RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) e a morfologia ovariana de Bos indicus em diferentes faixas etárias: 12-23 meses (G1), 24-35 meses (G2), 36-47 meses (G3), 48-59 meses (G4) e >60 meses (G5). Os ovários foram coletados individualmente e enviados ao laboratório, onde suas características morfológicas foram medidas: CFA, diâmetro e peso dos ovários, do folículo dominante (FD, ≥8 mm), do corpo lúteo (CL) e dos folículos pequenos (SF, <8 mm). A CFA foi classificada como alta, intermediária-alta, intermediária-baixa e baixa. Um grupo de ovários foi submetido à aspiração folicular para avaliar a qualidade morfológica dos complexos cumulus oócitos (COCs) recuperados. A CFA média não variou entre as idades. A característica morfológica que se correlacionou mais intimamente com a CFA foi o peso dos folículos pequenos. Não houve relação entre a CFA e o peso e o diâmetro do FD e do CL. A qualidade dos COCs foi superior em ovários em que o CL estava presente, mas não variou entre as classes de CFA. Concluiu-se que a CFA pode ser realizada em um único ovário, independentemente da presença, do diâmetro e do peso do CL e do FD em zebuínos entre 12 e 60 meses de vida.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the antral follicle count (AFC) and the ovarian morphology of Bos indicus in different age groups: 12-23 months (G1), 24-35 months (G2), 36-47 months (G3), 48-59 months (G4), and >60 months (G5). Ovaries were collected individually and sent to the laboratory, where we measured AFC, the diameter and weight of the ovaries, dominant follicle (DF, ≥8mm), corpus luteum (CL), and small follicles (SF, <8mm). AFC were classified as high, intermediate-high, intermediate-low, and low. A group of ovaries was subjected to follicular aspiration to evaluate the morphological quality of the recovered cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). Mean AFC did not vary between ages. The morphological characteristic that was most closely correlated with AFC was the weight of the small follicles. There was no relationship between AFC and the weight and diameter of the DF and CL. Quality of the COCs was superior in ovaries in which the CL was present, but it did not vary between the AFC classes. We conclude that AFC can be performed on a single ovary, regardless of the presence, diameter, and weight of the CL and DF in zebu between 12 and 60 months old.

RESUMO Informações da variação de importantes características morfológicas e fisiológicas do quiabo são limitadas. A análise molecular é uma ferramenta adicional importante nos estudos de caracterização de germoplasma. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do crescimento e da produção de 20 acessos pré-comerciais de quiabo para identificar a associação de marcadores moleculares com características morfológicas. Dezenove caracteres morfológicos foram medidos com cinco descritores qualitativos e 14 quantitativos. Para a análise dos padrões genéticos, foram utilizados marcadores RAPD com nove primers e 24 bandas utilizáveis. A dissimilaridade genética foi avaliada com base em matrizes morfológicas e genéticas. Além disso, a representação gráfica das distâncias genéticas foi realizada pelo método UPGMA e otimização de Tocher. A caracterização morfológica dos acessos detectou polimorfismo para todas as características avaliadas. Os marcadores RAPD foram eficientes na detecção da variabilidade genética entre os acessos de quiabo. Para os primers usados no experimento, apenas OPE10 não amplificou a fita de DNA. Os outros oito primers produziram um total de 35 bandas, sendo 25 polimórficas e dez monomórficas. Os caracteres morfológicos e marcadores moleculares identificaram ampla variabilidade genética entre os 20 acessos de quiabo, indicando a possibilidade de cruzamentos bem-sucedidos em programas de melhoramento e o isolando genótipos interessantes. As análises morfológica e molecular foram complementares e auxiliaram na seleção dos genótipos. A análise molecular indicou alguns acessos divergentes que não foram encontrados na análise morfológica, o que poderia destacar alguns materiais que apresentam uma característica desejável, sendo interessantes para detectar características de dificil mensuração em campo.

ABSTRACT Information of the variation for important morphological and physiological traits of okra is still limited. Molecular analysis is an important additional tool in germplasm characterization studies. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the growth and yield of 20 pre-commercial okra accessions to identify molecular markers’ association with morphological traits. Nineteen morphological traits were measured with five qualitative and 14 quantitative descriptors. For analysis of genetic patterns Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used with nine primers and 24 usable bands. The genetic dissimilarity was evaluated based in morphological and genetic matrices. Also, graphical representation of genetic distances was obtained by UPGMA and Tocher’s optimization method. The morphological characterization of the accessions detected polymorphism for all evaluated traits. RAPD markers were efficient in detecting genetic variability among okra accessions. For the primers used in the experiment, only OPE10 did not amplify the DNA strand. The other eight primers produced a total of 35 bands, in which 25 were polymorphic and ten were monomorphic. The morphological traits and molecular markers identified wide genetic variability among the 20 okra accessions, indicating successful crosses in breeding programs and isolating some interesting materials. Morphological and molecular cluster analyses were complementary and helped in the genotype selection. Molecular analysis indicated some divergent accessions that were not found in morphological analysis, which could highlight some materials that have a desirable trait, that is difficult and highly costly to access in field experiments.

