Abstract: Cultural actions in the editorial, educational and cultural dissemination spheres could occur virtually, expanding their scope in terms of their social, educational and cultural role in relation to the archival function. The general objective of this investigation was to analyze digital cultural action services in public archives in the capitals, located in the northeast region of Brazil. The research was exploratory and descriptive in nature with a qualitative approach. Sixty websites of archival institutions located in the nine capitals of the Brazilian Northeast, which are listed in the National Registry of Entities Holding Archival Collections and in the Brazilian Directory of Archives, were analyzed. Data collection was supplemented by a bibliographic survey in the Reference Database of Articles from Journals in Information Science and in GoogleScholar, and a questionnaire applied to the institutions via GoogleForms. From this survey, a table and graphs were generated, which were analyzed based on the reading and interpretation of specialized literature. As a result, it was observed that the archives investigated, for the most part, do not work with activities aimed at digital cultural actions; only eighteen institutions, even after the pandemic. Without a doubt, the internet was an important tool in this period as a form of communication, but archives still focus on organizational and storage activities, depriving them of their cultural and educational nature. It was found that the administration needs to implement strategies regarding the use of technology in archival institutions in favor of the dissemination of collections and the promotion of knowledge, through the websites of archival institutions. It is concluded that digital cultural action can be used as a tool to ensure the popularization and access to the documentary heritage of archives for the relevance of dissemination services. The lack of implementation of these policies in archival practice, even after a post-pandemic period, demonstrates the need for public managers to review their actions, suggesting that the archives studied use the Access to Memory software as an access and dissemination/active transparency platform.

Resumo: As ações culturais em âmbito editorial, educativo e de difusão cultural poderiam ocorrer de modo virtual, ampliando o seu escopo quanto ao seu papel social, educacional e cultural no tocante à função arquivística. Essa investigação teve como objetivo geral analisar os serviços de ação cultural digital nos arquivos públicos das capitais, localizados na região nordeste do Brasil. A pesquisa foi de natureza exploratória e descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. Foram analisados sessenta sites de instituições arquivísticas localizadas nas nove capitais do Nordeste brasileiro, que constam no Cadastro Nacional de Entidade Custodiadora de Acervos Arquivísticos e no Diretório Brasil de Arquivos. A coleta de dados foi acrescida de levantamento de bibliografia na Base de Dados Referenciais de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação e no GoogleScholar e de questionário aplicado às instituições via GoogleForms. Por meio desse levantamento, foram gerados um quadro e vários gráficos, analisados com base na leitura e na interpretação de literatura especializada. Como resultados, observou-se que os arquivos investigados, em sua maioria, não trabalham com atividades voltadas para ações culturais digitais; apenas dezoito instituições, mesmo com a pós-pandemia. Sem dúvida, a internet foi uma ferramenta importante neste período como forma de comunicação. Contudo, os arquivos ainda se centram nas atividades de organização e de guarda, privando-os de sua natureza cultural e educacional. Constou-se que a administração necessita implementar estratégias quanto ao uso da tecnologia em instituições arquivísticas em prol da difusão dos acervos e da promoção do conhecimento, através dos sites das instituições arquivísticas. Conclui-se que a ação cultural digital pode ser usada como ferramenta para garantir a popularização e o acesso ao patrimônio documental dos arquivos para a relevância dos serviços de difusão. A falta de execução dessas políticas na prática arquivística, mesmo depois de um período pós-pandemia, demonstra a necessidade dos gestores públicos em revisar suas ações, sugerindo aos arquivos estudados o uso do software Access to Memory como plataforma de acesso e de difusão/transparência ativa.

Resumo Analisou-se a implementação de duas diretrizes da Política Nacional de Redução da Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violências (PNRMAV) referentes à atenção pré-hospitalar (APH) e hospitalar (AH). Gestores de APH e AH dos municípios brasileiros participaram de estudo transversal (2020-2022), respondendo a um questionário via plataforma Redcap. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e comparativas. A taxa de resposta foi de 2,3% dos municípios (n=128), incluindo nove capitais. Essas apresentaram melhores resultados nos itens avaliados. Na APH móvel, 82,8% dos municípios e 100% das capitais utilizam transporte próprio para pacientes. Nas capitais, os serviços recebem e encaminham mais os casos intersetorialmente (valor-p<0,05). Na AH, as capitais fazem mais uso de protocolos (p=0,008) e 40% dos gestores consideram os leitos adequados às necessidades. A implementação da diretriz da PNRMAV que trata da Sistematização do atendimento pré-hospitalar foi boa em 59,4% municípios e 77,8% das capitais, enquanto a de assistência interdisciplinar às vítimas foi regular em 45,1% dos municípios e boa em 75% das capitais. Apesar dos avanços na implementação da PNRMAV, é necessário fortalecer as redes de atenção a urgência e emergência e otimizar os recursos disponíveis.

Resumen Se analizó la implementación de dos directrices de la Política Nacional de Reducción de la Morbimortalidad por Accidentes y Violencia (PNRMAV) relativas a la atención prehospitalaria (APH) y hospitalaria (AH). Los gestores de APH y AH de los municipios brasileños participaron en un estudio transversal (2020-2022), respondiendo a un cuestionario a través de la plataforma Redcap. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y comparativos. La tasa de respuesta fue del 2,3% de los municipios (n=128), 9 de los cuales eran capitales. Las capitales mostraron mejores resultados en todos los ítems evaluados. En APH móvil, el 82,8% de los municipios y el 100% de las capitales utilizan transporte propio para los pacientes. En las capitales, los servicios reciben y derivan más casos intersectorialmente (p-valor<0,05). En AH, las capitales utilizan más los protocolos (p=0,008) y el 40% de los gestores consideran que las camas son adecuadas a sus necesidades. La implementación de la directriz de Sistematización de la atención prehospitalaria fue buena en 59,4% de los municipios y 77,8% de las capitales, mientras que la de Asistencia interdisciplinaria a las víctimas fue regular en 45,1% de los municipios y buena en 75% de las capitales. A pesar de los avances en la implementación de la PNRMAV, es necesario fortalecer las redes de atención a urgencias/emergencias y optimizar los recursos disponibles.

