Abstract Studies on the education-work transition have traditionally focused on the ways in which young people mobilize their capital and adapt to the conditions offered by distinct workplaces. However, it is also important to consider the impact of work and working life on the transformation of the subjectivities and social relations of new generations in the places where they begin their professional experience. This article analyzes this issue based on professional internships in secondary technical education in Chile. Institutional intermediation mechanisms and the agents that participate in their implementation play a significant role in the education-work transition, but, paradoxically, there is little research on these actors, on the processes and on almost everything related to their achievements and weaknesses. This topic is explored through a qualitative approach in a sample of technical-professional educational establishments in Santiago, Chile. Based on semi-structured interviews with teachers and graduates, the main mechanisms of management of the professional internships are described. It is concluded that, although the conditions of implementation are open to criticism, there is a high valuation of these internships as an induction into the world of work, especially because of the social learning that such experiences entail.

Resumen Los estudios sobre la transición sistema educativo-trabajo tradicionalmente se han centrado en las formas en que los y las jóvenes movilizan sus capitales y se adaptan a las condiciones que ofrecen los distintos espacios laborales. Sin embargo, también resulta importante considerar la incidencia del trabajo y de la vida laboral en la reelaboración de las subjetividades y de las relaciones sociales de las nuevas generaciones en los lugares donde inician su experiencia profesional. En este artículo se analiza esta preocupación a partir de la incidencia de la práctica profesional en la educación técnica secundaria en Chile. Los dispositivos institucionales de intermediación y los agentes que participan en su implementación juegan un rol relevante en la transición educación-trabajo, pero, paradójicamente existe escasa investigación sobre estos actores, acerca de los procesos y de casi todo lo relacionado con sus logros y debilidades. Se ahonda en este tema mediante un enfoque cualitativo en una muestra de establecimientos educativos técnico-profesionales en Santiago de Chile. Con base en entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes y a egresados y egresadas, se describen los principales mecanismos de gestión de las prácticas profesionales. Se concluye que, si bien son criticables las condiciones de implementación, existe una alta valoración de estas prácticas como inducción al mundo del trabajo, especialmente por el aprendizaje social contenido en tales experiencias.

Resumo Declínios progressivos nas coberturas vacinais vêm sendo registrados no Brasil nos últimos anos. A pandemia de COVID-19 trouxe ainda mais desafios para esse cenário. Considerando a pandemia como um acontecimento, objetivou-se analisar a politização das vacinas sob a perspectiva de cuidadores de crianças pequenas. Esta pesquisa qualitativa foi conduzida em duas capitais brasileiras: São Luís (Maranhão) e Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). O estudo incluiu famílias com crianças de até 6 anos de idade que fossem total ou parcialmente vacinadas, bem como crianças completamente não vacinadas. Utilizou-se amostragem por bola de neve. Entrevistas em profundidade foram conduzidas entre março de 2021 e abril de 2022. Foram entrevistados 48 cuidadores, em sua maioria mães. O estudo revelou que, independentemente da posição prévia em relação às vacinas, o acontecimento sanitário-político da pandemia de COVID-19 abalou crenças e atitudes acerca da vacinação infantil. Os resultados demonstraram, ainda, que a pandemia levou a atrasos na imunização infantil de rotina e fez com que cuidadores buscassem por serviços privados de saúde. Por fim, os resultados revelam a politização das vacinas como um novo fenômeno a ser enfrentado no contexto brasileiro.

Abstract Progressive declines in vaccination coverage have been recorded in Brazil in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced even more challenges to this scenario. Considering the pandemic as an event, the scope of this article was to analyze the politicization of vaccines from the perspective of caregivers of young children. This qualitative research was conducted in two Brazilian state capitals, namely São Luís (Maranhão) and Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). The study included families with children up to 6 years of age who were fully or partially vaccinated, as well as children who had never been vaccinated. Snowball sampling was used and in-depth interviews were conducted between March 2021 and April 2022. Forty-eight caregivers, most of them mothers, were interviewed. The study revealed that, regardless of their previous stance regarding vaccines, the health-political event of the COVID-19 pandemic shook beliefs and attitudes about childhood vaccination. The results also showed that the pandemic led to delays in routine childhood immunization and caused caregivers to seek private health services. Finally, the results reveal the politicization of vaccines as a new phenomenon to be addressed in the Brazilian context.

Resumen En los últimos años se han registrado descensos progresivos en la cobertura de vacunación en Brasil. La pandemia de COVID-19 trajo aún más desafíos a este escenario. Considerando la pandemia como un evento, este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar la politización de las vacunas desde la perspectiva de los cuidadores de niños pequeños. Esta investigación cualitativa se realizó en dos capitales brasileñas São Luís (Maranhão) y Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). El estudio incluyó familias con niños de hasta 6 años que estaban total o parcialmente vacunados, así como niños completamente no vacunados. Se utilizó el muestreo de bola de nieve. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad entre marzo de 2021 y abril de 2022 con 48 cuidadores, en su mayoría madres. El estudio reveló que, independientemente de la postura previa en relación a las vacunas, el acontecimiento político-sanitario de la pandemia de COVID-19 sacudió creencias y actitudes sobre la vacunación infantil. Los resultados también demostraron que la pandemia provocó retrasos en la vacunación infantil de rutina y provocó que los cuidadores buscaran servicios de salud privados. Finalmente, los resultados revelan la politización de las vacunas como un fenómeno nuevo a enfrentar en el contexto brasileño.

This article discusses guidance published on official websites regarding the response of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) psychosocial care networks (RAPS) to the public health emergency caused by Covid-19. The discussion draws on the analysis of online materials published between 06/02/20 and 31/08/21 at state and federal level across all the country’s state capitals. We compare the results of the document analysis with guidance published by international organizations to reflect on the challenges, successes, mistakes and omissions in the guidance given to the RAPS at the beginning of the pandemic. It is concluded that, despite being formal, the guidance was poorly coordinated and integrated into the networks and with other sectors and pre-existing challenges, as recommended by the international community.

