Abstract (Introduction): Vinasse is generated as a residue in the production of ethanol by fermentation-distillation of molasses/sugar cane juice, at a rate of 13 L/L of ethanol. It is an acid liquid, brown in color, characterized by high mineralization and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of up to 150 000 mg/L, being highly polluting. (Objective): The objective of this research was to evaluate a vinasse treatment process with hydrogen peroxide as a source of hydroxyl radicals at laboratory scale. (Methodology): The vinasse samples, from different distilleries in the province of Tucumán, were characterized following standardized techniques of Standard Methods. The oxidation tests were carried out with different peroxide/vinasses ratios, in a semi-batch reactor, under ambient conditions, measuring COD as an indicator parameter of the treatment. (Results): After 5 days, an 85 % decrease in COD and an increase in the Biodegradability Index were achieved. The kinetics of the oxidative reaction was first order with respect to COD, with an apparent rate constant of 0.3694 1/day. (Conclusions): Although the COD values allowed by local regulations (250 mg/L) were not reached, the proposed treatment is encouraging due to its simplicity, representing a potential option to the environmental challenge represented by vinaze in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La vinaza se genera como residuo en la producción de etanol por fermentación-destilación de melazas/jugos de caña de azúcar, a razón de 13 L/L de etanol. Es un efluente líquido, ácido caracterizado por una elevada mineralización y valores de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) de hasta 150 000 mg/L, siendo altamente contaminante. (Objetivo): Ealuar un proceso de tratamiento de vinazas con peróxido de hidrógeno, como fuente de radicales hidroxilos, en escala laboratorio. (Metodología): Las muestras de vinazas, de destilerías de la provincia de Tucumán, se caracterizaron según técnicas normalizadas de Standard Methods. Los ensayos de oxidación se realizaron con distintas relaciones de peróxido/vinaza, en un reactor semibatch, en condiciones ambientales, midiendo DQO como parámetro indicador del tratamiento. (Resultados): Al cabo de cinco días se logró una disminución de DQO del 85 % y un aumento del Índice de Biodegradabilidad. La cinética de la reacción oxidativa fue de primer orden respecto de DQO, con una constante aparente de velocidad de 0.3694 1/día. (Conclusiones): Si bien no se lograron los valores de DQO permitidos por la normativa local (250 mg/L), el tratamiento propuesto es alentador por su simpleza, representando una opción potencial al desafío ambiental que representan las vinazas en América Latina.

Assessing the dynamics of pollutants in the environment is a very complex challenge, primarily because of the large number of variables involved. Thus, in addition to processes that depend on the physicochemical properties of the pollutant and the main characteristics of the contaminated environment, there are less obvious phenomena that also influence the dynamics of pollutants, such as colloid-mediated transport. The objective of this work is to elucidate the main characteristics of this process and its influence on the transport of pollutants through the soil, taking glyphosate as an example. Although this pollutant is strongly retained by soil components, its presence in groundwater is quite frequent, often due to this facilitated transport by colloids. challenge involved Thus colloidmediated colloid mediated example components frequent colloids

Over the last two decades, metabolomics has emerged as a pivotal tool in multidisciplinary research, providing invaluable insights into metabolome modulations and finding applications across various scientific domains, including medicine and agronomy. Nonetheless, the absence of standardized procedures in sample preparation, data acquisition, and documentation of data quality presents a significant challenge. This review underscores the critical importance of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in untargeted metabolomics, advocating for the establishment of agreed-upon QA/QC reporting standards within the scientific community. We discuss the requisite quality controls at various stages of untargeted metabolomics studies, encompassing blank samples, pooled samples, and the utilization of external quality control samples. Methods for assessing accuracy, reproducibility, and identifying/correcting batch effects are addressed. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on standardizing the description of QA/QC data in scientific publications and repositories to foster reproducibility and transparency. We recommend the publication of QC data alongside studies in appropriate databases to facilitate data comparison and sharing among researchers, thereby enhancing the quality of untargeted metabolomics research. In summary, implementing standardized QA/QC data reporting, along with promoting best practices within the untargeted metabolomics community, is crucial for improving result quality and credibility and advancing research utilizing this powerful technique. decades domains agronomy Nonetheless preparation acquisition challenge QAQC QA (QA/QC agreedupon agreed upon community samples accuracy identifyingcorrecting identifying correcting addressed Furthermore transparency researchers summary technique