Abstract The implementation of two guidelines of the National Policy for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Accidents and Violence (PNRMAV) regarding pre-hospital care (APH) and hospital care (AH) was analyzed. APH and AH managers from Brazilian municipalities participated in a cross-sectional study (2020-2022), answering a questionnaire via the Redcap platform. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed. The response rate was 2.3% of the municipalities (n=128), of which 9 were capitals. Capitals presented better results in all items evaluated. In mobile APH, 82.8% of the municipalities and 100% of the capitals use their own transportation for patients. In the capitals, the services receive and refer more cases intersectoral (p-value<0.05). In AH, the capitals make greater use of protocols (p=0.008) and 40% of managers consider the beds adequate for their needs. The implementation of the Systematization of pre-hospital care guideline was good for 59.4% of the municipalities and 77.8% of the capitals, while the Interdisciplinary Assistance to Victims guideline was regular in 45.1% of the municipalities and good in 75% of the capitals. Despite the advances in the implementation of the PNRMAV, it is necessary to strengthen the emergency care networks and optimize the available resources.

Resumo O artigo analisa a implementação da diretriz sobre assistência interdisciplinar e intersetorial às vítimas de acidentes e violências da Política Nacional de Redução da Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violência (PNRMAV) a partir da Atenção Primária à Saúde. O estudo é baseado na triangulação de métodos quantitativo e qualitativo, para coleta de dados e análises. Foram realizados questionários e entrevistas com gestores e profissionais dos serviços da atenção primária nas capitais brasileiras e em alguns municípios. A Rede de Saúde, os Serviços da Assistência Social e o Conselho Tutelar são os principais órgãos com os quais a atenção primária articula o cuidado nos casos em pauta. A frequência de fluxos e protocolos de encaminhamento dos casos é alta e, em geral, bem avaliada pelo grupo que participou do estudo. A atenção às vítimas de acidentes, no entanto, é mais limitada. Houve avanços nas articulações intersetoriais em todas as regiões do país. Porém a formação deficiente e a alta rotatividade das pessoas nas equipes são os principais entraves. Conclui-se que a implementação da PNRMAV na atenção primária precisa ser fortalecida pois seu papel é muito importante em si e na articulação com outros serviços para a qualidade de vida dos usuários e a construção da paz.

Resumen El artículo analiza la implementación de la directriz de atención interdisciplinaria e intersectorial a las víctimas de accidentes y violencias de la Política Nacional de Reducción de la Morbimortalidad por Accidentes y Violencia (PNRMAV) desde la Atención Primaria de Salud. El estudio se basa en la triangulación de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos para la recolección y análisis de datos. Se realizaron cuestionarios y entrevistas a gestores y profesionales de los servicios de atención primaria de las capitales brasileñas y de algunos municipios. La Red de Salud, los Servicios de Asistencia Social y el Consejo Tutelar son los principales órganos con los que la atención primaria articula el cuidado en los casos analizados. La frecuencia de los flujos y protocolos de derivación es elevada y, en general, bien evaluada por el grupo que participó en el estudio. Sin embargo, la atención a las víctimas de accidentes es más limitada. Ha habido avances en la coordinación intersectorial en todas las regiones del país. Sin embargo, la escasa formación y la elevada rotación del personal en los equipos son los principales obstáculos. Se concluye que es necesario fortalecer la implantación de la PNRMAV en la atención primaria porque su papel es muy importante en sí mismo y en el enlace con otros servicios para la calidad de vida de los usuarios y la construcción de la paz.

Abstract This article examines the implementation of the interdisciplinary and intersectoral assistance guideline for victims of accidents and violence, as outlined in the National Policy for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Accidents and Violence (PNRMAV), within Primary Health Care. This is research based on the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing questionnaires and interviews with managers of primary care services in selected capitals and cities. The health network, social assistance services, and the guardianship council are the primary entities with which Primary Health Care coordinates care for cases of accidents and violence. There is a high frequency of flows and protocols for referring cases of violence and accidents, which are generally well-regarded. However, attention to accident victims is more limited. Progress has been observed in intersectoral coordination for providing care to victims of violence and accidents across all regions of the country. The main challenges identified are insufficient training and high staff turnover. The study concludes that the implementation of the PNRMAV in primary because its role is very important in itself and in conjunction with other services for the quality of life of users and the construction of peace.

