Abstract Textile sludge is a waste from the effluent treatment of textile laundries and its incorporation into alternative materials has been proposed as a possibility for its disposal. A systematic search was carried out in literature from this perspective, aiming to observe concentrations of waste material and its preparation, matrices used, technological performance and immobilization of textile waste. The matrices used were mortars, concretes and ceramic bricks, in general, deleterious effects were observed on mechanical characteristics of the materials produced. In concrete and mortars, the fineness had an impact on increase in water demand, which increased mixtures porosity; and organic matter and heavy metals, in cement hydration. Recent studies therefore proposed waste material pre-treatment as a favorable alternative. Increases in porosity also occurred in ceramic bricks, however, due to high organic matter content. Regarding waste immobilization, cementitious materials showed satisfactory performance; ceramic bricks, on the other hand, obtained some results outside the normative limits. Therefore, it is necessary to expand discussions regarding the pre-treatment carried out on textile sludge, as well as its impacts on mechanical and environmental performance.

Resumo Olodo têxtil é um resíduo do tratamento do efluente das lavanderias têxteis e sua incorporação em materiais alternativos tem sido proposta como possibilidade para sua destinação. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática na literatura nesta perspectiva, visando observar as concentrações de material residual e seu preparo, as matrizes utilizadas, o desempenho tecnológico e imobilização do resíduo têxtil. As matrizes empregadas foram argamassas, concretos e tijolos cerâmicos, sendo observados, de maneira geral, efeitos deletérios nas características mecânicas dos materiais produzidos. Em concretos e argamassas, a finura impactou no aumento da demanda de água, o que elevou a porosidade das misturas; e a matéria orgânica e metais pesados, na hidratação do cimento. Estudos recentes propuseram, então, o pré-tratamento do material residual como uma alternativa favorável. Incrementos na porosidade também ocorreram nos tijolos cerâmicos, porém, devido ao elevado teor de matéria orgânica. Quanto a imobilização do resíduo, os materiais cimentícios apresentaram desempenho satisfatório; já os tijolos cerâmicos, obtiveram alguns resultados fora dos limites normativos. Portanto, é necessário ampliar as discussões quanto ao pré-tratamento realizado no lodo têxtil, bem como seus impactos no desempenho mecânico e ambiental.

Litografie-gebaseerde keramiekvervaardiging (LCM) is 'n laagvervaardigingstegnologie (LV) wat pasgemaakte, driedimensionele keramiekonderdele laag vir laag bou. Die vlak van akkuraatheid van die proses maak voorsiening vir die druk van pasgemaakte intern-aaneenlopende roosterstrukture en ontwerpe wat geskik is vir beenimplantate. Hierdie studie het die LCM-veraardigbaarheid van verskeie roosterstrukture ondersoek met die hidroksieapatiet (HA480) verskaf deur Lithoz. Verskillende roosterstrukture is gekarakteriseer. Die mikroskopiese struktuur, die samestelling en die oppervlakrofheid van die toetsmonsters is bepaal. Om die meganiese eienskappe van die strukture te verkry, is druktoetse uitgevoer. Die waargenome mikroporieë van ±3 µm en die makroporieë van ±320 µm was geskik vir beenselgroei. Die gemete mikrohardheid van HA480 was 556±25 HV in die bourigting en 559±27 HV loodreg op die bourigting. Die druksterkte van die rombiese dodekaëderroosterstruktuur was 4±0.5 MPa, en was beter as ander getoetste roosters. Uit die resultate is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat roosterstrukture wat deur LCM vervaardig word, die potensiaal het om gebruik te word vir vervaardiging van pasgemaakte beenregenererende steiers.

Lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology that builds custom-designed, three-dimensional ceramic parts layer by layer. The level of precision of the process allows for the printing of custom-made interconnected lattices and designs suitable for bone implants. This study investigated the LCM printability of various lattice structures with the hydroxyapatite (HA480) supplied by Lithoz. Different lattice structures were characterised. The microscopic structure, the composition, and the surface roughness of the test specimens were determined. To obtain the mechanical properties of the structures, compression tests were performed. The observed micropores of ±3 µm and the macropores of ±320 µm were suitable for bone cell growth. The measured microhardness of HA480 was 556±25 HV in the built direction and 559±27 HV perpendicular to the built direction. The compressive strength of the rhombic dodecahedron lattice structure was 4±0.5 MPa, and was superior to other tested lattices. From the results it was concluded that lattice structures produced through LCM have the potential to be used to produce customised bone-regenerating scaffolds.

