EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTEWATER DOSES ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN A CERRADO OXISOL. The addition of organic residues enhances soil and plant organic matter and nutrient content. To gauge the impact of varying liquid swine waste (LSW) levels on soil, we studied changes in a clayey Oxisol’s physical, chemical, and electrochemical traits from the Cerrado. LSW doses (0, 50, 150, 450, 600 m3 ha−1) were applied to the 0-0.20 m layer in a randomized design with three replicates. Post a 30-day incubation at 60% field capacity, the soil underwent mineralogical, physical (clay dispersed in water - CDW), chemical (sodium adsorption ratio - SAR, cation exchange capacity - CEC, base saturation - V%), and electrochemical (pH in H2O and KCl, ApH, point of zero charge - PZC, point of zero salt effect - PZSE, surface electric potential - iµo, and electrical conductivity - EC) analyses. The levels of exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, and available P increased with increasing LSW doses. Increasing LSW doses in the soil led to an increase in EC, but soil salinization was not observed at the highest dose. With the application of LSW doses, there was a decrease in pH, ApH, PZSE, and an increase in CEC, PZC and ψo. Despite the increase in ψo, low clay dispersibility was observed. PHYSICAL OXISOL content (LSW Oxisols Oxisol s Cerrado 0, 0 (0 50 150 450 60 ha−1 ha1 ha 1 00.20 0020 0.20 20 0-0.2 replicates 30day day 30 mineralogical CDW, CDW , CDW) sodium SAR CEC V%, V V% V%) pH HO H O KCl ApH PZSE iµo EC analyses Ca K Mg Na dose ψo ( 5 15 45 6 ha− 00 00.2 002 020 0.2 2 0-0. 3 4 00. 02 0. 0-0 0-

ABSTRACT Unsustainable reclamation activities (URAs) have been increasingly conducted to respond to the rising global food demand, leading to severe repercussions on land environments. A total of 120 soil samples representing 12 sites were randomly selected in the three distinct land types (PMFs, PALs, and BHLs) to a depth of 60 cm. The impacts of URAs on soil properties and functions (SPFs) across the Nghe An mountainous province, Vietnam were assessed using the SPSS software (version 26.0) through a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated the distinct differences in soil particle size (SPS) among different land types (DLTs). Pristine and mixed forests (PMFs) exhibited the lowest sand ratios, ranging from 31.4 to 35.2%, while bare hills and lands (BHLs) recorded the highest sand ratios, ranging from 49.7 to 55.1%. High bulk density (BD) was observed in BHLs (1.36 ± 0.07 kg dm-3) and PMFs (0.89 ± 0.02 to 1.13 ± 0.03 kg dm-3) while perennial and annual lands (PALs) varied from 1.17 ± 0.04 to 1.25 ± 0.08 kg dm-3. PMFs showed low values for total soil porosity (TSP), and soil water content (SWC) with respective ranges of 32.97-36.18% and 4.72-6.15% while PALs and BHLs exhibited high values for TSP (39.25-43.19%; 43.97-49.62%), and SWC (7.39-10.07%; 9.98-12.74%). Cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ were recorded higher in PALs compared to PMFs and PALs while total organic contents (TOCs) detected little variation among DLTs. Overall, the URAs enhanced the adverse effects on the SPFs across the study area. (URAs demand environments 1 PMFs, (PMFs 6 cm (SPFs province version 26.0 260 26 0 oneway one way ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) SPS (SPS DLTs (DLTs) ratios 314 31 4 31. 352 35 2 35.2% (BHLs 497 49 7 49. 551 55 55.1% BD (BD 1.36 136 36 (1.3 007 07 0.0 dm3 dm 3 dm-3 0.89 089 89 (0.8 002 02 113 13 1.1 003 03 (PALs 117 17 004 04 125 25 1.2 008 08 dm3. 3. TSP, , (TSP) (SWC 32.9736.18% 32973618 32.97 36.18% 32 97 18 32.97-36.18 4.726.15% 472615 4.72 6.15% 72 15 4.72-6.15 39.2543.19% 39254319 39.25 43.19% 39 43 19 (39.25-43.19% 43.9749.62%, 43974962 43.97 49.62% 62 43.97-49.62%) 7.3910.07% 7391007 7.39 10.07% 10 (7.39-10.07% 9.9812.74%. 9981274 9.98 12.74% 9 98 74 9.98-12.74%) CEC, CEC (CEC) Ca2 Ca Ca2+ K K+ Mg2 Mg TOCs (TOCs Overall area 26. (ANOVA (DLTs 35.2 5 55.1 1.3 (1. 00 0. dm- 0.8 8 (0. 11 1. (TSP 9736 32.9736.18 3297361 3297 32.9 3618 36.18 32.97-36.1 726 4.726.15 47261 472 4.7 615 6.15 4.72-6.1 2543 39.2543.19 3925431 3925 39.2 4319 43.19 (39.25-43.19 9749 43.9749.62% 4397496 4397 43.9 4962 49.62 43.97-49.62% 3910 7.3910.07 739100 739 7.3 1007 10.07 (7.39-10.07 9812 9.9812.74% 998127 998 9.9 1274 12.74 9.98-12.74% (CEC 35. 55. (1 (0 973 32.9736.1 329736 329 32. 361 36.1 32.97-36. 4.726.1 4726 47 4. 61 6.1 4.72-6. 254 39.2543.1 392543 392 39. 431 43.1 (39.25-43.1 974 43.9749.62 439749 439 43. 496 49.6 43.97-49.62 391 7.3910.0 73910 73 7. 100 10.0 (7.39-10.0 981 9.9812.74 99812 99 9. 127 12.7 9.98-12.74 ( 32.9736. 32973 36. 32.97-36 4.726. 6. 4.72-6 39.2543. 39254 (39.25-43. 43.9749.6 43974 43.97-49.6 7.3910. 7391 10. (7.39-10. 9.9812.7 9981 12. 9.98-12.7 32.9736 32.97-3 4.726 4.72- 39.2543 (39.25-43 43.9749. 43.97-49. 7.3910 (7.39-10 9.9812. 9.98-12. 32.973 32.97- 39.254 (39.25-4 43.9749 43.97-49 7.391 (7.39-1 9.9812 9.98-12 (39.25- 43.974 43.97-4 (7.39- 9.981 9.98-1 (39.25 43.97- (7.39 9.98- (39.2 (7.3 (39. (7. (39 (7 (3

