ABSTRACT The search for new technologies capable of providing benefits to healthy eating is a global goal. The consumption of foods rich in carotenoids can prevent serious health problems. Thus, the availability of foods high in carotenoids that are accessible to the majority of the population is essential. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a suitable species for biofortification research based on genetic improvements. In this study, we aimed to select and obtain hybrid lettuce populations with high agronomic potential and biofortified carotenoid content. Ten lettuce lines registered in the “BG α Biofort” software were selected for hybridization. The crosses used to obtain the hybrids involved two strains rich in at least one of the pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), and 24 experimental hybrids were obtained. A total of 37 genotypes (strains, hybrids, and commercial cultivars) were evaluated using a randomized block design for agronomic variables and chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Hybrids 12 (UFU-189#3#4#1 × UFU MC BIOFORT 2) and 25 (UFU66#4#2 × UFU-189#3#4#1) had the potential to produce dual-purpose populations (yield and carotenoid biofortification). Hybrid 27 (UFU66#4#2 × UFU MC BIOFORT1) exhibited the best pigment balance. Thus, F2 hybrids 12, 25, and 27 should be obtained to produce new cultivars of biofortified red and green lettuce for curly, american, mini, and romaine lettuce segments. goal problems Thus essential Lactuca L. L improvements study content BG Biofort hybridization carotenoids, , carotenoids) 2 3 strains, (strains 1 UFU189#3#4#1 UFU189341 189#3#4#1 189 4 (UFU-189#3#4# UFU66#4#2 UFU6642 UFU66 (UFU66#4# UFU-189#3#4#1 dualpurpose dual purpose yield biofortification. . biofortification) BIOFORT1 balance F curly american mini segments UFU189 UFU189#3#4# UFU18934 189341 189#3#4# 18 (UFU-189#3#4 UFU66#4# UFU664 UFU6 (UFU66#4 UFU-189#3#4# UFU18 UFU189#3#4 UFU1893 18934 189#3#4 (UFU-189#3# UFU66#4 (UFU66# UFU-189#3#4 UFU1 UFU189#3# 1893 189#3# (UFU-189#3 UFU66# (UFU66 UFU-189#3# UFU189#3 189#3 (UFU-189# (UFU6 UFU-189#3 UFU189# 189# (UFU-189 (UFU UFU-189# (UFU-18 UFU-189 (UFU-1 UFU-18 (UFU- UFU-1 UFU-

RESUMO A busca por novas tecnologias capazes de proporcionar benefícios para uma alimentação saudável tem sido meta mundial. A presença de alimentos ricos em carotenoides pode ser fundamental para prevenir sérios problemas de saúde. Aliar alimentos com altos teores de carotenoides e acessíveis para a maior parte da população é fundamental. A alface (Lactuca sativa L.) se apresenta como uma espécie adequada para investir em pesquisas com biofortificação a partir de melhoramento genético. Assim, o objetivo com este estudo foi selecionar híbridos de alface visando à obtenção de populações com potencial agronômico e biofortificadas para carotenoides. Dez linhagens de alface cadastradas no Software “BG α Biofort” foram utilizadas nas hibridações. Os cruzamentos para obtenção dos híbridos foram planejados envolvendo duas linhagens ricas em pelo menos um dos pigmentos (clorofila e carotenoides) sendo obtidos 24 híbridos experimentais. Foram avaliados 37 genótipos (linhagens, híbridos e cultivares comercias) em delineamento em blocos casualizados quanto as variáveis agronômicas e teores de clorofila e carotenoides. Foi verificado que os híbridos 12 (UFU-189#3#4#1 × UFU MC BIOFORT 2) e 25 (UFU66#4#2 × UFU-189#3#4#1) possuem potencial para obtenção de populações de duplo propósito (produtividade e biofortificada para carotenoide). O híbrido 27 (UFU66#4#2 × UFU MC BIOFORT1) foi o que apresentou maior equilíbrio para pigmentos. Sugere-se a obtenção de populações F2 dos híbridos 12, 25 e 27 visando a obtenção de novas cultivares de alfaces biofortificadas vermelhas e verdes, para os segmentos de alface crespa, americana, mini e romana. mundial saúde Lactuca L. L genético Assim BG Biofort hibridações 2 experimentais 3 linhagens, (linhagens comercias 1 UFU189#3#4#1 UFU189341 189#3#4#1 189 4 (UFU-189#3#4# UFU66#4#2 UFU6642 UFU66 (UFU66#4# UFU-189#3#4#1 produtividade carotenoide. carotenoide . carotenoide) BIOFORT1 Sugerese Sugere F verdes crespa americana romana UFU189 UFU189#3#4# UFU18934 189341 189#3#4# 18 (UFU-189#3#4 UFU66#4# UFU664 UFU6 (UFU66#4 UFU-189#3#4# UFU18 UFU189#3#4 UFU1893 18934 189#3#4 (UFU-189#3# UFU66#4 (UFU66# UFU-189#3#4 UFU1 UFU189#3# 1893 189#3# (UFU-189#3 UFU66# (UFU66 UFU-189#3# UFU189#3 189#3 (UFU-189# (UFU6 UFU-189#3 UFU189# 189# (UFU-189 (UFU UFU-189# (UFU-18 UFU-189 (UFU-1 UFU-18 (UFU- UFU-1 UFU-

