in the fulfillment of the rights of children and adolescents is a cross-cutting issue for social groups in our country.

Resumen La élite como grupo social ha sido escasamente estudiada a nivel global. En este contexto, este estudio avanza en el análisis de la protección y garantía de los derechos de infancia en colegios de élite. Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa de diseño de caso múltiple. Como principales hallazgos están la tensión del derecho a la educación de calidad, presentándose un curriculum gerencialista y persuasivo; el derecho a una sana convivencia y a la expresión de la propia identidad, encontrándose dinámicas de silencio en torno a situaciones de violencia, potenciadas por una vivencia de masculinidad hegemónica; y, la tensión en torno al derecho a participar, ser escuchado y opinar, dado que se desarrolla una participación tutelada por parte de los adultos. Se discute respecto de la desprotección de los derechos de infancia en este tipo de establecimientos y la imposibilidad de asegurarlos desde las actuales regulaciones legales. De este modo, los hallazgos del estudio ponen en evidencia que el rezago en el cumplimiento de los derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes es un tema transversal para los grupos sociales de nuestro país.