RESUMO As atividades de recuperação insustentáveis (URAs) têm sido cada vez mais realizadas para responder à crescente procura global de alimentos, levando a graves repercussões nos ambientes terrestres. Um total de 120 amostras de solo representando 12 locais foram selecionadas aleatoriamente nos três tipos distintos de terra (PMFs, PALs e BHLs) a uma profundidade de 60 cm para avaliar os impactos das URAs na província de Nghe An Mountain, no Vietnã. A análise estatística dos parâmetros do solo foi realizada no software SPSS (versão 26.0) por meio de análise de variância unidirecional (ANOVA). As descobertas indicam diferenças distintas no tamanho das partículas do solo (SPS) entre os diferentes tipos de terreno (DLTs). Florestas virgens e mistas (PMFs) exibiram as menores proporções de areia, variando de 31,4 a 35,2%, enquanto colinas e terras nuas (BHLs) registraram as maiores proporções de areia, variando de 49,7 a 55,1%. Elevado densidade global (BD) foi observado em BHLs (1,36 ± 0,07 kg dm-3) e PMFs (0,89 ± 0,02 a 1,13 ± 0,03 kg dm-3) enquanto terras perenes e anuais (PALs) variaram de 1,17 ± 0,04 a 1,25 ± 0,08 kg dm-3. Os PMFs apresentaram baixos valores de porosidade total do solo (TSP) e teor de água do solo (SWC) com respectivas faixas de 32,97-36,18% e 4,72-6,15% enquanto PALs e BHLs exibiram valores elevados para TSP (39,25-43,19%; 43,97-49,62%). e SWC (7,39-10,07%; 9,98-12,74%). A capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC), Ca2+, K+ e Mg2+ registrou altos valores nos PALs em comparação aos PMFs e PALs, enquanto o conteúdo orgânico total (TOCs) detectou pouca variação entre os DLTs. No geral, as URAs aumentaram os efeitos adversos nas propriedades e funções do solo (SPFs) em toda a área de estudo. (URAs alimentos terrestres 1 PMFs, (PMFs 6 Mountain Vietnã versão 26.0 260 26 0 ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) SPS (SPS DLTs (DLTs) areia 314 31 4 31, 352 35 2 35,2% (BHLs 497 49 7 49, 551 55 55,1% BD (BD 1,36 136 36 (1,3 007 07 0,0 dm3 dm 3 dm-3 0,89 089 89 (0,8 002 02 113 13 1,1 003 03 (PALs 117 17 004 04 125 25 1,2 008 08 dm3. 3. (TSP (SWC 32,9736,18% 32973618 32,97 36,18% 32 97 18 32,97-36,18 4,726,15% 472615 4,72 6,15% 72 15 4,72-6,15 39,2543,19% 39254319 39,25 43,19% 39 43 19 (39,25-43,19% 43,9749,62%. 43974962 43,97 49,62% 62 43,97-49,62%) 7,3910,07% 7391007 7,39 10,07% 10 (7,39-10,07% 9,9812,74%. 9981274 9,98 12,74% 9 98 74 9,98-12,74%) CEC, CEC , (CEC) Ca2 Ca Ca2+ K Mg2 Mg TOCs (TOCs geral SPFs (SPFs estudo 26. (ANOVA (DLTs 35,2 5 55,1 1,3 (1, 00 0, dm- 0,8 8 (0, 11 1, 9736 32,9736,18 3297361 3297 32,9 3618 36,18 32,97-36,1 726 4,726,15 47261 472 4,7 615 6,15 4,72-6,1 2543 39,2543,19 3925431 3925 39,2 4319 43,19 (39,25-43,19 9749 43,9749,62% 4397496 4397 43,9 4962 49,62 43,97-49,62% 3910 7,3910,07 739100 739 7,3 1007 10,07 (7,39-10,07 9812 9,9812,74% 998127 998 9,9 1274 12,74 9,98-12,74% (CEC 35, 55, (1 (0 973 32,9736,1 329736 329 32, 361 36,1 32,97-36, 4,726,1 4726 47 4, 61 6,1 4,72-6, 254 39,2543,1 392543 392 39, 431 43,1 (39,25-43,1 974 43,9749,62 439749 439 43, 496 49,6 43,97-49,62 391 7,3910,0 73910 73 7, 100 10,0 (7,39-10,0 981 9,9812,74 99812 99 9, 127 12,7 9,98-12,74 ( 32,9736, 32973 36, 32,97-36 4,726, 6, 4,72-6 39,2543, 39254 (39,25-43, 43,9749,6 43974 43,97-49,6 7,3910, 7391 10, (7,39-10, 9,9812,7 9981 12, 9,98-12,7 32,9736 32,97-3 4,726 4,72- 39,2543 (39,25-43 43,9749, 43,97-49, 7,3910 (7,39-10 9,9812, 9,98-12, 32,973 32,97- 39,254 (39,25-4 43,9749 43,97-49 7,391 (7,39-1 9,9812 9,98-12 (39,25- 43,974 43,97-4 (7,39- 9,981 9,98-1 (39,25 43,97- (7,39 9,98- (39,2 (7,3 (39, (7, (39 (7 (3

Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSEF) have such an influence on plant development and on the edaphological characteristics and nutrients available in the soil that changes in these communities can drive modifications in the biotic and abiotic variables of an ecosystem, demonstrating the synergetic between species. Given its relevance, the objective of this work was to determine the status of colonization in the roots of three representative herbaceous species of the understory of a community of Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) and Pinus harwegii (Lindl), and to contrast the coexistence of colonizers in three conservation-disturbance scenarios that exemplify the vulnerability situations of a forest ecosystem. A tripartite AMF-HESO-plant interaction is reported by the occurrence of coenocytic hyphae, vesicles, septate hyphae, moniliform cells, and sclerotia. The values of arbuscular mycorrhization exceed 50% and are higher than those found for endophytes (15.7-64.5%). The colonization of both types of fungi, such as AMF sporulation (687 spores 50 g-1 soil in the reforested area), seems to be related to the microclimatic conditions resulting from soil use. The edaphological variables that allow inferring the colonization behavior correspond mainly to available phosphorus, calcium, pH, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity. It is concluded that soil properties, its use, and the type of plants are determinant in the establishment of fungal communities. However, more studies on HESO-plant interaction are needed.

Resumen: Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) y los endófitos septados oscuros (DSEF) tienen tal influencia en el desarrollo de las plantas y en las características edafológicas y nutrientes disponibles en el suelo, que cambios en estas comunidades pueden impulsar modificaciones en las variables bióticas y abióticas de un ecosistema, demostrando la sinergia entre especies. Dada su relevancia, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el estado de colonización en las raíces de tres especies herbáceas representativas del sotobosque de una comunidad de Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) y Pinus harwegii (Lindl), y contrastar la coexistencia de colonizadores en tres escenarios de conservación-perturbación que ejemplifican las situaciones de vulnerabilidad de un ecosistema forestal. Se constata una interacción tripartita AMF-HESO-planta por la aparición de hifas coenocíticas, vesículas, hifas septadas, células moniliformes y esclerocios. Los valores de micorrización arbuscular superan el 50% y son superiores a los encontrados para los endófitos (15.7-64.5%). La colonización de ambos tipos de hongos, como la esporulación de AMF (687 esporas 50 g-1 de suelo en la zona reforestada), parece estar relacionada con las condiciones microclimáticas derivadas del uso del suelo. Las variables edafológicas que permiten inferir el comportamiento de la colonización corresponden principalmente al fósforo disponible, calcio, pH, materia orgánica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico. Se concluye que las propiedades del suelo, su uso y el tipo de plantas son determinantes en el establecimiento de las comunidades fúngicas. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre la interacción HESO-planta.

RESUMEN El manejo inadecuado de los pastizales ha provocado la degradación de extensas áreas, la pérdida de productividad y sostenibilidad de muchas de ellas, reflejando una realidad común entre los ganaderos de Colombia. Por ello, en la Estación Agraria Paysandú de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ubicada en el corregimiento de Santa Elena de la ciudad de Medellín, se realizó una investigación para determinar un índice de calidad del suelo (SQI) mediante la evaluación de los indicadores físicos y químicos más relacionados con el deterioro y producción de materia seca del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus). Se estableció un conjunto mínimo de datos (MDS) para los indicadores más sensibles, elegidos mediante el análisis de componentes principales PCA, y se utilizó una función de puntuación no lineal para obtener el SQI. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre todos los tratamientos y la producción de materia seca (P<0,05: 1,91x10-32). Los indicadores más sensibles fueron: densidad aparente DR > porosidad total TP > macroporos MAC > microporos MIC > resistencia a la penetración PR > capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva ECEC > pH. Como resultado, se obtuvo el siguiente SQI = (0,225×BD) + (0,224×TP) + (0,220×MAC) + (0,218×MIC) + (0,113×PR) + (0,0879×ECEC) + (0,0877×pH). Se sugiere probar el índice en praderas dominadas por pasto kikuyo ubicadas en el trópico alto colombiano. La línea de base es crítica a valores > 0,58 Mg m-3 para BD y > 2,25 MPa para PR. Además, el intervalo de pH óptimo para el desarrollo del pasto kikuyo se situó entre 5,4 y 6,4.