Abstract The exploration of the biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae holds great promise for obtaining pigments of industrial interest. This study focused on the bioprospecting of these organisms to obtain pigments of industrial interest together with enriched biomass. We investigated the impact of photoperiod and concentration of C/N/P nutrient sources in heterotrophic cultures, controlling specific variables such as light intensity, volume, pH, temperature, air flow and time to produce phycobiliproteins in Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 and total carotenoids in Scenedesmus sp. using a nonfactorial Plackett‒Burman design in STATISTICA 7.0 software. The biomass concentration was determined by dry weight, while the concentrations of phycocyanin and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically at specific wavelengths. Heterotrophic cultures demonstrated superior productivity, with phycocyanin and carotenoids achieving percentages of 7% and 0.4% (w/w), respectively, and an R2 value of 0.99. Among the influential parameters, potassium diphosphate and sodium bicarbonate played pivotal roles in the final deposition of carotenoids and phycocyanin, respectively, yielding concentrations of 96.5 mg/L phycocyanin and 6.5 mg/L carotenoids.

Resumen La exploración de la biodiversidad de cianobacterias y microalgas es muy prometedora para la obtención de pigmentos de interés industrial. Este estudio se centra en la bioprospección de estos organismos para obtener pigmentos de interés industrial junto con biomasa enriquecida. Investigamos el impacto del fotoperiodo y la concentración de fuentes de nutrientes C/N/P en cultivos heterótrofos, controlando variables específicas como la intensidad luminosa, volumen, pH, temperatura, flujo de aire y tiempo para la producción de ficobiliproteínas en Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 y carotenoides totales en Scenedesmus sp. Empleando un diseño Plackett‒Burman no factorial en el software STATISTICA 7.0. La concentración de biomasa fue determinada por peso seco, mientras que la concentración de ficocianinas y carotenoides fueron determinadas espectrofotométricamente a longitudes de onda específicas. Los cultivos heterótrofos demostraron una productividad superior, alcanzando las ficocianinas y los carotenoides porcentajes del 7% y el 0,4% (% p/p) respectivamente, y un notable valor R2 de 0,99. Entre los parámetros influyentes, el difosfato potásico y el bicarbonato sódico desempeñaron papeles fundamentales en la deposición final de carotenoides y ficocianinas, respectivamente, alcanzando concentraciones de 96,5 mg/L de ficocianinas y 6,5 mg/L de carotenoides.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the morpho-physiological adaptations of Araucaria angustifolia saplings under different shade conditions. Saplings were grown for 21 months under full sunlight (S0%) and three shade levels: 30%, 50%, and 80% (S-30%, S-50% and S-80%, respectively). Growth, light-harvesting pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence, and anatomical leaf structure were analyzed. Plants in S-0% and S-30% showed higher stem diameter, total and root dry mass, Dickson quality index, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio, carotenoids content, and electron transport rate. Conversely, shaded plants (S-50% e S-80%) exhibited physiological adaptations, compensating for the decreased light supply by primarily increasing the amount of chlorophyll and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and reducing the thickness of their leaves. These results indicate that, despite the physiological plasticity to shade in Araucaria, the saplings grow better under a high-irradiance environment or low-shade condition (S-30%). In this sense, shaded cultivation of this species should be avoided in nurseries and reforestations due to the significant total dry mass reduction. This study highlights the importance of optimal light intensity to promote the growth of this endangered species. morphophysiological morpho conditions 2 S0% S0 S (S0% levels 30 30% 50 50% 80 S30%, S30 (S-30% S50% S50 S-50 S80%, S80 80%, S-80% respectively. respectively . respectively) Growth lightharvesting harvesting carotenoids, , carotenoids) fluorescence analyzed 0% 0 S-0 S30% S-30 diameter index achlorophyll ratio content rate Conversely (S-50 S80% leaves that highirradiance high irradiance lowshade low S30%. (S-30%) sense reduction (S0 3 5 8 S3 (S-30 S5 S-5 S8 S-80 S- S-3 (S-5 (S (S-3 S-8 (S-

