ABSTRACT: Endodontic treatment requires detailed knowledge of root morphology. In maxillary premolars, variability in root number and root canal system (RCS) morphology has been reported. The most frequent cause of endodontic failure is non treated canals. Therefore, a better understanding of RCS morphology and its variations is crucial for endodontic treatment. The aim of this research was to describe the frequency of root number and SCR morphology in maxillary premolars, by means of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) examinations in a Chilean population. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out in which the morphology of the root canal system of maxillary first and second premolars was observed through CBCT examinations, grouping them according to the Vertucci Classification. A total of 228 CBCT examinations were observed, which included 268 upper first premolars and 233 maxillary second premolars. It was determined that in maxillary first premolars 56.3 % presented one root, 43.3 %, being more frequent a SCR type IV morphology. In maxillary second premolars, the presence of one root was determined in 95.7 % of the cases, being more frequent a SCR type I morphology. These results may be of interest to endodontists, since knowing the morphology of the RCS of maxillary premolars allows improving the planning of endodontic therapy performed on these teeth.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento endodóntico requiere detallados conocimientos sobre la morfología radicular. En premolares maxilares, se ha reportado variabilidad en el número de raíces y morfología del sistema de canales radiculares (SCR). La causa más frecuente de fracaso endodóntico son los conductos no tratados. Por lo tanto, una mejor compresión de la morfología del SCR y sus variaciones es crucial para el tratamiento endodóntico. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la frecuencia del número de raíces y morfología del SCR en premolares maxilares, mediante exámenes de tomografía computarizada Cone Beam (CBCT) en una población chilena. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal donde se observó la morfología del sistema de canales radiculares de primeros y segundos premolares maxilares a través de exámenes CBCT, agrupándolos de acuerdo con la Clasificación de Vertucci. Se observaron 228 exámenes CBCT, donde se incluyeron 268 primeros premolares superiores y 233 segundos premolares maxilares. Se determinó que en primeros premolares maxilares un 56,3 % presentó una raíz, un 43,3 %, siendo más frecuente una morfología del SCR tipo IV. En los segundos premolares maxilares, se determinó la presencia de una raíz en el 95,7 % de los casos, siendo más frecuente una morfología del SCR tipo I. Estos resultados pueden ser de interés para endodoncistas, ya que conocer la morfología del SCR de premolares maxilares permite mejorar la planificación de la terapia endodóntica realizada en estos dientes.

Resumo Bulbine natalensis Baker e Chorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques são potenciais fontes medicinais para o tratamento de cânceres. A Leucemia Mieloide Crônica (LMC) é um distúrbio das células-tronco hematopoiéticas que é tratado com inibidores da tirosina quinase, mas frequentemente, causa recorrência da leucemia após a interrupção da terapia, portanto, requer um tratamento alternativo. Este estudo determinou o efeito anticancerígeno de extratos metanólicos e aquosos de folha, raiz e bulbo de B. natalensis e C. comosum na linhagem celular de leucemia mieloide humana crônica (K562) por ensaios de MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimida nuclear e anexina V. O extrato metanólico da raiz de B. natalensis e C. comosum apresentou alta citotoxidade de 8,6% e 16,7% respectivamente, na linhagem celular K562 com a concentração de 1,000 μg / ml. Perda morfológica da integridade da membrana celular causando degradação dos núcleos, citoplasma e encolhimento celular foi observada no extrato metanólico da raiz de ambas as plantas. Uma alta apoptose (p <0,0001) foi induzida nas células K562 por extratos de folhas e raízes de C. comosum em comparação com B. natalensis. Este estudo mostrou que ambas as plantas possuem efeito apoptótico contra leucemia mieloide in vitro que contribui para as propriedades anticâncer gerais de B. natalensis e C. comosum para justificar futuras aplicações terapêuticas contra câncer de sangue de LMC.

Abstract Bulbine natalensis and Chorophytum comosum are potential medicinal source for the treatment of cancers. Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a hematopoietic stem cells disorder treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors but often cause recurrence of the leukaemia after cessation of therapy, hence require alternative treatment. This study determines the anti-cancer effect of leaf, root and bulb methanolic and aqueous extracts of B. natalensis and C. comosum in chronic human myelogenous leukaemia (K562) cell line by MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimide nuclear and annexin V stain assays. The root methanolic extract of B. natalensis and C. comosum showed a high cytotoxicity of 8.6% and 16.7% respectively on the K562 cell line at 1,000 μg/ml concentration. Morphological loss of cell membrane integrity causing degradation of the cell and fragmentation were observed in the root methanolic extract of both plants. A high apoptosis (p < 0.0001) was induced in the K562 cells by both leaf and root extracts of the C. comosum compared to the B. natalensis. This study shows both plants possess apoptotic effect against in vitro myelogenous leukaemia which contributes to the overall anti-cancer properties of B. natalensis and C. comosum to justify future therapeutic applications against chronic myelogenous leukaemia blood cancer.

