ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the profile of AMH serum concentrations during the period of prepuberty in young bulls. The bulls were selected and evaluated for 150 days to assess their sexual development. The semen and blood collection, body weight (kg), and scrotal measurements were performed every 30 days, and puberty (D0) was considered when at least 50×106 spermatozoa/mL, and 10% of progressive motility were verified for the first time. After the blood collection, plasma was separated and used to determine the AMH concentration by ELISA, presenting values of 611.4a (±94.5), 555a (±181.99), 621.6ab (±133.44), 370.4ab (±59.36) and 51.7b (±7.94) for moments of -60, -30, 0, +30 and +60 of puberty, respectively. During the evaluated period, there was a progressive increase in body weight (kg), scrotal circumference (cm), and semen characteristics. The AMH mean plasma concentration decreased 60 days after puberty onset. There was no correlation with the andrological parameters analyzed; however, there was a positive and strong correlation between the testicular height and width at puberty onset with plasma concentrations of AMH. We concluded that AMH is not a helpful tool for the early prediction of puberty in Nelore bulls. 15 development collection kg, kg , (kg) 3 D0 D (D0 50106 50 106 50×10 spermatozoamL spermatozoa mL spermatozoa/mL 10 time ELISA 6114a 611 4a ±94.5, 945 ±94.5 94 5 (±94.5) ±181.99, 18199 ±181.99 181 99 (±181.99) 6216ab ab 621 6ab ±133.44, 13344 ±133.44 133 44 (±133.44) 3704ab 370 4ab ±59.36 5936 59 36 (±59.36 517b b 51 7b ±7.94 794 7 (±7.94 60, -60 30, -30 0 +3 +6 respectively cm, cm (cm) characteristics 6 analyzed however 1 (kg (D 5010 50×1 61 ±94. 9 (±94.5 1819 ±181.9 18 (±181.99 62 1334 ±133.4 13 4 (±133.44 37 ±59.3 593 (±59.3 ±7.9 79 (±7.9 -6 -3 + (cm 501 50× ±94 (±94. ±181. (±181.9 ±133. (±133.4 ±59. (±59. ±7. (±7. - ±9 (±94 ±181 (±181. ±133 (±133. ±59 (±59 ±7 (±7 ± (±9 ±18 (±181 ±13 (±133 ±5 (±5 (± ±1 (±18 (±13 ( (±1

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o perfil das concentrações séricas do AMH no período da peripuberdade em tourinhos. Oito bezerros da raça Nelore, com oito meses de idade, foram incluídos neste estudo. Os touros foram selecionados e avaliados por 150 dias para se avaliar seu desenvolvimento sexual. A coleta de sêmen e sangue, o peso corporal (kg) e as medidas escrotais foram realizadas a cada 30 dias, e a puberdade (D0) foi considerada quando pelo menos 50×106 espermatozoides/mL e 10% de motilidade progressiva fossem verificadas pela primeira vez. Após a coleta de sangue, o plasma foi separado e utilizado para determinação da concentração de AMH por ELISA, apresentando valores de 611,4a (±94,5), 555a (±181,99), 621,6ab (±133,44), 370,4ab (±59,36) e 51,7b (±7,94) para os momentos de -60, -30, 0, +30 e +60 da puberdade, respectivamente. No período avaliado, houve aumento progressivo do peso corporal (kg), da circunferência escrotal (cm) e alterações nas características do sêmen. A concentração plasmática média de AMH diminuiu 60 dias após o início da puberdade. Não houve correlação com os parâmetros andrológicos analisados; no entanto, houve correlação positiva e forte entre a altura e a largura testicular no início da puberdade com as concentrações plasmáticas do AMH. Concluiu-se que o AMH não é uma ferramenta útil para a predição precoce da puberdade em touros Nelore. tourinhos Nelore idade 15 sexual sangue kg (kg 3 D0 D (D0 50106 50 106 50×10 espermatozoidesmL espermatozoides mL 10 vez ELISA 6114a 611 4a ±94,5, 945 ±94,5 , 94 5 (±94,5) ±181,99, 18199 ±181,99 181 99 (±181,99) 6216ab ab 621 6ab ±133,44, 13344 ±133,44 133 44 (±133,44) 3704ab 370 4ab ±59,36 5936 59 36 (±59,36 517b b 51 7b ±7,94 794 7 (±7,94 60, -60 30, -30 0 +3 +6 respectivamente avaliado kg, cm (cm 6 analisados entanto Concluiuse Concluiu 1 (D 5010 50×1 61 ±94, 9 (±94,5 1819 ±181,9 18 (±181,99 62 1334 ±133,4 13 4 (±133,44 37 ±59,3 593 (±59,3 ±7,9 79 (±7,9 -6 -3 + 501 50× ±94 (±94, ±181, (±181,9 ±133, (±133,4 ±59, (±59, ±7, (±7, - ±9 (±94 ±181 (±181, ±133 (±133, ±59 (±59 ±7 (±7 ± (±9 ±18 (±181 ±13 (±133 ±5 (±5 (± ±1 (±18 (±13 ( (±1

ABSTRACT Anatomical and ultrasonographic diagnostic work-up of testicular abscesses (n = 2) and testicular microlithiasis (n = 3) in Kazakh rams is described. For testicular abscesses, the localized symptoms include enlargement of the testicle and decreased elasticity, accompanied by varying degrees of pain and fever, abnormal behavior, walking or urinating with legs spread apart and accompanied by painful moans. Ultrasound findings: several hypoechoic or fluid dark areas with irregular morphology appear within the testicular parenchyma, with unclear borders with the surrounding normal tissues and uneven internal echogenicity. An autopsy revealed unilateral caseous necrosis with degeneration of all testicular tissues. Testicular microlithiasis does not present clinically and normal semen quality is not affected. Ultrasound findings: sparse, scattered, or dense punctate, pinpoint-like echogenic dots, some with comet tail signs and no acoustic shadow, are seen in the testicular parenchyma. The routine treatment for testicular abscesses is surgical drainage, but when degeneration and necrosis of testicular tissue occur, leading to severe systemic symptoms, the animal must be put down. Testicular microlithiasis is relatively rare and there are no effective treatments or interventions available, but it remains a potential contributor to testicular dysfunction and other secondary conditions. workup work up n 2 3 described elasticity fever behavior moans findings parenchyma echogenicity affected sparse scattered punctate pinpointlike pinpoint like dots shadow drainage occur down available conditions