Resumen: La placenta es un órgano con gran capacidad de reserva funcional. Puede presentar con frecuencia infartos, calcificaciones, degeneraciones y aun así permite la reconstrucción de nuevas zonas o extensiones capilares en el sitio donde hubo regresiones seniles, apareciendo nuevas demandas funcionales. La placenta espuria se considera una alteración morfológica de la placenta, donde pueden aparecer uno o más lóbulos accesorios o aberrantes, con la característica de presentar conexión de vasos fetales al lóbulo principal. Tiene su diagnóstico diferencial con la placenta succenturiata, la cual se diferencia por la unión del lóbulo accesorio mediante vasos sanguíneos. Son entidades que se deben buscar de manera intencionada durante el ultrasonido, ya que ocasionan complicaciones importantes como retención de restos placentarios y como consecuencia hemorragia obstétrica.

Abstract: The placenta is an organ with a great functional reserve capacity. It can frequently present infarcts, calcifications, degenerations, and even so it allows the reconstruction of new areas or capillary extensions in the site where there were senile regressions, appearing new functional demands. The spurious placenta is considered a morphological alteration of the placenta, where one or more accessory or aberrant lobes may appear, with the characteristic of presenting the connection of fetal vessels to the main lobe. Having its differential diagnosis with the succenturiate placenta, which presents the attachment of the accessory lobe through blood vessels. They are entities that should be looked for intentionally during an ultrasound since it allows important complications such as retention of placental remains and as a consequence obstetric hemorrhage.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Camurati-Engelman (CE) es una displasia ósea esclerosante rara, de causa genética. Se presenta con engrosamiento perióstico y endóstico de la cortical de los huesos largos. Genera dolor secundario a la reducción del canal medular, que habitualmente se controla con corticoides y en casos severos, con descompresión quirúrgica. Historia del caso: Presentamos el caso de una mujer con diagnóstico genético de enfermedad de Camurati-Engelman, con mal control del dolor, con manejo de corticosteroides y procedimientos quirúrgicos a lo largo de su niñez y adultez temprana. Se logró un control óptimo del dolor con un régimen con manejo analgésico con hidrocodona. Este es el primer caso descrito en la literatura de un adecuado control del dolor con un medicamento opioide. Discusión: La enfermedad de CE es una entidad genética extremadamente rara, con poco más de 300 casos reportados en el mundo. Se genera por una alteración en el gen del factor de crecimiento beta 1 (TGF-B1). Tiene una presentación clínica variada que puede iniciar con las alteraciones óseas acompañado de debilidad muscular, alteraciones angulares articulares, cefalea y compresiones nerviosas. Tiene diagnóstico diferencial con algunas entidades genéticas que pueden presentar similitud clínica, pero su característica morfológica y radiológica es distintiva. El manejo usual del dolor óseo generado por esta entidad se basa en corticoesteroides, además de losartán o intervenciones quirúrgicas orientadas a disminuir los cambios corticales. La intervención con analgésicos opioides, acompañada de un plan de rehabilitación, no es un reporte frecuente, siendo este un caso de éxito ante la refractariedad de los síntomas en una paciente con dolor crónico, impactando de manera positiva en su funcionalidad y calidad de vida. Conclusión: Se considera que el manejo analgésico con opioides puede ser una opción de tratamiento en pacientes con enfermedad de Camurati-Engelman refractaria al manejo con corticoides e intervenciones quirúrgicas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Camurati-Engelman Disease is a rare genetic sclerosing bone dysplasia with periosteal and endosteal thickening of the cortical of the long bones. It generates pain secondary to the reduction of the medullary canal that is usually controlled with corticosteroids and, in severe cases, with surgical decompression. Case history: We present the case of a woman with a genetic diagnosis of Camurati-Engelman Disease with poor pain control with corticosteroid management and surgical procedures throughout her childhood and early adulthood. In whom optimal pain control was achieved with pain regimen with hydrocodone analgesic management. This is the first case described in the literature for adequate pain control using an opioid drug. Discussion: CE disease is an extremely rare genetic entity with little more than 300 cases reported in the world. It is generated by an alteration in the gene for growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-B1); it has a varied clinical presentation that can begin with bone alterations accompanied by muscle weakness, joint angular alterations, headache, and nerve compressions. It has a differential diagnosis with some genetic entities that may present clinical similarity, but its morphological and radiological characteristics are distinctive. The usual management of bone pain generated by this entity is based on corticosteroids, in addition to losartan or surgical intervention aimed at reducing cortical changes. The intervention with opioid analgesics accompanied by a rehabilitation plan is not a frequent report, this being a case of success due to the refractoriness of the symptoms in a patient with chronic pain, with a positive impact on her functionality and quality of life. Conclusion: It is considered that analgesic management with opioids may be a treatment option in patients with Camurati-Engelman disease refractory to corticosteroid management and surgical interventions.