Abstract This study investigated the effects caused by the thermal shock phenomenon on the temperature distribution in Adhered Ceramic Tiling Systems (ACTS). Cyclic thermal and hygroscopic loads are periodic events resulting from successive and sequential processes of heating by solar irradiation and sudden cooling by heavy rains. Through an experimental program carried out in a ceramic tile prototype composed of porcelain tiles settle with adhesive mortar directly on a concrete wall, monitored the surface temperatures and temperatures at the adhesive mortar-concrete interface were measured during its exposure to heating and cooling cycles according to NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021) procedures. The confinement of thermal energy (heat) inside the structure, after the beginning of cooling, demonstrates that part of the thermal stresses is maintained internally to the structure even after the drop-in surface temperature of the ceramic tile (non-homogeneous distribution), indicating that the movements structural elements of thermal origin will tend to different directions (non-uniform) and, consequently, will cause opposite stresses between layers. This results in a possible increase and concentration of stresses in certain regions that, if critical, will lead to the appearance of damage in the ceramic coating.

Resumo O estudo investigou os efeitos causados pelo fenômeno do choque térmico sobre a distribuição de temperatura em sistemas de revestimento cerâmico aderido (SRCA). Carregamentos cíclicos térmicos e higroscópicos são eventos periódicos resultado de processos sucessivos e sequenciais de aquecimento por irradiação solar e resfriamentos bruscos por chuvas. Por meio de um programa experimental realizado em um protótipo de revestimento cerâmico composto de placas de porcelanato assentadas com argamassa colante diretamente sobre uma parede de concreto, monitoraram-se as temperaturas superficiais e na interface argamassa colante-concreto durante sua exposição a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, conforme procedimentos da NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021). O confinamento de energia térmica (calor) no interior da estrutura, após o início do resfriamento, demonstra que parte dos esforços térmicos é mantida internamente à estrutura mesmo após a queda de temperatura superficial da placa cerâmica (distribuição não homogênea), indicando que as movimentações estruturais de origem térmica tenderão a ir em direções diferentes (não uniformes) e, consequentemente, ocasionarão solicitações opostas entre camadas. Isso resulta em possível acréscimo e concentração de tensões em determinadas regiões, que, se críticas, levarão ao surgimento do dano no revestimento cerâmico.

Abstract Introduction. Heavy metal pollution is a growing problem due to human activities. Plants can remove, destroy, or transform contaminants from soil, water, and air. By using plant growth regulators and chelating agents, heavy metal toxicity can be reduced. Objective. To evaluate the effect of applying a mixture of oligogalacturonides on peroxidase activity and the contents of malondialdehyde, total protein, and chlorophylls in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Amalia subjected to high levels of heavy metals. Materials and methods. Soil contaminated with Cu, Cd, and Fe was collected from the Adalberto Vidal White Ceramic Company in Mayabeque, Cuba, in 2020. The experiment was conducted in 7 kg capacity bags using tomato plants, under semi-controlled conditions at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), with a completely randomized experimental design with each treatment having ten replicates. The treatments with the oligogalacturonides (Ogal) were soil application (30 mg kg-1); foliar spray (20 mg L-1), the combination of these application forms, and a control. Peroxidase activity and the contents of malondialdehyde, total protein, and chlorophylls were determined at 35 and 56 days after the plant’s emergence. Results. The effect of Cu, Cd, and Fe on the seedlings was attenuated by all the use of the Ogal mixture variants use, indicating that they have developed adaptation mechanisms to high metal concentrations which allows to withstand abiotic stress. Conclusions. The Ogal mixture attenuated the effect of heavy metals on peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content, total proteins, and chlorophylls in Amalia tomato plants.

