Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue analizar la composición de aves asociadas a cultivos orgánicos de cacao (Theobroma cacao) manejado debajo de 3 diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea. (Metodología) Distribuimos 3 puntos de conteo en cada finca, para registrar todas las aves observadas y escuchadas, en muestreos de 5 minutos. Los conteos fueron realizados por triplicado, tanto en las primeras horas de la mañana como al atardecer. La diferencia en la composición de la avifauna entre las fincas fue analizada con la prueba ANOSIM. Las abundancias se transformaron por medio de la función decostand y el método Hellinger del paquete estadístico R-Vegan. La agrupación de las especies entre las plantaciones se efectuó mediante el escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y el índice de Bray-Curtis. La contribución de las especies a la disimilitud entre grupos fue analizada con el módulo SIMPER. Consideramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 individuos, clasificados en 49 especies y 23 familias. La finca donde las plantas de cacao crecen en condiciones más sombreadas, debido al desarrollo del dosel, mostró mayor cantidad de especies (34) y de individuos (146). La composición de aves varió significativamente entre las fincas (F(1,8) = 3,22; P < 0,02). La abundancia media de 19 especies (39,6 %) hizo notar diferencias significativas (P < 0,05), al comparar la finca con mayor sombra y menor sombra. (Conclusión) La composición de aves es más compleja en aquellas fincas de cacao orgánico que conservan un mayor desarrollo estructural de los árboles de dosel y que están cerca de bosque en regeneración.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a composição das aves associadas às plantações de cacau orgânico (Theobroma cacao) manejadas sob três tipos diferentes de cobertura arbórea. (Metodologia) Distribuímos 3 pontos de contagem em cada fazenda, para registrar todas as aves observadas e ouvidas, em amostragens de 5 minutos. As contagens foram realizadas em triplicata, tanto nas primeiras horas da manhã quanto no final da tarde. A diferença na composição da avifauna entre as fazendas foi analisada com o teste ANOSIM. As abundâncias foram transformadas usando a função de costande o método Hellinger do pacote estatístico R-Vegan. O agrupamento de espécies entre as plantações foi feito usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (nMDS) e o índice de Bray-Curtis. A contribuição das espécies para a dissimilaridade entre os grupos foi analisada com o módulo SIMPER. Consideramos as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 indivíduos, classificados em 49 espécies e 23 famílias. A fazenda onde as plantas de cacau crescem em condições mais sombreadas, devido ao desenvolvimento do dossel, apresentou um número maior de espécies (34) e indivíduos (146). A composição das aves variou significativamente entre as fazendas (F(1,8) = 3,2 apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) n; Paco< 0, mpa 02). A abundância média de 19 espécies (39,6%) ração entre a fazenda mais sombreada e a menos sombreada. (Conclusão) A composição das avesé mais complexa nas fazendas de cacau orgânico que mantêm árvores de dossel mais desenvolvidas estruturalmente e estão próximas à floresta em regeneração.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of birds associated with organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops managed under 3 different types of tree cover. (Methodology) Three census points were established in each farm to record all birds observed and heard in 5-minute sample periods. Counts were conducted in triplicate, both in the early morning and at dusk. Differences in avifauna composition between farms were analyzed using the ANOSIM test. Abundances were transformed using the Decostand function and the Hellinger method in the R-Vegan statistical package. Analysis of clustering of species among plantations was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and the Bray-Curtis index. Contribution of species to the dissimilarity between groups was analyzed with the SIMPER module. Statistically significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05. (Results) Four hundred and twenty-eight individuals were observed, and classified into 49 species and 23 families. The farms where cocoa plants grow in shadier conditions due to canopy development showed a higher number of species (34) and individuals (146). Bird comp P < 0.02). The mean abundance of 19 species osit (39.ion 6%) varied significantly between farms (F (1,8) = 3.22; showed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing the farms with the most and least shade. (Conclusion) Bird composition is more complex on organic cocoa farms, which have more developed canopies and are near regenerating forests.