Abstract It is an annual crop of temperate and semi-warm environments with clay and sandy soils. There are wild populations in Mexico that in pre-Columbian times allowed the selection of plants with larger fruit that did not disperse the seed. Domesticated varieties, compared to wild ones, have larger seeds, more compact inflorescence, closed calyces, longer flower, apical dominance, uniformity in flowering and ripening periods. Chia contains between 9 and 23% protein, 26-41% carbohydrates and 30 to 33% oil, 40% dietary fiber and calcium and a high antioxidant content. It has acquired great importance because it is considered a functional food. There is consensus on the importance of the study and conservation of plant genetic resources. The objective of this research was to characterize the morphological diversity of 31 chia genotypes based on the variations identified between wild and domesticated populations. It was observed that the presence of anthocyanins is characteristic of wild plants, as well as the presence of open calyx, which is related to the dispersal of the seeds; these were smaller and darker, and their calyces were short and opened when ripe. The size of the seed and the weight of a thousand seeds are highly correlated with the yield per plant. Domesticated plants presented closed calyx, without anthocyanin coloration, reduction of pubescence in most of the plant, larger inflorescence, greater number of florets, greater seed weight, higher yield. Domesticated, semi-domesticated and wild populations were characterized and grouped. The wild ones have an open calyx. The semi-domesticated ones are similar to the cultivated ones but have an open calyx. The domesticated ones had apical dominance, greater size of spike and closed calyx.

Resumen Es un cultivo anual de ambientes templados y semicálidos con suelos arcillosos y arenosos. Existen poblaciones silvestres en México que en tiempos precolombinos permitieron seleccionar plantas con fruto más grande que no dispersara la semilla. Las variedades domesticadas, comparadas con las silvestres, tienen semillas de mayor tamaño, inflorescencia más compacta, cálices cerrados, flor más larga, dominancia apical, uniformidad en los periodos de floración y maduración. La chía contiene entre 9 y 23% de proteína, 26-41% de carbohidratos y de 30 a 33% de aceite, 40% de fibra dietética y calcio y un alto contenido de antioxidantes. Ha adquirido gran importancia porque se considera un alimento funcional. Existe consenso sobre la importancia del estudio y conservación de los recursos fitogenéticos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la diversidad morfológica de 31 genotipos de chía con base en las variaciones identificadas entre poblaciones silvestres y domesticadas. Se observó que la presencia de antocianinas es característica de plantas silvestres, así como la presencia de cáliz abierto, que está relacionado con la dispersión de las semillas; estas fueron más pequeñas y oscuras y sus cálices fueron cortos y se abrieron al madurar. El tamaño de la semilla y el peso de mil semillas están altamente correlacionado con el rendimiento por planta. Las plantas domesticadas presentaron cáliz cerrado, sin coloración por antocianinas, reducción de la pubescencia en la mayor parte de la planta, inflorescencia más grande, mayor número de floretes, mayor peso de semilla, mayor rendimiento. Se caracterizaron y agruparon poblaciones domesticadas, semidomesticadas y silvestres. Las silvestres presentan cáliz abierto. Las semidomesticadas son semejantes a las cultivadas pero presentan cáliz abierto. Las domesticadas tuvieron dominancia apical, mayor tamaño de espiga y cáliz cerrado.

RESUMO O adenocarcinoma pulmonar é uma neoplasia epitelial maligna originada do epitélio respiratório das vias aéreas inferiores e do parênquima alveolar. É uma neoplasia raramente descrita em felinos selvagens, sem nenhum relato em jaguatiricas. Em gatos domésticos, é uma neoplasia muito agressiva, com alta taxa de metástase, e geralmente evolui para o óbito do paciente. O presente relato objetiva descrever um adenocarcinoma pulmonar em uma jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) senil de cativeiro, com detalhada caracterização morfológica e imunofenotípica, evidenciando o fenômeno de transição epitelial-mesenquial (TEM) em um carcinoma altamente metastático, uma característica importante, com escassos relatos na medicina veterinária, mesmo em gatos domésticos.