A presente análise documental tem como objetivo debater as orientações publicadas on-line em sites oficiais para guiar as respostas das Redes de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil diante da emergência de Saúde Pública causada pela Covid-19. Baseia-se na análise de materiais publicados on-line entre 6/2/20 e 31/8/21 nos níveis federal e estadual e em todas as capitais do país. Combina essa análise documental com orientações e publicações de entidades internacionais a fim de refletir sobre os desafios, acertos, erros e omissões das orientações dadas para as Raps no país durante o início do período pandêmico. Conclui que as orientações, apesar de existentes formalmente, foram pouco articuladas e integradas dentro das próprias redes, com outros setores e com desafios preexistentes, conforme preconizado pela comunidade internacional.

El presente análisis documental tiene el objetivo de debatir las orientaciones publicadas online en páginas web oficiales para guiar las respuestas de las Redes de Atención Psicosociales (RAPS) del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) ante la emergencia de salud pública causada por la Covid-19. Se basa en el análisis de materiales publicados online entre el 06/02/20 y el 31/08/21 en las esferas de la federación y de los estados en todas las capitales del país. Combina este análisis documental con orientaciones y publicaciones de entidades internacionales para reflexionar sobre los desafíos, aciertos, errores y omisiones de las orientaciones dadas para las RAPS en el país durante el inicio del período pandémico. Concluye que las orientaciones, a pesar de existentes formalmente, fueron poco articuladas e integradas dentro de las propias redes con otros sectores y con desafíos preexistentes, conforme lo determina la comunidad internacional.

ABSTRACT From a territorial approach, we analyze political participation in the Chilean constituent process (2019-2021), according to poverty, rurality and capital, at the communal scale and considering three modes of participation: protests, cabildos and voting. Using linear regression models with weighted least squares, we test whether political participation is lower in poor communes; whether participation is higher in rural communes; and whether participation is lower in provincial capitals. The results indicate that participation was socioeconomically biased (communes with low poverty registered higher participation, varying according to mode); the capital city favoured protests and cabildos, but not voting; while rural communes behaved differently in the 2020 and 2021 elections, confirming the importance of local elections in these areas. The article contributes to the understanding of the inequality of socio-economic and territorial participation that challenges democracy.

RESUMEN Desde un enfoque territorial, se analiza la participación política en el proceso constituyente chileno (2019-2021), según pobreza, ruralidad y capitalidad, a escala comunal y considerando tres modos de participación: protestas, cabildos y votaciones. Utilizando modelos de regresión lineal con mínimos cuadrados ponderados, se testea si en las comunas pobres la participación política es menor; si en las comunas rurales la participación es mayor; y si en las capitales provinciales la participación es menor. Los resultados indican que la participación tuvo sesgos socioeconómicos (comunas con baja pobreza registran mayor participación, variando según modo); la capitalidad favoreció protestas y cabildos, no así votaciones; mientras que las comunas rurales se comportaron diferente en las elecciones de 2020 y 2021, confirmándose la importancia de las elecciones locales en dichas zonas. El artículo aporta a la comprensión de la desigualdad de participación socioeconómica y territorial que desafía a la democracia.

Resumo Analisou-se a implementação de duas diretrizes da Política Nacional de Redução da Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violências (PNRMAV) referentes à atenção pré-hospitalar (APH) e hospitalar (AH). Gestores de APH e AH dos municípios brasileiros participaram de estudo transversal (2020-2022), respondendo a um questionário via plataforma Redcap. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e comparativas. A taxa de resposta foi de 2,3% dos municípios (n=128), incluindo nove capitais. Essas apresentaram melhores resultados nos itens avaliados. Na APH móvel, 82,8% dos municípios e 100% das capitais utilizam transporte próprio para pacientes. Nas capitais, os serviços recebem e encaminham mais os casos intersetorialmente (valor-p<0,05). Na AH, as capitais fazem mais uso de protocolos (p=0,008) e 40% dos gestores consideram os leitos adequados às necessidades. A implementação da diretriz da PNRMAV que trata da Sistematização do atendimento pré-hospitalar foi boa em 59,4% municípios e 77,8% das capitais, enquanto a de assistência interdisciplinar às vítimas foi regular em 45,1% dos municípios e boa em 75% das capitais. Apesar dos avanços na implementação da PNRMAV, é necessário fortalecer as redes de atenção a urgência e emergência e otimizar os recursos disponíveis.

Resumen Se analizó la implementación de dos directrices de la Política Nacional de Reducción de la Morbimortalidad por Accidentes y Violencia (PNRMAV) relativas a la atención prehospitalaria (APH) y hospitalaria (AH). Los gestores de APH y AH de los municipios brasileños participaron en un estudio transversal (2020-2022), respondiendo a un cuestionario a través de la plataforma Redcap. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y comparativos. La tasa de respuesta fue del 2,3% de los municipios (n=128), 9 de los cuales eran capitales. Las capitales mostraron mejores resultados en todos los ítems evaluados. En APH móvil, el 82,8% de los municipios y el 100% de las capitales utilizan transporte propio para los pacientes. En las capitales, los servicios reciben y derivan más casos intersectorialmente (p-valor<0,05). En AH, las capitales utilizan más los protocolos (p=0,008) y el 40% de los gestores consideran que las camas son adecuadas a sus necesidades. La implementación de la directriz de Sistematización de la atención prehospitalaria fue buena en 59,4% de los municipios y 77,8% de las capitales, mientras que la de Asistencia interdisciplinaria a las víctimas fue regular en 45,1% de los municipios y buena en 75% de las capitales. A pesar de los avances en la implementación de la PNRMAV, es necesario fortalecer las redes de atención a urgencias/emergencias y optimizar los recursos disponibles.