O consumo adequado de frutas e hortaliças é reconhecido pelos benefícios à saúde, incluindo a prevenção de doenças não transmissíveis; portanto, é importante monitorar esse consumo ao longo dos anos. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tendência temporal do consumo de frutas e hortaliças entre adultos brasileiros (≥ 18 anos) residentes em 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal de 2008 a 2023. Foi realizada uma análise de séries temporais do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel). O consumo regular (≥ 5 dias/semana) e recomendado (≥ 5 porções/dia em ≥ 5 dias/semana) de frutas e hortaliças foi analisado para a população total e para grupos sociodemográficos. Modelos de regressão Prais-Winsten foram utilizados para identificar tendências no período total (2008-2023), no período inicial (2008-2014) e no período mais recente (2015-2023). O consumo regular e recomendado manteve-se estável de 2008 a 2023. De 2008 a 2014, o consumo regular aumentou na população total (0,71p.p./ano) e em todos os grupos sociodemográficos, exceto entre adultos de 25 a 34 anos. De 2015 a 2023, o consumo regular diminuiu na população total (-0,56p.p./ano), principalmente entre homens (-0,70p.p./ano), adultos de 25 a 34 anos (-0,84p.p./ano) e aqueles com maior nível de escolaridade (-0,96p.p./ano). O consumo recomendado aumentou de 2008 a 2014 (0,81p.p./ano), principalmente entre mulheres (0,90p.p./ano), adultos de 55 a 64 anos (0,96p.p./ano) e aqueles com maior nível de escolaridade (0,77p.p./ano). O consumo recomendado diminuiu de 2015 a 2023 na população total (-0,52p.p./ano) e em todos os grupos sociodemográficos, exceto entre homens e adultos ≥ 65 anos. O consumo brasileiro de frutas e hortaliças aumentou de 2008 a 2014, mas reduziu recentemente (2015-2023).

El consumo adecuado de frutas y verduras tiene beneficios para la salud, incluido la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles, lo que hace importante monitorear este consumo a lo largo de los años. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la tendencia temporal del consumo de frutas y verduras entre adultos brasileños (≥ 18 años) que viven en 26 capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal de 2008 a 2023. Se realizó un análisis de series temporales del Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel). Se analizó el consumo regular (≥ 5 días/semana) y el recomendado (≥ 5 porciones/día en ≥ 5 días/semana) de frutas y verduras para la población total y para los grupos sociodemográficos. Los modelos de regresión Prais-Winsten se utilizaron para identificar las tendencias en el período total (2008-2023), en el período inicial (2008-2014) y en el período más reciente (2015-2023). El consumo regular y el recomendado se mantuvo estable de 2008 a 2023. De 2008 a 2014, el consumo regular aumentó en la población total (0,71pp/año) y en todos los grupos sociodemográficos, excepto entre los adultos de 25 a 34 años. De 2015 a 2023, el consumo regular disminuyó en la población total (-0,56pp/año), principalmente entre hombres (-0,70pp/año), adultos de entre 25 y 34 años (-0,84pp/año) y aquellos con un mayor nivel de educación (-0,96pp/año). El consumo recomendado aumentó de 2008 a 2014 (0,81pp/año), principalmente entre mujeres (0,90pp/año), adultos de entre 55 y 64 años (0,96pp/año) y aquellos con un mayor nivel de educación (0,77pp/año). El consumo recomendado disminuyó de 2015 a 2023 en la población total (-0,52pp/año) y en todos los grupos sociodemográficos, excepto entre hombres y adultos ≥ 65 años. El consumo brasileño de frutas y verduras aumentó de 2008 a 2014, pero disminuyó recientemente (2015-2023).

Adequate fruit and vegetable consumption is recognized for its health benefits, including preventing noncommunicable diseases, therefore it should be monitored over the years. This study aimed to investigate the temporal trend of fruit and vegetable consumption among Brazilian adults (≥ 18 years) residing in 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District from 2008-2023. A time-series analysis of the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was conducted. Regular (≥ 5 days/week) and recommended (≥ 5 servings/day on ≥ 5 days/week) fruit and vegetable consumption were analyzed for total population and sociodemographic groups. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to identify trends in the entire (2008-2023), initial (2008-2014) and most recent (2015-2023) periods. Regular and recommended consumption remained stable from 2008 to 2023. From 2008 to 2014, regular consumption increased in total population (0.71pp/year) and all sociodemographic groups, except for adults aged 25-34 years. From 2015 to 2023, regular consumption decreased in the total population (-0.56pp/year), mainly among men (-0.70pp/year), adults aged 25-34 years (-0.84pp/year), and with higher schooling (-0.96pp/year). The recommended consumption increased from 2008 to 2014 (0.81pp/year), mainly among women (0.90pp/year), adults aged 55-64 years (0.96pp/year), and those with higher schooling (0.77pp/year). The recommended consumption decreased from 2015 to 2023 in total population (-0.52pp/year) and all sociodemographic groups, except for men and adults aged ≥ 65 years. The Brazilian fruit and vegetable consumption increased from 2008 to 2014 but reduced recently (2015-2023).

Este ensaio tem como objetivo discutir a caminhada e o uso da bicicleta como deslocamento na população brasileira. Evidências científicas oriundas principalmente de países de alta renda mostram tanto contribuições para a saúde das pessoas, apontando que essas atividades físicas podem compor parte importante do cotidiano e contribuem na prevenção de doenças, como para a saúde das cidades, com a diminuição da poluição do ar e sonora e dos problemas provocados pelo excesso de veículos automotores. Discutimos as formas de mensuração em inquéritos nacionais e as novas tecnologias que vêm sendo utilizadas. Análises de tendência mostram uma queda nesse tipo de atividade física entre adultos que vivem nas capitais brasileiras, mas como a caminhada e o uso da bicicleta são analisadas conjuntamente, as interpretações ficam prejudicadas, limitando também o estudo de fatores associados aos diferentes tipos de deslocamentos. Mostramos que algumas capitais brasileiras estão evoluindo no aumento de estruturas ambientais, mas indicadores populacionais mostram que grupos de menor nível socioeconômico têm menos acessos. Discutimos o quanto essas atividades ainda são praticadas por necessidade e sem possibilidades de escolhas no Brasil, onde os custos do transporte ainda são altos e os ambientes, iníquos. No entanto, como a maioria dos estudos no Brasil são transversais, a avaliação dos possíveis efeitos na saúde e a influência de variáveis sociais e de mudanças ambientais nesse comportamento fica prejudicada. Novos inquéritos populacionais e estudos longitudinais que embasem políticas são essenciais para a promoção da caminhada e do uso da bicicleta como deslocamento.