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as adaptações morfofisiológicas de mudas de Araucaria angustifolia sob diferentes condições de sombreamento. As mudas foram cultivadas durante 21 meses em pleno sol (S0%) e em três níveis de sombreamento: 30%, 50% e 80% (S-30%, S-50% e S-80%, respectivamente). Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, pigmentos de captação de luz (clorofila e carotenoides), fluorescência da clorofila e a estrutura anatômica da folha. As mudas sob S0% e S30% apresentaram maior diâmetro do caule, massa seca total e radicular, índice de qualidade de Dickson, relação clorofila a/clorofila b, teor de carotenoides e taxa de transporte de elétrons. Plantas sob S-50% e S-80% apresentaram adaptações fisiológicas, compensando a diminuição da disponibilidade de luz principalmente aumentando a quantidade de clorofila a e a eficiência quântica do fotossistema II, e reduzindo a espessura da folha. Esses resultados indicam que, apesar da plasticidade fisiológica da araucária à sombra, as mudas crescem mais em ambientes de alta irradiação ou baixo sombreamento (S-30%). Assim, plantios sombreados desta espécie devem ser evitados em viveiros e reflorestamentos devido à significativa redução do acúmulo de massa seca. Este estudo destaca a importância da intensidade ideal de luz para melhorar o crescimento de mudas desta espécie que está ameaçada de extinção. 2 S0 S (S0% 30 30% 50 80 S30%, S30 (S-30% S50% S50 S-50 S80%, S80 80%, respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) carotenoides, , carotenoides) folha caule radicular Dickson aclorofila b elétrons S80% S-80 fisiológicas II sombra S30%. (S-30%) Assim extinção (S0 3 5 8 S3 (S-30 S5 S-5 S8 S-8 (S (S-3 S- (S-

Resumo Tâmaras frescas de 17 variedades e khalts do sul do Marrocos foram analisadas por sua cor, conteúdo de pigmentos e perfil sensorial. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os perfis sensoriais das amostras devido à variabilidade do genótipo e suas diferentes origens. Variedades de tâmaras frescas e khalts foram consideradas uma boa fonte de β-caroteno (0,49-10,86 µg de β-caroteno / 100 g FW). Na verdade, os resultados revelaram que as variedades de tâmaras e khalts apresentam uma boa composição funcional e boas características sensoriais. Portanto, essas variedades de tâmaras marroquinas podem ser usadas para consumo in natura e na indústria de processamento, que constituirá uma fonte considerável de antioxidantes.

Abstract Fresh dates of seventeen varieties and khalts from Southern Morocco were analysed for their colour, pigments content, and sensory profile. The results showed significant differences between the sensory profiles of the samples due to the variability of the genotype and their different origin. Fresh date varieties and khalts were a good source of β-carotene (0.49 - 10.86 µg of β-carotene /100 g FW). The results revealed that the date varieties and khalts were found to have an excellent functional composition and good sensory characteristics. Therefore, these varieties of Moroccan dates could be used for fresh consumption and in the processing industry, which will constitute a significant source of antioxidants.

ABSTRACT: It is known that floriculture is very important for the world economic scenario. Nevertheless, the vase life of cut flowers is determined by a short time span. This study evaluated the spectral behavior during leaf degradation of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) flower stems in the postharvest, in different preservative solutions, and estimating its leaf pigments by hyperspectral data. Lisianthus floral stems were subjected to preservative solutions with different concentrations of sucrose, glucose, phytohormones and deionized water. Leaves from these stems were collected every 4 days for further hyperspectral analysis. Spectra was determined in laboratory with a sensor collecting at the range of 350-2500 nm. In order to analyze the use of the spectra to detect the performance of the preservative solutions, statistical tests were used at each wavelength. Pigment prediction was assessed by the CAR/CLF ratio (Ratio between Carotenoids and Chlorophyll) from the spectral curves, using PLSR and RRMSE. The glucose-based solutions registered positive effects on the preservation of floral stems, especially at the dose of 180 g/L. The solutions based on sucrose and phytohormones registered similarities in the spectral curves among the doses, demonstrating equality in leaf preservation. The discriminant analyses demonstrated there was statistical difference in the spectral responses in the doses for each solution used. The CAR/CLF ratio had reasonable coefficients of 0.6 and RRMSE below 6.99%. The hyperspectral analyses presented a potential for the evaluation of leaf degradation in lisianthus floral stems in different pulsing solutions used in the postharvest. ABSTRACT scenario Nevertheless span Eustoma grandiflorum postharvest data glucose water analysis 3502500 350 2500 350-250 nm wavelength CARCLF CAR CLF Ratio Chlorophyll glucosebased 18 gL g L g/L 06 0 6 0. 699 99 6.99% 350250 35 250 350-25 1 69 9 6.99 35025 3 25 350-2 6.9 3502 2 350- 6.