ABSTRACT Currently with a more demanding market, is necessary to produce better and high physiological quality cultivars of soybeans. In front of this new challenge, our objective was to evaluate the physiological quality of 11 soybean cultivars: CD201, SYN1263, SYN1279, BMX, UFLA1, CA115, CD215, CD202, Conquista, Savana, and BRS820 storage for 12 months. Evaluations were conducted through physiological like germination and vigor (accelerated aging and controlled deterioration) and isoenzymes analysis. The seeds were stored under controlled conditions at 10 °C and 10% relative humidity. It was assessed every four months (0, 4, 8, and 12). 200 seeds per treatment were used for each test, divided into 4 replications of 50 seeds. The number of normal plants was evaluated on the fifth and seventh days, expressed as a percentage value. Isoenzyme analysis of MDH, ADH, Esterase, and Catalase was made. The results were interpreted from the presence or absence of bands in the gel. An experimental design in randomized complete blocks, interpreting data using analysis of variance in a factorial scheme 11 x 4 (11 cultivars and 4 times of storage and averages compared by the test Scott-Knott 5% of probability and regression analysis. The statistical program used was Sisvar®. We found that cultivars Savana and Conquista showed low physiological quality, and the cultivars CD 215 and BMX showed high physiological quality during storage. market soybeans challenge 1 CD201 SYN1263 SYN SYN1279 UFLA1 UFLA CA115 CA CD215 CD202 BRS BRS82 accelerated deterioration C humidity 0, 0 (0 8 12. . 12) 20 5 days value MDH ADH Esterase made gel blocks (1 ScottKnott Scott Knott Sisvar Sisvar® 21 CD20 SYN126 SYN127 CA11 CD21 BRS8 ( 2 CD2 SYN12 CA1 SYN1

The recycle and utilization of expired drugs is a challenge for many countries at present. The employment of expired drugs as green corrosion inhibitors is expected to address both drug recycling and corrosion prevention issues, with significant economic and environmental value. Herein, the individually and combination corrosion inhibition performance of expired amoxicillin (AMC) and penicillin V potassium tablets (PVP) for lowcarbon steel in 20% acetic acid solution containing 600 mg L-1 chloride ion are evaluated by electrochemistry and weight loss method. Both the AMC and PVP present the mixed-type corrosion inhibitors mainly affect the cathode process when used individually. The optimum inhibition efficiency is 61.22% (AMC) and 79.21% (PVP), which all appear in 5.0 × 10-3 mol L-1. The AMC and PVP are adsorbed on the steel surface by mixed physisorption and chemisorption, which are consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corrosion inhibition rate drops sharply when AMC and PVP are combined use with a close mole ratio. But a small amount of PVP significantly enhance the corrosion inhibition effect of AMC, the corrosion inhibition rate from 61.22 to 79.72%. The corrosion inhibition rate of AMC and PVP combination inhibitor decreased with the increase of temperature. issues value Herein (AMC (PVP 20 60 L1 L 1 L- method mixedtype type 6122 61 22 7921 79 21 79.21 PVP, , 50 5 0 5. 103 10 3 10- L1. 1. chemisorption isotherm ratio 61.2 7972 72 79.72% temperature 2 6 612 792 7 79.2 61. 797 79.72 79. 79.7

ABSTRACT Introduction Personality disorders are an underdiagnosed entity and lead to high absenteeism and low productivity. Patients with histrionic personality disorder display intense emotion, attention seeking behaviour and manipulation. Clinical case report This is a case report of a 52-year-old woman, working as a hospital operational assistant, with a history of histrionic PD, major depression and fibromyalgia. In an Occupational Medicine examination after sick leave, she reports worsening of depressive symptoms and intensification of pain complaints, presenting apparent motor and cognitive slowing. Return to work was initially authorized, however, after two days, a new examination is requested by her superior, who is unable to find a suitable position for the employee. After further clinical observation and considering the history and medical reports, she is considered temporarily unfit to perform any role. Discussion/Conclusion It is important to highlight the challenge of Occupational Health in the professional reintegration of employees with psychiatric pathology. Constant updating and consolidation of knowledge in Mental Health are fundamental.