ABSTRACT Pulmonary adenocarcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasia that usually arises from conducting airways or alveolar parenchyma. It has rarely been described in wild felids, with no previous reports in ocelots. In domestic cats it is a very aggressive neoplasm with a high metastatic rate that usually evolves to death. This report aimed to describe a pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a captive and senile ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), with a thorough morphologic and immunophenotypically characterization, evidencing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon in a high metastatic carcinoma, an important feature rarely described in veterinary medicine, even in domestic cats.

Abstract: Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) and restrictive cardiomyopathies (RCM) are rare diseases with high morbidity and mortality in the pediatric age group, particularly the restrictive. They can be diagnosed at any age even in fetal life, in isolation or association with other cardiomyopathies or congenital heart disease. The causes may be genetic, neuromuscular, metabolic, storage, or idiopathic disorders. The main morphological characteristic of LVNC is the presence of a non-compact myocar dium with numerous prominent trabeculations and deep recesses, which may results in myocardial dysfunction, malignant arrhythmias and thromboembolism. On the other hand, in RCM there is an abnormal myocardial stiffness, which generates a restrictive ventricular filling and atrial dilatation secondary. Clinically it manifested by severe diastolic dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, arrhyth mias and sudden death. For both cardiomyopathies, the Doppler color echocardiography, electro cardiography and Holter monitoring of arrhythmias are the gold standard for diagnosis and follow up. Cardiac resonance adds information on functional assessment and quantification of myocardial fibrosis. The therapy is oriented to improve symptoms and quality of life. Patients with severe forms of LVNC and RCM may require extracorporeal ventricular support and cardiac transplantation, even in early stages of the disease. The pediatrician plays an important role in the early recognition of these pathologies for timing to referral as well as in the follow-up and screening for complications. The objective of this review is to update the clinical, genetic, diagnostic, therapeutic issues and prognostic of the LVNC and RCM.

Resumen: Las miocardiopatías no compactada (MCNC) y restrictiva (MCR) constituyen enfermedades infre cuentes con elevada morbimortalidad en la edad pediátrica, especialmente la restrictiva. Pueden ser diagnosticadas a cualquier edad incluso desde la vida intra uterina, de manera aislada o en asociación a otras miocardiopatías o a cardiopatías congénitas. Son causadas por enfermedades genéticas, neuromusculares, metabólicas, de depósito o idiopáticas. La principal característica morfológica de la MCNC, es la presencia de un miocardio no compacto con múltiples trabéculas y recesos intertrabeculares profundos que pueden producir disfunción miocárdica, arritmias malignas y procesos embólicos. Por su parte en la MCR existe una rigidez anormal del miocardio, lo que genera un llenado ven tricular restrictivo y la consecuente dilatación auricular. Clínicamente se manifiesta por disfunción diastólica, hipertensión pulmonar, arritmias y muerte súbita. Para ambas la ecocardiografia Doppler color, el electrocardiograma y el Holter de arritmias son los exámenes de elección en el diagnóstico y seguimiento. La resonancia cardiaca (RC) agrega además información sobre la valoración funcional y cuantificación de la fibrosis miocárdica. La terapia está orientada a mejorar los síntomas y la calidad de vida. Pacientes con formas graves de MCNC y MCR pueden llegar a requerir asistencia ventricular extracorpórea y/o trasplante cardiaco, incluso en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad. El pediatra juega un rol fundamental en el reconocimiento precoz de estas patologías para su derivación oportu na como también en el seguimiento y pesquisa de sus complicaciones. El motivo de esta revisión es actualizar los aspectos clínicos, genéticos, diagnósticos, terapias y pronóstico de las MCNC y MCR.

ABSTRACT To a better decision in relation to the choice of forages, it is important to know its bromatological and morphological characteristics, since this knowledge can lead to greater productivity and quality of dry mass forage. This work aimed to evaluate the morpho-physiological characteristics of forage plants, specifically Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés/MG-5; Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça; Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS/Piatã; Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás. The experiment was carried out at the College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil, May 2015. Bromatological, physiological and morphological analyses of the leaves were performed. The cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu excelled in mineral matter (MM%); and Xaraés for dietary fiber in acid detergent (FDA%). The cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés/MG-5 was distinguished in the parameter thickness of the adaxial epidermis (TAdE), mesophyll thickness (MT); diameter of leaf phloem (LDP) and diameter of leaf xylem (LDX). The cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás highlighted in the parameter thickness of the abaxial epidermis (TAbE). In general, the cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés/MG-5 presented the best results regarding the morphological characteristics of the studied forage plants.