Abstract The implementation of two guidelines of the National Policy for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Accidents and Violence (PNRMAV) regarding pre-hospital care (APH) and hospital care (AH) was analyzed. APH and AH managers from Brazilian municipalities participated in a cross-sectional study (2020-2022), answering a questionnaire via the Redcap platform. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed. The response rate was 2.3% of the municipalities (n=128), of which 9 were capitals. Capitals presented better results in all items evaluated. In mobile APH, 82.8% of the municipalities and 100% of the capitals use their own transportation for patients. In the capitals, the services receive and refer more cases intersectoral (p-value<0.05). In AH, the capitals make greater use of protocols (p=0.008) and 40% of managers consider the beds adequate for their needs. The implementation of the Systematization of pre-hospital care guideline was good for 59.4% of the municipalities and 77.8% of the capitals, while the Interdisciplinary Assistance to Victims guideline was regular in 45.1% of the municipalities and good in 75% of the capitals. Despite the advances in the implementation of the PNRMAV, it is necessary to strengthen the emergency care networks and optimize the available resources.

Resumo O artigo analisa a implementação da diretriz sobre assistência interdisciplinar e intersetorial às vítimas de acidentes e violências da Política Nacional de Redução da Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violência (PNRMAV) a partir da Atenção Primária à Saúde. O estudo é baseado na triangulação de métodos quantitativo e qualitativo, para coleta de dados e análises. Foram realizados questionários e entrevistas com gestores e profissionais dos serviços da atenção primária nas capitais brasileiras e em alguns municípios. A Rede de Saúde, os Serviços da Assistência Social e o Conselho Tutelar são os principais órgãos com os quais a atenção primária articula o cuidado nos casos em pauta. A frequência de fluxos e protocolos de encaminhamento dos casos é alta e, em geral, bem avaliada pelo grupo que participou do estudo. A atenção às vítimas de acidentes, no entanto, é mais limitada. Houve avanços nas articulações intersetoriais em todas as regiões do país. Porém a formação deficiente e a alta rotatividade das pessoas nas equipes são os principais entraves. Conclui-se que a implementação da PNRMAV na atenção primária precisa ser fortalecida pois seu papel é muito importante em si e na articulação com outros serviços para a qualidade de vida dos usuários e a construção da paz.

Resumen El artículo analiza la implementación de la directriz de atención interdisciplinaria e intersectorial a las víctimas de accidentes y violencias de la Política Nacional de Reducción de la Morbimortalidad por Accidentes y Violencia (PNRMAV) desde la Atención Primaria de Salud. El estudio se basa en la triangulación de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos para la recolección y análisis de datos. Se realizaron cuestionarios y entrevistas a gestores y profesionales de los servicios de atención primaria de las capitales brasileñas y de algunos municipios. La Red de Salud, los Servicios de Asistencia Social y el Consejo Tutelar son los principales órganos con los que la atención primaria articula el cuidado en los casos analizados. La frecuencia de los flujos y protocolos de derivación es elevada y, en general, bien evaluada por el grupo que participó en el estudio. Sin embargo, la atención a las víctimas de accidentes es más limitada. Ha habido avances en la coordinación intersectorial en todas las regiones del país. Sin embargo, la escasa formación y la elevada rotación del personal en los equipos son los principales obstáculos. Se concluye que es necesario fortalecer la implantación de la PNRMAV en la atención primaria porque su papel es muy importante en sí mismo y en el enlace con otros servicios para la calidad de vida de los usuarios y la construcción de la paz.

Abstract This article examines the implementation of the interdisciplinary and intersectoral assistance guideline for victims of accidents and violence, as outlined in the National Policy for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Accidents and Violence (PNRMAV), within Primary Health Care. This is research based on the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing questionnaires and interviews with managers of primary care services in selected capitals and cities. The health network, social assistance services, and the guardianship council are the primary entities with which Primary Health Care coordinates care for cases of accidents and violence. There is a high frequency of flows and protocols for referring cases of violence and accidents, which are generally well-regarded. However, attention to accident victims is more limited. Progress has been observed in intersectoral coordination for providing care to victims of violence and accidents across all regions of the country. The main challenges identified are insufficient training and high staff turnover. The study concludes that the implementation of the PNRMAV in primary because its role is very important in itself and in conjunction with other services for the quality of life of users and the construction of peace.

A presente análise documental tem como objetivo debater as orientações publicadas on-line em sites oficiais para guiar as respostas das Redes de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil diante da emergência de Saúde Pública causada pela Covid-19. Baseia-se na análise de materiais publicados on-line entre 6/2/20 e 31/8/21 nos níveis federal e estadual e em todas as capitais do país. Combina essa análise documental com orientações e publicações de entidades internacionais a fim de refletir sobre os desafios, acertos, erros e omissões das orientações dadas para as Raps no país durante o início do período pandêmico. Conclui que as orientações, apesar de existentes formalmente, foram pouco articuladas e integradas dentro das próprias redes, com outros setores e com desafios preexistentes, conforme preconizado pela comunidade internacional.

El presente análisis documental tiene el objetivo de debatir las orientaciones publicadas online en páginas web oficiales para guiar las respuestas de las Redes de Atención Psicosociales (RAPS) del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) ante la emergencia de salud pública causada por la Covid-19. Se basa en el análisis de materiales publicados online entre el 06/02/20 y el 31/08/21 en las esferas de la federación y de los estados en todas las capitales del país. Combina este análisis documental con orientaciones y publicaciones de entidades internacionales para reflexionar sobre los desafíos, aciertos, errores y omisiones de las orientaciones dadas para las RAPS en el país durante el inicio del período pandémico. Concluye que las orientaciones, a pesar de existentes formalmente, fueron poco articuladas e integradas dentro de las propias redes con otros sectores y con desafíos preexistentes, conforme lo determina la comunidad internacional.