Resumo A contaminação dos recursos naturais com metais pesados liberados pelas siderúrgicas é a principal causa da poluição do solo e da água no Dargai Malakand, localizado no lado norte do Paquistão. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o teor de metais pesados em amostras de solo e água desta área. O cultivo de plantas silvestres (nove plantas nativas: Pteris vittata, Populus nigra, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Persicaria maculosa, Arundo donax, Xanthium strumarium, Verbascum thapsus, Ricinus communis e Parthenium hysterophorus) foi testado quanto às suas capacidades de fitorremediação, que é um meio ambiente, geralmente utilizado, e abordagem de baixo custo para eliminar metais pesados de solos e águas poluídas. Amostras de solo, água e efluentes foram retiradas dos locais contaminados de sete siderúrgicas no distrito de Dargai, Malakand, e submetidas à análise de metais pesados. Com base no fator de bioconcentração (BCF) e fator de translocação (TF) calculados, o maior BCF para zinco foi registrado para as raízes de Pteris vittata (3,93), enquanto o menor valor foi observado para as folhas de Verbascum thapsus (0,306). A raiz de Pteris vittata apresentou o maior BCF para ferro (1,618), enquanto as folhas de Ricinus communis apresentaram o menor (0,023). O maior valor de BCF para cromo foi maior para raízes de Populus nigra (0,717), enquanto o menor valor foi registrado para folhas de Persicaria maculosa (0,031). Para os metais selecionados, Fe, Zn e Cr, os maiores TF foram registrados para Pteris vittata (0,988), Verbascum thapsus (0,944) e Xanthium strumairum (0,968), respectivamente. Portanto, recomenda-se que essas plantas sejam cultivadas próximas a siderúrgicas para recuperar metais pesados de efluentes industriais, solo poluído e água poluída.

Abstract The contamination of natural resources with heavy metals released from steel mills is the primary cause of soil and water pollution in the Dargai Malakand, located on the northern side of Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the level of heavy metals in soil and water samples of this area. The wild plant growing (nine native plants: Pteris vittata, Populus nigra, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Persicaria maculosa, Arundo donax, Xanthium strumarium, Verbascum thapsus, Ricinus communis and Parthenium hysterophorus) there were then tested for their phytoremediation capabilities which is an environmentally friendly, generally utilized, and low-cost approach to eliminate heavy metals from polluted soils and water. Soil, water, and effluent samples were taken from the contaminated sites of seven steel mills in Dargai District Malakand and subjected to heavy metals analysis. Based on bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) calculated, The highest BCF for zinc was recorded for Pteris vittata roots (3.93), while the lowest value was observed for Verbascum thapsus leaves (0.306). Pteris vittata root showed the highest BCF for iron (1.618), while Ricinus communis leaves showed the lowest (0.023). The highest BCF value for chromium was highest for Populus nigra roots (0.717), while the lowest value was recorded for Persicaria maculosa leaves (0.031). For the selected metals; Fe, Zn and Cr the highest TF were recorded for Pteris vittata (0.988), Verbascum thapsus (0.944) and Xanthium strumairum (0.968) respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that these plants should be grown near to steel mills to reclaim heavy metals from industrial effluent, polluted soil as well as from polluted water.

Abstract Mucormycosis is a low-prevalence, rapidly progressive and high-mortality pathology that encompasses a wide spectrum of opportunistic infections caused by fungi of the Mucoraceae, Lichtheimiaceae, Thamnidiaceae, Cunninghamellaceae, Syncephalastraceae, and Radiomycetaeae. It is currently the third cause of invasive fungal infection, after candidiasis and aspergillosis, with its most frequent clinical presentation being rhinocerebral of paranasal origin, whose characteristic symptom is acute bacterial rhinosinusitis with projection to the antral teeth, with rapid progression and fatality. In this review, manually extracted results from articles indexed in the MEDLINE and EBSCO databases were used following the search for the terms mucormycosis, oral surgery and patient care management with the aim of providing an updated view of the literature regarding the diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis of the head and neck.

Resumen La mucormicosis, es una patología de baja prevalencia, rápidamente progresiva y de alta mortalidad que engloba un amplio espectro de infecciones del tipo oportunistas, causada por hongos de la familia Mucoraceae, Lichtheimiaceae, Thamnidiaceae, Cunninghamellaceae, Syncephalastraceae y Radiomycetaeae. Actualmente es la tercera causa de infección fúngica invasiva, posterior a la candidiasis y aspergilosos, siendo su presentación clínica más frecuente la rinocerebral de origen paranasal, cuyo síntoma característico es la rinosinusitis aguda bacteriana con proyección a los dientes antrales, de rápido avance y fatalidad. En esta revisión se emplearon resultados extraídos manualmente de artículos indexados en las bases de datos MEDLINE y EBSCO a raíz de la búsqueda de los términos mucormycosis, oral surgery y patient care management con el objetivo de entregar una visión actualizada de la literatura, respecto al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la mucormicosis de cabeza y cuello.