Resumen Introducción. La contaminación por metales pesados es un problema que ha ido en aumento, debido a las actividades antrópicas. Las plantas pueden eliminar, destruir o transformar contaminantes del suelo, agua y aire. Con el empleo de reguladores del crecimiento vegetal y agentes quelantes se puede reducir la toxicidad por metales pesados. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de una mezcla de oligogalacturónidos sobre la actividad peroxidasa y los contenidos de malondialdehido, proteinas totales y clorofilas, en plantas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Amalia sometidas a altos niveles de metales pesados. Materiales y métodos. Se colectó suelo contaminado con Cu, Cd y el Fe, en la Empresa cerámica blanca Adalberto Vidal de Mayabeque, Cuba en el año 2020. El experimento se desarrolló en bolsas de 7 kg de capacidad y se utilizaron plantas de tomate, en condiciones semi controladas en áreas del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), con un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado con siete tratamientos y diez réplicas. Los tratamientos del producto a base de oligogalacturónidos (Ogal) fueron: aplicación al suelo (30 mg kg-1); aspersión foliar (20 mg L-1), la combinación de estas formas de aplicación y un testigo. A los 35 y 56 días de emergidas las plantas, se determinó la actividad peroxidasa y los contenidos de malondialdehido, proteinas totales y clorofilas. Resultados. El efecto que provocan el Cu, Cd y el Fe en las plántulas, fue atenuado por todas las variantes de uso de la mezcla Ogal, por lo que las mismas han desarrollado mecanismos de adaptación ante las altas concentraciones metálicas que le permiten subsistir al estrés abiótico. Conclusiones. La mezcla de Ogal atenuó el efecto que provocan los metales pesados en la actividad peroxidasa, el contenido malondialdehido, proteínas totales y clorofilas en plantas de tomate var. Amalia.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different decontamination agents on the bond strength of saliva-contaminated CAD/CAM blocks and repair composite materials. Two hunderd eighty 3-mm-thick specimens were prepared from four different CAD/CAM materials: Katana Zirconia UTML disc, IPS e.max CAD block, Shofu block, and Vita Enamic block. Each material was divided into seven different subgroups (N=70). Group 1 had a clean surface. The other groups were comprised of the samples, which were contaminated with human saliva: group 2: negative control (non-cleaned); group 3: cleaned with water spray; group 4: cleaned with 70% ethanol; group 5: cleaned with Ivoclean; group 6: cleaned with Katana Cleaner; and group 7: cleaned with phosphoric acid. After the decontamination protocols, the resin composite cylinders were bonded to the CAD/CAM surfaces with a thin layer of dual-cured resin cement. The samples were stored for 24 hours at 37°C in distilled water. Then, they were subjected to a shear bond strength test (SBS). The values were recorded, and fracture types were evaluated using a microscope. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test. Generally, all decontaminating agents improved the SBS of composites to Katana Zirconia UTML, IPS e.max, and Vita Enamic materials (p<0.05). However, for Shofu materials, group 6 samples exhibited significantly higher bond strength values as compared with group 2 samples (p=0.026). The highest SBS values were seen in the phosphoric acid-treated group in Katana zirconia materials (26.45 ± 9.38 MPa), whereas the lowest values were seen in group 2 samples in Shofu materials (13.17±3.40 MPa). Each decontaminant agent improved the bond strength of composites to the contaminated CAD/CAM materials. If saliva is not cleaned before adhesive procedure, SBS values may decrease. All decontamination agents can be used safely on zirconia, lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic, hybrid ceramic, and polymer-infiltrated ceramic surfaces.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de diferentes agentes descontaminantes sobre la fuerza de unión de bloques CAD/CAM contaminados con saliva y materiales compuestos de reparación. Se prepararon doscientas ochenta muestras de 3 mm de espesor a partir de cuatro materiales CAD/CAM diferentes: disco Katana Zirconia UTML, bloque IPS e.max CAD, bloque Shofu y bloque Vita Enamic. Cada material se dividió en siete subgrupos diferentes (N=70). El grupo 1 tenía una superficie limpia. Los otros grupos estaban compuestos por muestras que estaban contaminadas con saliva humana: grupo 2: control negativo (no limpio); grupo 3: limpiado con agua pulverizada; grupo 4: limpiado con etanol al 70%; grupo 5: limpiado con Ivoclean; grupo 6: limpiado con Katana Cleaner; y grupo 7: limpiado con ácido fosfórico. Después de los protocolos de descontaminación, los cilindros de composite de resina se adhirieron a las superficies CAD/CAM con una fina capa de cemento de resina de curado dual. Las muestras se almacenaron durante 24 horas a 37°C en agua destilada. Luego, fueron sometidos a una prueba de resistencia al corte (SBS). Se registraron los valores y se evaluaron los tipos de fracturas utilizando un microscopio. Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA de dos factores y la prueba post-hoc de Tukey. En general, todos los agentes descontaminantes mejoraron el SBS de los composites con los materiales Katana Zirconia UTML, IPS e.max y Vita Enamic (p<0,05). Sin embargo, para los materiales Shofu, las muestras del grupo 6 exhibieron valores de fuerza de unión significativamente más altos en comparación con las muestras del grupo 2 (p=0,026). Los valores más altos de SBS se observaron en el grupo tratado con ácido fosfórico en materiales de circonio Katana (26,45 ± 9,38 MPa), mientras que los valores más bajos se observaron en las muestras del grupo 2 en materiales Shofu (13,17 ± 3,40 MPa). Cada agente descontaminante mejoró la fuerza de unión de los composites a los materiales CAD/CAM contaminados. Si no se limpia la saliva antes del procedimiento adhesivo, los valores de SBS pueden disminuir. Todos los agentes descontaminantes se pueden utilizar de forma segura en superficies de circonio, cerámica de vidrio de disilicato de litio, cerámica híbrida y cerámica con infiltraciones de polímeros.