This article discusses guidance published on official websites regarding the response of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) psychosocial care networks (RAPS) to the public health emergency caused by Covid-19. The discussion draws on the analysis of online materials published between 06/02/20 and 31/08/21 at state and federal level across all the country’s state capitals. We compare the results of the document analysis with guidance published by international organizations to reflect on the challenges, successes, mistakes and omissions in the guidance given to the RAPS at the beginning of the pandemic. It is concluded that, despite being formal, the guidance was poorly coordinated and integrated into the networks and with other sectors and pre-existing challenges, as recommended by the international community.

Resumo Declínios progressivos nas coberturas vacinais vêm sendo registrados no Brasil nos últimos anos. A pandemia de COVID-19 trouxe ainda mais desafios para esse cenário. Considerando a pandemia como um acontecimento, objetivou-se analisar a politização das vacinas sob a perspectiva de cuidadores de crianças pequenas. Esta pesquisa qualitativa foi conduzida em duas capitais brasileiras: São Luís (Maranhão) e Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). O estudo incluiu famílias com crianças de até 6 anos de idade que fossem total ou parcialmente vacinadas, bem como crianças completamente não vacinadas. Utilizou-se amostragem por bola de neve. Entrevistas em profundidade foram conduzidas entre março de 2021 e abril de 2022. Foram entrevistados 48 cuidadores, em sua maioria mães. O estudo revelou que, independentemente da posição prévia em relação às vacinas, o acontecimento sanitário-político da pandemia de COVID-19 abalou crenças e atitudes acerca da vacinação infantil. Os resultados demonstraram, ainda, que a pandemia levou a atrasos na imunização infantil de rotina e fez com que cuidadores buscassem por serviços privados de saúde. Por fim, os resultados revelam a politização das vacinas como um novo fenômeno a ser enfrentado no contexto brasileiro.

Resumen En los últimos años se han registrado descensos progresivos en la cobertura de vacunación en Brasil. La pandemia de COVID-19 trajo aún más desafíos a este escenario. Considerando la pandemia como un evento, este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar la politización de las vacunas desde la perspectiva de los cuidadores de niños pequeños. Esta investigación cualitativa se realizó en dos capitales brasileñas São Luís (Maranhão) y Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). El estudio incluyó familias con niños de hasta 6 años que estaban total o parcialmente vacunados, así como niños completamente no vacunados. Se utilizó el muestreo de bola de nieve. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad entre marzo de 2021 y abril de 2022 con 48 cuidadores, en su mayoría madres. El estudio reveló que, independientemente de la postura previa en relación a las vacunas, el acontecimiento político-sanitario de la pandemia de COVID-19 sacudió creencias y actitudes sobre la vacunación infantil. Los resultados también demostraron que la pandemia provocó retrasos en la vacunación infantil de rutina y provocó que los cuidadores buscaran servicios de salud privados. Finalmente, los resultados revelan la politización de las vacunas como un fenómeno nuevo a enfrentar en el contexto brasileño.

Abstract Progressive declines in vaccination coverage have been recorded in Brazil in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced even more challenges to this scenario. Considering the pandemic as an event, the scope of this article was to analyze the politicization of vaccines from the perspective of caregivers of young children. This qualitative research was conducted in two Brazilian state capitals, namely São Luís (Maranhão) and Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). The study included families with children up to 6 years of age who were fully or partially vaccinated, as well as children who had never been vaccinated. Snowball sampling was used and in-depth interviews were conducted between March 2021 and April 2022. Forty-eight caregivers, most of them mothers, were interviewed. The study revealed that, regardless of their previous stance regarding vaccines, the health-political event of the COVID-19 pandemic shook beliefs and attitudes about childhood vaccination. The results also showed that the pandemic led to delays in routine childhood immunization and caused caregivers to seek private health services. Finally, the results reveal the politicization of vaccines as a new phenomenon to be addressed in the Brazilian context.

O consumo adequado de frutas e hortaliças é reconhecido pelos benefícios à saúde, incluindo a prevenção de doenças não transmissíveis; portanto, é importante monitorar esse consumo ao longo dos anos. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tendência temporal do consumo de frutas e hortaliças entre adultos brasileiros (≥ 18 anos) residentes em 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal de 2008 a 2023. Foi realizada uma análise de séries temporais do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel). O consumo regular (≥ 5 dias/semana) e recomendado (≥ 5 porções/dia em ≥ 5 dias/semana) de frutas e hortaliças foi analisado para a população total e para grupos sociodemográficos. Modelos de regressão Prais-Winsten foram utilizados para identificar tendências no período total (2008-2023), no período inicial (2008-2014) e no período mais recente (2015-2023). O consumo regular e recomendado manteve-se estável de 2008 a 2023. De 2008 a 2014, o consumo regular aumentou na população total (0,71p.p./ano) e em todos os grupos sociodemográficos, exceto entre adultos de 25 a 34 anos. De 2015 a 2023, o consumo regular diminuiu na população total (-0,56p.p./ano), principalmente entre homens (-0,70p.p./ano), adultos de 25 a 34 anos (-0,84p.p./ano) e aqueles com maior nível de escolaridade (-0,96p.p./ano). O consumo recomendado aumentou de 2008 a 2014 (0,81p.p./ano), principalmente entre mulheres (0,90p.p./ano), adultos de 55 a 64 anos (0,96p.p./ano) e aqueles com maior nível de escolaridade (0,77p.p./ano). O consumo recomendado diminuiu de 2015 a 2023 na população total (-0,52p.p./ano) e em todos os grupos sociodemográficos, exceto entre homens e adultos ≥ 65 anos. O consumo brasileiro de frutas e hortaliças aumentou de 2008 a 2014, mas reduziu recentemente (2015-2023).