RESUMO Introdução As perturbações da personalidade são uma entidade subdiagnosticada e condicionam elevado absentismo e baixa produtividade. Pacientes com perturbação da personalidade histriónica caraterizam-se pelo seu dramatismo, emoções intensas, procura de atenção e tentativa de manipulação. Caso clínico Os autores descrevem o caso de uma mulher de 52 anos, a trabalhar como assistente operacional hospitalar, com antecedentes de perturbação da personalidade histriónica, depressão major e fibromialgia. Refere, em exame de Medicina do Trabalho após certificado de incapacidade temporária, agravamento dos sintomas depressivos e intensificação das queixas álgicas, apresentando aparente lentificação motora e cognitiva. É inicialmente autorizado o regresso ao trabalho mas, dois dias depois, é pedida nova consulta pela chefia, por não conseguir encontrar um posto adequado à colaboradora. Após nova observação clínica e tendo em conta os antecedentes e os relatórios médicos, é considerada temporariamente inapta para o desempenho de qualquer função. Discussão/Conclusão É importante realçar o desafio da Saúde Ocupacional na reintegração profissional de colaboradores com patologia psiquiátrica sendo essencial, para isso, a constante atualização e consolidação de conhecimentos na área da Saúde Mental.

Abstract Introduction: The limited availability of data in Chile on the use of diagnostic images (DI) poses a challenge in the efficient management of resources. Objective: To quantify and characterize the use of DI in hospitalized subjects in Chile for 1 year. Method: Descriptive population based study on the use of DI in Chile during 2019 in hospitalized subjects using an official national database recorded with the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) system. Demographic variables related to hospitalization and derived from the DRG were analyzed. Results: 55.5% of hospital events involved at least one DI (n = 466,306). The most used imaging technique was radiography/X-ray (36.4%), followed by computed tomography (35%). The Magallanes and Aysén regions exhibited the highest DI rates. Hospitalized patients who required some DI had an average of days of hospitalization and mortality rate that were 3.4 and 5.5 times greater than those who did not require DI (p < 0.01). Conclusions: There are important geographical differences in the use of DI in Chile. Our description will facilitate future studies that delve deeper and explore access or socioeconomic differences.

Resumen Introducción: La escasa disponibilidad de datos en Chile sobre el uso de imágenes diagnósticas (ID) plantea un desafío en la gestión eficiente de recursos. Objetivo: Cuantificar y caracterizar el uso de ID en sujetos hospitalizados en Chile durante 1 año. Método: Estudio poblacional descriptivo sobre el uso de ID en Chile durante el año 2019 en sujetos hospitalizados utilizando una base de datos nacional oficial consignada con la herramienta de grupos relacionados a diagnósticos (GRD). Se analizaron variables demográficas, relativas a la hospitalización y derivadas de los GRD. Resultados: El 55,5% de los eventos hospitalarios involucró al menos una ID (n = 466.306). La modalidad de imagen más utilizada fue la radiografía (36,4%), seguida por la tomografía computada (35%). Las regiones de Magallanes y Aysén exhibieron las tasas de ID más altas. Los pacientes hospitalizados que requirieron alguna ID obtuvieron unos promedios de días de hospitalización y letalidad 3,4 y 5,5 veces mayores que los que no requirieron ID (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Existen importantes diferencias geográficas en la utilización de ID en Chile. Nuestra descripción facilitará la realización de futuros estudios que profundicen y exploren las diferencias en el acceso o socioeconómicas.

ABSTRACT Exfoliative dermatitis is a severe cutaneous inflammatory syndrome characterized by generalized erythema and scaling over more than 90 % of the body. This syndrome can be the final stage of various dermatological diseases or the beginning of certain pathologies such as psoriasis, which is the most common cause. Febrile illnesses are cause of psoriasis exacerbations. It is believed that the virus acts as a superantigen and activates cellular immunity causing immunological changes with varied symptoms in predisposed individuals. We present the case of a male patient who presented with a severe form of psoriasis after chikungunya infection.