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo discutir la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta como medio de desplazamiento en la población brasileña. La evidencia científica de países principalmente de altos ingresos muestra contribuciones tanto a la salud de las personas, señalando que estas actividades físicas pueden ser una parte importante de la vida diaria y ayudar en la prevención de enfermedades, como a la salud de las ciudades, mediante la reducción de la contaminación atmosférica y acústica y los problemas causados por el exceso de vehículos de motor. Se discuten las formas de medición en las encuestas nacionales y las nuevas tecnologías que se han utilizado. Los análisis de tendencias muestran una caída en este tipo de actividad física entre los adultos que viven en las capitales brasileñas, pero a medida que se analizan en conjunto la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta, las interpretaciones se ven afectadas, lo que también limita el estudio de los factores asociados con diferentes tipos de desplazamientos. Algunas capitales brasileñas experimentan una evolución en el aumento de las estructuras ambientales, pero los indicadores de población muestran que los grupos de menor nivel socioeconómico todavía tienen menos acceso. Se discuten cómo estas actividades en Brasil aún se practican por necesidad y sin elección cuyos costos de transporte siguen siendo altos y los entornos son poco equitativos. La mayoría de los estudios en Brasil son transversales, lo que afecta la evaluación de los posibles efectos sobre la salud y la influencia de las variables sociales y los cambios ambientales en este comportamiento. Las nuevas encuestas de población y los estudios longitudinales que apoyan las políticas son esenciales para fomentar la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta como medio de desplazamiento.

This essay aims to discuss walking and cycling as a means of transportation for the Brazilian population. Scientific evidence (mainly from high-income countries) shows their contributions to people’s health, pointing out that these physical activities can constitute an important part of daily life and contribute to preventing diseases and to the health of municipalities by reducing air and noise pollution and the problems due to the excess of motor vehicles. We discuss the forms of measurement in national surveys and the new technologies that have been used. Trend analyses show a decrease in this type of physical activity in adults living in Brazilian capitals. However, analyzing walking and cycling together impairs interpretations and limits the study of factors associated with different types of commuting. We show that some Brazilian capitals are increasing their environmental structures, but population indicators show that groups of lower socioeconomic levels have less access to the. We discuss how much these activities are still practiced out of necessity − rather than out of choice − in Brazil due to transportation costs that remain high and unequal environments. However, most studies in Brazil being cross-sectional impairs the evaluation of possible effects on health and the influence of social variables and environmental changes on this behavior. New population surveys and longitudinal studies that support policies are essential to promote walking and cycling as a means of transportation.

RESUMO Objetivo: A última edição do Levantamento de Cenas de Uso de Capitais (LECUCA) investigou indicadores de vulnerabilidade social, de saúde e uso de serviços de saúde e assistência entre frequentadores das cenas abertas de uso (CAU) de crack em São Paulo, Fortaleza e Brasília entre 2021/2022. Métodos: Desde 2016, o LECUCA utiliza a amostragem por Tempo-Localização (TLS) para selecionar amostras probabilísticas representativas da população de frequentadores da CAU. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 579 participantes em São Paulo, Fortaleza e Brasília, com índice de resposta de 75%. Os frequentadores das CAUs não se diferenciam nas prevalências de indicadores sociodemográficos e tempo na cena. As prevalências de frequentadores que nunca estiveram em situação de rua antes de viver na CAU e provenientes de casa foram igualmente altas nas três capitais. Fortaleza se destaca com menores índices de situação de rua e de acesso a equipamentos de saúde especializados, enquanto Brasília apresenta índices elevados de busca por emergência devido ao consumo de drogas e maior acesso a todas as modalidades de serviço de saúde e assistência. Mais de um terço dos frequentadores das CAUs pratica sexo desprotegido e nenhuma das capitais teve mais da metade dos frequentadores testados para Tuberculose e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (ISTs). Os índices de problemas na gestação foram altos entre todas as capitais, com os menores índices em São Paulo. Conclusão: O LECUCA oferece subsídios importantes para gestores governamentais e institucionais, com o intuito de catalisar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas e estratégias de atendimento fundamentadas em dados e evidências.