RESUMO: Sabe-se que a floricultura é muito importante para o cenário econômico mundial, porém a vida útil de vaso das flores de corte é determinada por um pequeno intervalo de tempo. O estudo procurou avaliar o comportamento espectral durante a degradação foliar de hastes florais de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) na pós-colheita, em diferentes soluções conservantes, e estimar pigmentos foliares a partir dos dados hiperespectrais. As hastes florais de lisianthus foram submetidas a soluções conservantes de diferentes concentrações de sacarose, glicose, distintos fitormônios e água deionizada. Foram coletadas folhas dessas hastes a cada quatro dias para posterior análise hiperespectral. A fim de analisar o uso dos espectros para detectar o desempenho das soluções conservantes, foi utilizado testes estatísticos em cada comprimento de onda entre estas soluções. Foi avaliado a predição de pigmentos através da razão CAR/CLF (Razão entre Carotenoides e Clorofila) a partir das curvas espectrais, tendo o PLSR e RRMSE como indicadores da eficiência dos resultados. As soluções a base de glicose registraram efeitos positivos na conservação das hastes florais principalmente na dose de 180 g/L. Já as soluções a base de sacarose e fitormônios registraram semelhanças nas curvas espectrais entre as doses, mostrando-se igualdade na conservação das folhas. As análises discriminantes demostraram que houve diferença estatística nas respostas espectrais nas doses para cada solução utilizada. A razão CAR/CLF teve coeficientes razoáveis de 0,6 e RRMSE abaixo de 6,99%. As análises hiperespectrais apresentaram potencial na avaliação da degradação foliar de hastes florais de lisianthus em diferentes soluções pulsing utilizadas na pós-colheita. RESUMO Sabese Sabe se mundial tempo Eustoma grandiflorum póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, colheita pós-colheita deionizada hiperespectral CARCLF CAR CLF Razão Clorofila resultados 18 gL g L g/L mostrandose mostrando utilizada 06 0 6 0, 699 99 6,99% póscolheita. colheita. 1 69 9 6,99 6,9 6,

ABSTRACT Plant species occurring in the Caatinga biome, when subjected to different water fluctuations, may have their morphophysiological and metabolic performance altered. Depending on the level of stress, the production of quality seedlings is affected. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the responses to different water availability levels in the morphophysiological and biochemical development of Croton blanchetianus Baill. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, evaluating four water regimes: 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of pot capacity, and conducted in a randomized block design, with a total 5 blocks. The variables analyzed were: branch height and branch diameter; leaf area, number of leaves, root volume; root dry mass, shoot dry mass, total dry mass and root/shoot ratio; relative water content, proline, total soluble proteins, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and photo synthetic pigments (chlorophyll ɑ, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids). The species Croton blanchetianus Baill. shows drought tolerance mechanisms, demonstrated by the reductions of growth, leaf area, dry mass of seedlings and photo synthetic pigments. It adjusts osmotically with increments in the production of proline, which acts in osmoprotection when there is water deficit, and in the production of proteins under the lower and higher water regime. The species has full development of seedlings under water regimes between 75% and 80% and adapts to different water fluctuations. biome fluctuations altered stress affected Therefore Baill greenhouse 25 25% 50 50% 75 100 capacity design blocks were diameter area leaves volume rootshoot ratio content proline malondialdehyde peroxide ɑ b carotenoids. carotenoids . carotenoids) mechanisms growth deficit regime 80 2 7 10 8 1