RESUMEN La eritrodermia es un síndrome inflamatorio cutáneo grave que se caracteriza por eritema y descamación generalizada en más del 90 % del cuerpo. Este síndrome puede ser la etapa final de diversas enfermedades dermatológicas o el inicio de ciertas patologías como la psoriasis, que es la causa más común. Las enfermedades febriles son causa de exacerbaciones de psoriasis. Se cree que el virus actúa como un superantígeno y activa la inmunidad celular causando cambios inmunológicos con clínica variada en individuos predispuestos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino que debuta con una forma grave de psoriasis posterior a infección por chikungunya.

Resumen: En el escenario contemporáneo, el poder crítico de las ciencias sociales se ha visto cuestionado. Por un lado, reconocemos la democracia como una arena agonística (Mouffe), en la que el consenso significa la muerte. Por otro, la fragmentación de las demandas debilita los logros democráticos, vaciando la idea de emancipación. Destacamos los feminismos y las formas en que abordan el contenido emancipatorio de las políticas identitarias. Señalamos el peligro de confundir la afirmación de las identidades con el término identitarismo, en connivencia con esencialismos que pueden conducir al extremismo. Sin embargo, nos esforzamos por demostrar que la crítica, en sentido ecuménico, no produce un antagonismo entre emancipación e identidad, exponiendo preliminarmente la diversidad de argumentos desde la teoría crítica feminista, el feminismo post-estructuralista hasta los feminismos negros, que nunca han sido tan elocuentes. Finalmente, proponemos la escucha como condición básica para quien quiera llamarse parte del proyecto de las teóricas críticas. Resumen contemporáneo cuestionado lado Mouffe, Mouffe , (Mouffe) muerte otro democráticos identitarias identitarismo extremismo embargo ecuménico identidad feminista postestructuralista post estructuralista negros elocuentes Finalmente críticas (Mouffe

Abstract: In the contemporary scenario, the critical power of the social sciences has come under challenge. On the one hand, democracy is acknowledged as an agonistic arena (Mouffe) where consensus might mean its demise. On the other hand, the fragmentation of demands weakens democratic achievements, undermining the concept of emancipation. To understand this, we focus on feminisms and their approaches to the emancipatory content of identity politics. We discuss the dangers of conflating the affirmation of identities with the term “identitarianism,” which, in complicity with essentialisms, poses a risk of extremisms. In other perspective, we seek to demonstrate how criticism, in an ecumenical sense, does not generate an antagonism between emancipation and identity, presenting the diversity of arguments from feminist critical theory to post-structuralist feminism and black feminisms that have never been so eloquent. Finally, we propose “listening” as a foundational condition for those who intend to self-identify as part of the project of critical theories. Abstract scenario challenge hand Mouffe (Mouffe demise achievements this politics identitarianism, identitarianism “identitarianism, which essentialisms extremisms perspective criticism sense poststructuralist post structuralist eloquent Finally listening “listening selfidentify self identify theories “identitarianism

Resumo: No cenário contemporâneo, a potência crítica das ciências sociais tem sido desafiada. De um lado, reconhecemos a democracia como arena agonística (Mouffe), em que o consenso significa sua morte. De outro, a fragmentação das demandas fragiliza as conquistas democráticas, esvaziando a ideia de emancipação. Destacamos os feminismos e os modos como lidam com o conteúdo emancipatório das políticas identitárias. Atentamos para o perigo de se confundir a afirmação das identidades com o termo identitarismos em conivência com essencialismos que podem derivar em extremismos. Buscamos, porém, demonstrar que a crítica, em sentido ecumênico, não produz um antagonismo entre emancipação e identidade, expondo em caráter preliminar a diversidade dos argumentos desde a Teoria Crítica feminista, passando pelo feminismo pós-estruturalista, até os feminismos negros que nunca foram tão eloquentes. Propomos, por fim, a escuta como condição basilar para quem pretende se autodenominar parte do projeto das teóricas críticas. Resumo contemporâneo desafiada lado Mouffe, Mouffe , (Mouffe) morte outro democráticas identitárias extremismos Buscamos porém ecumênico identidade feminista pósestruturalista, pósestruturalista pós estruturalista, estruturalista pós-estruturalista eloquentes Propomos fim críticas (Mouffe