Resumen: En diciembre de 2019 el Comité Intergubernamental para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial, reunido en Bogotá, materializó un proyecto que había comenzado siete años antes. Desde ese momento, los procesos artesanales de la cerámica de Talavera de la Reina y El Puente del Arzobispo, situados al oeste de la provincia de Toledo (España), fueron incluidos en la Lista Representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad. La UNESCO localizaba, sin embargo, la cerámica de Talavera, en un mapa mundial, a ambos lados del Atlántico y, junto a estos dos centros productivos en Europa, también aparecían los estados de Tlaxcala y Puebla, en el altiplano mexicano. Una técnica artesanal alcanzaba así, el máximo reconocimiento internacional a través de su proyección sobre cuatro territorios diferenciados, pero con una historia entreverada. El presente texto pretende mapear, en perspectiva antropológica, el decurso histórico de la cerámica de Talavera hasta alcanzar la meta de engrosar la lista del patrimonio que ha de ser salvaguardado para el futuro.

Abstract: In December 2019, the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, meeting in Bogotá, materializeda project that hadbegun seven years earlier. From that moment on, the ceramic craftprocesses of Talavera de la Reina and El Puente del Arzobispo, located in Western Toledo (Spain), were included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. UNESCO, however, located Talavera ceramics on a world map on both sides of the Atlantic and, together with these two production centers in Europe, the states of Tlaxcala and Puebla, in the Mexican highlands, also appeared. A craft technique thus achieved maximum International recognition through its ramifications over four different territories but with an interwoven history. The present text intends to map, from an anthropological perspective, the historical course of Talavera ceramics until it reaches the goal of adding it to the list of heritage to be safeguarded for the future.

Em um contexto local de estudos estritamente tipológicos e com a ausência manuais para o estudo da cerâmica relacionada a cultura arqueológica Puruhá, Serra Central do Equador, verificamos a possibilidade associar a questão teórica e metodológica à prática arqueológica, resultando na localização da produção ceramista como um subsistema intrínseco a compreensão dos sistemas socioculturais que definem uma cultural. Com esta premissa, este manuscrito apresenta uma proposta de classificação em arqueologia com fulcro na análise da cultura material cerâmica contextualizada ou não contextualizada por intermédio da aplicação dos conceitos de antropologia das técnicas e das cadeias operatórias associada às análises tecnotipológicas com o estudo de caso da produção ceramista Puruhá. Tendo como marco metodológico o método empírico indutivo, com enfoque qualitativo que mescla a revisão de literatura, inserção conceitual, técnica e análises, de alcance exploratório e não experimental enquanto desenho de investigação. A proposta de classificação em arqueologia possibilitou verificar a factibilidade e potencial de sua utilização em um contexto Puruhá, assim como sua correlação entre outros sítios, resultando em uma leitura que permite realizar inferências sobre continuidades e mudanças culturais.