RESUMO Descreveu-se o diagnóstico anatômico e ultrassonográfico de abscessos testiculares (n = 2) e microlitíase testicular (n = 3) em carneiros do Cazaquistão. No caso de abscessos testiculares, os sintomas localizados incluem aumento do testículo e diminuição da elasticidade, acompanhados de vários graus de dor e febre. Observou-se comportamento anormal, com o animal andando ou urinando com as pernas abertas, acompanhado de gemidos dolorosos. Achados ultrassonográficos: várias áreas hipoecogênicas ou escuras fluidas com morfologia irregular aparecem no parênquima testicular, com bordas pouco nítidas, com os tecidos normais circundantes e ecogenicidade interna irregular. Uma autópsia revelou necrose caseosa unilateral com degeneração de todos os tecidos testiculares. A microlitíase testicular não se apresenta clinicamente e a qualidade normal do sêmen não é afetada. Achados ultrassonográficos: pontos ecogênicos esparsos, dispersos ou densos, pontilhados, semelhantes a alfinetes, alguns com sinais de cauda de cometa e sem sombra acústica, são vistos no parênquima testicular. O tratamento de rotina para abscessos testiculares é a drenagem cirúrgica, mas, quando ocorre degeneração e necrose do tecido testicular, levando a sintomas sistêmicos graves, o animal deve ser eliminado. A microlitíase testicular é relativamente rara e não há tratamentos ou intervenções eficazes disponíveis, no entanto continua sendo um possível contribuinte para a disfunção testicular e outras condições secundárias. Descreveuse Descreveu n 2 3 Cazaquistão elasticidade febre Observouse Observou anormal abertas dolorosos ultrassonográficos nítidas afetada esparsos densos pontilhados alfinetes acústica cirúrgica mas graves eliminado disponíveis secundárias

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento sexual e as características de condicionamento de reprodutores bubalinos submetidos à coleta de sêmen com vagina artificial. Trinta touros foram avaliados durante as estações reprodutivas favorável (março a maio) e desfavorável (novembro e dezembro), em propriedade localizada no estado de Minas Gerias, Brasil (latitude 20°41'45'' Sul e longitude 44º49'37'' Oeste ). Os dados foram analisados descritivamente de acordo com o sucesso ou não da ejaculação, usando-se uma série de parâmetros comportamentais. Uma análise de regressão logística multinível foi realizada utilizando-se as respostas e as variáveis explicativas mencionadas acima. Os resultados mostraram que, quando mais de três parâmetros se manifestam, a chance de se obter ejaculação aumenta em 9,0%, valor que sobe para 28,2% quando se observam sete a nove parâmetros manifestados pelos reprodutores. Essas observações permitem concluir que é possível condicionar touros sexualmente maduros para coleta de sêmen por meio da vagina artificial para uso em programas de inseminação artificial e inseminação artificial em tempo fixo. março maio novembro dezembro, dezembro , dezembro) Gerias latitude 20°4145 204145 20°41 45 20 41 20°41'45' 44º4937 º 44º49 37 44º49'37' . ) usandose usando comportamentais utilizandose utilizando acima manifestam 90 9 0 9,0% 282 28 2 28,2 fixo 4145 20°414 20414 2041 20°4 4 20°41'45 44º493 44º4 3 44º49'37 9,0 28, 414 204 20° 20°41'4 44º 44º49'3 9, 20°41' 44º49'

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the sexual behavior and accommodation characteristics of buffalo recipients patented for semen collection with an artificial vagina. Thirty bulls were sampled during favorable (March to May) and unfavorable (November to December) breeding seasons in a property located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Latitude 20°41'45'' South and Longitude 44°49'37'' West). Data were analyzed descriptively according to whether ejaculation was successful, using a range of behavioral parameters. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using the responses and explanatory variables mentioned above. The results show that when more than three parameters are manifested, the chance of obtaining ejaculation increases by 9.0%, a value that rises to 28.2% when seven to nine parameters manifested by the breeders are observed. These observations allow us to conclude that it is possible to condition sexually mature bulls for semen collection through the artificial vagina for use in artificial insemination and fixed-time artificial insemination programs. March May November December Gerais Latitude 20°4145 204145 20°41 45 20 41 20°41'45' 44°4937 444937 44°49 37 44 49 44°49'37' West. West . West) successful above 90 9 0 9.0% 282 28 2 28.2 observed fixedtime fixed time programs 4145 20°414 20414 2041 20°4 4 20°41'45 4937 44°493 44493 4449 44°4 3 44°49'37 9.0 28. 414 204 20° 20°41'4 493 444 44° 44°49'3 9. 20°41' 44°49'