ABSTRACT Objective: The latest edition of the Open Drug Scenes Survey in Brazilian Cities (LECUCA) investigated social vulnerability, health, and the use of the Psychosocial Care Network by attendees of open drug scenes (ODSs) involving crack cocaine in São Paulo, Fortaleza, and Brasília between 2021/2022. Methods: Since 2016, LECUCA has used Time-Location Sampling (TLS) to select probabilistic samples representative of the population of ODS attendees. Results: We interviewed 579 participants in São Paulo, Fortaleza, and Brasília, obtaining a response rate of 75%. We found no difference in ODS attendees regarding the prevalence of sociodemographic indicators and time living in the ODS. The prevalence values of attendees who had never been homeless before living in the ODS and those living in their homes were equally high in the three capitals. Fortaleza stood out for having lower rates of homelessness and limited access to specialized health services, whereas Brasília had high rates of searching for emergency services due to drug use and greater access to all modalities of health and assistance services. Unprotected sex was prevalent over one third of ODSs attendees, and none of the capitals had more than half of the attendees testing for tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections. Rates of pregnancy complications were high in all three capitals, with São Paulo accounting for the lowest rates. Conclusion: LECUCA provides significant subsidies to governmental and institutional managers, aiming at catalyzing the formulation of public policies and care strategies based on data and evidence.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Bovine cattle raising is the most important line of the economy of Caquetá department and El Doncello municipality, according to the figures given by the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen there is a herd of2,175,065 cattle heads in the region, many of the rural families depend on said economic activity to generate their income; To do this, the life analysis methodology examines the assets that communities have which are called community capital, and the approach they use to meet their fundamental human needs. Objective: To assess sustainable means and the application of community capital in cattle rancher families in the municipality of El Doncello, Caquetá (Colombia). Materials and methods: For the collection of information the producer families of the municipality of El Doncello were assessed; based on the sources of the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen, for this purposefamilies were surveyed and participatory workshops were carried out using the livelihood methodology framing the community capitals (human, natural, financial, physical and social) using 36 variables for the assessment of them, and the fundamental human needs (basic of the person, the environment and of action) that grouped 15 analysis variables; Subsequently, the interpretation and analysis of the data was made through aprincipal component analysis-PCA relating the typologies and each of the variables assessed in this study; all the data were run in the InfoStat Program. Results: It was found that 939 families base their economy on livestock production in the municipality of El Doncello, the human capital of these families was distributed in 72 men representing 15.55 %, 81 women (17.49 %), 143 boys (30.89 %)and 167 girls (36.07%), finding three types of families: Typology 1: families with <50 bovines on theirfarms; Typology 2: between 51 and 100 bovines, and Typology 3: >101 bovines, where financial capital is the one that represents the greatest contribution given its characteristics of income generation and well-beingfor families. The principal component analysis-ACP carried out for social capital divided according to the first principal component-PC1 with a contribution of 62.3 % to Family Typology 1 (families with <50 head of cattle) to the positive end of said component strongly associated with the variables greater participation in projects and organizations to which they belong, with the particularity of having a greater number of members at home; from Typology 3 to the negative end of said component associated with the variables greater number of shared spaces in which they participate and greater level of family participation. In the same way, for natural capital, a separation was observed between Family Typology 1, associated with the variables greater number of water sources, mainly due to the fact that a large part of these producers were in the mountain range zone, greater area in stubble, greater number of spaces used and more activities for consumption, such as plantations of plantain, cocoa, cassava and other subsistence crops and Family Typology 2 strongly associated with the variables greater number of trees in pastures and greater percentage of natural products. One of the most important capitals within the producers is the financial one, for which the following was observed: the first principal component-PC1, with a contribution of 43.7%, separates Typology 1 from the positive end of said component associated with the variable income from daily wages and income from subsidies, these families are the ones that generate the least amount of assets and through which they diversify their income that are not only dependent on livestockproduction as such, but also on other types of economic activities, of the Typology 2 to the negative extreme associated with the variables income from transfers, credits, income from formal employment and income from the sale ofprocessed products, such as cheese. The second main component-PC2, with a contribution of 24.4 %, groups Family Typology 3 strongly associated with the highest income from the sale of space-use products, These families, by owning a greater number of cattle heads, base a large part of their economy in said activity, but they diversify it with other types of income such as rubber crops, cocoa, pineapple, plantain, cassava, among others. Finally, the fundamental human needs-FHN can be defined as very similar for the three types of families studied, with slight adjustments in the basic needs for Typology 1, where food, health, shelter and security are classified as bad and regular. Although the situation does not vary much for Typology 2, but it does look better for Typology 3 in which satisfaction is good, except for security, everyone has the same perception, this is mainly due to the presence of certain illegal armed groups in the region. Regarding the needs of the person, the environment and action, there are no variations between the different types. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to observe a high cultural tie that cattle ranchers have for this economic activity that is evidenced in human capital, where we see the number of people who directly depend on livestock and its derivatives. Also, in terms of financial capital, it can be observed that there is a great diversification of the income of families that not only depend on livestock, but also on income from formal employment, daily wages, loans and sales of other crops such as plantain, cassava, rubber and cocoa; In terms of social and natural capital, a good sustainable appropriation of environmental care and the participation of rural communities are observed. Finally, a low contribution to the fundamental human needs of the producing communities is denoted, this mainly due to the social and economic conditions of the region; In this sense, this study has repercussions as a first diagnosis in the management of the livelihoods of rural cattle-raising communities in the department of Caquetá.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to show the unity between the forms of political consciousness of the university student movement and its economic determinations. Positioned from the perspective of the critique of political economy, it is first explained how the transformations in the obtainment of relative surplus value by capital drive changes in the international division of labor and in the demand for productive attributes at world level. Then, we expound how this global transformation takes place in Chile as a producer of raw materials. Thirdly, we show how the changes in the forms of the social wage that seek to expand the supply of skilled workers and sustain the valorization of individual capitals in the education branch modify the political consciousness of the student movement, which take the «anti-neoliberal» form. Finally, we present the results of its political action, which crystallizes in the expansion of state expenditure on education and the formation of new left-wing parties.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como principal objetivo mostrar cómo las formas de la conciencia política del movimiento estudiantil universitario cambian con la transformación de sus determinaciones económicas. Posicionados desde la perspectiva de la crítica a la economía política, primero se indica cómo las transformaciones en la obtención de plusvalía relativa por parte del capital impulsan cambios en la división internacional del trabajo y en la demanda de atributos productivos a nivel mundial. Luego, expondremos cómo dicha transformación mundial tiene lugar en Chile en tanto productor de materias primas. En tercer lugar, mostramos cómo los cambios en las formas del salario social que buscan ampliar la oferta de trabajadores calificados y sostener la valorización de los capitales individuales en la rama de educación modifican la conciencia política del movimiento estudiantil, la que tomará la forma «antineoliberal». Finalmente, mostramos los resultados de su acción política, la que se cristaliza en la expansión del gasto estatal en educación y la formación de nuevos partidos de izquierda.