En un contexto local de estudios estrictamente tipológicos y con ausencia de manuales para el estudio de la cerámica relacionada con la cultura arqueológica Puruhá, Sierra Central del Ecuador, verificamos la posibilidad de asociar la cuestión teórica y metodológica con la práctica arqueológica, resultando en la ubicación de la producción cerámica como un subsistema intrínseco a la comprensión de los sistemas socioculturales que definen una cultura. Con esta premisa, este manuscrito presenta una propuesta de clasificación en arqueología basada en el análisis de la cultura material cerámica contextualizada o no contextualizada mediante la aplicación de los conceptos de antropología de técnicas y cadenas operativas asociadas a los análisis tecnotipológicos con el estudio de caso de la producción alfarera Puruhá. Teniendo como marco metodológico el método empírico inductivo, con un enfoque cualitativo que mezcla revisión de la literatura, inserción conceptual, técnica y análisis, con un alcance exploratorio y no experimental como diseño de investigación. La propuesta de clasificación en arqueología permitió verificar la factibilidad y potencial de su uso en un contexto Puruhá, así como su correlación con otros sitios, resultando en una lectura que permite hacer inferencias sobre continuidades y cambios culturales.

In a local context of strictly typological studies and with the absence of manuals for the study of ceramics related to the Puruhá archaeological culture, Sierra Central do Ecuador, we verified the possibility of associating the theoretical and methodological issue with archaeological practice, resulting in the location of ceramic production as an intrinsic subsystem understanding the sociocultural systems that define a cultural. With this premise, this manuscript presents a proposal for classification in archeology based on the analysis of contextualized or non-contextualized ceramic material culture through the application of the concepts of anthropology of techniques and operational chains associated with techno-typological analyzes with the case study of production Puruhá potter. Having as a methodological framework the inductive empirical method, with a qualitative approach that mixes literature review, conceptual insertion, technique and analysis, with an exploratory and non-experimental scope as a research design. The proposed archeological classification allowed us to check the feasibility and potential of its usage in a Puruhá setting, as well as its linkage with other sites, yielding a reading that allows us to draw conclusions regarding cultural continuities and changes.

INTRODUCTION: The use of glass ionomer cements (GIC) as a restorative material was limited to areas of low masticatory forces due to their low mechanical properties which were also affected by the powder/liquid mixing ratio of this material. Bond strength is important for the clinical success of adhesive material. The shear bond strength (SBS) is the maximum force that an adhesive joint can tolerate before fracture which is tested by SBS tests. The high bond strength helps the adhesive to resist stresses caused by resin contraction and forces for a longer time and thus prevents the problems of bond failure such as recurrent caries, tooth sensitivity and restoration failure. GIC as a restorative material has the capacity to release fluoride and shows good bonding ability. The use of GIC in anterior applications appears to be satisfactory, but they have limitations for use in permanent posterior teeth, particularly with regard to large restorations. Zirconia-reinforced GI (Zirconomer, Shofu Inc, Japan) is a new class of restorative material containing reinforced glass ionomer with special zirconia fillers that promises the strength and durability of amalgam with the protective benefits of glass ionomer while eliminating the hazards of mercury. Amalgomer CR (Advanced Health Care, Tonbridge, Kent, UK), a novel ceramic-reinforced GIC, was introduced, which combines the benefits of GIC with the high strength of ceramics. In the present study, shear bond strength to the dentin with Zirconomer, Amalgomer CR and Fuji type IX GIC (GC Tokyo) are compared. AIM: To evaluate the shear bond strength of three different aesthetic materials to dentin. METHODOLOGY: Thirty extracted human molar teeth were taken, cleaned, stored and the occlusal surfaces of the teeth were flattened with a straight fissured bur at a depth of three millimetres until dentin was exposed. Acrylic blocks were prepared by cold cure acrylic resin and the samples were embedded into the blocks and conditioning of dentin was done using dentin conditioner (GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan). Out of 30 dentin-exposed samples, 10 samples were restored with Zirconomer, the other 10 with Amalgomer CR and the remaining 10 with GIC respectively. All the specimens were transferred to the universal testing machine individually and subjected to shear bond strength analysis. RESULT: Statistical analysis was done for all three groups by using descriptive statistics that include one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures for intergroup comparison. CONCLUSION: Zirconomer showed better shear bond strength than Amalgomer CR and GIC

Abstract This study investigates the properties of self-leveling subfloor mortar mixtures with natural and calcined phosphogypsum waste in the form of calcium sulfate called anhydrite and white ceramic, by replacing 50% of the mass of Portland cement CP II Z-32. The effects of using waste were evaluated in the fresh (initial fluidity, flow retention, regeneration time, setting time, and heat of hydration) and hardened (compressive and flexural tensile strength, density, water absorption, void ratio, linear shrinkage, and tensile adhesion strength) state. The optimized mixture at a 1:1.5 cement/sand ratio (by mass) with 50% white ceramic had a 32.66 ± 4.26 MPa compressive strength at 28 days, low shrinkage and heat of hydration, showing the best performance among the wastes studied. In the calcium sulfate mortars, the mixtures with anhydrite showed better results for compressive and flexural tensile strength and tensile adhesion strength, with the waste calcination being beneficial.