RESUMO Espécies vegetais de ocorrência no bioma Caatinga quando submetidas a diferentes flutuações hídricas podem ter seu desempenho morfofisiológico e metabólico alterado. A depender do nível de estresse, a produção de mudas de qualidade é afetada. Logo, objetivou-se avaliar as respostas às diferentes disponibilidades hídricas no desenvolvimento morfofisiológico e bioquímico de Croton blanchetianus Baill. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação e foram avaliados quatro regimes hídricos: 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da capacidade de vaso e conduzido em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, totalizando 5 blocos. As variáveis analisadas foram: altura e diâmetro dos ramos; área foliar, número de folhas, volume radicular; massa seca da raiz, parte aérea, total e relação raiz/parte aérea; teor relativo de água, prolina, proteínas solúveis totais, malondialdeído, peróxido de hidrogênio e pigmentos fotossintéticos (clorofila ɑ, clorofila b e carotenóides). A espécie Croton blanchetianus Baill. apresenta mecanismos de tolerância à seca, demonstrados pela redução de crescimento, área foliar, massa seca das mudas e da redução dos pigmentos fotossintéticos. Se ajusta osmoticamente com aumento na produção de prolina que atua na osmoproteção quando há déficit hídrico e, aumentando a produção de proteínas no menor e maior regime hídrico. A espécie apresenta pleno desenvolvimento de mudas nos regimes hídricos entre 75% e 80% e se adapta as diferentes flutuações hídricas. alterado estresse afetada Logo objetivouse objetivou Baill 25 25% 50 50% 75 100 acaso ramos foliar folhas radicular raiz aérea raizparte água totais malondialdeído ɑ carotenóides. carotenóides . carotenóides) crescimento 80 2 7 10 8 1

This work aims to optimize the process of extracting pigments from the peel of Amazonian fruits (bacupari, peach palm, and tucumã) using the enzyme pectinase. First, pigment extraction was carried out using different solvents (ethanol and acetone 80%, ethanol and acetone 50%, and water), temperatures (44, 40, 35, and 26 °C), and wavelengths (400, 450, and 490 nm). In the second stage, the best parameters found in the first stage were applied in a statistic with a response surface varying time (60, 120, and 180 min) and enzyme concentration (40, 80, and 120 U). The best results for extraction for bacupari and peach palm were acetone at 50% and 45 °C and ethanol at 50% and 35 °C for tucumã. In the second stage, the optimum point found was 1.5 h and 100 U concentration, and 2.5 h and 90 U concentration resulted in better extractions for bacupari, peach palm, and tucumã. (bacupari tucumã pectinase First 80 80% 50 water, water , water) 44, 44 (44 40 2 °C, C °C) 400, 400 (400 450 49 nm. nm . nm) 60, 60 (60 18 min (40 12 U. U) 4 3 15 1 5 1. 10 25 2. 9 8 (4 6 (6 (

ABSTRACT. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most consumed leafy vegetable in Brazil. It is cultivated using at least four distinct systems, the most common of which are conventional and hydroponic systems. These systems provide different cultivation conditions for plants, causing physiological changes that are important for commercial production, such as nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation. However, only a few studies have compared the physiological aspects of these two cultivation systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior of ‘Rubinela’ lettuce plants grown in hydroponic and conventional pot systems, by comparing dry mass (DM) and fresh mass (FM) production, number of leaves (NF), stomatal density, and contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, sugars, and starch. Plants cultivated in hydroponic systems presented significant differences in chlorophyll content, producing more biomass than plants cultivated in conventional pot systems, probably because of better nutritional conditions, primarily with respect to macronutrients, provided by the nutrient solution of the hydroponic system. The lower water availability encountered by plants cultivated in conventional pot systems influenced the increased sugar and starch concentrations, as well as the anthocyanin content, which may be a strategy to mitigate the possible damage caused by hydric stress conditions. ABSTRACT Lactuca L. L Brazil production accumulation However ‘Rubinela Rubinela DM (DM FM (FM NF, NF , (NF) density carotenoids sugars content macronutrients system concentrations (NF

Abstract Grangea maderaspatana is a valuable medicinal plant growing in salt-affected areas, but its tolerance capability, physiological and biochemical responses to salinity is still unclear. To understand these traits, this study examined effects of salinity at different levels (50-400 mM NaCl) on plant growth and its responses. The results shown that the plant’s dry biomass decreased with increasing salinity levels of 100-400 mM NaCl, but its growth was maintained at 400 mM NaCl level with a dry biomass equal to 0.45 times that of the control, indicating that G. maderaspatana had a tolerance ability to high salinity. The plant also had adaptive responses to the salinity. The content of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids were retained, even enhanced by 50-200 mM NaCl, suggesting a high adaptation of photosynthesis. Proline, Na+, and Cl- was highly accumulated while the accumulation of K+ and NO3 - was maintained with 200-400 mM NaCl, indicating that the plant had adaptive mechanisms for osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis. Antioxidative activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase were enhanced by the salinity. These findings are useful information for understanding salt tolerance mechanisms and for utilization of this medicinal plant in saline agriculture. saltaffected affected areas capability unclear traits 50400 50 (50-40 plants s 100400 100 100-40 40 045 0 45 0.4 control G retained 50200 200 50-20 photosynthesis Proline Na Na+ Cl K NO 200400 200-40 homeostasis catalase dismutase agriculture 5040 5 (50-4 10040 10 100-4 4 04 0. 5020 20 50-2 20040 200-4 504 (50- 1004 1 100- 502 2 50- 2004 200- (50 (5 (