RESUMO: A qualidade e a produtividade de um vinhedo estão relacionadas com a biomassa do dossel e o vigor foliar, e técnicas de sensoriamento próximo têm sido utilizadas como alternativas aos métodos convencionais para estimar esses parâmetros. O conhecimento do teor de clorofila é fundamental para as avaliações fitossanitárias. No entanto, índices de clorofila também podem ser extraídos de espectros de refletância obtidos para uma ampla gama de aplicações. Nesta perspectiva, foram investigadas as relações entre os índices de clorofila obtidos por medidas diretas e derivados de radiometria de campo, com o objetivo de avaliar a acurácia do teor de clorofila previsto. A investigação foi realizada em plantas da variedade Cabernet Sauvignon, baseando-se em levantamentos diretos de clorofila, espectrorradiometria foliar e na derivação de Índices de Vegetação Hiperespectrais (HVIs), sendo a aquisição de dados realizada em duas fases do ciclo vegetativo. Os resultados das estimativas mostraram que os maiores coeficientes de determinação expressando a correlação entre medições e predições foram obtidas para Chl a e Chl a/Chl b modeladas pelo algoritmo RFR, com valores de R ² tão altos quanto 0,8 e erros quadráticos médios tão baixos quanto 0,093. Com relação aos HVIs, o Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) calculado para a segunda data de aquisição, correspondente às folhas que atingiram a senescência, foi o que produziu o maior percentual de explicações de predição. Em conclusão, sugere-se que este estudo pode trazer uma contribuição significativa para o desenvolvimento de técnicas não invasivas de monitoramento de vinhedos. RESUMO parâmetros fitossanitárias entanto aplicações perspectiva campo previsto Sauvignon baseandose baseando se HVIs , (HVIs) vegetativo aChl RFR 08 0 8 0, 0093 093 0,093 PRI (PRI senescência predição conclusão sugerese sugere vinhedos (HVIs 009 09 0,09 00 0,0

ABSTRACT: Quality and yield of a vineyard are related to canopy biomass and leaf vigor, and proximal techniques have been used as alternatives to conventional methods to estimate these parameters. Knowledge on chlorophyll content is crucial to plant health assessments. However, chlorophyll indices can also be extracted from reflectance spectra obtained for an ample range of applications. In this perspective, relations between chlorophyll indices obtained by direct measurements and derived from field radiometry were investigated, with the aim to assess the accuracy of predicted chlorophyll content. The investigation was performed on Cabernet Sauvignon vines, being based on direct chlorophyll surveys, vine leaf spectroradiometry and the derivation of Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices (HVIs), with data acquisition being performed on two stages of the vegetative cycle. Direct chlorophyll data was compared with predicted indices using two machine learning algorithms: Partial Least-Squares Regression (PLSR) and Random Forest Regressor (RFR), using data from reflectance spectra and derived HVIs. The higher correlations between measurements and predictions were obtained for ChlaandChl a/Chl b modeled by the RFR algorithm, with R 2 values as high as 0.8 and Root Mean Squared Errors as low as 0.093. With respect to HVIs, the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) calculated for the second acquisition date, corresponding to leaves reaching senescence was the one which produced the highest percentage of prediction explanations. This study can bring a significant contribution to the development of non-invasive techniques to vine monitoring. ABSTRACT vigor parameters assessments However applications perspective investigated vines surveys HVIs , (HVIs) cycle algorithms LeastSquares Least Squares PLSR (PLSR RFR, (RFR) aChl Chl algorithm 08 0 8 0. 0093 093 0.093 PRI (PRI date explanations noninvasive non invasive monitoring (HVIs (RFR 009 09 0.09 00 0.0

ABSTRACT: Buckwheat is known for its aptitude as green manure, as it increases soil’s physical and chemical properties at the same time it has none or very few fertilization requirements besides a fast canopy closure and has no ravagers or natural enemies documented in Brazil. This crop has the potential to fill an empty period known as the “Autumn gap” in Southern Brazil, which is characterized by the low or no forage offer at all, justified by the fact its forage has the same quality as that of a grass forage, besides, its grains, highly nutritious, can also be consumed by humans, ruminants, or non-ruminants. This review aims to provide relevant information about recent buckwheat research to make it a viable alternative for the Autumn gap. ABSTRACT manure soils soil s Brazil gap all grains nutritious humans ruminants nonruminants. nonruminants non ruminants. non-ruminants

RESUMO: O trigo mourisco é conhecido por sua aptidão como adubo verde, melhorando as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo ao mesmo tempo que possui nenhuma ou baixíssimas requisições de fertilização, além de rápido fechamento de dossel e de não possuir pragas nem outros inimigos naturais documentados no Brasil. Essa cultura tem o potencial de cultivo para preencher o período de tempo conhecido como “vazio outonal” no Sul do Brasil, período caracterizado pela baixa ou nenhuma oferta de forragem. O valor nutritivo é bom, além de seus grãos, altamente nutritivos, também poderem ser consumidos por humanos, ruminantes e não-ruminantes. Essa revisão visa fornecer informações relevantes da pesquisa sobre o trigo mourisco nos últimos anos objetivando o incentivo a viabilização dessa cultura como alternativa no vazio outonal no sul do Brasil. RESUMO verde fertilização Brasil forragem bom grãos nutritivos humanos nãoruminantes. nãoruminantes ruminantes. não-ruminantes