Resumo A qualidade espermática é parâmetro fundamental para a reprodução eficaz de peixes em cativeiro e para o desenvolvimento de técnicas reprodutivas, como a criopreservação de sêmen. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a composição do plasma seminal de Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum e analisar as relações entre os componentes do plasma seminal e as características espermáticas. Nove machos foram induzidos à espermiação com extrato de hipófise de carpa no período reprodutivo da espécie (novembro e dezembro/2019). As características do sêmen foram avaliadas: motilidade espermática subjetiva, motilidade, duração, volume espermático liberado, concentração espermática, pH, osmolalidade e composição do plasma seminal, incluindo níveis de cálcio, cloreto, sódio, magnésio, potássio, glicose, frutosamina, triglicerídeos e proteína total. Para determinar a relação entre os componentes do plasma seminal e os parâmetros de motilidade espermática, foi realizada uma análise de componentes principais (PCA). O plasma seminal de P. reticulatum é composto principalmente pelo íon Na+ e componentes orgânicos como proteínas e glicose. Através da PCA, observou-se que a motilidade espermática apresentou forte correlação positiva com tempo de motilidade, concentração espermática e proteína total e correlação negativa com osmolalidade e frutosamina. reprodutivas espermáticas novembro dezembro/2019. dezembro2019 dezembro dezembro/2019 . 2019 dezembro/2019) avaliadas subjetiva duração liberado pH cálcio cloreto sódio magnésio potássio glicose frutosamina PCA. PCA (PCA) P Na observouse observou se dezembro201 dezembro/201 201 (PCA dezembro20 dezembro/20 20 dezembro2 dezembro/2 2 dezembro/

Abstract Sperm quality is a fundamental parameter for the effective reproduction of fish in captivity and the development of reproductive techniques, such as semen cryopreservation. This study aimed to determine the composition of the seminal plasma of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and analyze the relationships between plasma components and sperm characteristics. Nine males were induced to spermiation with carp pituitary extract in the reproductive period of the species (November and December/2019). Semen characteristics were evaluated: subjective sperm motility, motility, duration, released sperm volume, sperm concentration, pH, osmolality, and seminal plasma composition, including levels of calcium, chloride, sodium, magnesium, potassium, glucose, fructosamine, triglycerides, and total protein. To determine the relationship between seminal plasma components and sperm motility parameters, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. The seminal plasma of P. reticulatum is composed mainly of the Na+ ion and organic components such as protein and glucose. Through PCA, it was observed that sperm motility had a strong positive correlation with motility time, sperm concentration, and total protein and a negative correlation with osmolality and fructosamine. techniques cryopreservation November December/2019. December2019 December December/2019 . 2019 December/2019) evaluated duration volume concentration pH calcium chloride sodium magnesium potassium glucose fructosamine triglycerides parameters PCA (PCA performed P Na time December201 December/201 201 December20 December/20 20 December2 December/2 2 December/

Resumen El toro es un factor de importancia genética y económica en un hato ganadero, ya que de este dependerán las próximas generaciones; por lo tanto, es esencial la evaluación de la calidad seminal y la criopreservación de su material genético. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dos temperaturas de dilución sobre la calidad de semen de ganado cebuino del Trópico Peruano. Dos toros Gyr fueron colectados semanalmente mediante electroeyaculación. Las muestras se colocaron en baño maría a 34°C y se analizaron las características macroscópicas y microscópicas del semen. Solo los eyaculados con >60% de motilidad y <20% de anormalidades fueron procesados, separándolos en dos tratamientos. El T1 consistió en predilución 1:1 a 34°C, luego de 30 minutos una dilución final agregando el dilutor a 34°C. El T2 consistió en predilución 1:1 a 34°C y a los 30 minutos de estabilización se llevó a refrigeración conjuntamente con el dilutor, para luego realizar la dilución final a 5°C. La calidad seminal fue analizada luego de 16 horas de refrigeración. El porcentaje de vitalidad en T1 (80,89%) fue mayor que en T2 (71,22%) (p<0,05), la reacción positiva a la prueba hipoosmótica fue mayor en T1 (71,11%) que en T2 (60%) (p<0,05). La integridad acrosomal y los rasgos morfométricos no variaron según tratamientos. En conclusión, la dilución inicial y final a 34°C en toros Gyr influye positivamente sobre la calidad seminal antes de la congelación de pajillas de semen.

Abstract The bull is a factor of genetic and economic importance in cattle breed, since the next generations will depend on it; therefore, the evaluation of the seminal quality and the cryopreservation of its genetic material are essential. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of two dilution temperatures on the quality of semen from zebuine cattle from the Peruvian Tropics. The samples were placed in a water bath at 34°C and the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of semen were analyzed. Only the ejaculates with >60% motility and <20% abnormalities were processed, separating them into two treatments. T1 consisted of a 1:1 predilution at 34°C, followed by a final dilution of 30 minutes by adding the dilutor at 34°C. T2 consisted of a 1:1 predilution at 34°C and after 30 minutes of stabilization, refrigeration was carried out together with the dilutor, in order to carry out the final dilution at 5°C. The seminal quality was analyzed after 16 hours of refrigeration. The percentage of vitality in T1 (80.89%) was greater than in T2 (71.22%) (p<0.05), the positive reaction to the hypoosmotic problem was greater in T1 (71.11%) than in T2 (60%) (p<0.05). Acrosomal integrity and morphometric features did not vary according to treatments. In conclusion, the initial and final dilution at 34°C in Gyr bulls positively influences the semen quality before the freezing of semen packets.