Resumen: Durante el 2020, a raíz de la situación a nivel mundial con la aparición del virus responsable de la COVID-19, en Costa Rica se tomaron medidas sanitarias como forma de prevenir el contagio, incluyendo el con- finamiento, razón por la cual el Ministerio de Educación Pública estableció la estrategia Aprendo en Casa, con el fin de que el proceso de aprendizaje sufriera menos afectación. La investigación se realizó con la población estudiantil de los ciclos materno infantil (interactivo II) y transición de la Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) y de Guanacaste, así como con los docentes y cuidadores legales de esta población. Se analizó el entorno familiar de cada estudiante, el ambiente de aprendizaje y la autorregulación emocional, durante la nueva realidad producida por el virus responsable de la COVID-19. Debido a que la investigación se encuentra dentro del paradigma positivista y del enfoque cuantitativo, la información recabada se analizó a través de datos estadísticos, admitió determinar el análisis de patrones en el comportamiento de la persona estudiante de primera infancia, así como establecer algunas causas o situaciones de crisis, tales como cambios en los hábitos de alimentación, rutinas de sueño, irritabilidad, ansiedad, entre otras. Esto permitió visualizar los efectos del confinamiento a nivel pedagógico y emocional en la niñez a causa de la pandemia, debido a que se redujeron las posibilidades de socializar, los espacios de recreación y actividades al aire libre, así como también dejaron de compartir con otros integrantes de la familia y/o participar en celebraciones.

Resumo: Durante 2020, como resultado da situação mundial com o aparecimento do vírus responsável pela COVID-19, foram tomadas medidas sanitárias na Costa Rica como forma de evitar o contágio, inclusive o confinamento, razão pela qual o Ministério da Educação Pública estabeleceu a estratégia “Aprendo em Casa”, para que o processo de aprendizagem fosse menos afetado. A pesquisa foi realizada com a população estudantil do Pré-escola (II interativo) e ciclos de transição na GAM e Guanacaste, bem como com os doentes e cuidadores legais desta população. O ambiente familiar, o ambiente de aprendizagem e a autorregulação emocional de cada estudante foram analisados durante a nova realidade produzida pelo vírus responsável pela COVID-19. Como a pesquisa está dentro do paradigma positivista e da abordagem quantitativa, as informações coletadas foram analisadas através de dados estatísticos, o que nos permitiu determinar a análise de padrões no comportamento da pessoa estudante da primeira infância, bem como estabelecer algumas causas ou situações de crise, tais como: mudanças nos hábitos alimentares, rotinas de sono, irritabilidade, ansiedade, entre outras. Isto permitiu visualizar os efeitos do confinamento a nível pedagógico e emocional nas crianças devido à pandemia, pois as possibilidades de socialização, espaços recreativos e atividades ao ar livre foram reduzidas, assim como a possibilidade de compartilhar com outros membros da família e/ou participar de celebrações.

Abstract: During 2020, as a result of the global COVID-19 outbreak, sanitary measures were taken in Costa Rica to prevent the spread, including lockdown. Therefore, the Ministry of Public Education established the “Aprendo en casa” strategy so that the learning process suffered less affectation. The research was carried out with the toddlers and preschoolers of the Maternal and Preschool programs (interactive II) and Transition cycles GAM- Guanacaste, as well as the teachers and legal caregivers of this population. The family environment of each student, their learning environments, and emotional self-regulation practices were analyzed during the COVID-19 outbreak new reality. Because the research is within the positivist paradigm and the quantitative approach, the information collected was analyzed through statistical data. It determined that the analysis of patterns in the behavior of the early childhood student, as well as establishing some causes or crises, such as changes in eating habits, sleep routines, irritability, and anxiety, among others. It allowed us to visualize the effects of the lockdown at a pedagogical-emotional level in early childhood learners due to the pandemic. The possibilities of socializing, recreation spaces, and outdoor activities were reduced, and they stopped sharing with other family members and/or participating in celebrations.

ABSTRACT Introduction: superior vena cava syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs caused by deterioration of blood flow from the upper half of the thorax, neck, head and upper extremities to the right atrium due to partial or complete obstruction of the superior vena cava. Malignant tumors, such as lung cancer and lymphoma, are the main cause in up to 90% of cases. Superior vena cava syndrome has been reported as a rare complication of thyroid cancer, resulting from mediastinal invasion by the tumor or intravascular invasion of the tumor with thrombosis. Patient information: it is described the case of an 87-year-old female patient, with clinical history of thyroid cancer, who was admitted to the Emergency Department due to wet cough, dyspnea and poor urine output, who presented superior vena cava syndrome as a complication of this neoplasm due to thrombosis of the vena cava, both jugular veins and the root of the pulmonary artery. Conclusion: the superior vena cava syndrome, although it is not very common, occurs with some frequency, that is why it is necessary to diagnose the process, whether benign or malignant. The management of these patients always presents great difficulties because, on many occasions, they behave as serious clinical emergencies.