Abstract Orchidaceae is one of the most numerous families in the world contributing to tropical forests diversity. In this study, we assessed two permanent sampling plots (PSP), in which five 20 x 20 m subplots were chosen: the four corner plots and one in the center; two 10 x 200 m linear transects (one at each study site) were also monitored. The total sampling area was 0,4 ha per PSP, to assess the presence of orchids and their preference for particular tree species as phorophytes. Data from host tree and orchids found were gathered as orchid density per hectare, IVI based on relative frequency and abundance; specific abundance according to phorophyte, bark type, bark thickness and the associativity degree of the species with the specific host plant were all quantified using RStudio software version 4.1.1. The species Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides and Semialarium mexicanum were found as phorophytes with the presence of the following orchid species; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans and Stilifolium ascendens. The species Sacoila lanceolata was found growing on the forest floor, in the phenological flowering stage. Phorophytes with longitudinally fissured bark, greater thickness and little exfoliation, were those with the highest affinity for orchids, which managed to establish in the upper canopy part.

Resumen La familia Orchidaceae es una de las más numerosas en el mundo contribuyendo a la diversidad de los bosques tropicales. En el presente trabajo se realizaron estudios en dos parcelas permanentes de muestreo (PPM), en las cuales se escogieron cinco subparcelas de 20 x 20 m: las cuatro de las esquinas y una al centro; también se monitorearon dos transectos lineales de 10 x 200 m (uno en cada sitio de estudio), para un total de muestreo de 0,4 ha por PPM, con el objetivo de conocer la presencia de orquídeas y su preferencia por algunas especies arbóreas en particular como forófitos. Se registraron los datos del árbol hospedero y de las orquídeas encontradas. Utilizando el software RStudio versión 4.1.1, se cuantifico la densidad de orquídeas por hectárea, el IVI con base en la frecuencia y abundancia relativas; la abundancia específica según el forófito, tipo de corteza, espesor de corteza y el grado de asociatividad de las especies con la planta hospedera específica. Se encontró como forófitos las especies Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides y Semialarium mexicanum con la presencia de las siguientes especies de orquídeas; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans y Stilifolium ascendens. La especie Sacoila lanceolata fue encontrada creciendo en el piso del bosque, en estado fenológico de floración. Los forófitos con corteza fisurada longitudinalmente, de mayor grosor y poca exfoliación, fueron las de mayor afinidad por parte de las orquídeas, donde se lograron establecer en la parte superior de dosel.

Abstract Forests monitoring is an essential task for the understanding and management of forest stands, however, the collection of the necessary information to carry out this task is costly and time-consuming. Given the forestry sector's need to develop new efficient and accurate alternatives for tropical forests monitoring that can complement current methodologies, this study was conducted to characterize the structural attributes of forest systems using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). Five sites with different successional stages of tropical dry forest (TdF) and five forest plantations of different ages and under different management regimes were characterized by extracting the variables of Stand Height, Effective Number of Layers (ENL), Stand Structural Complexity Index (SSCI) and the percentage of Canopy Openness, out of point clouds obtained from TLS. The results suggest that there is no pattern related with the specific successional stages of the TdF evaluated, however, the comparison between the different forest plantations with TdF reflect a strong contrast between the different groups, which represents a potential for further research on the use of this technology in different tropical forest landscapes.

Resumen El monitoreo de los bosques es una labor imprescindible para el entendimiento y manejo de las masas forestales, sin embargo, la recolección de la información necesaria para realizar esta labor es una actividad tardada y costosa. Ante la necesidad del sector forestal de desarrollar nuevas alternativas de monitoreo de bosques tropicales, que sean eficientes, precisas y permitan complementar las metodologías actuales, surge este estudio para caracterizar los atributos estructurales de sistemas boscosos a través del uso del escáner láser terrestre (TLS). Se caracterizaron cinco sitios de diferentes estadios sucesionales de bosque seco tropical (BsT) y cinco plantaciones forestales con diferentes edades y bajo distintos regímenes de manejo, al extraer las variables de Altura de dosel, Efective Number of Layers (ENL), Índice de Complejidad Estructural (SSCI) y porcentaje de Apertura de dosel, por medio de nubes de puntos obtenidas con TLS. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que no existe un patrón de comportamiento normal dependiente de la etapa de sucesión del BsT evaluado, sin embargo, la comparación entre las distintas plantaciones forestales con el BsT refleja un fuerte contraste entre los distintos grupos, lo que representa un potencial para seguir investigando el uso de esta tecnología en distintos paisajes forestales tropicales.