RESUMEN Para una mejor decisión en relación con la elección de los forrajes, es importante conocer sus características bromatológicas y morfológicas, ya que este conocimiento puede llevar a una mayor productividad y calidad del forraje de masa seca. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características morfofisiológicas de las plantas forrajeras, específicamente Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés / MG-5; Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; Panicum maximo cv. Mombaça; Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS / Piatã; Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Tecnológicas, Dracena, São Paulo, Brasil, mayo de 2015. Se realizaron análisis bromatológicos, fisiológicos y morfológicos de las hojas. El cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu sobresalió en materia mineral (MM%); y Xaraés para fibra dietética en detergente ácido (FDA%). El cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés / MG-5 se distinguió en el parámetro de espesor de la epidermis adaxial (TAdE), espesor de mesofila (MT); diámetro del floema de la hoja (LDP) y diámetro del xilema de la hoja (LDX). El cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás resaltó en el parámetro espesor de la epidermis abaxial (TAbE). En general, el cultivar Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés / MG-5 presentó los mejores resultados en cuanto a las características morfológicas de las plantas forrajeras estudiadas.

SUMMARY: Tympanic dehiscence or Huschke's Foramen is considered a minor, hypostosic, non-stochastic, transitory morphological cranial feature, located in the tympanic plate of the temporal bone, whose expression is considered physiological up to 5 years of age. The mention of this feature in the literature is scarce, generating controversy among the anatomists who have described it. The eponymous Huschke, a German anatomist, who has been mentioned as the first to observe it in 1844. However, there is a history that this bone characteristic was previously described by other authors almost 200 years earlier. The current name, tympanic dehiscence, was given in 1878 by Bürkner, being accepted until today. The objective of this article is to carry out a historical analysis of the morphological description of tympanic dehiscence in specialized anatomical literature.

RESUMEN: La dehiscencia timpánica o Foramen de Huschke se considera un rasgo craneal morfológico menor, hipostósico, no estocástico, transitorio, ubicado en la placa timpánica del hueso temporal, cuya expresión se considera fisiológica hasta los 5 años de edad. La mención de este rasgo en la literatura es escasa, generando controversias entre de los anatomistas que la han descrito. El epónimo Huschke, anatomista alemán, quien ha sido mencionado como el primero en observarla en 1844. Sin embargo, existen antecedentes de que dicha característica ósea fue previamente descrita por otros autores casi 200 años antes. La actual denominación, dehiscencia timpánica, fue dada en 1878 por Bürkner, siendo aceptada hasta el día de hoy. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis histórico de la descripción morfológica de la dehiscencia timpánica en la literatura anatómica especializada.

Abstract Agaves are plants that present adaptations in their morphology and proliferate in difficult environments, but at present the production of mezcal assemblages has caused a drastic decrease in wild populations. Seeds have a very important function in the biological cycle of plants, through them populations persist, disperse and regenerate. The geometric morphometry in the agave seeds allows us to delve into the biological characteristics of the seeds such as shape and size and whether this variation may be causing some characteristic of the locality. The objective was to analyze at the population level the morphological variation in agave seeds, at the interspecific and intangible levels, to propose sustainable and commercial management strategies. Between December 2017 to July 2018, capsules of Agave angustifolia Haw (espadin), A. karwinskii Zucc (cirial or cuishe), A. rhodacantha Trel (Mexican) and A. potatorum Zuc (tobalá) were collected in different locations in Oaxaca. The seeds were photographed (100 for each species) and were processed in the Makefan6, TpsUtil and TpsDig programs. The data were analyzed in the MorphoJ program. The differences found (p< 0.05) were mainly in size, and to a lesser extent in shape. Greater variation was found in the micropillary zone and the basal zone of the seeds. The differences found in the shape of the seeds regardless of the localities where they develop may be due to genetic factors and habitat pressures. The agave seeds have a lacrimal structure.

Resumen Los agaves son plantas que presentan adaptaciones en su morfología y proliferan en ambientes difíciles, pero en la actualidad la producción de ensambles de mezcal ha provocado una drástica disminución en las poblaciones silvestres. Las semillas tienen una función de gran importancia en el ciclo biológico de las plantas, por medio de ellas las poblaciones persisten, se dispersan y regeneran. La morfometría geométrica en las semillas de agave permite profundizar en características biológicas de las semillas como la forma y el tamaño, y si dicha variación puede estar provocando alguna característica de la localidad. El objetivo fue analizar a nivel poblacional la variación morfológica en semillas de agave, a nivel interespecífico e intaespecífico, para proponer estrategias de manejo sustentable y comercial. Entre diciembre de 2017 a julio de 2018 se colectaron capsulas de Agave angustifolia Haw (espadín), A. karwinskii Zucc (cirial o cuishe), A. rhodacantha Trel (mexicano) y A. potatorum Zuc (tobalá) en diferentes localidades de Oaxaca. Se fotografiaron las semillas (100 por cada especie) y fueron procesadas en los programas Makefan6, TpsUtil y TpsDig. Los datos se analizaron en el programa MorphoJ. Las diferencias encontradas (p< 0.05) fueron principalmente en tamaño, y en menor proporción en la forma. Se encontró mayor variación en la zona micropilar y la zona basal de las semillas. Las diferencias encontradas en la forma de las semillas independientemente de las localidades donde se desarrollen puede deberse a factores genéticos y presiones del habitat. Las semillas de agave presentaron estructura lacriforme.