ABSTRACT Inadequate grassland management has resulted in the degradation of extensive areas, loss of productivity and sustainability of many of them, reflecting a common reality among livestock farmers in Colombia. Therefore, at the Paysandú Agricultural Station of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, located in the Santa Elena township of the city of Medellín, a study was carried out to determine a soil quality index (SQI) by evaluating the physical and chemical indicators that were most related to the deterioration and dry matter production of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). A minimum data set (MDS) was established for the most sensitive indicators, selected by principal component analysis (PCA), and a nonlinear scoring function was used to obtain the SQI. Statistical differences were found between all the treatments in relation to dry matter production (P<0.05: 1.91x10-32). The most sensitive indicators were bulk density BD > total porosity TP > macropores MAC > micropores MIC > penetration resistance PR > effective cation exchange capacity ECEC > pH. As a result, the following formula was obtained: SQI = (0.225×BD) + (0.224×TP) + (0.220×MAC) + (0.218×MIC) + (0.113×PR) + (0.0879×ECEC) + (0.0877×pH). This index should be tested in kikuyu grass-dominated pastures located in the Colombian high tropics. The baseline is critical at values > 0.58 Mg m-3 for BD and > 2.25 MPa for PR. In addition, the optimum pH range for kikuyu grass development was between 5.4 and 6.4.

RESUMO Os sistemas de produção integrados surgiram como uma estratégia de produção sustentável na intensificação do uso da terra com impacto mínimo nas funções do ecossistema. Este estudo utilizou ferramentas de agricultura de precisão para investigar a variabilidade espacial de propriedades do solo e da vegetação em área de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) e área de Integração Pecuária-Floresta (IPF) em São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Consequentemente, foram avaliados: (1) as propriedades físico-químicas do solo, (2) a resistividade elétrica, e (3) os atributos da cultura do Eucalyptus urograndis que compõem a área de estudo. As amostragens foram realizadas em (1) agosto de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m; (2) outubro de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,5, 0-1,0 e 0-2,0 m; e (3) abril de 2021 e abril de 2022. Os resultados indicaram que os valores dos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo foram adequados ao desenvolvimento da cultura e apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial. As análises de solo indicaram baixa acidez, altos teores de matéria orgânica, teores médios de fósforo, potássio e capacidade de troca catiônica e altos teores de cálcio, magnésio e saturação por base. Entretanto, foram observados locais com maior variabilidade espacial para cálcio, refletindo variabilidade na capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por base. A granulometria e a resistividade elétrica do solo apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial na camada superficial. Mesmo sem diferenças nas propriedades do solo, houve diferença de 15% no maior volume de madeira no sistema IPF em comparação ao ILPF. ecossistema LavouraPecuáriaFloresta Lavoura Pecuária Floresta ILPF (ILPF PecuáriaFloresta (IPF Carlos SP Brasil Consequentemente avaliados 1 (1 físicoquímicas físico químicas 2 (2 3 (3 202 00,2 002 0 0,2 0-0, 0,20,4 0204 0,4 4 0,2-0, m 00,5, 005 0,5, 5 0-0,5 01,0 010 1,0 0-1, 02,0 020 2,0 0-2, 2022 acidez orgânica fósforo cálcio base Entretanto superficial 15 ( 20 00 00, 02 0, 0-0 0,20, 04 0,2-0 00,5 05 0,5 01 01, 10 1, 0-1 02, 2, 0-2 0- 0,20 0,2-

ABSTRACT Integrated production systems have emerged as a sustainable production strategy in intensifying land use with minimal impact on ecosystem functions. This study used precision agriculture tools to investigate the spatial variability of soil and vegetation properties in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) and in an integrated livestock-forestry (ILF) area of São Carlos city, SP, Brazil. Consequently, the following were assessed: (1) the soil physicochemical properties, (2) the electrical resistivity, and (3) the attributes of the Eucalyptus urograndis crop comprising the study area. Samplings were performed in (1) August 2021 at depths of 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m; (2) October 2021 at depths of 0-0.5, 0-1.0, and 0-2.0 m; and (3) April 2021 and April 2022. Results indicated that the values for soil fertility parameters were suitable for crop development and presented low spatial variability. Soil analyses indicated low acidity, high levels of organic matter, average cation exchange capacity, phosphorus and potassium contents, high base saturation, and calcium and magnesium levels. However, locations with greater spatial variability for calcium were observed, reflecting cation exchange capacity and base saturation variability. Soil granulometry and electrical resistivity had a low spatial variability at the surface layer. Even without differences in the soil properties, there was a difference of 15% in the larger wood volume in the ILF then ICLF system. functions croplivestockforestry livestock forestry (ICLF livestockforestry (ILF city SP Brazil Consequently assessed 1 (1 2 (2 3 (3 202 00.2 002 0 0.2 0-0. 0.20.4 0204 0.4 4 0.2-0. m 00.5, 005 0.5, 5 0-0.5 01.0, 010 1.0, 0-1.0 02.0 020 2.0 0-2. 2022 acidity matter contents However observed layer 15 system ( 20 00 00. 02 0. 0-0 0.20. 04 0.2-0 00.5 05 0.5 01 01.0 10 1.0 0-1. 02. 2. 0-2 0- 0.20 0.2- 01. 1. 0-1

Abstract (Introduction): The productive capacity of a forest plantation depends mainly on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, as well as the necessary silvicultural management for optimal tree development. (Objective): The objective of this research was the evaluation of the effect of fertilization on clonal forest plantations of Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. 3 years old, in the North and South Pacific of Costa Rica. (Methodology): The study was carried out in 2 experimental trials of the Forestry Research and Services Institute located in La Esperanza, Cóbano (trial 1) and in Rancho Quemado, Drake Bay (trial 2). Five complete blocks were established at random with four fertilization treatments with the fertilizer 19-4-19-2-0.1(B)-1.8(S)-.1(Zn). An analysis of variance and comparison of means of the mean annual increments of DBH, height and total volume of the trees was carried out, using the Tukey test. (Results): The results show that the site with the highest natural fertility presents a greater growth of the trees, however, there are no statistically significant differences between all the treatments applied. The site with the lowest natural fertility is located in Bahía Drake and it did present statistically significant differences in some treatments in terms of total volume. (Conclusions): Continuous fertilization have a positive impact on the dasometric growth in G. arborea plantations that present low calcium contents (< 4.5 cmol L-1), low values of effective cation exchange capacity (<7.8 cmol L-1) and high acidity saturation (> 19.4 %).