El consumo adecuado de frutas y verduras tiene beneficios para la salud, incluido la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles, lo que hace importante monitorear este consumo a lo largo de los años. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la tendencia temporal del consumo de frutas y verduras entre adultos brasileños (≥ 18 años) que viven en 26 capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal de 2008 a 2023. Se realizó un análisis de series temporales del Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel). Se analizó el consumo regular (≥ 5 días/semana) y el recomendado (≥ 5 porciones/día en ≥ 5 días/semana) de frutas y verduras para la población total y para los grupos sociodemográficos. Los modelos de regresión Prais-Winsten se utilizaron para identificar las tendencias en el período total (2008-2023), en el período inicial (2008-2014) y en el período más reciente (2015-2023). El consumo regular y el recomendado se mantuvo estable de 2008 a 2023. De 2008 a 2014, el consumo regular aumentó en la población total (0,71pp/año) y en todos los grupos sociodemográficos, excepto entre los adultos de 25 a 34 años. De 2015 a 2023, el consumo regular disminuyó en la población total (-0,56pp/año), principalmente entre hombres (-0,70pp/año), adultos de entre 25 y 34 años (-0,84pp/año) y aquellos con un mayor nivel de educación (-0,96pp/año). El consumo recomendado aumentó de 2008 a 2014 (0,81pp/año), principalmente entre mujeres (0,90pp/año), adultos de entre 55 y 64 años (0,96pp/año) y aquellos con un mayor nivel de educación (0,77pp/año). El consumo recomendado disminuyó de 2015 a 2023 en la población total (-0,52pp/año) y en todos los grupos sociodemográficos, excepto entre hombres y adultos ≥ 65 años. El consumo brasileño de frutas y verduras aumentó de 2008 a 2014, pero disminuyó recientemente (2015-2023).

Adequate fruit and vegetable consumption is recognized for its health benefits, including preventing noncommunicable diseases, therefore it should be monitored over the years. This study aimed to investigate the temporal trend of fruit and vegetable consumption among Brazilian adults (≥ 18 years) residing in 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District from 2008-2023. A time-series analysis of the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was conducted. Regular (≥ 5 days/week) and recommended (≥ 5 servings/day on ≥ 5 days/week) fruit and vegetable consumption were analyzed for total population and sociodemographic groups. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to identify trends in the entire (2008-2023), initial (2008-2014) and most recent (2015-2023) periods. Regular and recommended consumption remained stable from 2008 to 2023. From 2008 to 2014, regular consumption increased in total population (0.71pp/year) and all sociodemographic groups, except for adults aged 25-34 years. From 2015 to 2023, regular consumption decreased in the total population (-0.56pp/year), mainly among men (-0.70pp/year), adults aged 25-34 years (-0.84pp/year), and with higher schooling (-0.96pp/year). The recommended consumption increased from 2008 to 2014 (0.81pp/year), mainly among women (0.90pp/year), adults aged 55-64 years (0.96pp/year), and those with higher schooling (0.77pp/year). The recommended consumption decreased from 2015 to 2023 in total population (-0.52pp/year) and all sociodemographic groups, except for men and adults aged ≥ 65 years. The Brazilian fruit and vegetable consumption increased from 2008 to 2014 but reduced recently (2015-2023).

Este ensaio tem como objetivo discutir a caminhada e o uso da bicicleta como deslocamento na população brasileira. Evidências científicas oriundas principalmente de países de alta renda mostram tanto contribuições para a saúde das pessoas, apontando que essas atividades físicas podem compor parte importante do cotidiano e contribuem na prevenção de doenças, como para a saúde das cidades, com a diminuição da poluição do ar e sonora e dos problemas provocados pelo excesso de veículos automotores. Discutimos as formas de mensuração em inquéritos nacionais e as novas tecnologias que vêm sendo utilizadas. Análises de tendência mostram uma queda nesse tipo de atividade física entre adultos que vivem nas capitais brasileiras, mas como a caminhada e o uso da bicicleta são analisadas conjuntamente, as interpretações ficam prejudicadas, limitando também o estudo de fatores associados aos diferentes tipos de deslocamentos. Mostramos que algumas capitais brasileiras estão evoluindo no aumento de estruturas ambientais, mas indicadores populacionais mostram que grupos de menor nível socioeconômico têm menos acessos. Discutimos o quanto essas atividades ainda são praticadas por necessidade e sem possibilidades de escolhas no Brasil, onde os custos do transporte ainda são altos e os ambientes, iníquos. No entanto, como a maioria dos estudos no Brasil são transversais, a avaliação dos possíveis efeitos na saúde e a influência de variáveis sociais e de mudanças ambientais nesse comportamento fica prejudicada. Novos inquéritos populacionais e estudos longitudinais que embasem políticas são essenciais para a promoção da caminhada e do uso da bicicleta como deslocamento.