RESUMEN Introducción: el síndrome de la vena cava superior es un conjunto de síntomas y signos causados por el deterioro del flujo sanguíneo de la mitad superior del tórax, el cuello, la cabeza y las extremidades superiores a la aurícula derecha debido a la obstrucción parcial o completa de la vena cava superior. Los tumores malignos, como el cáncer pulmonar y el linfoma, son la principal causa hasta en el 90% de los casos. El síndrome de la vena cava superior se ha informado como complicación rara del cáncer de tiroides, a consecuencia de la invasión mediastínica por el tumor o por la invasión intravascular del mismo con trombosis. Información del paciente: se describe el caso de una paciente femenina de 87 años de edad, con historia clínica de cáncer de tiroides, que asistió al Servicio de Urgencias por tos húmeda, disnea y escasa emisión de orina, la que presentó como complicación de esta neoplasia el síndrome de la vena cava superior por trombosis de la vena cava, de ambas yugulares y de la raíz de la arteria pulmonar. Conclusión: el síndrome de la vena cava superior, aunque no es muy común, se presenta con alguna frecuencia, por eso la necesidad del diagnóstico del proceso, sea benigno o maligno. El manejo de estos enfermos presenta siempre grandes dificultades porque, en muchas ocasiones, se comportan como graves urgencias clínicas.

Resumen Introducción: a raíz de la emergencia por la COVID-19, las medidas de distanciamiento social adoptadas para mitigar la tasa de infección pueden influenciar los hábitos alimentarios y otros factores de estilo de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación del distanciamiento social y los factores de estilo de vida en adultos del sureste brasilero durante la primera ola pandémica. Metodología: se trata de un estudio transversal con 1828 adultos de entre 18 y 83 años, de ambos sexos, realizado a través de un cuestionario en línea; se recolectaron y analizaron datos sociodemográficos, alimentarios, sanitarios y de estilo de vida, en función de si se guardó o no el distanciamiento social. Resultados: los resultados mostraron disminución del desayuno (12,5 %) y aumento del consumo de meriendas (24,5 % matutina y 12,5 % vespertina) y picoteos entre comidas (20,4 %), así como de la ingesta de verduras y leguminosas entre quienes estaban en distanciamiento social y de pescado y comida rápida entre los que no lo estaban; la mayoría de participantes reportó ganancia de peso a lo largo de este periodo. Las personas en confinamiento dormían más y su principal causa de ansiedad fueron las estadísticas de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: los hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de implementar estrategias de promoción de la salud acordes a circunstancias como la actual.

Abstract Introduction: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, measures of social distancing to reduce the rate of infection can influence eating habits and other lifestyle factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship between social distancing and lifestyle factors in adults in southeastern Brazil during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods:: It was a cross-sectional study with 1,828 adults between 18 and 83 years of age, of both sexes, carried out through an online questionnaire; sociodemographic, food, health, and lifestyle data were collected and analyzed based on whether or not the social distancing was carried out. Results: The results showed a decrease in breakfast consumption (12.5%) and an increase in the consumption of snacks (24.5% morning snack; 12.5% afternoon snack) and snacks between meals (20.4%) during the pandemic, as well as an increase in the consumption of vegetables and legumes among people who did social distancing and in the consumption of fish and fast food among those who did not do social distancing; most participants reported weight gain during social distancing. People who were in social distancing slept more compared to those who were not in social distancing. The main cause of anxiety among those who kept social distancing were COVID-19 statistics. Conclusion: The findings suggest the need for health promotion strategies adapted to the condition of confinement in circumstances such as the current pandemic.

Abstract Background: Premature loss of deciduous teeth is the exfoliation or extraction before physiological replacement with < 50% or < 75% of the root of the substitute tooth formed or if there is > 1 mm of alveolar bone covering the permanent successor tooth organ. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of premature tooth loss in children and identify associated factors in a health center in Acapulco, Guerrero. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in which we collected information from 109 clinical records of children examined from January 2019 to August 2021. Sociodemographic data of the children and parents were collected: socioeconomic level, non-pathological personal history, and the history of premature deciduous tooth loss. Multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with premature deciduous tooth loss was performed with CIETmap statistical software. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the strength of the association. Results: The prevalence of premature loss of primary teeth was 40% (43/109). The leading cause was caries (84%, 36/43). The tooth organ with the highest loss occurrence was the lower right second molar (33%, 14/43). Gender was identified as an associated factor, with males having a higher risk of loss (ORa = 2.97; CI95% = 1.33-6.65). Conclusions: Our results were similar to those reported in other studies. Strategies aimed at health promotion directed at parents and children should be reinforced.