Abstract. Light is an essential environmental factor that regulates important plant processes, including photosynthesis, photoprotection, and the accumulation of pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. Conversely, the absence of light initiates the etiolation phenomenon, characterized by a decrease in photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments. In contrast, albinism is a rare variant characterized by the absence of chloroplasts, chlorophyll, and other pigments, even in the presence of light. Albinism may occur spontaneously in plant tissue culture (PTC) and is considered an unexplored phenotypic variant. During micropropagation of Agave angustifolia Haw., two somaclonal variants emerged from green plantlets: albino and variegated. We demonstrate that low-intensity light exposure triggers greener pigmentation in albino plantlets accompanied by an increase in global DNA methylation levels. Our findings suggest the possibility of chloroplast biogenesis under low-intensity light and provide insight into the potential role of DNA methylation in regulating plant responses to light intensity and highlight the importance of studying the effects of different light conditions on plant development and physiology.

Resumen. La luz es un factor ambiental esencial que regula importantes procesos de las plantas, incluyendo la fotosíntesis, la fotoprotección y la acumulación de pigmentos como las clorofilas y los carotenoides. Por el contrario, la ausencia de luz inicia el fenómeno de etiolación, caracterizado por una disminución de los pigmentos fotosintéticos y fotoprotectores. En contraste, el albinismo es una rara variante caracterizada por la ausencia de cloroplastos, clorofila y otros pigmentos, incluso en presencia de luz. El albinismo puede ocurrir espontáneamente en el cultivo de tejidos vegetales (PTC) y se considera una variante fenotípica inexplorada. Durante la micropropagación de Agave angustifolia Haw. surgieron dos variantes somaclonales a partir de las plántulas verdes: albino y variegado. Demostramos que la exposición a la luz de baja intensidad desencadena una pigmentación verde en las plántulas albinas acompañada de un aumento en los niveles globales de metilación del ADN. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren la posibilidad de la biogénesis de cloroplastos bajo luz de baja intensidad y proporcionan información sobre el posible papel de la metilación del ADN en la regulación de las respuestas de las plantas a la intensidad de la luz, destacando la importancia de estudiar los efectos de diferentes condiciones de luz en el desarrollo y la fisiología de las plantas.

ABSTRACT Lutein and zeaxanthin are the major xanthophyll pigments found in corn kernels. These pigments provide the orange-red color of the broiler chicken skin and of the egg yolk. Therefore, knowing the corn xanthophyll content is important for the poultry feed producer. The objective of this study was to determine the lutein and the zeaxanthin content in corn cultivated in Colombia and in corn imported to Colombia from the United States, Argentina, and Brazil. Large differences in total lutein plus zeaxanthin content were found among the corn samples analyzed, with the highest mean level found in Colombian corn (2,758µg/100g), followed by Argentina (1,861µg/100g), United States (1,041µg/100g) and Brazil (947µg/100g). Large differences in lutein plus zeaxanthin content were also found among different corn hybrids cultivated in Colombia. Differences among geographical regions might be due to differences in UV-B radiation or in the light hours received by the crop during its growth. The differences among different corn hybrids might probably be due to genetic differences. Corn growers might be interested in cultivating hybrids higher in lutein and zeaxanthin as these pigments are very important in poultry production and human eye health. kernels orangered orange red yolk Therefore producer analyzed 2,758µg/100g, 2758µg100g µgg 2,758µg/100g , 2 758µg 100g µg g (2,758µg/100g) 1,861µg/100g, 1861µg100g 1,861µg/100g 1 861µg (1,861µg/100g) 1,041µg/100g 1041µg100g 041µg (1,041µg/100g 947µg/100g. 947µg100g 947µg/100g . 947µg (947µg/100g) UVB UV B growth health (2,758µg/100g (1,861µg/100g (947µg/100g