Resumen Para conocer las propiedades hidrológicas de un fragmento de bosque mixto en Durango, se desarrolló un experimento durante el periodo 2017-2020. Se cuantificó la distribución y el flujo de agua de las precipitaciones incidente, directa y escurrimiento fustal para cuantificar las pérdidas por intercepción y las propiedades físicas y químicas del agua. Se evaluaron 77 eventos, con una acumulación de 2 236.1 mm de precipitación. La precipitación directa para Pinus durangensis, P. engelmannii y P. teocote representó 72.4, 71.9 y 70.4 %, respectivamente. La lluvia que atravesó el dosel mostró una relación aceptable en referencia a la precipitación incidente, con valores promedio de 0.83 del Coeficiente de Determinación (R 2 ); el escurrimiento fustal fue de 0.41 para P. durangensis, 0.40 en P. engelmannii y 0.46 % en P. teocote, con un R 2 promedio de 0.47, y una mayor variación. Las pérdidas por intercepción fueron de 27, 28 y 29 %, respectivamente, con un R 2 entre 0.35 para P. teocote y 0.44 para P. engelmannii. El pH del pluviolavado fue de 5.9 para la precipitación incidente, que decreció a 5.0 en relación con la precipitación directa y 4.1 al escurrimiento fustal. La conductividad eléctrica evidenció un cambio químico en la composición del agua, con valores de 32.4 μS cm-1 para la precipitación incidente, 39.0 μS cm-1 en la precipitación directa y 75.0 μS cm-1 en el escurrimiento fustal. Las propiedades hidrológicas de las tres especies de coníferas no presentan variación en función de las diversas vías de redistribución de la lluvia.

Abstract In order to understand the hydrological properties of a fragment of mixed forest in the state of Durango, Mexico, an experiment was carried out during the 2017-2020 period. The distribution and flow of rainwater incident rainfall, direct rainfall and stemflow, were quantified in order to assess the interception losses and the physical and chemical properties of the water. 77 events with an accumulation of 2 236.1 mm of rainfall were evaluated. Direct rainfall in Pinus durangensis, P. engelmannii, and P. teocote amounted to 72.4, 71.9, and 70.4 %, respectively. The rainfall that trickled down through the canopy showed an acceptable relationship with respect to incident rainfall, with average values of 0.83 of the Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ); the stemflow was 0.41 for P. durangensis, 0.40 for P. engelmannii, and 0.46 % for P. teocote, with an average R 2 of 0.47 and a greater variation. The interception losses were 27, 28, and 29 %, respectively, with an R 2 ranging between 0.35, for P. teocote, and 0.44 for P. engelmannii. The pH of throughfall was 5.9 for incident rainfall, 5.0 for the direct rainfall, and 4.1 for stemflow. Electrical conductivity evidenced a chemical change in the water composition, with 32.4 μS cm-1 values for incident rainfall, 39.0 μS cm-1 for direct rainfall and 75.0 μS cm-1 for stemflow. The hydrological properties of the three species of conifers do not exhibit variation in terms of the various pathways of redistribution of rainfall.

Resumen Se estudió la redistribución de la precipitación en dos especies del género Pinus en el ejido Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, con el objetivo de evaluar la precipitación incidente, precipitación directa, escurrimiento fustal, pérdidas por intercepción, valores de pH y conductividad eléctrica para las especies Pinus teocote y Pinus engelmannii. Se evaluaron 26 eventos de lluvia, en una parcela de 2 500 m2, donde se midieron las propiedades hidrológicas durante el periodo de junio a diciembre de 2019. Los resultados indicaron una precipitación incidente de 812.28 mm. La precipitación directa en P. engelmannii y en P. teocote representó 84.93 y 83.15 %, respectivamente, con un promedio de 84 % de la precipitación total. El escurrimiento fustal representó 0.29 % para P. engelmannii y 0.33 % en P. teocote; mientras que las pérdidas por intercepción del dosel vegetal fueron de 16.52 % para P. teocote y 15 % para P. engelmannii. En el pH del pluviolavado, el valor más alto respecto a la precipitación incidente fue 7.0, para el escurrimiento fustal de P. teocote de 4.7 y para P. engelmannii de 5.5; la precipitación directa registró un pH de 5.4 para las dos especies. La conductividad eléctrica mostró una tendencia de aumento conforme recorría las copas y fustes de los árboles; se obtuvo un valor de 29.5 μS cm-1 en la precipitación incidente, 44.4 μS cm-1 en la precipitación directa y el escurrimiento fustal registró valores superiores, con un promedio de 90.2 μS cm-1.