Resumen (Introducción): La capacidad productiva de una plantación forestal depende principalmente de las características fisicoquímicas del suelo, así como del manejo silvicultural necesario para un óptimo desarrollo de los árboles. (Objetivo): El objetivo de esta investigación fue la evaluación del efecto de la fertilización sobre plantaciones forestales clonales de Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., de tres años, en el Pacífico Norte y Sur de Costa Rica. (Metodología): El estudio se realizó en 2 ensayos experimentales del Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales ubicados en La Esperanza, Cóbano (ensayo 1) y en Rancho Quemado, Bahía Drake (ensayo 2). Se establecieron 5 bloques completos, al azar, con 4 tratamientos de fertilización con el abono 19-4-19-2-0,1(B)-1,8(S)-,1(Zn). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias de los incrementos medios anuales del DAP, la altura y el volumen total de los árboles utilizando la prueba de Tukey. (Resultados): Los resultados muestran que el sitio con mayor fertilidad natural presenta aumento en el crecimiento de los árboles; sin embargo, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre todos los tratamientos aplicados. El sitio de menor fertilidad natural se ubica en Bahía Drake y presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en algunos tratamientos en términos de volumen total. (Conclusiones): La fertilización continua tienen un impacto positivo en el crecimiento dasométrico en plantaciones de G. arborea que presenten bajos contenidos de calcio (< 4.5 cmol L-1), valores bajos en capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva (< 7.8 cmol L-1) y alta saturación de acidez (> 19.4 %).

RESUMO No contexto atual, de subida dos custos de produção, é essencial otimizar a gestão dos recursos disponíveis, o que pressupõe a incorporação de tecnologias que melhorem o conhecimento sobre as variáveis envolvidas no processo produtivo. Este estudo teve por objetivo demonstrar os benefícios de definir e validar zonas de gestão (ZG) numa vinha. Para o efeito foram realizados dois levantamentos expeditos da parcela experimental, um realizado com um sensor de contacto (“Veris 2000 XA”) para medir a resistividade do solo e, a partir desta, a condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CEa), e outro realizado com um recetor GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) de precisão (RTK) que permitiu o levantamento altimétrico. Os resultados foram submetidos a tratamentos geoestatísticos que permitiram a definição de três ZG com diferente potencial produtivo (menor, intermédio e maior). A validação das ZG foi realizada a partir de parâmetros do solo (textura, pH, matéria orgânica, humidade, fósforo, potássio, bases de troca e capacidade de troca catiónica) e de medições da compactação (índice de cone, IC), realizadas com um cone penetrómetro eletrónico. A análise estatística dos resultados confirmou que estes parâmetros validaram as ZG identificadas a partir dos dados da CEa e da altimetria. Esta validação comprova o interesse de ferramentas tecnológicas expeditas para monitorizar a CEa como uma etapa fundamental para implementar processos agronómicos inteligentes de tomada de decisão.

ABSTRACT In the current context of rising production costs, optimizing the management of available resources is crucial, specially by incorporating technologies that enhance our understanding of the variables involved in the agronomic production process. This study aimed to demonstrate the benefits of defining and validating management zones (MZ) in a vineyard. For this purpose, two quick surveys of the experimental field were conducted using a contact sensor (“Veris 2000 XA”), to measure the soil resistivity and thereby determine the soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), and another survey using a precision GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver (RTK- Real Time Kinematics) for altimetric measurements. The results underwent geostatistical analysis to define three MZs with different productive potential (less, intermediate, and more productive potential). The validation of these MZs was based on various soil parameters (texture, pH, organic matter-OM, moisture content, phosphorous, potassium, exchange bases, and cation exchange capacity-CEC) and soil compaction measurements (cone index-CI) using an electronic cone penetrometer. Statistical analysis confirmed that these parameters validated the MZs identified from the ECa and altimetric data. This validation attests the value of using expeditious technological tools to monitor ECa as a key step to in implementing intelligent agronomic decision-making processes.