Abstract Tourism in San Pedro de Atacama (Antofagasta, Northern Chile) has been based on the exploitation of the territorial spaces and natural assets, the archaeological andhistorical capitals of the area, and the cultural differences of the Atacameño communities. Using a tem poral approach, ethnographic materials, and press archives, we focus on three aspects of this activity's emergence and development. First, we identify how various indigenous, archaeological, and local political actors stimulated it and, later, made it work during the military dictatorship (1973-1990). Second, we address the conversion of San Pedro de Atacama into a touristified ethnic space characterized by drastic transformations. Third, we review the strategies of Atacama's incorporation into tourism through a state program that, following neoliberal logic, had to face the position and demands of the Atacameños and, lastly, the world sanitary emergency that put the activity in crisis.

Resumen El turismo en San Pedro de Atacama (región de Antofagasta, norte de Chile) se ha basado en la explotación de los espacios territoriales, los bienes naturales, los capitales arqueológicos e históricos de la zona y la diferencia cultural de las comunidades atacameñas. Desde una aproximación temporal, junto a materiales de tipo etnográfico y archivos de prensa, abordamos tres aspectos del surgimiento y el desarrollo de esta actividad. Primero, identificamos cómo diversos actores indígenas, de la arqueología y la política local estimularon el turismo y, posteriormente, en dictadura militar (1973-1990), le dieron funcionamiento. Segundo, abordamos la conversión de San Pedro de Atacama en un espacio étnico turistificado, caracterizado por drásticas transformaciones. Tercero, revisamos las estrategias de incorporación atacameña al turismo, a través de una programación estatal, que siguiendo lógicas neoliberales, debió enfrentar la posición y las demandas de las y los atacameños y, en el último tiempo, la emergencia sanitaria mundial que puso en crisis la actividad.

Resumen Esta investigación aborda la identificación y el diagnóstico general de los materiales y/o colecciones patrimoniales bibliográficas y documentales (no archivísticas) bajo la custodia de instituciones, organizaciones o particulares, con asiento en las cabeceras de los municipios que conforman la subregión del Oriente antioqueño (Colombia). Se reconocieron acciones de organización, conservación, acceso y difusión que sobre ellos se han realizado o están realizándose, con el propósito de aportar insumos para la puesta en marcha del Plan Nacional de Patrimonio Bibliográfico y Documental, así como efectuar recomendaciones para la protección de estos materiales y/o colecciones y la inserción de su gestión en los planes nacionales, departamentales, locales o institucionales. Es un estudio cualitativo con enfoque comparativo, con ejercicios de aplicación de encuestas, entrevistas y observación directa, con visitas a los sitios y a las personas que potencialmente ejercen la función de custodia, esto previa revisión de bases de datos de cada tipo de institución, identificación desde la estructura municipal y personas naturales referidas por distintos medios. Se evidencia la existencia de una riqueza en colecciones en una amplia variedad de formatos con predominio de lo impreso. Se destacan las fotografías, prensa, monografías y la existencia, principalmente, de colecciones locales en un buen estado de conservación, en términos generales. Si bien puede decirse que se implementan acciones para la gestión del patrimonio, aún se carece de los medios y recursos necesarios y de procesos de formación para los custodios. Es fundamental que las autoridades locales y departamentales inviertan más en la conservación preventiva, organización y, especialmente, en difusión de las colecciones patrimoniales.

Abstract This research focuses on the general identification and diagnosis of bibliographical and documentary (non-archivistic) materials and/or collections in the custody of institutions, organizations or individuals, with seat in the capitals of the municipalities that make up the subregion of the East of Antioquia (Colombia). Recognized actions of organization, conservation, access and dissemination that have been carried out or are being carried out, with the purpose of providing inputs for the implementation of the National Plan of Bibliographic and Documentary Heritage and make recommendations for the protection of these materials and/or collections and the insertion of their management in national, departmental, local or institutional plans. It is a qualitative study with a comparative approach, with exercises of application of surveys, interviews and direct observation, with visits to the sites and to the people who potentially exercise the custody function. This after reviewing databases of each type of institution, identification from the municipal structure and natural persons referred by different means. It is evident the existence of a wealth of collections in a wide variety of formats with predominance of the printed. It highlights the photographs, press, monographs and the existence, mainly, of local collections in a good state of conservation, in general. Although it can be said that actions are implemented for the management of the patrimony, the necessary means and resources and training processes for the custodians are still lacking. Local and departmental authorities need to invest more in preventive conservation, organization and, especially, dissemination of heritage collections.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Abordar las representaciones sociales (RS) de la desnutrición infantil en padres, madres o tutores de la comunidad wichí y profesionales de salud del departamento General José de San Martín-Salta, desde la teoría de los campos de Pierre Bourdieu (CPB). Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo desde el paradigma sociocrítico e interpretativo acerca de las RS. Se emplearon la observación participante, las entrevistas en profundidad y a los grupos focales para la recolección de datos de profesionales de la salud y de madres de niños desnutridos de comunidades indígenas wichís del departamento General José de San Martín, Salta, hasta la saturación teórica de la información y triangulación de datos (intramétodo). La información se analizó desde la teoría de los CPB, de acuerdo con las categorías propuestas por el autor. Las variables estudiadas buscaron comprender de manera holística, multidimensional y cualitativa el campo sanitario (CS). Resultados: En el CS se observaron desigualdades en las disposiciones de los agentes sociales de acuerdo con los capitales puestos en juego. Para los profesionales, el capital económico, como "recursos e insumos institucionales", fue lo más importante; para la comunidad, "lo económico en interrelación con lo cultural" (autosustento y respeto por su cultura). Los intentos de disminuir estas desigualdades estuvieron acompañados de tensión y presión social permanentes. También se observaron desacuerdos entre las RS de la desnutrición infantil con respecto a la atención de indicadores sanitarios vs. la atención intercultural, el lenguaje y la cosmovisión wichí vs. el idioma "español", el enfoque biomédico hegemónico vs. el enfoque ecológico e intercultural, el acompañamiento de la comunidad basado en el asistencialismo vs. el acompañamiento basado en el respeto por la cultura wichí, entre otras acciones descontextualizadas de la realidad de la región. Conclusiones: Dado que existieron desacuerdos y desigualdades entre los profesionales de la salud y la comunidad, se recomienda promover modos de ser, hacer y pensar en la formación y capacitación de los profesionales de la salud en un sentido intercultural y contextualizado, con el fin de poder abordar la problemática de la desnutrición infantil en las comunidades indígenas de Salta.