RESUMO O estudo sobre a espécie nativa de rápido crescimento e capacidade de nodulação, Ormosia discolor, pretende conservar recursos genéticos e disponibilizar lotes de sementes de alto vigor para pomares de sementes. Este trabalho avalia as características físicas e fisiológicas de sementes de 20 O. discolor, como subsídio para a seleção de árvores matrizes superiores. Vinte matrizes selecionadas de uma população do estado do Amazonas foram inventariadas. Foram realizados testes físicos nas sementes coletadas, incluindo teor de água, biometria, peso de mil sementes e teste de permeabilidade do tegumento. Para estimativa do vigor e classificação quanto ao armazenamento, as sementes foram congeladas por cinco meses. O teste de germinação foi realizado a uma temperatura constante de 30 °C. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 20 matrizes, 4 repetições e 25 sementes por parcela. As características de germinação avaliadas foram porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade, tempo médio de germinação e índice de sincronização. As sementes cortadas são mais eficientes para determinar o teor de água. Todas as variáveis biométricas são representativas para a seleção de lotes vigorosos, com ênfase no diâmetro geométrico, área superficial e esfericidade das sementes. As sementes das espécies foram classificadas como ortodoxas e com dormência física. A protrusão da raiz primária é a melhor característica morfológica para avaliação da germinação em laboratório. As matrizes 7, 16 e 10 apresentaram características superiores para dados dendrométricos e tecnológicos, sendo indicadas para marcação, monitoramento fenológico e plantio.

ABSTRACT The study on the native species of fast growth and nodulation capacity, Ormosia discolor, intends to conserve genetic resources and make available seed lots of high vigor for seed orchards. This work evaluates the physical and physiological characteristics of seeds from 20 O. discolor trees as a subsidy for selecting superior mother trees. Twenty matrices selected from a population in the state of Amazonas were inventoried. Physical tests were performed on the seeds collected, including water content, biometrics, the weight of one thousand seeds, and coat permeability test. For vigor estimates and classification regarding seed storage, the seeds were frozen for five months. The germination test was carried out at a constant temperature of 30 °C. It was used a completely randomized design consisting of 20 mother trees, 4 replicates, and 25 seeds per plot. The germination characteristics evaluated were germination percentage, speed index, mean germination time, and synchronization index. Cut seeds are more efficient for determining water content. All biometric variables are representative for the selection of vigorous lots, with emphasis on geometric diameter, surface area, and sphericity of seeds. Species seeds were classified as orthodox and as having physical dormancy. The protrusion of the primary root is the best morphological characteristic for evaluating germination in the laboratory. The mother trees 7, 16, and 10 showed superior characteristics for dendrometric and technological data, being indicated for marking, phenological monitoring, and planting.

Abstract Background and Aims: The tribe Boldoeae (Nyctaginaceae) is distributed from Mexico to northern South America. Throughout its taxonomic history there has been debate regarding the circumscription of the included genera, either recognizing Salpianthus in a broad sense, or accepting Boldoa and Cryptocarpus as separate. The tribe is characterized by plants with achenes surrounded by the persistent base of the perianth, but not fused to it, a rare characteristic within the family. The objective of this work is to present an updated treatment of the tribe, to analyze the generic boundaries and to provide identification keys and descriptions of their genera and species. Methods: A bibliographic review of taxonomic studies and protologues of Boldoeae was carried out, herbarium specimens, including types, were observed, and online collections and specialized internet portals were consulted in order to update the taxonomic information of the tribe and to generate distribution maps. Key results: The tribe Boldoeae includes three genera and six species, all of them present in Mexico. Boldoa and Cryptocarpus, that are monotypic, are found to the north of South America, but the latter with disjunct distribution, while Salpianthus, with four species, is endemic to Mexico. Characteristics of the inflorescences and the perianth have sufficient taxonomic relevance to consider the three genera as separate. Conclusions: Boldoeae is made up of Boldoa, Cryptocarpus and Salpianthus. Although the debate within this has focused on the generic circumscription, it seems that the delimitation between the Salpianthus species is more relevant, especially in the little-collected species such as S. aequalis or the one known only from the type specimens, S. standleyi, which does not allow to know its morphological variation and properly compare them.