Abstract Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a product used in the form of panels that presents as a challenge the simultaneous consideration of the orthogonal arrangement of lamellae with the orthotropic behaviour of wood. In order to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of CLT panels in bending, it is possible to resort to plate theories, numerical and simplified methods. Within this context, this paper proposed to analyse the normal and shear stresses, as well the vertical displacements in a given CLT panel through three plate theories, three simplified methods, Finite Element Method and a proposed analytical method. For the study, a five-layered CLT panel with lamellae thickness of 20 mm, at first, with sides of 3 m. Afterward, parametric variations of the ratio between spans were also stipulated. The structural analysis permitted to obtain the stresses and the vertical displacements for the aforementioned panel. The parametric variations carried out made it possible to verify the sensitivity of the proposed panel in terms of stresses and vertical displacements against variations in the ratio between the panel’s plan dimensions. Crosslaminated Cross laminated (CLT wood bending theories methods context method study fivelayered five layered 2 mm first m Afterward stipulated s dimensions

Resumo Amadeira lamelada colada cruzada (MLCC) é um produto empregado na forma de painéis que apresenta como desafio a consideração conjunta da disposição ortogonal de lamelas com o comportamento ortotrópico da madeira. Para avaliar o comportamento mecânico de painéis de MLCC, em flexão simples, é possível recorrer a teorias de placas, métodos numéricos e simplificados. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho se propôs a analisar as tensões, normais e de cisalhamento, bem como os deslocamentos verticais em um dado painel de MLCC por meio de três teorias de placas, três métodos simplificados, método dos elementos finitos e um método analítico proposto. Para o estudo, foi considerado um painel de MLCC com cinco camadas de 20 mm de espessura, inicialmente quadrado com lados de 3 m, sendo, posteriormente, realizadas análises paramétricas da razão entre as dimensões em planta. Com as análises estruturais, foi possível a obtenção das tensões, bem como os deslocamentos verticais do referido painel. As análises paramétricas realizadas permitiram averiguar a sensibilidade do painel de MLCC proposto, em termos de tensões e deslocamentos verticais, frente às variações da razão entre as dimensões em planta do painel. (MLCC madeira simples placas simplificados contexto cisalhamento proposto estudo 2 espessura m sendo posteriormente estruturais

Resumo A expansão desordenada das cidades é um desafio global que afeta o desenvolvimento urbano. Neste estudo, é analisado o crescimento urbano em uma cidade média durante cinco décadas, com enfoque na forma urbana e aplicação de mais de 20 métricas espaciais associadas à mensuração da geometria da expansão físico-territorial no ambiente construído. Os padrões de crescimento são analisados à luz do fenômeno espraiamento urbano e sob a perspectiva da teoria de Difusão-Coalescência. São discutidas as limitações inerentes às métricas existentes, assim como elencadas alternativas que as superam por mensuração das propriedades de Compacidade, Fragmentação, Complexidade e Dispersão concomitantemente. Os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de fases distintas no crescimento urbano ao longo das décadas: Difusão de uma forma inicialmente compacta em partes menores nas periferias; e Transição para crescimento com agrupamento dessas partes, elevando a compacidade. Essa oscilação sugere aderência à teoria da Difusão-Coalescência, com ocorrência de espraiamento urbano (entre 1966 e 1976) seguida de aumento da compacidade nas décadas subsequentes (1976-2006). Após 2006 os resultados são ambíguos, possivelmente associados a fatores intervenientes de planejamento. A discussão dos resultados destaca a relevância da quantificação do crescimento urbano por meio de métricas, e traz conceitos importantes atualmente limitados à literatura internacional. estudo 2 físicoterritorial físico territorial construído DifusãoCoalescência. DifusãoCoalescência Coalescência. Coalescência Difusão-Coalescência existentes Compacidade Fragmentação concomitantemente periferias DifusãoCoalescência, Coalescência, entre 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 . (1976-2006) 200 ambíguos planejamento internacional 19 197 1976200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Abstract The disorderly expansion of cities is a global challenge that impacts urban development. In this paper, we analyse the urban growth in a medium-sized city over five decades, focusing on urban form and employing more than 20 spatial metrics associated with the geometry of physical-territorial expansion in the built environment. We examine the growth patterns in the context of the urban sprawl phenomenon and the Diffusion-Coalescence theory perspective. We discuss the inherent limitations of existing metrics and raise alternatives that simultaneously address the properties of Compactness, Fragmentation, Complexity, and Dispersion. The results reveal distinct phases in urban growth over the decades, from diffusion of an initially compact form into smaller parts on the periphery; to a transition towards more compact growth. This oscillation suggests adherence to the Diffusion-Coalescence theory, with urban sprawl occurring between 1966 and 1976, followed by increased compactness in subsequent decades (1976-2006). After 2006, the results became ambiguous, possibly due to intervening planning factors. The discussion of the findings underscores the importance of quantifying urban growth using metrics and introduces concepts that have been hitherto limited to international literature. development paper mediumsized medium sized 2 physicalterritorial physical territorial environment DiffusionCoalescence Diffusion Coalescence perspective Compactness Fragmentation Complexity Dispersion periphery 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 2006 . (1976-2006) ambiguous factors literature 19 197 1976200 200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