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo discutir la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta como medio de desplazamiento en la población brasileña. La evidencia científica de países principalmente de altos ingresos muestra contribuciones tanto a la salud de las personas, señalando que estas actividades físicas pueden ser una parte importante de la vida diaria y ayudar en la prevención de enfermedades, como a la salud de las ciudades, mediante la reducción de la contaminación atmosférica y acústica y los problemas causados por el exceso de vehículos de motor. Se discuten las formas de medición en las encuestas nacionales y las nuevas tecnologías que se han utilizado. Los análisis de tendencias muestran una caída en este tipo de actividad física entre los adultos que viven en las capitales brasileñas, pero a medida que se analizan en conjunto la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta, las interpretaciones se ven afectadas, lo que también limita el estudio de los factores asociados con diferentes tipos de desplazamientos. Algunas capitales brasileñas experimentan una evolución en el aumento de las estructuras ambientales, pero los indicadores de población muestran que los grupos de menor nivel socioeconómico todavía tienen menos acceso. Se discuten cómo estas actividades en Brasil aún se practican por necesidad y sin elección cuyos costos de transporte siguen siendo altos y los entornos son poco equitativos. La mayoría de los estudios en Brasil son transversales, lo que afecta la evaluación de los posibles efectos sobre la salud y la influencia de las variables sociales y los cambios ambientales en este comportamiento. Las nuevas encuestas de población y los estudios longitudinales que apoyan las políticas son esenciales para fomentar la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta como medio de desplazamiento.

This essay aims to discuss walking and cycling as a means of transportation for the Brazilian population. Scientific evidence (mainly from high-income countries) shows their contributions to people’s health, pointing out that these physical activities can constitute an important part of daily life and contribute to preventing diseases and to the health of municipalities by reducing air and noise pollution and the problems due to the excess of motor vehicles. We discuss the forms of measurement in national surveys and the new technologies that have been used. Trend analyses show a decrease in this type of physical activity in adults living in Brazilian capitals. However, analyzing walking and cycling together impairs interpretations and limits the study of factors associated with different types of commuting. We show that some Brazilian capitals are increasing their environmental structures, but population indicators show that groups of lower socioeconomic levels have less access to the. We discuss how much these activities are still practiced out of necessity − rather than out of choice − in Brazil due to transportation costs that remain high and unequal environments. However, most studies in Brazil being cross-sectional impairs the evaluation of possible effects on health and the influence of social variables and environmental changes on this behavior. New population surveys and longitudinal studies that support policies are essential to promote walking and cycling as a means of transportation.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Bovine cattle raising is the most important line of the economy of Caquetá department and El Doncello municipality, according to the figures given by the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen there is a herd of2,175,065 cattle heads in the region, many of the rural families depend on said economic activity to generate their income; To do this, the life analysis methodology examines the assets that communities have which are called community capital, and the approach they use to meet their fundamental human needs. Objective: To assess sustainable means and the application of community capital in cattle rancher families in the municipality of El Doncello, Caquetá (Colombia). Materials and methods: For the collection of information the producer families of the municipality of El Doncello were assessed; based on the sources of the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen, for this purposefamilies were surveyed and participatory workshops were carried out using the livelihood methodology framing the community capitals (human, natural, financial, physical and social) using 36 variables for the assessment of them, and the fundamental human needs (basic of the person, the environment and of action) that grouped 15 analysis variables; Subsequently, the interpretation and analysis of the data was made through aprincipal component analysis-PCA relating the typologies and each of the variables assessed in this study; all the data were run in the InfoStat Program. Results: It was found that 939 families base their economy on livestock production in the municipality of El Doncello, the human capital of these families was distributed in 72 men representing 15.55 %, 81 women (17.49 %), 143 boys (30.89 %)and 167 girls (36.07%), finding three types of families: Typology 1: families with <50 bovines on theirfarms; Typology 2: between 51 and 100 bovines, and Typology 3: >101 bovines, where financial capital is the one that represents the greatest contribution given its characteristics of income generation and well-beingfor families. The principal component analysis-ACP carried out for social capital divided according to the first principal component-PC1 with a contribution of 62.3 % to Family Typology 1 (families with <50 head of cattle) to the positive end of said component strongly associated with the variables greater participation in projects and organizations to which they belong, with the particularity of having a greater number of members at home; from Typology 3 to the negative end of said component associated with the variables greater number of shared spaces in which they participate and greater level of family participation. In the same way, for natural capital, a separation was observed between Family Typology 1, associated with the variables greater number of water sources, mainly due to the fact that a large part of these producers were in the mountain range zone, greater area in stubble, greater number of spaces used and more activities for consumption, such as plantations of plantain, cocoa, cassava and other subsistence crops and Family Typology 2 strongly associated with the variables greater number of trees in pastures and greater percentage of natural products. One of the most important capitals within the producers is the financial one, for which the following was observed: the first principal component-PC1, with a contribution of 43.7%, separates Typology 1 from the positive end of said component associated with the variable income from daily wages and income from subsidies, these families are the ones that generate the least amount of assets and through which they diversify their income that are not only dependent on livestockproduction as such, but also on other types of economic activities, of the Typology 2 to the negative extreme associated with the variables income from transfers, credits, income from formal employment and income from the sale ofprocessed products, such as cheese. The second main component-PC2, with a contribution of 24.4 %, groups Family Typology 3 strongly associated with the highest income from the sale of space-use products, These families, by owning a greater number of cattle heads, base a large part of their economy in said activity, but they diversify it with other types of income such as rubber crops, cocoa, pineapple, plantain, cassava, among others. Finally, the fundamental human needs-FHN can be defined as very similar for the three types of families studied, with slight adjustments in the basic needs for Typology 1, where food, health, shelter and security are classified as bad and regular. Although the situation does not vary much for Typology 2, but it does look better for Typology 3 in which satisfaction is good, except for security, everyone has the same perception, this is mainly due to the presence of certain illegal armed groups in the region. Regarding the needs of the person, the environment and action, there are no variations between the different types. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to observe a high cultural tie that cattle ranchers have for this economic activity that is evidenced in human capital, where we see the number of people who directly depend on livestock and its derivatives. Also, in terms of financial capital, it can be observed that there is a great diversification of the income of families that not only depend on livestock, but also on income from formal employment, daily wages, loans and sales of other crops such as plantain, cassava, rubber and cocoa; In terms of social and natural capital, a good sustainable appropriation of environmental care and the participation of rural communities are observed. Finally, a low contribution to the fundamental human needs of the producing communities is denoted, this mainly due to the social and economic conditions of the region; In this sense, this study has repercussions as a first diagnosis in the management of the livelihoods of rural cattle-raising communities in the department of Caquetá.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Las audiencias locales que se sitúan fuera de las capitales y de las grandes urbes deben conformarse con la información y contenidos televisivos nacionales, perdiendo la conexión con sus territorios debido al marcado centralismo de los medios capitalinos. Este artículo caracteriza las tensiones de las audiencias locales del norte de Chile en relación con su televisión local, también denominada de proximidad. Materiales y métodos: La metodología es cualitativa, realizándose grupos focales con las audiencias de seis comunas de la región de Coquimbo que tuviesen televisoras locales operativas y que declarasen ver periódicamente medios locales. Resultados: Entre los hallazgos se destaca el interés y el requerimiento de la ciudadanía por las noticias locales en un claro sentido de proximidad y cercanía con su territorio, detectando además otras demandas sociales, políticas, culturales y educativas de las audiencias que podrían ser canalizadas por las televisoras locales. Se evidencia un distanciamiento y crítica hacia contenidos sensacionalistas de la televisión nacional, siendo el centralismo informativo una de las razones para la poca empatía hacia estos medios de comunicación. A juicio de los participantes, las tensiones entre lo local y lo capitalino no solo se aprecian a nivel país, sino también entre capitales regionales, provincias y comunas, siguiendo la división político-administrativa de Chile. Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una marcada preferencia por el contenido de proximidad, lo que se explica en parte por el alejamiento y crítica que se declara hacia los medios de cobertura nacional. Se plantean como tensiones la falta de espacios de comunicación y promoción del diálogo social que les permita a las audiencias ser escuchadas por sus actores políticos locales y regionales, desaprovechando el interés de la televidencia local por contenidos de proximidad que les permitan crecer, desarrollarse y lograr una mayor participación ciudadana en el ecosistema medial chileno.