Resumen Antecedentes y Objetivos: La tribu Boldoeae (Nyctaginaceae) se distribuye de México al norte de Sudamérica. A través de su historia taxonómica ha habido debate de los géneros que incluye, ya sea que se reconozca a Salpianthus en sentido amplio, o que se acepten Boldoa y Cryptocarpus como separados. La tribu se caracteriza por incluir plantas con aquenios envueltos por la base persistente del perianto, pero no fusionados a esta, una característica poco común dentro de la familia. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un tratamiento actualizado de Boldoeae, analizar los límites genéricos y proporcionar claves de identificación y descripciones de sus géneros y especies. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de estudios taxonómicos y de los protólogos de Boldoeae, se observaron ejemplares de herbario incluyendo tipos y se consultaron colecciones en línea y portales de internet especializados, con la finalidad de actualizar la información taxonómica de la tribu y de generar mapas de distribución. Resultados clave: La tribu Boldoeae incluye tres géneros y seis especies, todas ellas presentes en México. Boldoa y Cryptocarpus, que son monotípicos, se encuentran hasta el norte de Sudamérica, pero la distribución de este último es disyunta, mientras que Salpianthus, con cuatro especies, es endémico a México. Las características de las inflorescencias y del perianto tienen suficiente relevancia taxonómica para considerar a los tres géneros como distintos. Conclusiones: Boldoeae está conformada por Boldoa, Cryptocarpus y Salpianthus. Si bien el debate dentro de la tribu se ha enfocado en la circunscripción de los géneros, parece que la delimitación entre las especies de Salpianthus es más relevante, sobre todo en las especies poco colectadas como S. aequalis o conocidas solo de ejemplares tipo, como S. standleyi, lo cual no permite conocer su variación morfológica y compararlas adecuadamente.

Resumen Las hormigas son un componente biótico conspicuo dentro del bosque seco tropical, debido a su gran diversidad tanto a nivel de especies como funcional. Del conjunto de hormigas se destacan las del género Pheidole (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), categorizadas como grupo hiperdiverso por el alto número de especies que presenta en cualquier tipo de bosque tropical. Esta característica hace de este grupo un reto taxonómico durante el desarrollo de estudios de diversidad y ecología, por lo tanto, estudios locales que ofrezcan información sobre la identidad de las especies de Pheidole de un área determinada, se convierten en un recurso importante para la toma de decisiones. En este trabajo se documentó la fauna de hormigas del género Pheidole en diferentes formaciones de bosque seco tropical en Santa Marta, Colombia. Se registran 13 especies de las cuales Pheidole guajirana amplía su distribución al departamento del Magdalena, mientras que P. impressa y P. leptina son registradas por primera vez en el país. También se ofrece la diagnosis y descripción de la nueva especie P. urbana y sus rasgos morfológicos son comparados con especies similares del grupo informal “flavens”. Se evalúa y discute la riqueza de especies del género en los diferentes sitios de muestreo. Se ofrecen características morfológicas distintivas para cada una de las especies. Además, se discute la variabilidad morfológica y se incluyen fotografías a color para las soldados (= obrera mayor) y obreras (= obrera menor) de cada una de las especies registradas.

Abstract Ants are a conspicuous biotic component within the tropical dry forest, due to their great diversity both at the species and functional level. Of all the ants, those of the genus Pheidole (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) stand out, which have been categorized as a hyperdiverse group due to the high number of species. The latter has made this group a taxonomic challenge during the development of diversity and ecology studies, therefore, local studies that offer information on the identity of the Pheidole species of a given area becomes an important resource for the decision making. The ants of the genus Pheidole in different formations of tropical dry forest in Santa Marta were studied. Thirteen species are registered, of which Pheidole guajirana extends its distributional range to the department of Magdalena, while P. impressa and P. leptina are registered for the first time in the country. The diagnosis and description of the new species P. urbana is also offered and its morphological features are compared with similar species of the “flavens” informal group. The species richness of the genus in the different sampling sites is evaluated and discussed. Distinctive morphological characteristics are offered for each of the species. Moreover, morphological variability is discussed, and multifocal color images are included for the soldiers (major worker) and workers (= minor worker) of each of the registered species.