Resumo Este estudo investiga as propriedades de misturas de argamassas autonivelantes para contrapiso com os resíduos de fosfogesso natural e calcinado, na forma de sulfato de cálcio denominada anidrita, e cerâmica branca, através da substituição de 50% da massa de cimento Portland CP II Z-32. Os efeitos da utilização dos resíduos foram avaliados nos estados fresco (fluidez inicial, retenção de fluxo, tempo de regeneração, tempo de pega e calor de hidratação) e endurecido (resistência à compressão e tração na flexão, massa específica, absorção de água, índice de vazios, retração linear e resistência de aderência à tração). A mistura otimizada na proporção cimento/areia de 1:1,5 (em massa) com 50% de cerâmica branca obteve resistência à compressão de 32,66 ± 4,26 MPa aos 28 dias, baixa retração e calor de hidratação, apresentando melhor desempenho entre os resíduos estudados. Nas argamassas a base de sulfato de cálcio, as misturas com anidrita apresentaram melhores resultados para resistência à compressão e tração na flexão e resistência de aderência à tração, sendo benéfica a calcinação do resíduo.

Abstract Based on the inverse piezoelectric effect and other characteristics of piezoelectric ceramics, a new type of piezoelectric variable friction damper is developed, and the output performance test of piezoelectric ceramic actuator and piezoelectric variable friction damper is carried out, and the parametric mechanical model of the damper is established by using Simulink to carry out numerical simulation, and compared and analyzed with the test results. The results of the study show that the simulation and the test present a good regular agreement. With the increment of loading voltage, the displacement deformation and zero-displacement thrust of piezoelectric ceramic actuator are approximately linear with the loading voltage; when the loading voltage is increased by 15V every time, the test value of the output damping force of the damper increases by 259.66N on average step by step, and the simulated value increases by 256.14N step by step, and the damping force has a linearly incremental relationship with the voltage and the slope of the linear increase is 16.434.

Abstract Introduction: Aquasome is a self-assembled nanoparticulate carrier system with three layers. The system is made up of a polyhydroxy oligomer-coated inner nanocrystalline solid core. Adsorbed on the coated layer are drug molecules or biochemically active compounds. Self-assembly in this sense refers to the independent formation of molecules into organised, long-lasting, and non-covalently bonded patterns.This paper gives an overview of aquasome formation, covering structural properties, formulation methodologies, and the benefits and drawbacks of this novel drug delivery technology. The article primarily addresses the formulation processes used to create self-assembled nanostructures and their various possible applications. Method: Several online databases, including Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus, were used in the literature search. The datasets were searched for entries of studies up to July, 2023. The review paper especially addresses many elements of aquasome formation by various researchers employing methods/modified techniques such as co-precipitation, self-precipitation, sputtering, and and so forth. It also illustrates a variety of fields of therapy in which aquasome has been recognised to have a major influence, such as oxygen and extract carrier. Results: The solid core is responsible for providing structural stability, while the oligomeric coating is crucial for safeguarding against dehydration and stabilising the bioactive molecules. This biodegradable drug delivery vehicle at the nanoscale level exhibits a tendency to accumulate in the liver and muscles. The non-modification of drug adsorption onto the aquasome surface facilitates prompt pharmacological response by allowing unobstructed receptor recognition at the action site. Conclusions: Aquasome, a three-layered self-assembled molecule, is a simple yet new drug delivery system with promising carrier potentials to increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Despite a host of challenges, such as time consumption, sophisticated processes, safety, and expensive research costs, aquasome may emerge as an alternative vesicular carrier in the future.