Resumo As montanhas de Liupan são uma região importante na China no contexto de cobertura florestal e vegetação devido às enormes práticas de florestamento e plantação, que trouxeram mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, e estoques e estequiometrias do solo raramente são compreendidos. O estudo visa explorar a distribuição de nutrientes do solo a 1 m de profundidade do solo na região da floresta plantada. As amostras de solo em cinco incrementos de profundidade (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm) foram coletadas e analisadas para diferentes características físico-químicas do solo. Os resultados mostraram uma variação significativa nos valores de densidade do solo (BD), porosidade do solo, pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Mais DB do solo (1,41 g cm-3) e pH (6,97) do solo foram observados na camada profunda do solo (80-100 cm), enquanto os maiores valores de porosidade (60,6%), CE (0,09 mS cm-1) e CEC (32,9 c mol kg-1) foram refletidos na camada superior do solo (0-20 cm). Da mesma forma, os maiores teores de carbono orgânico do solo (SOC), fósforo total (TP), fósforo disponível (AP), nitrogênio total (TN) e potássio disponível (AK) foram calculados na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Com o aumento do incremento da profundidade do solo, uma tendência decrescente no SOC e na concentração de outros nutrientes foi encontrada, enquanto o potássio total do solo (TK) produziu uma correlação negativa com a profundidade da camada do solo. Todos os resultados produziram a distribuição de SOCs e TNs (estoques) em várias profundidades de solo em padrões de floresta 0 → 20cm> 20 → 40cm> 40 → 60cm ≥ 60 → 80cm ≥ 80 → 100 cm. Além disso, as relações estequiométricas de C, N e P, as relações C / P e N / P, apresentaram valores máximos (66,49 e 5,46) em 0-20 cm, e valores mais baixos (23,78 e 1,91) em solo de 80-100 cm profundidade da camada. Embora a relação C / N fosse estatisticamente semelhante em todo o perfil do solo (0-100 cm). Esses resultados destacaram que os incrementos de profundidade do solo podem ser amplamente atribuídos a flutuações nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, estoques e estequiometrias do solo. Mais estudos são necessários para tirar conclusões adicionais sobre a dinâmica dos nutrientes, estoques de solo e estequiometria do solo nessas florestas.

Abstract Liupan Mountains are an important region in China in the context of forest cover and vegetation due to huge afforestation and plantation practices, which brought changes in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries are rarely been understood. The study aims to explore the distribution of soil nutrients at 1-m soil depth in the plantation forest region. The soil samples at five depth increments (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm) were collected and analyzed for different soil physio-chemical characteristics. The results showed a significant variation in soil bulk density (BD), soil porosity, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electric conductivity (EC) values. More soil BD (1.41 g cm-3) and pH (6.97) were noticed in the deep soil layer (80-100 cm), while the highest values of porosity (60.6%), EC (0.09 mS cm-1), and CEC (32.9 c mol kg-1) were reflected in the uppermost soil layer (0-20 cm). Similarly, the highest contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) were calculated in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm). With increasing soil depth increment a decreasing trend in the SOC and other nutrient concentration were found, whereas the soil total potassium (TK) produced a negative correlation with soil layer depth. The entire results produced the distribution of SOCs and TNs (stocks) at various soil depths in forestland patterns were 0→20cm > 20→40cm > 40→60cm ≥ 60→80cm ≥ 80→100 cm. Furthermore, the stoichiometric ratios of C, N, and P, the C/P, and N/P ratios showed maximum values (66.49 and 5.46) in 0-20 cm and lowest values (23.78 and 1.91) in 80-100 cm soil layer depth. Though the C/N ratio was statistically similar across the whole soil profile (0-100 cm). These results highlighted that the soil depth increments might largely be attributed to fluctuations in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries. Further study is needed to draw more conclusions on nutrient dynamics, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometry in these forests.

ABSTRACT Among the necessary phytotechnical adjustments, the correct recommendation of the plant population of each soybean cultivar is of paramount importance for success in crop production. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the distribution and spatial autocorrelation of the soybean plant population according to the spatial variability of the physical and chemical attributes of Oxisol in the Brazilian Cerrado region. The attributes studied were plant population, soybean grain yield, apparent soil electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, hydrogenionic potential, and clay content in the soil. The plant population varied inversely as a function of apparent soil electrical conductivity. The areas with the highest values of apparent soil electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and clay content had the lowest plant populations. Soybean yield was not influenced by increase or decrease in the plant population. Thus, it is economically viable to plant with lower plant density to improve the farmer’s profit margin. adjustments production Thus region conductivity capacity potential populations farmers farmer s margin

RESUMO Dentre os ajustes fitotécnicos necessários, a correta recomendação da população de plantas de cada cultivar de soja é de suma importância para o sucesso na produção desta cultura. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição e autocorrelação espacial da população de plantas de soja de acordo com a variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos e químicos de um Latossolo na região do Cerrado brasileiro. Os atributos estudados foram: população de plantas, produtividade de grãos de soja, condutividade elétrica aparente do solo, teor de matéria orgânica do solo, capacidade de troca catiônica, potencial hidrogeniônico e teor de argila no solo. A população de plantas variou inversamente em função da condutividade elétrica aparente do solo. As áreas com os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica aparente do solo, teor de matéria orgânica do solo, capacidade de troca catiônica e teor de argila apresentaram as menores populações de plantas. A produtividade da soja não foi influenciada pelo aumento ou diminuição da população de plantas, por isso é economicamente viável plantar com menor densidade de plantas para melhorar a margem de lucro do agricultor. necessários cultura Assim brasileiro foram solo agricultor