ABSTRACT Objective: Media centralism and the lack of attention to the preferences and demands of local audiences is an obvious reality that must be faced by those who live outside large cities and capitals, understanding that there are audiences that demand local content, but that must settle for aprogrammingproduced from and for the capital, even more so when it comes to the Chilean television system. This article characterizes the tensions of local audiences in northern Chile in relation to their local television, also called proximity. Materials and methods: The study carried out a qualitative methodology, since it seeks to understand human behavior in a given territory and historical moment. The data collection was carried out using the technique of focus groups in order to explain and deepen the situations of people as local audiences and their feelings and thoughts on various problems. The focus groups discussed their local television and their link with national television considering the informational centralism and political centralism within the Coquimbo Region. The sample corresponds to the audience of cities belonging to urban and rural communes of the Coquimbo Region, in Chile, where there are local television media and that have declared their intention to migrate to digital television. The cities that are part of the study are: Andacollo, La Serena, Los Vilos, Illapel and Salamanca. For recruitment, the snowball method was used, with a total of 52 participants. All the participants were over 18 years of age with a residence of more than 10years in the city. There was gender balance. Six focus groups were held in neighborhood offices in each city. The sessions were recorded and later transcribed, being systematized using the Atlas.tisoftware, version 9. Resulted: The results are described through three categories of analysis, regarding the opinions of the audiences: 1) Local information 2) National television: positive and negative aspects and 3) Information centralism and media demands. 1 ) Local information as a center of interest: Audiences place local news among their preferences. In each focus group, the informative genre of these media was highly valued and required. It represents a fundamental demand when evaluating local television positively. 2) Link with national television coverage: Along with the preference for local news, there is also an unfavorable opinion towards national news and towards the journalistic routines of the capital television stations whose coverage privileges the events that occurred in the Metropolitan Region in the information guidelines, often falling into sensationalism, especially when it comes to police court facts. 3) Information centralism and media demands: in the opinion of the participants, the tensions between the local and the capital are not only appreciated at the country level, but also between regional capitals, provinces and communes, following the political-administrative division of Chile. Conclusions: Regarding the characteristics of local television consumption, a first conclusion was the confirmation of the interest and consumption of local audiences in content that addresses issues related to their environment, an issue that is in line with previous studies on communication and local television. Similar to national television consumption, local news represented the preferred content. If there is a fire or a traffic accident in the city, audiences want to see it on their local television and, hopefully, live or as instantly as possible. This is informative content that does not compete in any case with national television, as it deals with local news events. Unless something out of the ordinary happens, whose connotation is national and in this case -the fewest times- the city, province or region makes news and appears nationally. A very important link was detected between local audiences with their own territories. The link was verified through two factors: a) the expectations of seeing local content not only on themes about their cities, but also from geographically broader places, such as communes, provinces or the Coquimbo Region itself; b) a large part of the social demands that underlie the opinions of the audiences surroundfeelings of belonging, desire for decentralization and local development. The need for representation of local audiences is verified, that is, seeing their territories on the screen, feeling reflected on national TV through their cultural, territorial, geographical, touristic, or other particularities is the cause that is associated Local (non-capital) audiences arepart of a marginalized sector from a political and economic point of view. In this sense, there is a glimpse of a disconnection between the political/public world that promotes actions that should benefit the community, but that fail to reach potential users in a good way. In the same line of discussion, social demands for access to public information that benefits them and brings them closer to local political actors are detected. Know and understand the territorial public policies that result in a better quality of life. These social/political demands are intermingled with the media needs that could be channeled into more spaces to debate, talk and express their opinions to participate in the local public debate.