Resumen Introducción: Aquasome es un sistema portador de nanopartículas autoensamblado con tres capas. El sistema se compone de un núcleo sólido nanocristalino interno recubierto de oligómero polihidroxilado. Adsorbidas en la capa recubierta se encuentran moléculas de fármacos o compuestos bioquímicamente activos. El autoensamblaje en este sentido se refiere a la formación independiente de moléculas en patrones organizados, de larga duración y con enlaces no covalentes. nueva tecnología de administración de fármacos. El artículo aborda principalmente los procesos de formulación utilizados para crear nanoestructuras autoensambladas y sus diversas aplicaciones posibles. Método: En la búsqueda bibliográfica se utilizaron varias bases de datos en línea, incluidas Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar y Scopus. Se realizaron búsquedas en los conjuntos de datos en busca de entradas de estudios hasta julio de 2023. El documento de revisión aborda especialmente muchos elementos de la formación de aquasomas por parte de varios investigadores que emplean métodos/técnicas modificadas como la coprecipitación, la autoprecipitación, la pulverización catódica, etc. También ilustra una variedad de campos de terapia en los que se ha reconocido que el aquasoma tiene una gran influencia, como el oxígeno y el transporte de extractos. Resultados: El núcleo sólido es responsable de brindar estabilidad estructural, mientras que el recubrimiento oligomérico es crucial para proteger contra la deshidratación y estabilizar las moléculas bioactivas. Este vehículo de administración de fármacos biodegradable a escala nanométrica muestra una tendencia a acumularse en el hígado y los músculos. La no modificación de la adsorción del fármaco en la superficie del aquasoma facilita una respuesta farmacológica rápida al permitir el reconocimiento sin obstrucciones del receptor en el sitio de acción. Conclusiones: Aquasome, una molécula autoensamblada de tres capas, es un sistema de administración de fármacos simple pero nuevo con un prometedor potencial de transporte para aumentar la solubilidad y la biodisponibilidad de fármacos poco solubles. A pesar de una serie de desafíos, como el consumo de tiempo, los procesos sofisticados, la seguridad y los altos costos de investigación, el aquasome puede surgir como un vehículo vesicular alternativo en el futuro.

Abstract This paper presents the results of the technological, morphological and stylistic analysis of ceramic vessels from residential contexts corresponding to the Formative period (ca. 900 B.C. - ca. 900 A.D.) of the El Bolsón valley, located in the Department of Belén, Catamarca. The occupation in the valley in this temporary segment accounts for a prehispanic peasant territory made up of different facilities for agricultural-livestock production, gathering food resources, permanent residences, circulation areas and places with temporary occupation (Korstanje 2005, 2007). In turn, that territory has been assembled into interaction networks that connect people and objects on a regional scale.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta los resultados del análisis tecnológico, morfológico y estilístico de recipientes cerámicos procedentes de contextos residenciales correspondientes al período Formativo (ca. 900 a.C. - ca. 900 d.C.) del valle de El Bolsón, situado en el Departamento Belén, Catamarca. La ocupación en el valle en este segmento temporal da cuenta de un territorio campesino prehispánico constituido por diferentes instalaciones destinadas a la producción agrícola-ganadera, recolección de recursos alimenticios, residencias permanentes, áreas de circulación y lugares con ocupación temporaria (Korstanje 2005, 2007). A su vez ese territorio se ha ensamblado en redes de interacción que conectaron personas y objetos a una escala regional. En esta oportunidad se analiza, por primera vez, el material alfarero temprano, procedente de distintas unidades residenciales de tres de los sitios localizados en el Sector Septentrional del valle, buscando una aproximación al "modo de hacer" de las vasijas, con el fin de generar y discutir la información con respecto a su producción y consumo en este contexto social campesino.

Abstract This paper presents the research conducted at the archaeological site Loma Larga (Londres, department of Belén, province of Catamarca), focused on the analysis of ceramic materials recovered in the excavations carried out. Loma Larga is an Aguada ceremonial site located at the top of the hill of the same name, so it has particular characteristics in terms of the organization of rituality in relation to other sites located in valley areas. The characterization of the ceramic fragments shows the stylistic diversity in the Aguada decorative manifestations as part of an integral strategy to the ritual practice.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta las investigaciones realizadas en el sitio arqueológico Loma Larga (Londres, departamento de Belén, provincia de Catamarca), focalizadas en el análisis de ¡os materiales cerámicos recuperados en ¡as excavaciones realizadas. Loma Larga es un sitio ceremonial Aguada ubicado en la cima del cerro homónimo, por lo cual presenta características particulares en cuanto a la organización de la ritualidad en relación a otros sitios localizados en zonas de valle. La caracterización de los fragmentos cerámicos permite dar cuenta de la diversidad estilística en las manifestaciones decorativas Aguada como parte de una estrategia integral a la práctica ritual.