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar las características ultrasonográfica B mode y Doppler del folículo dominante y cuerpo lúteo en vacas Criollas sometidas a un protocolo de sincronización de celo. El estudio fue realizado en la Estación Experimental Agraria ILLPA durante los meses de mayo a julio utilizando 15 vacas de raza Criolla con condición corporal regular y alimentadas con pasto natural, el protocolo consistió en colocar benzoato de estradiol y dispositivo intravaginal el primer día, posteriormente el día 7 se retiró el dispositivo y se aplicó un análogo de Prostaglandina F2α, el día 8 se aplicó nuevamente benzoato de estradiol y el día 9 se realizó la inseminación artificial con semen de un solo reproductor de raza Fleckvieh, la evaluación ultrasonográfica fue realizada los días 7 y 9 (iniciado la sincronización) para determinar el diámetro del folículo dominante, tasa de crecimiento y diámetro de cuerno uterino, la evaluación del cuerpo lúteo fue realizada el día 19 determinando el diámetro, volumen y área vascular luteal (%), todos los análisis fueron realizados con el programa Jamovi 1.6.23.0. Los resultados del folículo dominante el día 7 fue de 8.69 mm y día 9 de 10.7 mm con una tasa de crecimiento de 1.14 mm/día, el diámetro del cuerno uterino derecho fue 11.85 mm (día 7) mismo que aumento a 15.32 mm (día 9) mientras el cuerno izquierdo aumento de 12.72 a 16.27 mm, las características del cuerpo lúteo fueron diámetro 7.96 mm, volumen 0.23 mm3 y área vascular luteal fue de 20.96 %, finalmente, la tasa de preñez obtenida fue 6 vacas de 15 inseminadas que representa el 40 %. En conclusión, los diámetros y volumen del folículo dominante y cuerpo lúteo son inferiores a lo reportado en otras razas en las mismas condiciones ambientales, el área vascular luteal fue de 20.96 % proporción de irrigación sanguínea del CL en vacas Criollas finalmente la tasa de preñez fue del 40 %. Sin embargo, es necesario indicar que son los primeros reportes de características Doppler en vacas Criollas.

Abstract The objective was to determine the ultrasonographic B mode and Doppler characteristics of the dominant follicle and corpus luteum in Criollo cows subjected to an oestrus synchronization protocol. The study was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station ILLPA during the months of May to July using 15 Criollo cows with regular body condition and fed with natural pasture, the protocol consisted of placing estradiol benzoate and intravaginal device on the first day, then on day 7 the device was removed and an analogue of Prostaglandin F2α was applied, On day 8 estradiol benzoate was applied again and on day 9 artificial insemination was performed with semen from a single Fleckvieh sire, ultrasonographic evaluation was performed on days 7 and 9 (synchronization started) to determine the diameter of the dominant follicle, growth rate and diameter of the uterine horn, the evaluation of the corpus luteum was performed on day 19 determining the diameter, volume and luteal vascular area (%), all the analyses were performed with the Jamovi 1 Programme. 6.23.0. The results of the dominant follicle on day 7 was 8.69 mm and day 9 was 10.7 mm with a growth rate of 1.14 mm/day, the diameter of the right uterine horn was 11.85 mm (day 7) which increased to 15.32 mm (day 9) while the left horn increased from 12.72 to 16.27 mm. 72 to 16.27 mm, the characteristics of the corpus luteum were 7.96 mm diameter, volume 0.23 mm3 and luteal vascular area was 20.96 %, finally, the pregnancy rate obtained was 6 cows out of 15 inseminated which represents 40 %. In conclusion, the diameters and volume of the dominant follicle and corpus luteum are lower than those reported in other breeds in the same environmental conditions, the luteal vascular area was 20.96 %, the proportion of blood irrigation of the CL in Criollo cows and finally the pregnancy rate was 40 %. However, it is necessary to point out that these are the first reports of Doppler characteristics in Criollo cows.

Abstract Genetics provides an emic mindset of kinship where gametes appear as bearers of links and heritable characteristics. The personal messages of sperm donors on the banks’ web- sites highlight personal characteristics that are perceived as transmissible by the recipients. Objectives: to know the type of messages that sperm donors leave on a bank’s website, to whom are they addressed, what is their purpose. Methodology: nethnography was conducted on the official website of a Danish sperm bank for 2 months in 2019. 60% (605) of all registered donors’ profiles (1,010) offered handwritten messages to registered users. Results: sperm donors are classified by “racial” profiles: 915 (87%) Caucasian; 54 (5%) Asian; 42 (3%) Hispanic; 32 (3%) Middle Eastern and 16 (2%) African. This is the number of donors that have left a message in their profile: 531 Caucasians (100 of them were analysed), 32 Asians, 41 Hispanics, 17 from the Middle East and 12 Africans. These messages usually include a personal description, motivations to be a donor and messages for the children making explicit, in some cases, the possibility of contact. Conclusions: these messages are personal self portraits of sperm donors in order to motivate being chosen and presenting themselves as someone unique.

Resumen La genética proporciona una cosmovisión emic del parentesco donde los gametos aparecen cómo portadores de vínculos y características heredables. Los mensajes personales de donantes de semen en las webs de los bancos señalan características que son percibidas por las receptoras como heredables. Objetivos: conocer los tipos de mensajes que dejan los donantes de semen en la web de un banco, a quiénes van dirigidos y cuál es el propósito de estos mensajes. Metodología: se realizó una etnografía virtual en la web oficial de un banco de semen danés, durante 2 meses en 2019. De 1,010 donantes registrados, el 60% (605), tenían en su perfil mensajes manuscritos visibles para los usuarios registrados. Resultados: los donantes de semen están clasificados por perfiles “raciales”: 915 (87%) caucásicos, 54 (5%) asiáticos, 42 (3%) hispanos, 32 (3%) de oriente próximo y 16 (2%) africanos. Han dejado mensajes: 531 caucásicos (seleccionados 100 para el análisis), 32 asiáticos, 41 hispanos, 17 de oriente próximo y 12 africanos. Los mensajes suelen incluir una descripción personal, las motivaciones para ser donantes y mensajes para los/as niños/as explicitando, en algunos casos, la posibilidad de contacto. Conclusiones: los mensajes son retratos personales de los donantes que pretenden motivar para ser elegidos y presentarse como alguien único.

RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar características espermáticas in vitro e a taxa de concepção (TC) de sêmen convencional e sexado em um programa de IATF tradicional de vacas Nelore pós-parto. Todas a vacas (n=348) foram submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de IATF à base de estradiol e de progesterona. Após 48 horas da retirada do implante, foi determinada a expressão de estro dos animais e a IA foi realizada com sêmen convencional e sexado de dois touros Angus. As seguintes características espermáticas foram avaliadas: análise computadorizada do sêmen, teste hiposmótico, morfometria espermática e estrutura cromatínica por meio da coloração com azul de toluidina. A TC foi menor (P<0,001) para sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional, em vacas que expressaram estro (27 vs. 47%) e que não apresentaram estro (11 vs. 37%). A integridade da membrana plasmática (Touro 1: 30,3±9,6 vs. 52,3±12,4%, P=0,010; Touro 2: 24,5±3,0 vs. 48,7±1,6%, P=0,006) e a concentração espermática (Touro 1: 23,2±0,6 vs. 43,0±0,8x10⁶sperm/mL, P<0,001; Touro 2: 25,1±2,8 vs. 42,1±0,7x10⁶sperm/mL, P<0,001) foram menores no sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional, para ambos os touros. Motilidades total e progressiva foram menores no sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional para o Touro 1 (MT: 49,7±15,9 vs. 94,9±1,9%, P=0,007; MP: 16,7±3,4 vs. 44,1±13,2%, P=0,009), enquanto diferenças não foram detectadas no Touro 2 (MT: 45,0±17,5 vs. 68,2±19,1%, P=0,098; MP: 12,8±4,7 vs. 30,0±13,0%, P=0,065). Elipticidade espermática do sêmen sexado foi menor do que do sêmen convencional no Touro 2 (0,306±0,01 vs. 0,342±0,02, P=0,020), mas não houve diferença no Touro 1 (0,332±0,01 vs. 0,330±0,01, P=0,552). Reduzida fertilidade in vivo foi observada para o sêmen sexado em relação ao convencional, independentemente da expressão de cio das vacas. A qualidade seminal in vitro do sêmen sexado foi comprometida para ambos os touros, mas diferentemente afetada para cada reprodutor.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess in vitro sperm characteristics and pregnancies/AI (P/AI) of conventional and sex-sorted semen at timed-AI of suckled, multiparous Nelore cows. All cows (n=348) were submitted to a traditional estradiol/progesterone(P4)-based protocol. At 48h after P4-device removal, the estrous behavior was recorded, and AI was performed with conventional or sex-sorted semen from two bulls. The following sperm assessments were performed: CASA, Hyposmotic Test, sperm morphometry and chromatin structure by TB staining. P/AI were reduced (P<0.001) for sex-sorted compared to conventional semen in cows expressing estrus (27vs47%) or not (11vs.37%). Membrane integrity (Bull1: 30.3±9.6 vs. 52.3±12.4%, P=0.01; Bull2: 24.5±3.0 vs. 48.7±1.6%, P=0.006) and sperm concentration (Bull1: 23.2±0.6 vs. 43.0±0.8x10⁶sperm/mL, P<0.001; Bull2: 25.1±2.8 vs. 42.1±0.7x10⁶sperm/mL; P<0.001) were reduced in sex-sorted compared to conventional semen, for both bulls. Total and progressive motility were reduced in sex-sorted semen for Bull1 (TM: 49.7±15.9 vs. 94.9±1.9%, P=0.007; PM: 16.7±3.4 vs. 44.1±13.2%, P=0.009) and no differences were detected for Bull2 (TM: 45.0±17.5 vs. 68.2±19.1%, P=0.098; PM: 12.8±4.7 vs. 30.0±13.0%, P=0.065). Sperm ellipticity from sex-sorted was lower than conventional semen for Bull2 (0.306±0.01 vs. 0.342±0.02, P=0.02) and no difference was detected for Bull1 (0.332±0.01 vs. 0.330±0.01, P=0.55). Reduced in vivo fertility was observed for sex-sorted semen, regardless of estrous behavior. In vitro sperm quality of sex-sorted semen was compromised for both bulls, but differently affected for each sire.

Resumen Desde mayo de 2022 se han notificado casos de viruela símica en países no endémicos con características diferentes a la descripción tradicional de la enfermedad, predominio en población de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, posible transmisión sexual y ausencia de mortalidad a la fecha. Reporta mos el que sería el primero diagnosticado en Argentina sin nexo de viaje a países con circulación viral. Se trata de un hombre joven, bisexual, en profilaxis antirretroviral de pre-exposición al HIV, cuya forma de presentación fue faringitis exudativa sin otra etiología documentada y adenopatías que evolucionaron a la necrosis, presencia de lesiones asincrónicas características en cara, cuello, abdomen, extremidades y genitales. El diagnóstico fue por detección de ADN viral por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en lesiones de piel, exudado de fauces y semen. El compromiso faríngeo con presencia de exudado luego del descarte de otras infecciones, podría ser una rareza para la forma epidémica de la enfermedad. El hallazgo del virus en semen ya reportado en otras publica ciones no es suficiente aún para confirmar la vía sexual como forma de trasmisión. En conclusión, nuestro caso alerta sobre otras posibles formas de presentación de la viruela símica epidémica y la necesidad de aumentar el nivel de sospecha para su detección precoz, como estrategia para evitar la diseminación y proteger a grupos vulnerables. Se requiere aún más información para determinar la transmisión sexual de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Since May 2022, monkeypox cases have been reported in non-endemic countries with different charac teristics from the traditional description of the disease, predominantly in men who have sex with men, with possible sexual transmission and with no documentation of mortality to date. We report what would be the first patient diag nosed in Argentina with no travel nexus to countries with viral circulation. Young, bisexual man, on antiretroviral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, whose presentation was exudative pharyngitis with no other documented aetiology and lymphadenopathy that progressed to necrosis, presence of characteristic asynchronous lesions on the face, neck, abdomen, extremities, and genitals, in a total of no more than 25. Polymerase-chain-reaction assay of samples from skin lesions, fauces exudate and semen were positive for monkeypox. Pharyngeal involvement with the presence of exudate after ruling out other infections could be a rarity for the epidemic form of the disease. The finding of the virus in semen, already reported in other publications, is still not enough to confirm the sexual route as a form of transmission. In conclusion: Our case warns about other possible forms of presentation of epidemic monkeypox and the need to increase the level of suspicion for its early detection as a strategy to prevent dissemination and protect vulnerable groups. Even more information is required to determine the sexual transmission of this disease.