Resumen La minería formalizada ocupa un renglón significativo del PIB colombiano y se desarrolla en dos fases: la exploración y la explotación, ambas muy atractivas para capitales foráneos. Sin embargo, dicha inversión se encuentra lejos de ser algo protocolizado, formal y sencillo. Objetivo: Analizar las dificultades, los retos y los desafíos de la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en proyectos mineros en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio con 11 informantes clave, con reconocida trayectoria en la gestión de organizaciones mineras. Resultados principales: Se observa un panorama complejo para los inversionistas en proyectos mineros dado que no están claros los permisos, licencias ni formas de funcionamiento; la parte financiera no dispone de mecanismos claros de entrada y salida de capitales, y el relacionamiento con las comunidades aledañas a los proyectos mineros rebasa, en algunos casos, las capacidades de los inversionistas. Conclusiones: A pesar de la importancia para la economía de las regiones, la IED en Colombia para proyectos mineros enfrenta muchas dificultades, que limitan su atractivo. En las dimensiones relativas a la gobernanza de los recursos están los retos económico-financieros del dinero que entra y sale de los proyectos y las consideraciones sobre dificultades que se presentan con las comunidades en los territorios mineros.

Abstract Formalized mining constitutes a significant portion of Colombia's GDP and unfolds in two phases: exploration and exploitation. Both phases are highly attractive to foreign capital, yet such investment is far from being straightforward or simple. Objective: This study examines the challenges faced by foreign direct investment (FDI) in Colombian mining projects. Methodology: It is an exploratory qualitative study involving 11 key informants, each with a distinguished track record in mining organization management. Key findings: A complex panorama is observed for investors in mining projects given that the permits, licenses, and forms of operation are not clear; the financial part does not have clear capital entry and exit mechanisms, and the relationship with the communities surrounding the mining projects, in some cases, the capacity of investors. Conclusions: Despite the importance for the economy of the regions, FDI in Colombian mining projects encounters numerous obstacles, which limit its attractiveness. Regarding the governance of resources some difficulties are the economic-financial challenges and the considerations about social difficulties with the communities in the mining territories.

Resumo A mineração formalizada é responsável por uma porção significativa do PIB da Colômbia e é realizada em duas fases, exploração e explotação, ambas muito atraentes para o capital estrangeiro, mas esse investimento está longe de ser regularizado, formal e simples. Objetivo: Analisar as dificuldades e os desafios do investimento estrangeiro direto em projetos de mineração na Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo exploratório com 11 informantes-chave, com experiência reconhecida na gestão de organizações de mineração. Principais resultados: Observa-se um panorama complexo para os investidores em projetos de mineração, uma vez que as autorizações, as licenças e as formas de operação não são claras, a parte financeira não tem mecanismos claros para a entrada e saída de capital, e a relação com as comunidades que cercam os projetos de mineração excede, em alguns casos, as capacidades dos investidores. Conclusões: Apesar de sua importância para a economia das regiões, o investimento estrangeiro direto na Colômbia para projetos de mineração enfrenta muitas dificuldades, o que limita sua atratividade, nas dimensões relacionadas à governança dos recursos, aos desafios econômico-financeiros da verba que entra e sai dos projetos, e às considerações sobre as dificuldades sociais com as comunidades nos territórios de mineração.

Resumen El artículo ofrece una reflexión sobre los orígenes y el auge de los estudios en fonética y fonología en Europa en relación con el recorrido de dos textos capitales que testimonian el desborde en el campo cultural de conceptos específicos sobre pronunciación y acento vinculados con la estructuración de categorías sociales. Los Buddenbrook, de Thomas Mann, y Pigmalión, de George Bernard Shaw, articulan conocimientos específicos de la lingüística con el esquema de subalternizaciones sociales y presentan mundos atravesados por prejuicios y percepciones de la lengua del otro como tesoro o capital cultural a poseer o ser desposeído en un esquema de poder social y económico en permanente movimiento.

Abstract The article offers a reflection on the origins and the rise of studies in phonetics and phonology in Europe in relation to the journey of two capital texts that testify the overflow of specific concepts about pronunciation and accent in the cultural field related to the structuring of social categories. The Buddenbrooks of Thomas Mann and Pygmalion of George Bernard Shaw articulate specific knowledge of linguistics with the scheme of social subalternizations, and they present worlds crossed by other's language prejudices and perceptions as a treasure or cultural capital to be possessed or dispossessed in a scheme of social and economic power in permanent movement.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to show the unity between the forms of political consciousness of the university student movement and its economic determinations. Positioned from the perspective of the critique of political economy, it is first explained how the transformations in the obtainment of relative surplus value by capital drive changes in the international division of labor and in the demand for productive attributes at world level. Then, we expound how this global transformation takes place in Chile as a producer of raw materials. Thirdly, we show how the changes in the forms of the social wage that seek to expand the supply of skilled workers and sustain the valorization of individual capitals in the education branch modify the political consciousness of the student movement, which take the «anti-neoliberal» form. Finally, we present the results of its political action, which crystallizes in the expansion of state expenditure on education and the formation of new left-wing parties.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como principal objetivo mostrar cómo las formas de la conciencia política del movimiento estudiantil universitario cambian con la transformación de sus determinaciones económicas. Posicionados desde la perspectiva de la crítica a la economía política, primero se indica cómo las transformaciones en la obtención de plusvalía relativa por parte del capital impulsan cambios en la división internacional del trabajo y en la demanda de atributos productivos a nivel mundial. Luego, expondremos cómo dicha transformación mundial tiene lugar en Chile en tanto productor de materias primas. En tercer lugar, mostramos cómo los cambios en las formas del salario social que buscan ampliar la oferta de trabajadores calificados y sostener la valorización de los capitales individuales en la rama de educación modifican la conciencia política del movimiento estudiantil, la que tomará la forma «antineoliberal». Finalmente, mostramos los resultados de su acción política, la que se cristaliza en la expansión del gasto estatal en educación y la formación de nuevos partidos de izquierda.