Resumen Introducción: Se considera como pérdida prematura de dientes deciduos a la exfoliación o extracción antes del recambio fisiológico con < 50% o < 75% de la raíz del diente sustituto formado, o si existe > 1 mm de hueso alveolar cubriendo al órgano dentario sucesor permanente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la prevalencia de pérdida prematura dental en niños e identificar factores asociados en un centro de salud de Acapulco, Guerrero. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en el que se recopiló información de 109 expedientes clínicos de niños atendidos de enero de 2019 a agosto de 2021. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos de los niños y los padres: nivel socioeconómico, antecedentes personales no patológicos y el antecedente de la pérdida prematura del diente deciduo. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para identificar factores asociados con la pérdida prematura de dientes deciduos con el software estadístico CIETmap. Se calcularon la razón de momios (OR) y el intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95% para estimar el grado de la asociación. Resultados: La prevalencia de pérdida prematura de dientes primarios fue del 40% (43/109). La principal causa fue por caries (84%, 36/43). El órgano dentario con más ocurrencia de pérdida fue el segundo molar inferior derecho (33%, 14/43). Se identificó el sexo como factor asociado, y se observó que el sexo masculino presenta mayor riesgo de pérdida (ORa = 2.97; IC95% = 1.33-6.65). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados fueron similares a lo reportado en otros estudios. Deben reforzarse las estrategias de promoción de la salud dirigidas a los padres de familia y a sus hijos.

RESUMO Este texto pretende repensar a disputa de epistemologias feministas no que tange às construções discursivas de gênero, tendo como contexto os pensamentos de Freud e Lacan. Trata-se da crítica de Butler às teorias feministas binárias relativamente à substancialização do corpo sexual: se o corpo sexual é construído pelo discurso, ele também se porta como um elemento subversor do discurso, já que não pode ser completamente determinado pelo binarismo cultural de gênero. Utilizamos parte do debate que Butler trava com a psicanálise freudiana e lacaniana como um “caso modelo” no qual tais questionamentos epistemológicos seriam analisados: de início, a psicanálise coloca-se como um dos principais alvos críticos da “segunda onda” feminista; em segundo lugar, a psicanálise também teria sido mobilizada a favor da causa feminista binária; contudo, para Butler, tais feministas não teriam criticado suficientemente a psicanálise, por não discutirem a raiz corporal essencializada que sustentaria a divisão binária entre sexos; finalmente, Butler ressalta a potencialidade crítica que a psicanálise comporta, dada a resistência subversiva e plástica do inconsciente, das pulsões, do desejo e do corpo, noções centrais para a epistemologia feminista não binária e remodelação do construtivismo discursivo.

ABSTRACT This text intends to rethink the dispute of feminist epistemologies regarding the conception of gender discursive constructions from the background of Freud and Lacan’s thesis. Our basis is Butler’s critique of binary feminist theories regarding the substantialization of the sexual body: if the sexual body is constructed by discourse, it is also a subversive element of discourse, since it cannot be completely determined by cultural gender binarism. We use excerpts from the debate between Butler-Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis as a “model case” where such epistemological questions could be analyzed: at first, psychoanalysis is one of the main critical targets of the feminist “second wave”; secondly, psychoanalysis would also have been mobilized in favor of the binary feminist cause; however, for Butler, such feminists would not have sufficiently criticized psychoanalysis, for not attacking the essentialized sexual bodily root that would sustain the binary division between sexes; finally, Butler emphasizes the critical potential that psychoanalysis holds, given the subversive and plastic resistance of the unconscious, drive, desire and body, central notions for non-binary feminist epistemology and remodeling of discursive constructivism.

Resumen El comportamiento de compra del consumidor ha cambiado drásticamente a raíz de la pandemia por Covid-19, lo que transformó los hábitos de compra e impulso una nueva dinámica en las tendencias de los consumidores a nivel mundial. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis del comportamiento de compra del cliente de droguerías en tiempos de pandemia por Covid-19 en Boyacá (Colombia). El método utilizado fue descriptivo, empírico, cuantitativo. Los resultados muestran nuevas tendencias en el comportamiento de compra del cliente de droguerías a causa de la pandemia, ya que aumentó el uso de la tecnología para obtener información y acceso a los productos. Además, incentivó la compra por medios digitales, lo que llevó a que las droguerías tengan mayor visibilidad en Internet, abriendo nuevas oportunidades de crecimiento y competitividad empresarial y una notoria aceleración de la transformación digital en el mundo empresarial. Clasificación JEL: M31, M1, L65.