Resumen En semen de mamíferos, se ha demostrado que la viscosidad influye de manera negativa para su conservación. En semen de aves los estudios sobre las características físicas de los eyaculados son limitados, particularmente la viscosidad no ha sido estudiada. Los medios para la criopreservación, no consideran la viscosidad para mantener la viabilidad espermática. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la viscosidad en el medio para mantener su viabilidad post descongelación. Se determinó los parámetros de evaluación básica, de maduración y reacción acrosomal evaluando la presencia y distribución de Ca2+ mediante la co-incubación con clortetraciclina. Se realizaron 25 evaluaciones de pool seminal, criopreservados en medio Lake suplementado con 6 % de dimetilacetamida y con 0 % (Testigo), 10 %, 30 % y 45 % de ficoll, para ajustar la viscosidad del medio a condiciones similares a las del semen y del líquido oviductal y a un grado mayor de viscosidad. La movilidad espermática fue menor (P(0.05) en alícuotas con mayor porcentaje de ficoll. El porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos fue similar (P>0.05) en el testigo y todas las alícuotas con diferente porcentaje de ficoll. La maduración espermática presentó un mayor (P(0,05) porcentaje de espermatozoides no capacitados cuando se utilizó 10% de ficoll. De manera inversa el porcentaje de espermatozoides con reacción acrosomal fue menor (P(0,05) también cuando se utilizó 10 % de ficoll. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que variaciones en el grado de viscosidad del medio, pueden mantener o incrementar la viabilidad espermática post descongelación.

Abstract In mammalian semen, viscosity has been shown to have a negative influence on its conservation. In bird semen, studies on the physical characteristics of ejaculates are limited, particularly viscosity has not been studied. The media for cryopreservation do not consider viscosity to maintain sperm viability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of viscosity on the medium to maintain its viability after thawing. The parameters of basic evaluation, maturation and acrosome reaction were determined, evaluating the presence and distribution of Ca2+ through co-incubation with chlortetracycline. Twenty-five (25) evaluations of seminal pool were performed, cryopreserved in Lake medium supplemented with 6 % dimethylacetamide and with 0 % (Control), 10 %, 30 % and 45 % ficoll, to adjust the viscosity of the medium to conditions similar to those of semen and oviductal fluid and to a higher degree of viscosity. Sperm motility was lower (P(0.05) in aliquots with a higher percentage of ficoll. The percentage of live spermatozoa was similar (P>0.05) in the control and all aliquots with different percentage of ficoll. Sperm maturation presented a higher (P(0.05) percentage of non-capacitated spermatozoa when 10 % ficoll was used. Conversely the percentage of spermatozoa with acrosome reaction was also lower (P(0.05) when 10 % ficoll was used. The results of this study show that variations in the degree of viscosity of the medium can maintain or increase sperm viability after thawing.

ABSTRACT This research was aimed at analyzing semen quality before and after freezing, of six horse breeds during the reproductive and non-reproductive season, at latitudes near the Equator. Three hundred and two ejaculates from six horse breeds were analyzed, in which volume, progressive motility, sperm concentration, millions of motile spermatozoa, and approved doses for artificial insemination (AI), were determined. Considering latitudes near the Equator, progressive motility, sperm concentration and millions of motile spermatozoa in the six breeds were similar between breeding and non-breeding seasons (p>0.05); except for volume, where Holsteiner breed varied between seasons (p<0.05). Regarding comparisons among breeds, Holsteiner showed an outstanding behavior in some parameters during the breeding season (p<0.05). The number of doses approved for AI during breeding season increased (p<0.05), regardless of the type of cryoprotectant or the package used for freezing. No significant change was observed in the parameters assessed before freezing in most breeds, at latitudes near the Equator. However, a change in the number of the approved doses for AI during breeding season was observed.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la calidad del semen antes y después de la congelación, de seis razas de equinos durante la época reproductiva y no reproductiva, en latitudes cercanas al Ecuador. Se analizaron 302 eyaculados de seis razas de equinos, en los cuales se determinaron el volumen, motilidad progresiva, concentración espermática, millones de espermatozoides motiles, y dosis aprobadas para la inseminación artificial (IA). Considerando latitudes cercanas al Ecuador, la motilidad progresiva, concentración espermática, millones de espermatozoides motiles en las seis razas, fueron similares entre la época reproductiva y no reproductiva (p>0,05), excepto el volumen donde la raza Holsteiner varió entre las épocas (p<0,05). Las comparaciones dentro de las razas, la Holsteiner sobresalió en algunos parámetros durante la etapa reproductiva (p<0,05). Aumentó el número de dosis aprobadas para IA durante la época reproductiva (p<0,05), independientemente del tipo de crioprotector o envase utilizado para congelar. No se observó un cambio significativo en los parámetros evaluados antes de la congelación en la mayoría de las razas evaluadas, en latitud cercana al Ecuador, sin embargo, sí se determinó un cambio en las dosis aprobadas para la IA durante la época reproductiva.