ABSTRACT Tropical forests have the highest rates of net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems and, therefore, may contribute significantly to the mitigation of global climate change. Although NPP is influenced by soil fertility, and recently, in some regions, mining activity in forest ecosystems has intensified. Little is known about how soils determine the restoration of NPP in forests degraded by mining. We evaluated the influence of soil nutrients on wood NPP of post-mining forests in the biogeographic Chocó region (Colombia), with emphasis on the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in post-mining forests under successional stages of 12-15 or 30-35 years. For this, permanent plots were established in secondary post-mining forests in Jigualito (Colombian Pacific), the wood NPP (accumulated and current) was evaluated, and it was related to soil properties such as organic matter (OM), acidity, Al, total N, available P, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and texture. An accumulated wood NPP of 0.72 t ha-1 yr-1 was recorded in post-mining forests 12-15 years old. Meanwhile, in post-mining forests of 30-35 years, the accumulated wood NPP was 6.52 t ha-1 yr-1. The current wood NPP was 4.25 t ha-1 yr-1 in post-mining forests with 30-35 years of recovery. Accumulated NPP positively correlated with soil OM, total N, Ca, Mg, and effective cation exchange capacity–ECEC in post-mining forests. In post-mining forests, a slow recovery of the wood NPP was denoted in the first years. Soil nutrients determined the wood NPP, and a multiple limitation of nutrients with the succession was observed, which corroborates the need to restore the degraded ecosystem in the region. (NPP therefore change fertility recently regions intensified postmining post Colombia, Colombia , (Colombia) N (N P (P 1215 12 15 12-1 3035 30 35 30-3 this Colombian Pacific, Pacific Pacific) OM (OM) acidity Al Mg (Mg) K, K (K) Ca (Ca) texture 072 0 72 0.7 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- old Meanwhile 652 6 52 6.5 yr1. 1. 425 4 25 4.2 capacityECEC capacity ECEC observed (Colombia 121 12- 303 3 30- (OM (Mg (K (Ca 07 7 0. 65 5 6. 42 2 4.

ABSTRACT Considering the spectral differences between broadleaf weeds and narrow-leaf crops and the influence of terrain and soil variables on weed infestations, integrating such information into a machine-learning algorithm can lead to accurate weed maps. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of these variables in classifying the occurrence of broadleaf weeds in narrow-leaf crops. Weed data was collected at georeferenced points across two areas covering 200 ha (pasture) and 106 ha (sorghum), creating classes 0 (absence) and 1 (presence). For each sample point, we obtained 11 variables: soil clay content, cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, terrain elevation, slope, NDVI, EVI, CIgreen, BGND (derived from PlanetScope images), and spatial information (X and Y coordinates). These variables were used as predictors of broadleaf weed presence and absence in the Random Forest classification algorithm. The presence and absence of broadleaf weeds were correctly classified in 84% and 74% of all predictions in the test sample sets for pasture and sorghum areas, respectively. This strategy represents an efficient way to map and manage the occurrence of broadleaf weeds in narrow-leaf crops. narrowleaf narrow leaf infestations machinelearning machine learning maps Therefore 20 (pasture 10 sorghum, , (sorghum) (absence presence. . (presence) point content capacity matter elevation slope NDVI EVI CIgreen derived images, images images) X coordinates. coordinates coordinates) 84 74 respectively 2 (sorghum (presence 8 7

ABSTRACT Among the various forage species used in ruminant feeding, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is notable as it is a perennial plant and has a high potential for dry matter production. The present study evaluated the performance of elephant grass cultivars and soil chemical characteristics under different biochar addition levels and at different evaluation times under irrigation in the dry season. The treatments were arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design (CBD) and analyzed in a split-plot design according to cultivar (BRS Capiaçu and BRS Kurumi) x biochar dose (0, 8, 16 and 24 t ha-1); the subplots consisted of four evaluation times (71, 225, 335 and 447 days after application of biochar), with four replicates. The soil chemical characteristics were evaluated without inclusion of the time factor according to a CBD in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with 4 replications. The attributes analyzed were soil fertility, morphometry and elephant grass yield. The performance of the cultivars improved at 225 days (2nd evaluation) and 335 days (3rd evaluation) after biochar application. The biochar doses did not significantly increase morphometric attributes, cultivar productivity or soil fertility. The application of biochar did not improve the yield attributes or crude protein of elephant grass cultivars under the conditions of this study. feeding Pennisetum Schum. Schum production season (CBD splitplot split plot Kurumi 0, 0 (0 8 1 ha1 ha ha-1) 71, 71 (71 33 44 biochar, , biochar) replicates scheme replications fertility 22 2nd nd 3rd rd ( ha-1 7 (7 3 ha-

RESUMO Entre as diversas espécies forrageiras utilizadas na alimentação de ruminantes, o capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) se destaca por ser perene e de elevado potencial de produção de matéria seca. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o desempenho de cultivares de capim elefante e características químicas do solo sob diferentes níveis de biochar e épocas de avaliação sob irrigação na época da seca. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) em esquema fatorial, e analisado em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas, as cultivares BRS Capiaçu e BRS Kurumi x doses de biochar (0, 8, 16 e 24 t ha-1), e as subparcelas, quatro épocas de avaliação (71, 225, 335 e 447 dias após aplicação do biochar), com quatro repetições. Para avaliação de características químicas do solo o delineamento não teve o fator épocas, sendo analisado em DBC em fatorial 2 x 4, com 4 repetições. Os atributos analisados foram a fertilidade de solo, a morfometria e o rendimento de capim elefante. Nas avaliações aos 225 (2ª) e 335 (3ª) dias após aplicação de biochar houve melhor desempenho das cultivares. As doses de biochar não aumentaram significativamente atributos morfométricos, de produtividade das cultivares e fertilidade do solo. A aplicação de biochar não melhora os atributos de produtividade e proteína bruta das cultivares de capim elefante nas condições deste estudo. ruminantes Pennisetum Schum. Schum seca Objetivouse Objetivou (DBC subdivididas 0, 0 (0 8 1 ha1, ha1 ha , ha-1) subparcelas 71, 71 (71 33 44 biochar, biochar) repetições 22 2ª ª (2ª 3ª (3ª morfométricos estudo ( ha-1 7 (7 3 ha-