Abstract Consumer purchasing behavior has changed drastically because of the Covid-19 pandemic, which transformed purchasing habits and drove a new dynamic in consumer trends worldwide. The objective of this study was to analyze the purchasing behavior of drugstore customers during the Covid-19 pandemic in Boyacá (Colombia). The method used was descriptive, empirical, quantitative. The results show new trends in the purchase behavior of drugstore customers due to the pandemic, since the use of technology to obtain information and access to products increased. In addition, it encouraged the purchase by digital means, which led drugstores to have greater visibility on the Internet, opening new opportunities for growth and business competitiveness and a notorious acceleration of the digital transformation in the business world.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Vertebrogenic low back pain is a new concept added to the other pre-existing semiological and pathophysiological forms of pain in this region. It is produced by a lesion in the cartilaginous vertebral plate. As a result of this new concept, novel therapeutic strategies such as percutaneous thermorizotomy of the basivertebral nerve have emerged. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with a diagnosis of vertebrogenic pain who were treated with percutaneous basivertebral nerve thermorizotomy (BVN). Pain response, functionality and quality of life will be analyzed. Methods: Under the parameters of the PRISMA methodology, a search was performed in the Pubmed and Embase databases with the terms "Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation", "Basivertebral nerve AND Intracept", "INTRACEPT", "Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation AND Intracept", "vertebrogenic low back pain". After the search, the articles were initially reviewed independently by each of the authors, repeated articles were filtered out, obtaining 8 population-based studies. Considering the small number of studies, all those presenting a population analysis were included. Results: The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was affected prior to the procedure in most of the patients who underwent percutaneous thermorizotomy of the BVN, with a baseline score of 45.37, which decreased at 3 months to 20.65, 18.6 at 6 months, 17.38 at 9 months, 18.62 at 12 months, 16 at 24 months and 17.05 at 5 years. As for the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the baseline score in the population treated with NBV thermorizotomy was 6.61, 3.56 at 3 months, 3.05 at 6 months, 2.6 at 9 months, 3.06 at 12 months, 2.5 at 24 months and 2.48 at 5 years. Obtaining similar results to the most recently published systematic review on the subject. Discussion: The new concept of vertebrogenic pain seems interesting. It is difficult to understand why cartilaginous vertebral plates had not previously been given pathophysiological importance. Being a new concept, it remains to be confirmed whether it is a different entity from discogenic pain, or on the contrary, both are one and the same. Likewise, the anatomical importance of BVN and consequently its treatment with radiofrequency to control low back pain has arisen. Preliminary studies confirm the existence of this form of pain and the good results, even in the long term, of treatment with the INTRACEPT device. Conclusions: Vertebrogenic low back pain is a new concept. It is the cause of pain in an important group of patients and is treatable by means of a percutaneous radiofrequency procedure. More studies are still needed to confirm its existence and its treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción: El dolor lumbar vertebrogénico es un concepto nuevo que se agrega a las otras formas semiológicas y fisiopatológicas preexistentes de dolor en esta región. Se produce por una lesión en los platillos vertebrales cartilaginosos. A raíz de este nuevo concepto han surgido estrategias terapéuticas novedosas como la termorizotomía percutánea del nervio basivertebral. Objetivos: El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar los resultados clínicos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de dolor vertebrogénico que fueron tratados con termorizotomía percutánea del nervio basivertebral (NBV). Se analizará la respuesta del dolor, la funcionalidad y la calidad de vida. Métodos: Bajo los parámetros de la metodología PRISMA se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed y Embase con los términos "Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation", "Basivertebral nerve AND Intracept", "INTRACEPT", "Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation AND Intracept", "vertebrogenic low back pain". Posterior a la búsqueda, los artículos fueron inicialmente revisados de manera independiente por cada uno de los autores, se filtraron los artículos repetidos, obteniendo 8 estudios poblacionales. Considerando la poca cantidad de estudios, se incluyeron todos aquellos que presentaran un análisis poblacional. Resultados: El Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) se vio afectado previo al procedimiento en la mayoría de los pacientes intervenidos con la termorizotomía percutánea del NBV, cursando con un puntaje basal de 45,37, el cual fue disminuyendo a los 3 meses a 20,65, 18,6 a los 6 meses, 17,38 a los 9 meses, 18,62 a los 12 meses, 16 a los 24 meses y 17,05 a los 5 años. En cuanto a la escala visual análoga (EVA), el puntaje basal en la población intervenida con termorizotomía del NBV fue de 6,61, 3,56 a los 3 meses, 3,05 a los 6 meses, 2,6 a los 9 meses, 3,06 a los 12 meses, 2,5 a los 24 meses y 2,48 a los 5 años. Obteniendo resultados similares a la revisión sistemática más recientemente publicada acerca del tema tratado. Discusión: Parece interesante el nuevo concepto de dolor vertebrogénico. Es difícil de entender por qué anteriormente no se le había dado importancia fisiopatológica a los platillos vertebrales cartilaginosos. Al ser un concepto nuevo, queda aún por confirmar si es una entidad diferente al dolor discogénico o, por el contrario, ambos constituyen una sola. Igualmente surge la importancia anatómica del NBV y de manera consecuente su tratamiento con radiofrecuencia para controlar el dolor lumbar. Los estudios preliminares confirman la existencia de esta forma de dolor y los buenos resultados, incluso a largo plazo, del tratamiento con el dispositivo INTRACEPT. Conclusiones: El dolor lumbar vertebrogénico es un concepto nuevo. Es la causa del dolor en un grupo importante de pacientes y es tratable mediante un procedimiento percutáneo por radiofrecuencia. Son necesarios aún más estudios para confirmar su existencia y su tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the intermediate nerve constitutes the sensory root of the facial nerve and was described by Wrisberg in 1777 as a separate branch. Among its functions are the control of salivary and lachrymal secretion, gustatory function and cutaneous sensitivity of parts of the external ear. Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia is characterized by a dilated, elongated and tortuous vertebrobasilar complex. Case report: patient with headache of two months of evolution, referred to the region of the auricle and left external auditory canal, of sudden onset, duration of less than one minute, of electrical character and severe intensity according to visual analog scale. Neuralgia of the left intermediate nerve was suspected. A multi-slice tomography of the cranium-encephalon and magnetic resonance of the cranium-encephalon with angiography technique were performed. There was no evidence of intracranial space occupying lesion or in the auditory canal. There was evidence of elongated and distended vertebrobasilar complex, diagnosing vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Treatment with carbamazepine 600mg daily was started, resulting in total resolution of the painful crises. Conclusions: neuralgia of the intermediate nerve should be considered as differential diagnosis in patients with neuropathic pain referred to the external auditory canal region. Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia was identified as the cause of neural compression. Pharmacological treatment constitutes the first line of treatment for these patients.