ABSTRACT Cryopreservation induces oxidative stress that has adverse effects on post-thawed semen quality. The objective was to evaluate the effect of adding quercetin to sheep semen cryopreservation medium. Semen was collected from three sheep stallions by artificial vagina, and a commercial diluent was used. Treatments were: control; quercetin 200 µM; vitamin E 100 µM; and the quercetin and vitamin E combination. Vitality, motility, acrosome integrity and fertility were evaluated in vivo. Numerical variables were analyzed with ANOVA and gestation rate with chi-square. In the evaluation of sperm motility characteristics, no significant difference was found between treatments. The treatment with the highest percentage of live spermatozoa with intact acrosome was quercetin 200 µM (22.33±2.51%) compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). In vivo fertility was not statistically significant, but a numerical difference in the gestation percentage was found with the addition of 200 µM quercetin (51.92%) compared to other treatments. In conclusion, the addition of 200 µM quercetin to the ovine semen cryopreservation medium improved the vitality and integrity of the acrosome, but not the in vivo fertility percentage.

RESUMEN: La criopreservación induce estrés oxidativo que tiene efectos adversos en la calidad post-descongelado del semen. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de quercetina al medio de criopreservación de semen ovino. El semen se colectó de tres sementales ovinos mediante vagina artificial, y se utilizó un diluyente comercial. Los tratamientos fueron: control; quercetina 200 µM; vitamina E 100 µM; y la combinación de quercetina y vitamina E. Se evaluó la vitalidad, motilidad, integridad del acrosoma y fertilidad in vivo. Las variables numéricas se analizaron con un ANOVA y la tasa de gestación con ji cuadrado. En la evaluación de las características espermáticas de motilidad no se encontró diferencia significativa entre tratamientos. El tratamiento con mayor porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos con acrosoma intacto fue quercetina 200 µM (22.33±2.51%) comparado con los demás tratamientos (P<0.05). La fertilidad in vivo no fue estadísticamente significativa, pero se encontró una diferencia numérica en el porcentaje de gestación con la adición de 200 µM de quercetina (51.92%) en comparación a los demás tratamientos. En conclusión, la adición de 200 µM de quercetina al medio de criopreservación de semen ovino mejoró la vitalidad e integridad del acrosoma, pero no el porcentaje de fertilidad in vivo.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la colagenasa, pipeteo e incubación para disminuir la filancia del semen y su relación con la calidad espermática en alpacas para su criopreservación. Las muestras de semen se obtuvieron por vagina artificial de machos de 4-7 años en el Laboratorio de Biotecnología Reproductiva de la Estación Experimental Agraria Canaán del INIA (Ayacucho, Perú). Se evaluó las características macroscópicas (volumen, pH y filancia) y microscópicas (motilidad, concentración y vitalidad) del semen. Cada muestra se distribuyó en tres alícuotas y diluida con dilutor comercial AndroMed® en proporción de 1:1 a 37 °C y distribuidas en tratamientos: T1=Colagenasa al 5%; T2=Pipeteo 10 veces y T3=Incubación a 37 °C durante 10 min. Las características microscópicas se evaluaron a los 0, 20, 40, 60 y 120 min pos-dilución. La filancia disminuyó significativamente de 0.95, 0.89 y 0.91 cm a 0.26, 0.27 y 0.33 cm a los 120 min pos-dilución para T1, T2 y T3, respectivamente (p<0.05), pero sin diferencias entre tratamientos. La motilidad espermática y la vitalidad no fueron afectadas por los tiempos pos-dilución, pero la motilidad disminuyó significativamente (p<0.05) luego de la dilución del semen. Se concluye que el uso de colagenasa, pipeteo e incubación disminuyeron la filancia del semen de alpaca pos-dilución, afectando la motilidad y vitalidad espermática.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of collagenase, pipetting and incubation to reduce the filancia of semen and its relationship with sperm quality in alpacas for its cryopreservation. Semen samples were obtained by artificial vagina from 4-7-year-old males at the Reproductive Biotechnology Laboratory of the Canaán Agrarian Experimental Station of INIA (Ayacucho, Peru). The macroscopic (volume, pH and filancia) and microscopic (motility, concentration and vitality) characteristics of the semen were evaluated. Each sample was distributed in three aliquots and diluted with the commercial AndroMed® extender in a 1:1 ratio at 37 °C and subjected to three treatments: T1 = Collagenase 5%; T2 = Pipetting 10 times, and T3 = Incubation at 37 °C for 10 min. The microscopic characteristics were evaluated at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 120 min post-dilution). The filancia decreased significantly from 0.95, 0.89 and 0.91 cm to 0.26, 0.27 and 0.33 cm at 120 min post-dilution for T1, T2 and T3, respectively (p<0.05), but without differences between treatments. Sperm motility and vitality were not affected by post-dilution times, but motility decreased significantly (p<0.05) after semen dilution. It is concluded that the use of collagenase, pipetting, and incubation decreased the filancia of post-dilution alpaca semen, affecting sperm motility and vitality.

ABSTRACT The reproductive activity of various species of mammals is influenced by the sperm subpopulations of their ejaculates. These subpopulations differ in the motility and kinetic characteristics of the sperm and have been related and classified according to their capacity for the fertilization process. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the composition of the semen diluent on the sperm subpopulations of the chilled rabbit semen. The semen of 10 rabbits of the Californian breed (three ejaculated per animal) was obtained. Each ejaculate was divided into four aliquots, which were diluted in one of four diluents, whose basic composition consisted of T1: skim milk and sugars; T2: dextrose, sodium citrate and potassium acetate; T3: sodium caseinates, phosphates and sugars; and T4: tris-citric acid and egg yolk. Each aliquot was kept refrigerated at 16 °C for 72 h. Immediately after dilution and every 24 h, the distribution of four sperm subpopulations was evaluated using a computerized system: Type A (rapid progressive spermatozoa), Type B (rapid spermatozoa and medium progressive spermatozoa), Type C (medium spermatozoa and slow spermatozoa) and Type D (static spermatozoa). The data were analyzed using the PROC GLM and Tukey’s HSD test of the SAS v. 9.2. It was found that T1 and T3 produced superior results for curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP) and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) of sperm refrigerated for 24 and 48 hours (p<0.05), while T2 and T4 produced an increase in the beat cross frequency (BCF) (p<0.05). It is concluded that the composition of the diluent influences the distribution of the sperm subpopulations of the refrigerated rabbit semen, by generating changes in the progressivity and kinetics of the sperm.