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the social representations (SRs) of child malnutrition among fathers, mothers or guardians of the Wichí indigenous community and healthcare professionals from the General José de San Martín department, Salta, using Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory (FT). Materials and methods: A qualitative study was conducted within a social-critical and interpretive paradigm of SRs. Participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups were employed to collect data from healthcare professionals and Wichí mothers with malnourished children from the General José de San Martín department, Salta, until data theoretical saturation and intramethod triangulation were achieved. The analysis was based on Pierre Bourdieu’s FT, using the categories proposed by the author. The study variables sought to understand the health field (HF) in a holistic, multidimensional and qualitative way. Results: In the HF, inequalities were observed in the dispositions of social agents according to the capitals at stake. For healthcare professionals, economic capital, understood as "institutional resources and assets," was considered the most important form of capital, while for the Wichí community, the focus was on "economic capital in relation to cultural capital" (self-sustainability and respect for their culture). Efforts to reduce these inequalities created ongoing tension and social pressure. Disagreements were also observed among SRs of child malnutrition, particularly concerning health indicators versus intercultural care, the Wichí language and worldview versus the Spanish language, the hegemonic biomedical approach versus ecological and intercultural perspectives, community support based on welfare versus community support based on respect for the Wichí culture, along with other actions decontextualized from the reality of the region. Conclusions: Given the existing disagreements and inequalities between healthcare professionals and the Wichí community, it is recommended to promote ways of being, doing and thinking in the intercultural and contextualized training approaches for healthcare professionals. This would enable more effective responses to child malnutrition in the indigenous communities of Salta.

Resumen: Los 35 hermanamientos internacionales de Oaxaca de Juárez y la capital de Guanajuato no conducen automáticamente a una actividad paradiplomática útil para la ciudadanía. La literatura especializada ha marginalizado cuatro componentes medulares para la conducción de una internacionalización provechosa de los municipios: la visibilidad, la funcionalidad, la racionalidad y la institucionalización. A través de un modelo que incluye los cuatro componentes, se aplicaron cuestionarios a ambos municipios a través de la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia para evaluar la visibilidad, la funcionalidad, la racionalidad y la institucionalización de los 35 acuerdos de hermanamientos internacionales suscritos por ambos municipios. Los resultados sugieren una insuficiente visibilidad de los hermanamientos, una precaria funcionalidad, una cuestionable racionalidad en la selección de los hermanamientos y una escasa institucionalización y seguimiento de la mayoría de los hermanamientos internacionales de los que son parte estas dos capitales mexicanas.

Abstract: The 35 sister-cities agreements of Oaxaca de Juárez and Guanajuato capital do not automatically lead into a useful paradiplomatic activity for the citizens. The specialized literature has marginalized four core components in the management of a beneficial internationalization of municipalities: visibility, functionality, rationality, and institutionalization. Through a model based on the four components, questionnaires were submitted to both municipalities through the National Transparency Platform. The end goal of such was to assess the visibility, functionality, rationality, and the institutionalization dimensions for the 35 of international sister-cities agreements signed by both Mexican municipalities. Results suggest an insufficient visibility of the sister-cities agreements, a precarious functionality, a questionable rationality in the selection of the sister-city’ agreements, and a scarce institutionalization and follow-up for most international sister-cities agreements in which both Mexican capitals take part.

ABSTRACT After the "pacification of La Araucanía" (1862-1883), towns and cities were founded, which were laid out including the sites of military forts. The main objective of these foundations was to guarantee the occupation and colonization of the territory, consolidating the presence of the Chilean State through its institutions. In this sense, the founding of these cities reproduced towards the end of the 19th century the urban model developed in the Spanish colonies for approximately 300 years. From a theoretical perspective that considers the city as a historical fact in constant observation since its foundation, this study aims to explore the origins and transformations in the urban structure. It focuses on identifying, describing and comparing the designs present in the urban plans of Temuco and Nueva Imperial, capitals of their respective departments. The analysis reveals that the plans drawn up between 1890 and 1920 do not show significant variations. However, for both cities, the first urban plan was crucial, as it established the extension of the city, the logic of land occupation, the distribution and presence of civil institutions, the location of the railroad infrastructure and the hierarchy of streets.