ABSTRACT Soil pH and base saturation are important parameters for evaluating the effects of acidity on plant growth. However, the relationship between soil pH and base saturation (V%) has been poorly studied in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) on this relationship for soils of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, using a database consisting of 30,244 analyses of soils collected from 0–0.2- and 0.2–0.4-m depths. The CEC at pH 7 of analyzed soils varied from 3.4 to 40.5 cmolc·dm-3 and were grouped into four classes (< 6, 6–10, 10–20, and > 20 cmolc·dm-3) for each soil layer. The V% versus pH relationship was CEC dependent for both soil layers. For 0–0.2 m, V% was directly related to CEC (< 6, 6–10, 10–20, and > 20 cmolc·dm-3) and reached 50, 55, 60, and 74% at pH 5 and 66, 73, 81, and 88% at pH 6, respectively. Predicting V% in relation to pH was also affected by CEC, with a decrease in the correlation of p = 0.82 for CEC < 6 cmolc·dm-3 to p = 0.64 for CEC > 20 cmolc·dm-3. The decrease in this correlation was related to low clay content (17%) of soils with CEC < 6 cmolc·dm-3, which provided low buffering capacity. For soils with CEC > 20 cmolc·dm-3 and higher clay content (45%), greater buffering capacity was observed associated with kaolinite. Findings suggest that CEC should be considered to understand the relationship between V% and pH CaCl2. growth However V (V% Brazil (CEC Sul 30244 30 244 30,24 002 0 2 0.2–0.4m 0204m m 0.2–0.4 4 depths 34 3 3. 405 40 40. cmolc·dm3 cmolcdm3 cmolcdm cmolc·dm cmolc dm cmolc·dm- ( 610 10 6–10 1020 10–20 layer layers 0–0. 50 55 60 74 66 73 81 88 respectively 082 82 0.8 064 64 0.6 cmolc·dm3. 17% 17 (17% cmolc·dm3, 3, 45%, 45 45% , (45%) kaolinite CaCl2 CaCl (V 3024 24 30,2 00 4m 0204 0.2–0. dm3 61 1 6–1 102 10–2 0–0 8 08 0. 06 (17 (45% 302 30, 020 0.2–0 6– 10– 0– (1 (45 02 0.2– (4 0.2

ABSTRACT Sewage sludge (SS) and biochar offer a sustainable approach for improving nutrient supply and soil characteristics, but more research is needed to compare their efficacy against mineral fertilizers. First, this study assessed the effects of rice husk biochar (RHB) rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t·ha-1) on the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of a soil grown with maize. Then, the RHB rate providing the highest maize biomass was compared to SS and NPK fertilization. Maize yield and mineral composition were also evaluated. The results showed that the tested fertilizers had varying effects on increasing maize yield and altering soil properties. While RHB improved water retention capacity, cation exchange capacity, microbial biomass, and maize yield when compared to the control group, SS proved to be more effective in enhancing P availability. The maize yield with SS was five times greater than the regional maize productivity and equal to the performance of NPK fertilization. Considering the substantial positive impact of SS on soil characteristics, it is recommended that local farmers apply 20 t·ha-1 of this fertilizer. This not only has the potential to replace traditional mineral fertilization, but also offers the additional advantage of improving overall soil quality. (SS First (RHB 0, 0 (0 5 10 15 2 t·ha1 tha1 tha t·ha 1 t ha chemical physical Then fertilization evaluated properties capacity group availability t·ha- fertilizer quality ( ha1

Alum sludge (AS) from water treatment plants is an abundant, non-toxic residue with high Si and Al contents. These characteristics make it an ideal precursor for zeolite synthesis, not only reducing the environmental impacts from AS disposal but also adding value to the waste by promoting its reuse. Herein, we propose a route to prepare zeolitic materials from AS, aiming for its application as a component of slow-release fertilizers, using mild conditions and cost-effective hydrothermal synthesis. X-Ray Diffraction revealed the formation of sodalite (Na-SOD) in short times (5-10 h) and moderate temperatures (100-120ºC), with sodium silicate addition favoring Si-quartz consumption and zeolite crystallization, without a fusion step. The Na-SOD showed a desirable cation exchange capacity, reaching 117 mg g-1 for K+. A K-SOD fertilizer was then prepared with an average 490 nm size, 2 m2 g-1 BET surface area, and slow-release behavior. Incubation in soil confirmed that Al was inactive in K-SOD and did not immobilize phosphate, in addition to promoting high K+ availability. The results support the potential of AS reuse for application in agriculture as an efficient and sustainable fertilizer. (AS abundant nontoxic non toxic contents synthesis Herein slowrelease slow release fertilizers costeffective cost effective XRay X Ray NaSOD Na SOD (Na-SOD 510 5 10 (5-1 h 100120ºC, 100120ºC ºC 100 120ºC , (100-120ºC) Siquartz quartz crystallization step capacity 11 g1 g 1 g- K KSOD 49 size m area behavior phosphate availability 51 (5- (100-120ºC 4 (5 (