RESUMO Luteína e zeaxantina são os principais pigmentos xantofilas encontrados nos grãos de milho. Em aves, esses pigmentos naturais conferem a cor vermelho-alaranjada típica da pele do frango de corte e da gema do ovo. Assim, é importante conhecer o teor de xantofilas do milho utilizado nas dietas de aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o teor de luteína e zeaxantina em milho cultivado na Colômbia e em milho importado para a Colômbia dos Estados Unidos, da Argentina e do Brasil. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas no teor de luteína total mais zeaxantina entre as amostras de milho analisadas, com o nível médio mais elevado no milho colombiano (2.758µg/100g), seguido pelo milho argentino (1.861µg/100g), pelo milho dos Estados Unidos (1.041µg/100g) e pelo milho brasileiro (947µg/100g). Grandes diferenças no teor de luteína e zeaxantina também foram encontradas entre variados híbridos de milho cultivados na Colômbia. As diferenças entre as regiões geográficas podem ser devido a diferenças na radiação UV-B ou nas horas de luz recebida pela cultura durante seu crescimento. As diferenças entre os diversos híbridos de milho provavelmente podem ser devido a diferenças genéticas. Os produtores de milho podem estar interessados em cultivar híbridos mais ricos em luteína e zeaxantina, pois esses pigmentos são muito importantes na produção de aves e na saúde ocular humana. vermelhoalaranjada vermelho alaranjada ovo Assim Brasil analisadas 2.758µg/100g, 2758µg100g µgg 2.758µg/100g , 2 758µg 100g µg g (2.758µg/100g) 1.861µg/100g, 1861µg100g 1.861µg/100g 1 861µg (1.861µg/100g) 1.041µg/100g 1041µg100g 041µg (1.041µg/100g 947µg/100g. 947µg100g 947µg/100g . 947µg (947µg/100g) UVB UV B crescimento genéticas humana (2.758µg/100g (1.861µg/100g (947µg/100g

RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, la fluencia de radiación ultravioleta-B (UV-B) que golpea el suelo ha aumentado como consecuencia del adelgazamiento de la capa de ozono en las latitudes del sur. Este fenómeno ha despertado mucho interés en desentrañar cómo las plantas se aclimatan a esta condición. La radiación UV-B desencadena varias respuestas que afectan la fisiología, morfología y bioquímica de las plantas. En este estudio, se analizó el efecto de la radiación UV-B suplementaria en la arquitectura de la planta, los compuestos absorbentes de UV-B y los pigmentos fotosintéticos en dos especies cosmopolitas. Se encontró un rango diferente de capacidad de respuesta en los parámetros morfológicos (área foliar, longitud y ancho de las hojas; altura de la planta) de las especies. El efecto sobre el contenido de pigmentos fotosintéticos y los compuestos absorbentes de UV-B se estudió a través de mediciones de absorbancia. Los datos obtenidos mostraron que sólo los carotenoides aumentaron en plantas irradiadas de R. rhabarabarum. Asimismo, se encontró un aumento en el contenido de compuestos absorbentes de UV-B en plantas irradiadas de la misma especie. Este efecto puede considerarse como una protección química contra los efectos dañinos de la luz en la fotosíntesis y contra el daño celular oxidativo. Asimismo, también se encontraron respuestas fotomorfogénicas inducidas por la radiación UV-B. De hecho, todos los parámetros morfológicos de P. lanceolata se incrementaron. El claro aumento mostrado en el tamaño de la hoja y la altura de la planta sugiere que la división celular y los procesos de elongación y/o diferenciación del tallo son estimulados por la radiación UV-B. Estos cambios pueden verse como un efecto de “eustrés” y pueden indicar que dichas plantas están fisiológicamente adaptadas a este nivel de radiación UV-B.

ABSTRACT In recent decades the fluence of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation striking the ground has increased as a consequence of ozone depletion at southern latitudes. This phenomenon has sparked much interest in unravelling how plants acclimate to this condition. UV-B radiation triggers several responses that affect plant physiology, morphology and biochemistry. In this study, the effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on plant architecture, UV-B absorbing compounds and photosynthetic pigments were analyzed in two cosmopolitan species. A different range of responsiveness was found in the morphological parameters (leaf area, length and width; plant height) of species. The effects on photosynthetic pigment content and the UV-B absorbing compounds were studied through absorbance measurements. The obtained data showed that only carotenoids increased in irradiated plants of R. rhabarabarum. Likewise, an increase in the UV-B absorbing compounds content was found in irradiated plants from the same species. This effect may be regarded as a chemical protection against the damaging effects of light in photosynthesis and against oxidative cell damage. UV-B radiation induced photomorphogenic responses. In fact, all the morphological parameters of P. lanceolata were increased. The clear increase shown in leaf size and plant height suggest that cell division and stem elongation and/or differentiation processes are stimulated by UV-B radiation. These changes can be seen as an eustress effect and may indicate that plants are physiologically adapted to this level of UV-B radiation.