ABSTRACT This article presents the results of the archaeological work carried out in the localities of Chiñucán, Agua Amarilla, Volcán and El Alto (Dept. of Santa María, Catamarca), in the southern end of the Cajón Valley. These are the first systematic investigations in the area, which included surveys, site planimetry and the partial excavation of a structure at Corral de Goyo site, located in Volcán. A radiocarbon dating of 1766 ± 23 BP indicates that it belongs to the first centuries AD, which is coincident with the ceramic styles recovered during the excavation and present on the surface of the site. The information obtained shows similarities and differences with the neighboring formative villages of Cardonal, Bordo Marcial and Yutopian already extensively studied. As a result, there is now a more complete regional picture of occupations in the southern Cajon Valley during the Formative Period.

RESUMEN Se presentan los resultados de los trabajos arqueológicos llevados a cabo en las localidades de Chiñucán, Agua Amarilla, Volcán y El Alto (departamento de Santa María, Catamarca), en el extremo sur del valle del Cajón. Las tareas efectuadas constituyen las primeras investigaciones sistemáticas en el área e incluyeron prospecciones, planimetría de sitios y la excavación parcial de un recinto en el sitio Corral de Goyo en Volcán. Un fechado radiocarbónico de 1766 ± 23 AP lo ubica cronológicamente en los primeros siglos d.C., lo cual es coincidente con los estilos cerámicos recuperados durante la excavación y presentes en la superficie del sitio. La información obtenida muestra semejanzas y diferencias con las aldeas formativas vecinas Cardonal, Bordo Marcial y Yutopián, ya estudiadas extensivamente. Como resultado se tiene ahora una imagen regional más completa de las ocupaciones del período Formativo en el sur del valle del Cajón.

Abstract The potential of using calcined clay as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) stems from the global availability of clayey raw materials. The calcination dehydroxylates kaolinite and forms a reactive amorphous matrix. The kaolinite contained in the raw materials is a pre-indicator of the possible post-calcination reactivity. In the red ceramic industry, raw material is predominantly composed of clays and quartz. The sintered products discarded in this sector, called red ceramic waste (RCW), present, after comminution, the ability to react with lime depending on the kaolinite content contained in the raw material and its physical-chemical and mineralogical characteristics. In this work, the reactivity comparison was made of two samples of calcined clays from raw materials from different poles of ceramics, with varied kaolinite contents, with the respective RCWs. The reactivity tests were: modified Chapelle, Frattini, R³ test, and performance index (ID), with the variation of Portland cement type. The reactivity depends on the kaolinite content contained in the raw material and the BET specific surface area of the comminuted calcined material. The analysis of the results indicated little influence of the heat treatment on the reactivity of the calcined materials.

Resumo A potencialidade do uso de argila calcinada como material cimentício suplementar (MCS) decorre da disponibilidade global de matérias-primas argilosas. A calcinação desidroxila a caulinita e forma uma matriz amorfa reativa. O teor de caulinita nas matérias-primas é um pré-indicador da possível reatividade pós calcinação. Na indústria de cerâmica vermelha, a matéria-prima é composta predominantemente de argilominerais e quartzo. Os produtos sinterizados descartados nesse setor, denominados resíduo de cerâmica vermelha (RCV), apresentam, após cominuição, capacidade de reagir com cal a depender do teor de caulinita contido na matéria-prima e de suas características físico-químicas e mineralógicas. Neste trabalho foi realizada a comparação da reatividade de duas amostras de argilas calcinadas provenientes de matérias-primas de diferentes polos ceramistas, com distintos teores de caulinita, com os respectivos RCVs. Os ensaios dereatividade foram: Chapelle modificado, Frattini,teste R³ eíndice de desempenho (ID), com variação do tipo de cimento Portland. A reatividade foi dependente do teor de caulinita contido na matéria-prima e da área superficial específica BET do material calcinado cominuído. A análise dos resultados indicou pouca influência do tratamento térmico na reatividade dos materiais calcinados.