RESUMEN Tras la "pacificación de La Araucanía" (1862-1883), se fundaron villas y ciudades, las cuales se trazaron incluyendo los emplazamientos de los fuertes militares. El principal objetivo de estas fundaciones era garantizar la ocupación y colonización del territorio, consolidando la presencia del Estado chileno a través de sus instituciones. En este sentido, la fundación de estas ciudades reprodujo hacia finales del siglo XIX el modelo urbano desarrollado en las colonias españolas durante aproximadamente 300 años. Desde una perspectiva teórica que considera a la ciudad como un hecho histórico en constante observación desde su fundación, este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar los orígenes y transformaciones en la estructura urbana de Temuco y Nueva Imperial, capitales de sus respectivos departamentos en las décadas de 1890 a 1920, y se centra en identificar, describir y comparar los diseños presentes en los planos urbanos de dichas ciudades. El análisis revela que los planos realizados en ese periodo no muestran variaciones significativas. No obstante, para ambas ciudades, el primer plano urbano fue crucial, pues estableció la extensión de la ciudad, la lógica de ocupación de los terrenos, la distribución y presencia de las instituciones civiles, la ubicación de la infraestructura ferroviaria y la jerarquización de las calles.

Resumen En este artículo abordamos el desarrollo de las políticas de hábitat y de las organizaciones territoriales del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990, como expresión de la multiplicación de la población obrera relativamente sobrante y de la caída del salario por debajo del valor de la fuerza de trabajo como fuente normal de valorización de los capitales que operan en el país. En particular, analizamos el agravamiento del problema habitacional, bajo la forma del repoblamiento de las villas «erradicadas» de la ciudad en el período anterior, y los procesos de toma de tierras en el conurbano bonaerense; el cambio de la política estatal hacia estos asentamientos y la mediación creciente de la organización territorial en la gestión de las condiciones de reproducción de un fragmento cada vez mayor de la clase obrera.

Abstract In this article we address the development of habitat policies and territorial organisations of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area during the 1980s and 1990s as an expression of the multiplication of the relatively surplus population and the fall of wages below the value of the labour force as a normal source of valorization of the capitals that operate in the country. In particular, we analyse the aggravation of the housing problem, in the form of the repopulation of the villas «eradicated» from the city in the previous period and the processes of land occupation in the Buenos Aires suburbs; the change in state policy towards these settlements and the growing mediation of the territorial organisation in the management of the conditions of reproduction of an increasingly larger fragment of the working class.

Resumo O estudo, com foco na Nova Economia, tem por objetivo analisar a localização das atividades de Tecnologias da Informação (TI) no Brasil. Discute este setor de serviços e sua instalação nas cidades, e analisa a presença de empresas e de empregados no Brasil numa comparação em escala nacional entre as unidades da federação; e entre os municípios; enquanto, na escala regional, aborda o estado de São Paulo. O trabalho se vale, sobretudo, dos bancos de dados oficiais da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), vinculada ao Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do governo federal, conseguindo revelar todo o território brasileiro. A base teórica se relaciona com estudos de inovação e território, apontando que a transformação da base tecnológica com contornos globais, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, propiciou o surgimento de uma Nova Economia, que tem ênfase na informação, no conhecimento, na aprendizagem e na inovação. Como resultado do estudo, é apresentada a presença da TI nas capitais brasileiras, em especial, no Sul e Sudeste do país, com a supremacia de São Paulo e sua região metropolitana. O estudo evidencia uma grande concentração de atividades de TI nos grandes centros, manifestando a permanência ou o aprofundamento das desigualdades territoriais no Brasil.

Resumen El estudio, centrado en la Nueva Economía, tiene como objetivo analizar la localización de las actividades de Tecnologías de la Información (TI) en Brasil. Discute este sector de servicios y su instalación en las ciudades, y analiza la presencia de empresas y empleados en Brasil en una comparación a escala nacional entre las unidades de la federación; y entre municipios; mientras que, a escala regional, aborda el estado de São Paulo. El trabajo utiliza, sobre todo, las bases de datos oficiales de la Lista Anual de Informaciones Sociales (RAIS), vinculada al Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo del Gobierno Federal, logrando revelar todo el territorio brasileño. La base teórica está relacionada con estudios de innovación y territorio, señalando que la transformación de la base tecnológica con contornos globales, a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, propició el surgimiento de una Nueva Economía, que tiene énfasis en la información, conocimiento, aprendizaje e innovación. Como resultado del estudio, se presenta la presencia de TI en las capitales brasileñas, especialmente en el Sur y Sudeste del país, con supremacía de São Paulo y su región metropolitana. El estudio destaca una gran concentración de actividades de TI en grandes centros, lo que demuestra la permanencia o profundización de las desigualdades territoriales en Brasil.

Abstract The study, focusing on the New Economy, aims to analyze the location of Information Technology (IT) activities in Brazil. Discusses this service sector and its installation in cities and analyzes the presence of companies and employees in Brazil in a comparison on a national scale between the federation units; and between municipalities; while, on a regional scale, it addresses the state of São Paulo. The work uses, above all, the official databases of the Annual List of Social Information (RAIS), linked to the Ministry of Labor and Employment of the federal government, managing to reveal the entire Brazilian territory. The theoretical basis is related to studies of innovation and territory, pointing out that the transformation of the technological base with global contours, from the second half of the 20th century, led to the emergence of a New Economy, which has an emphasis on information, knowledge, learning and innovation. As a result of the study, the presence of IT in Brazilian capitals is presented, especially in the South and Southeast of the country, with the supremacy of São Paulo and its metropolitan region. The study highlights a large concentration of IT activities in large centers, demonstrating the permanence or deepening of territorial inequalities in Brazil.