Resumen Los carotenoides son compuestos no polares que se encuentran en frutas y hortalizas. El consumo de estos compuestos se ha asociado con muchos efectos benéficos para la salud humana, especialmente en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas que actualmente se consideran problemas de salud pública. Estos efectos se han atribuido principalmente a las propiedades antioxidantes de los carotenoides, aunque muchos otros mecanismos están involucrados en estos efectos, incluida la influencia de los carotenoides en la expresión de genes implicados en la patogénesis de estas enfermedades. Desafortunadamente, la biodisponibilidad de estos compuestos es muy limitada, razón por la cual se han estudiado los efectos de varios factores en la biodisponibilidad de los carotenoides con el fin de identificar las mejores estrategias para aumentar la absorción de estos compuestos y, en consecuencia, su bioactividad. En esta revisión se analizan de manera sistemática los descubrimientos recientes sobre la composición de carotenoides en alimentos de origen vegetal y su biodisponibilidad y efectos protectores de la salud humana.

Abstract Carotenoids are non-polar compounds found in fruits and vegetables. The consumption of these compounds has been associated with many beneficial effects on human health, especially on the prevention of chronic diseases that are currently considered as problems of public health. These effects have mainly been attributed to the antioxidant properties of carotenoids, although many other mechanisms are involved, including the influence of carotenoids in the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Unfortunately, the bioavailability of these compounds is very limited. The effects of several factors on carotenoid bioavailability have been studied in order to identify the best strategies to increase their absorption and, consequently, their bioactivity. This review analyzes in a systematic fashion the recent findings on the composition of carotenoids composition in plant foods, and their bioavailability and beneficial effects on human health.

Abstract Bacterial strains were isolated from soil and aqueous solution samples from the Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina. A total of 141 strains were characterized and the tolerance to sodium chloride was evaluated. We performed a screening to search for molecules of biotechnological interest: carotenoids (11%), emulsifiers (95%), and exopolysaccharides (6%), and to assess the production of enzymes, including proteolytic (39%), lipolytic (26%), hemolytic (50%), and catalase activities (99%); 25 bacterial strains were selected for further studies. Some of them produced biofilms, but only Bacillus sp. HA120b showed that ability in all the conditions assayed. Although 21 strains were able to form emulsions, the emulsifying index Kocuria sp. M9 and Bacillus sp. V3a cultures were greater than 50% and, emulsions were more stable when the bacteria grew in higher salt concentrations. Only pigmented Kocuria sp. M9 showed lipolytic activity on olive oil medium and was able to produce biofilms when cultured without and with 4 M of NaCl. Yellow pigments, lipase activity, and biosurfactant production were observed for Micrococcus sp. SX120. Summarizing, we found that the selected bacteria produced highly interesting molecules with diverse industrial applications and, many of them are functional in the presence of high salt concentrations. Muerto Argentina 14 evaluated interest 11%, 11 11% , (11%) 95%, 95 95% (95%) 6%, 6 6% (6%) enzymes 39%, 39 39% (39%) 26%, 26 26% (26%) 50%, 50 (50%) 99% 99 (99%) 2 studies sp HAb HA b assayed Va V concentrations NaCl pigments SX120 SX Summarizing 1 (11% 9 (95% (6% 3 (39% (26% 5 (50% (99% SX12 (11 (95 (6 (39 (26 (50 (99 SX1 (1 (9 ( (3 (2 (5

Abstract This study was planned to bio-fortify hen eggs with natural and synthetic apo-ester and canthanxanthin and evaluate physio-chemical quality parameters. Seventy-two laying hens were allocated into two main groups for eighteen natural and synthetic carotenoids fortified different diets. They were weighed and placed into cages to feed diet fortified with apo-ester and canthanxanthin for 44 days. The results showed a significant effect of natural canthaxanthin and apo-ester on egg breadth, albumin height, yolk color, yolk diameter, yolk index, and haugh units. The effect of natural apo-ester on egg length, yolk color, yolk diameter, yolk index and haugh units is also significant. Combination of natural-canthanxanthin and apo-ester significantly affects yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, shape index, yolk index and haugh units. A significant effect of synthetic canthaxanthin on egg breadth, shell thickness, albumin height, yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, and haugh units was noted. The effect of synthetic apo-ester pigments on yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index and haugh unite were also significant. Synthetic canthanxanthin and apo-ester significantly affect shell thickness, yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, shape index, and haugh units. Thus, carotenoid feeding can significantly improve the quality parameters of eggs biofortify bio fortify apoester apo ester physiochemical physio chemical Seventytwo Seventy diets 4 days breadth height color diameter length naturalcanthanxanthin thickness noted Thus