RESUMEN La empleabilidad es un proceso complejo, caracterizado en los últimos años por disímiles requerimientos, por lo que representa un reto para los graduados de las universidades, debido a la exigencia de competencias profesionales y sociales que demanda el mercado. Dada la preocupación existente, para garantizar de forma eficaz el proceso de empleo de los graduados de las carreras de turismo en las Universidades de Santiago de los Caballeros, de la República Dominicana, se realizó un diagnóstico que permitió la identificación de los factores que inciden en el proceso.

ABSTRACT Employability is a complex process, characterized in recent years by dissimilar requirements, which represents a challenge for university graduates, due to the demand for professional and social competencies demanded by the market. Given the existing concern to effectively guarantee the employment process of the graduates of the tourism careers in the Universities of Santiago de los Caballeros, in the Dominican Republic, a diagnosis was carried out to identify the factors that affect the process.

Abstract Introduction: Although drug trafficking has been a historical practice in the Paraguayan Chaco, social dynamics have changed in recent years, generating a hybrid social order in which drug traffickers have gained power, indigenous groups have been left unprotected and at the mercy of traffickers, and politics has disengaged from the community and freed up areas to facilitate and protect the illegal business. Objective: Against this backdrop, the article describes social perceptions of drug trafficking and politics in indigenous communities in the Department of Alto Paraguay. Methodology: The research is based on a qualitative multi-method approach that includes documentation, ethnography and key informant interviews. Conclusions: The paper demonstrates how the delegitimization of formal politics and legality create areas of risk not only for the expansion and social tolerance of criminality, but also for the legitimization of illegality as a means to achieve a (more) dignified life. In this sense, the article questions that the literature on criminal governance and narcopolitics has focused more on adjectives than on nouns. It is the previous inefficiency of governance and politics that creates the conditions for the emergence of unwanted adjectives (such as criminal or narco). The challenge is not so much to fight crime as to promote revalorized governance and policy.

Resumo Introdução: Embora o narcotráfico seja uma prática histórica no Chaco paraguaio, a dinâmica social mudou nos últimos anos, gerando uma ordem social híbrida na qual os narcotraficantes ganharam poder, os grupos indígenas ficaram desprotegidos e à mercê dos traficantes, e a política se desvinculou da comunidade e liberou áreas para facilitar e proteger o negócio ilegal. Objetivo: Diante desse cenário, o artigo descreve as percepções sociais da narcopolítica e da política em comunidades indígenas no Departamento de Alto Paraguai. Metodologia: a pesquisa se baseia em uma abordagem qualitativa multimétodos que envolve documentação, etnografia e entrevistas com informantes-chave. Conclusões: O artigo demonstra como a deslegitimação da política formal e da legalidade cria áreas de risco não apenas para a expansão e a tolerância social da criminalidade, mas também para a legitimação da ilegalidade como um meio de alcançar uma vida (mais) digna. Nesse sentido, o artigo questiona o fato de a literatura sobre governança criminal e narcopolítica ter se concentrado mais em adjetivos do que em substantivos. É a ineficiência anterior da governança e da política que cria as condições para o surgimento de adjetivos indesejados (como criminoso ou narcopolítico). O desafio não é tanto combater o crime, mas promover uma governança e uma política revalorizadas.