RESUMEN La actividad reproductiva de diversas especies de mamíferos se encuentra influenciada por las subpoblaciones espermáticas de sus eyaculados. Dichas subpoblaciones se diferencian en las características de movilidad y cinética de los espermatozoides y han sido relacionadas y catalogadas según su capacidad para el proceso de fertilización. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la composición del diluyente de semen sobre las subpoblaciones espermáticas del semen refrigerado de conejo. Se obtuvo el semen de 10 conejos de la raza Californiano (tres eyaculados por animal). Cada eyaculado se dividió en cuatro alícuotas, las cuales se diluyeron en uno de cuatro diluyentes, cuya composición básica consistió en T1: leche descremada y azucares; T2: dextrosa, citrato sódico y acetato potásico; T3: caseinatos de sodio, fosfatos y azúcares; y T4: tris-ácido cítrico y yema de huevo. Cada alícuota se mantuvo en refrigeración a 16 °C durante 72 horas. Inmediatamente después de la dilución y cada 24 horas se evaluó la distribución de cuatro subpoblaciones de espermatozoides mediante un sistema computarizado: Tipo A (espermatozoides rápidos progresivos), Tipo B (espermatozoides rápidos y espermatozoides medios progresivos), Tipo C (espermatozoides medios y espermatozoides lentos), y Tipo D (espermatozoides estáticos). Los datos se analizaron mediante el PROC GLM y la prueba HSD de Tukey del software SAS v. 9.2. Se encontró que T1 y T3 produjeron resultados superiores para la velocidad curvilínea (VCL), la velocidad rectilínea (VSL), la velocidad promedio (VAP) y la amplitud de desplazamiento lateral de la cabeza (ALH) de los espermatozoides refrigerados durante 24 y 48 horas (p<0.05), mientras que T2 y T4 produjeron un incremento en la frecuencia de batido (BCF) (p<0.05). Se concluye que la composición del diluyente influye sobre la distribución de las subpoblaciones espermáticas del semen refrigerado de conejo, al generar cambios en la progresividad y la cinética de los espermatozoides.

ABSTRAC The aim of this work was to determine the effect of the season of the year (photoperiod) on scrotal circumference (SC), testicular weight (TW), testicular volume (TV), serving capacity test (SCT), plasma testosterone concentration and semen quality traits in Highlander rams. The study was carried out in the humid pampas of Argentina (130 m above sea level) with six adult rams (5-6 years old). Monthly determinations of body weight, body condition score, SC, TW [TW = 0.5533 x (L) x (W)2], TV [TV=4/3 x (π) x (L/ 2) x (W/2)2], being L=long and W=width of the testicle, and plasma testosterone. The SCT was performed twice per season and the semen evaluation twice per week during the central month of each season. The analysis was done using linear mixed models for repeated measures (R Core Team). In summer (March) the highest values of SC (mean ± SE; p<0.05) (34.2 ± 0.7 cm), TW (506.7 ± 21.2 g) and TV (479.7 ± 20.0 cm3) were observed. The average number of total mounts was higher (p<0.05) in winter (15) compared to spring (10) and summer (8.5). The highest plasma testosterone concentration (p<0.05) was observed in summer (January = 15.2 ± 4.3 ng/ml) and the lowest in winter (August =0.12 ± 0.1 ng/ml). In ejaculates (n=192), a lower volume was observed in spring and summer (p<0.05). Total sperm motility (%), vigor and sperm concentration registered a significant decrease (p<0.05) in summer. No significant differences were observed in the percentages of individual progressive motility and normal sperm between seasons. The results suggest that Highlander rams have a higher reproductive potential during autumn (decreasing photoperiod).

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la estación del año (fotoperiodo) sobre la circunferencia escrotal (CE), peso testicular (PT), volumen testicular (VT), capacidad de servicio (CS), concentración plasmática de testosterona y características cualcuantitativas del semen fresco de carneros Highlander. El estudio se realizó en la pampa húmeda de Argentina (130 msnm) con seis carneros adultos (5-6 años). Se realizaron determinaciones mensuales de peso vivo, condición corporal, CE, PT [PT=0.5533 x (L) x (A)2], VT [VT=4/3 x (π) x (L/2) x (A/2)2], siendo L=longitud y A=ancho del testículo y testosterona plasmática. La prueba de CS se realizó dos veces por estación y la evaluación del semen dos veces por semana durante el mes central de cada estación. El análisis se hizo mediante modelos lineales mixtos para medidas repetidas en el tiempo (R Core Team). En verano (marzo) se observaron los mayores valores (media ± EE; p<0.05) de CE (34.2 ± 0.7 cm), PT (506.7± 21.2 g) y VT (479.7 ± 20.0 cm3). El número promedio de montas totales fue mayor (p<0.05) en invierno (15) respecto de la primavera (10) y el verano (8.5). La mayor concentración plasmática de testosterona (p<0.05) fue determinada en verano (ene- ro=15.2 ± 4.3 ng/ml) y la menor en invierno (agosto=0.12 ± 0.1 ng/ml). En los eyaculados (n=192) se observó un menor volumen en primavera y verano (p<0.05). La motilidad espermática total (%), el vigor y la concentración espermática registraron una disminución significativa (p<0.05) en verano. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de motilidad individual progresiva y espermatozoides normales entre estaciones. Los resultados sugieren que los carneros Highlander presentan un mayor potencial reproductivo en la estación de otoño (fotoperiodo decreciente).