SUMMARY: The technical-scientific vocabulary, one of them the Anatomical Terminology, has a linguistic legacy of classical languages in general and of Latin and Greek in particular. In this context, the metaphor has played an important role in the naming of certain structures of the human body. The analysis of these metaphors has allowed us to know the etymological origin of numerous anatomical terms derived from this frequent practice throughout history. The purpose of this study was to analyze and reflect on the use of the term thalamus and to comment on the formal similarity of this metaphor with the neuroanatomical characteristics. The name thalamus was assigned by Claudio Galeno (130-200 BC); It comes from a common language of material order, which has been mentioned by classical authors, mainly, as "internal chamber or bridal chamber" and brought to a technicalscientific language through a metaphor motivated by a spatial arrangement or understood as a image expression or formal similarity. If Galen used this metaphor considering a formal similarity, the term thalamus would be misleading, since there is no structural correspondence to the term because the neuroanatomical thalamus is not a chamber, but a compact, spheroidal or oval diencephalic structure. In this context, the term thalamus is confusing, since this metaphor is more consistent with the third ventricle. Considering the above, we invite you to reflect on a proposal based on a morphological characteristic of the structure, in which the term thalamus is replaced by neuroovoid.

RESUMEN: El vocabulario técnico-científico, uno de ellos la Terminologia Anatomica, tiene un legado lingüístico de idiomas clásicos en general y del latín y griego en particular. En este contexto, la metáfora ha cumplido un importante rol en la denominación de ciertas estructuras del cuerpo humano. El análisis de estas metáforas ha permitido conocer el origen etimológico de numerosos términos anatómicos derivados de esta práctica frecuente durante la historia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar y reflexionar acerca de la utilización del término tálamo y comentar la similitud formal de esta metáfora con las características neuroanatómicas. El nombre tálamo fue asignado por Claudio Galeno (130 - 200 a. C.); procede de un lenguaje común de orden material, el cual ha sido mencionado por autores clásicos, principalmente, como “cámara interna o cámara nupcial” y llevado a un lenguaje técnico-científico a través de una metáfora motivada por una disposición espacial o entendida como una expresión de imagen o similitud formal. Si Galeno utilizó esta metáfora considerando una similitud formal, el término tálamo sería equívoco, ya que no hay correspondencia estructural del término debido a que el tálamo neuroanatómico no es una cámara, sino una estructura diencefálica compacta y esferoidal u ovalada. Bajo este contexto, el término tálamo es confuso, ya que esta metáfora se condice más bien con el tercer ventrículo. Considerando lo anterior, invitamos a reflexionar sobre una propuesta basada en una característica morfológica de la estructura, en la cual se reemplace el término tálamo por neuroovoide.

RESUMO: O tubarão-lixa, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1778) é uma das espécies mais estudadas de elasmobrânquios. O conhecimento de sua biologia reprodutiva, no entanto, ainda é relativamente raro, particularmente no Oeste do Atlântico Sul. Este estudo objetivou a descrição morfológica do útero e ovário de G. cirratum, baseado em espécimes capturados na costa de Fortaleza/CE, no Nordeste do Brasil. Um total de dez fêmeas foi coletado de setembro de 2012 a junho de 2013, nos desembarques regulares da pesca artesanal, que comercializam essa espécie livremente. A metodologia foi de acordo com as analises macroscópica e histológica dos ovários e útero. G. cirratum tem o tipo de morfologia de ovário interno, com invaginações de tecido conjuntivo, que define compartimentos e separa grupos de oócitos em lotes ovígeros. O epitélio que reveste o ovário varia de epitélio simples colunar ciliado na área que não apresenta lotes ovígeros para epitélio simples cúbico na porção de revestimento do órgão epigonal, onde o tecido ovariano é ausente. A mucosa uterina possui células secretoras, evidenciadas pela coloração em Alcian Blue, indicando a produção de mucopolissacarídeos, mesmo em indivíduos imaturos. Este tubarão lecitotrófico apresenta a mucosa uterina vascularizada, sendo esta uma característica de espécies de elasmobrânquios vivíparos.

ABSTRACT: The nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1778) is one of the most studied species of elasmobranchs. However, the knowledge of their reproductive biology is still relatively rare, particularly in the western South Atlantic. This study aimed to describe the morphology of the uterus and the ovary of G. cirratum, based on specimens caught off at the Fortaleza/CE coast, northeast Brazil. Samples were collected from September 2012 to June 2013, from regular landings of artisanal fishing, which commercialize this species freely. A total of ten females were collected. The methodologies followed for analyzing the ovaries and uterus of those females included both macroscopic and histological analysis. G. cirratum has internal type ovary morphology, with invaginations of connective tissue, which defines compartments and separate oocyte groups in ovigerous lots. The epithelium lining the ovary changes from simple columnar ciliated in the area without ovigerous lots, which turns into a simple cubic epithelium in the coating portion of the epigonal organ where ovarian tissue is absent. The uterine mucosa has secretory cells denoted by Alcian Blue staining, indicating the production of mucopolysaccharides, even in immature individuals. This lecithotrophic shark has a uterine vascularized mucosa that is one characteristic of viviparous elasmobranch species.