Resumen Introducción: aunque el narcotráfico ha sido una práctica histórica en el Chaco Paraguayo, las dinámicas sociales cambiaron en los últimos años, generando un orden social híbrido en el que los rectores del narco habrían ganado poder, los grupos indígenas habrían quedado desprotegidos y a merced de los traficantes, y la política se habría desentendido de la comunidad y liberaría zonas para facilitar y proteger el negocio ilegal. Objetivo: ante este contexto, el artículo describe las percepciones sociales sobre el narco y la política en comunidades indígenas del Departamento de Alto Paraguay. Metodología: la investigación se basa en un enfoque cualitativo multi-método que incluye documentación, etnografía y entrevistas a informantes clave. Conclusiones: el trabajo demuestra cómo la deslegitimación de la política formal y de la legalidad crean áreas de riesgo no sólo para la expansión y tolerancia social de la criminalidad, sino también para la legitimación de la ilegalidad como medio para conseguir una vida (más) digna. En este sentido, el artículo cuestiona que la literatura sobre gobernanza criminal y narcopolítica se ha centrado más en los adjetivos que en los sustantivos. La ineficiencia previa de la gobernanza y la política es la que crea las condiciones para la emergencia de los adjetivos indeseados (como criminal o narco). El desafío no es tanto combatir el crimen como promover una gobernanza y una política revalorizada.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación cualitativa es identificar los factores que facilitan u obstaculizan la adquisición o el fortalecimiento de competencias culturales en la labor de los profesionales de atención primaria de salud en Chile. Con base en las entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a 32 profesionales que trabajan en una comuna de Santiago, se efectuó un análisis de contenido considerando cuatro dimensiones de las competencias culturales: conciencia, conocimiento, habilidades y motivación. Este análisis fue discutido en ocho conversatorios con profesionales de atención primaria, académicos/as e integrantes de colectivos migrantes; esto permitió reconocer los patrones en el trato y en la atención que avalan ciertas prácticas y valores. Se concluye que los factores analizados interpelan a los/as profesionales y constituyen un insumo para estimular los procesos de reflexión individual y de los equipos.

Abstract The objective of this qualitative research is to identify the factors that facilitate or hinder the acquisition or strengthening of cultural competencies in the work of primary health care professionals in Chile. Based on semi-structured interviews carried out with 32 professionals who work in a municipality of Santiago, a content analysis was performed, considering four dimensions of cultural competencies: awareness, knowledge, skills, and motivation. This analysis was discussed in eight conversation groups with primary care professionals, academics, and members of migrant groups. This made it possible to identify patterns in treatment and attention that support certain practices and values. It is concluded that the factors analyzed challenge the professionals and constitute an input to stimulate the individual and team reflection processes.

Resumen Este trabajo cualitativo analiza las narrativas de cinco mujeres latinas radicadas en el estado de Oregón (Estados Unidos) en relación con sus interacciones sociales en el sector servicios y los espacios públicos de las comunidades en las que viven. El objetivo es conocer sus experiencias y observar si existe una conciencia crítica sociolingüística que reafirme una agencia en el país de destino. Usando como marco teórico el análisis crítico del discurso y la raciolingüística, se obtuvieron tres ejes temáticos comunes: la ausencia del español en los lugares públicos, la mirada blanca en los intercambios lingüísticos, y el multilingüismo en la vida pública. Estas narrativas muestran cómo la conciencia crítica desencadena la resiliencia y la agencia que les ha permitido enfrentarse a dificultades racistas y discriminaciones lingüísticas en Estados Unidos.

Abstract This qualitative study analyzes the narratives of five Latina women living in the state of Oregon (United States) in relation to their social interactions in the service sector and public spaces of the communities in which they live. The objective is to learn about their experiences and observe if there is a critical sociolinguistic awareness that reaffirms an agency in the destination country. Drawing on a theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and raciolinguistics, three common thematic axes were obtained: the absence of Spanish in public places, the white gaze in linguistic exchanges, and multilingualism in public life. These narratives show how critical awareness triggers the resilience and agency that has allowed these women to challenge racist and linguistic discriminations in the United States.