RESUMEN Introducción: el nervio intermediario constituye la raíz sensitiva del nervio facial y fue descrito por Wrisberg en 1777 como un ramo separado. Dentro de sus funciones se encuentra el control de secreción salival y lacrimal, función gustativa y sensibilidad cutánea de partes del oído externo. La dolicoectasia vertebrobasilar se caracteriza por un complejo vertebrobasilar dilatado, elongado y tortuoso. Presentación de caso: paciente con cefalea de dos meses de evolución, referida a la región del pabellón auricular y conducto auditivo externo izquierdos, de comienzo súbito, duración menor de un minuto, de carácter eléctrico y severa intensidad según escala visual análoga. Se sospechó neuralgia del nervio intermediario izquierdo. Se realizó una tomografía multicorte de cráneo-encéfalo y resonancia magnética de cráneo-encéfalo con técnica de angiografía. No se evidenció lesión ocupativa de espacio intracraneal ni en conducto auditivo. Se evidenció complejo vertebrobasilar elongado y distendido, se diagnosticó dolicoectasia vertebrobasilar. Se instauró tratamiento con carbamazepina 600mg diario con lo cual existió resolución total de las crisis dolorosas. Conclusiones: la neuralgia del intermediario debe considerarse como diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con dolor de carácter neuropático referido a la región del conducto auditivo externo. La dolicoectasia vertebrobasilar se identificó como la causa de la compresión neural. El tratamiento farmacológico constituye la primera línea de tratamiento para estos pacientes.

Resumen Objetivo Describir los aspectos clínicos, radiográficos e histológicos del retratamiento realizado en un segundo molar superior en el que se había producido previamente una perforación radicular durante el tratamiento original. Caso clínico Un paciente masculino de 50 años concurrió a la consulta para realizar un retratamiento endodóntico en un segundo molar superior derecho. El examen radiográfico reveló la presencia de un tratamiento incompleto, un área radiolúcida periapical y una perforación radicular producida por un poste roscado insertado fuera del espacio del conducto mesio vestibular. Una vez retirado el poste, se selló la perforación con Biodentine y se realizó el retratamiento. Luego de dos años, el paciente regresó a la consulta con dolor a la masticación, localizado en el área correspondiente al segundo molar superior derecho previamente tratado. Durante el examen clínico y radiográfico se detectó la presencia de una fractura vertical en la raíz palatina. A causa del severo compromiso radicular el molar fue extraído y derivado para su análisis histológico. El informe del laboratorio reveló que la perforación había sido reparada por medio de la aposición de un nuevo tejido calcificado y que el remanente periodontal adherido a la raíz se encontraba dentro de los límites normales. El presente caso clínico resalta la importancia que tiene el conocimiento cabal de la anatomía del sistema de conductos radiculares con el objeto de evitar errores de procedimiento que puedan influir negativamente en el pronóstico del tratamiento.

Abstract Aim To describe the clinical, radiographic and histological aspects of the retreatment of a second upper molar in which root perforation had occurred during the original treatment. Clinical case A 50-year old male was referred for endodontic retreatment of the right second maxillary molar. Radiographic examination revealed the presence of an incomplete root canal treatment, a radiolucent periapical area and a root perforation produced by a threaded post placed outside of the mesiobuccal root canal. After post removal, the root perforation was sealed with Biodentine and the root canals were retreated. Two years later, the patient returned to the office complaining of severe pain during mastication, in the area of the previously retreated right second maxillary molar. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed the presence of a vertical fracture on the palatal root. Since this kind of root damage non-restorable, the tooth was extracted and submitted to histologic analysis. The laboratory report revealed that the perforation site had healed by the apposition of new calcified tissue, and that the remnants of periodontal tissue which persisted attached to the root were within normal limits. This clinical case highlights the importance of thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the root canal system in order to avoid procedural errors which may compromise the prognosis of the treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer como o familiar vivencia o cuidado da pessoa com dependência química. Método: História Oral Temática Híbrida, com quatro colaboradores, tendo como local um hospital psiquiátrico localizado na cidade de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Coleta de dados entre os meses de outubro e novembro de 2020. Os dados foram analisados seguindo os passos de transcrição absoluta, textualização e transcriação. Resultados: revelaram-se dois temas: A vivência sofrida do familiar com o tratamento do dependente químico e Espiritualidade e religiosidade como suporte para lidar com os desafios da dependência. Conclusão: a dependência química causa impactos nos familiares, que sofrem em virtude do surgimento dessa doença, gerando sofrimento, frustação e, por vezes, desesperança por parte dos familiares. Experiências diversas sobre o mesmo evento podem servir como reflexão e alerta para todos sobre a importância do cuidado voltado aos familiares.

ABSTRACT Objective: to know how family members experience the care provided to a person with a chemical addiction. Method: Hybrid Thematic Oral History, with four collaborators and having as locus a psychiatric hospital located in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Data collection took place between October and November 2020. The data were analyzed following the absolute transcription, textualization and transcreation steps. Results: two topics were revealed, namely: The family member’s experience regarding treatment of a person with a chemical addiction; and Spirituality and religiousness as support to deal with the challenges inherent to the chemical addiction. Conclusion: chemical addiction exerts a number of impacts on the family members, who suffer due to onset of this disease, leading to distress, frustration and sometimes hopelessness in the relatives. Various experiences regarding the same event can be useful as a reflection and warning for everyone about the importance of care targeted at the family members.

RESUMEN Objetivo: averiguar de qué manera los familiares experimentan el cuidado de personas con adicciones a sustancias químicas. Método: Historia Oral Temática Híbrida con cuatro colaboradores, realizada en un hospital psiquiátrico situado en la ciudad de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2020. Los datos se analizaron siguiendo los pasos de transcripción absoluta, textualización y transcripción. Resultados: se hicieron evidentes dos temas, a saber: La experiencia de los familiares con respecto al tratamiento de personas con adicciones a sustancias químicas; y Espiritualidad y religiosidad como apoyo para lidiar con los desafíos de la adicción. Conclusión: la adicción a sustancias químicas ejerce diversos efectos en los familiares, que sufren a raíz de la aparición de esta enfermedad, generando angustia, frustración y, en ocasiones, desesperanza en los integrantes de la familia. Diversas experiencias con respecto al mismo evento pueden servir como reflexión y alerta para todos los involucrados en relación a la importancia del cuidado dirigido a los familiares.

Resumo Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) é uma bactéria patogênica que causa uma variedade de infecções potencialmente fatais. O surgimento de cepas de S. aureus resistentes a antibióticos tornou o tratamento ainda mais difícil. Nos últimos anos, as nanopartículas têm sido utilizadas como um agente terapêutico alternativo para infecções por S. aureus. Entre os diversos métodos para a síntese de nanopartículas, o que utiliza extratos vegetais de diferentes partes de uma planta, como raiz, caule, folha, flor, sementes etc., vem se destacando a partir do uso generalizado. Os fitoquímicos presentes no extrato vegetal são um material natural de baixo preço e ecologicamente correto que atuam como agente redutor e estabilizador para a síntese de nanopartículas. A utilização de nanopartículas fabricadas em plantas contra S. aureus é uma tendência atualmente. Nesse sentido, presente trabalho discute achados recentes na aplicação terapêutica de nanopartículas à base de metal fitofabricadas contra Staphylococcus aureus. S (S fatais difícil anos planta raiz caule folha flor etc etc. generalizado atualmente sentido

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic bacteria that causes a variety of potentially fatal infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus has made treatment even more difficult. In recent years, nanoparticles have been used as an alternative therapeutic agent for S. aureus infections. Among various methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles, the method utilizing plant extracts from different parts of a plant, such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seeds, etc. is gaining widespread usage. Phytochemicals present in plant extract are an inexpensive, eco-friendly, natural material that act as reducing and stabilization agent for the nanoparticle synthesis. The utilization of plant-fabricated nanoparticles against S. aureus is currently in trend. The current review discusses recent findings in the therapeutic application of phytofabricated metal-based nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus. S (S infections antibioticresistant antibiotic resistant difficult years root stem leaf flower seeds etc usage inexpensive ecofriendly, ecofriendly eco friendly, friendly eco-friendly plantfabricated fabricated trend metalbased metal based