Abstract The redistribution of rainfall was studied in two species of the Pinus genus in the Adolfo Ruiz Cortines ejido, Pueblo Nuevo, state of Durango, with the aim of evaluating incident rainfall, direct rainfall, stemflow, interception losses, pH values, and electrical conductivity for Pinus teocote and Pinus engelmannii. Twenty-six rainfall events were assessed in a 2 500 m2 plot, where hydrological properties were measured from June to December 2019. Results indicated an incident rainfall of 812.28 mm. Direct rainfall in P. engelmannii and P. teocote amounted to 84.93 and 83.15 %, respectively, with an average of 84 % of total rainfall. Stemflow amounted to 0.29 % for P. engelmannii and 0.33 % for P. teocote. Meanwhile, canopy interception losses were 16.52 % for P. teocote and 15 % for P. engelmannii. In the rainfall pH, the highest value compared to the incident rainfall was 7.0, for the stemflow of P. teocote it was 4.7 and for P. engelmannii it was 5.5; direct rainfall recorded 5.4 pH for both species. The electrical conductivity exhibited an increasing trend as it traveled through the tree crowns and stems; a value of 29.5 μS cm-1 was obtained for the incident rainfall, 44.4 μS cm-1 for the direct rainfall, and the stemflow registered higher values, with an average of 90.2 μS cm-1.

RESUMEN La aplicación de fitosanitarios debe garantizar un eficiente control de plagas tratando de evitar pérdidas que afecten la salud humana y el ambiente. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de boquillas hidráulicas tipo cono hueco convencional y aire inducido, y el agregado de un adyuvante (aceite vegetal metilado siliconado AMS), sobre la calidad de aplicación de un fungicida (penetración, distribución y homogeneidad) y las pérdidas por endoderivas en canopeos de trigo y soja. En cada cultivo, el diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado, con cuatro repeticiones y arreglo factorial boquillas x adyuvante. El espectro de gotas se evaluó con tarjetas sensibles al agua y con azul brillante como trazador dentro del caldo de aplicación. En trigo, el AMS no uniformizó la distribución de las gotas generadas por las boquillas de aire inducido, dado que dependió del estrato considerado dentro del cultivo. Asimismo, si bien el AMS redujo la endoderiva, esta fue independiente del tipo de boquilla. La distribución de las gotas en soja dependió del estrato en el cultivo y no del tipo de boquilla ni del agregado de AMS. Además, el AMS y su combinación con el tipo de boquilla no redujeron la endoderiva en este cultivo.

ABSTRACT Spraying of phytosanitary products must ensure efficient pest control while avoiding losses that could damage human health and environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of conventional hollow cone and air-induced hydraulic nozzles, and the addition of an adjuvant (Methylated Seed Oil MSO) upon the application quality of a fungicide (penetration, distribution, and uniformity) and losses due to endodrift on wheat and soybean canopies. In each crop, the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications and a factorial arrangement of nozzles x adjuvant. Droplet spectrum was evaluated by using water-sensitive cards, and brilliant blue as a tracer in the application mixture. According to the results, the MSO did not homogenize the distribution of droplets generated by air-induced nozzles in the wheat canopy, as it depended on the crop height evaluated. In addition, the MSO reduced endodrift independently of the type of nozzle used. The distribution of droplets on the soybean canopy depended on the height and not on the type of nozzle nor the addition of MSO. The MSO and its combination with the nozzle type did not reduce endodrift in this crop.

Abstract Forest pests are one of the primary disturbance factors in the temperate forests of Mexico. Ips confusus attacks Pinus cembroides trees, especially after intense droughts. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of I. confusus on the annual radial growth of a P. cembroides forest in the Carichí municipality, state of Chihuahua, México. Additionally, the influence of climatic variables was determined. Increment cores were extracted from both attacked (AA) and non-attacked P. cembroides trees (ANA). A total of 53 increment cores were dated, spanning from 1776 to 2012 (AA=24 and ANA=29). Starting from 1998, differential basal area growth was observed between AA and ANA. By the time of tree mortality in 2012, a difference of over 100 % was recorded (AA=8.03±1.53 cm2 year⁻¹, and ANA=17.7±1.74 cm2 year⁻¹, p<0.001). However, ANA exhibited greater sensitivity to climatic variables than AA, displaying increased synchrony in recent years. At the canopy level, a correlation was found between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, r=0.51, p<0.05) and ANA, exclusively. Nonetheless, AA demonstrated a high sensitivity to drought conditions, particularly with the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI, r=0.53, p<0.05). This suggests that prior drought conditions (up to 10 years) are linked to reduced growth in P. cembroides, predisposing them to forest pest infestations.

Resumen Las plagas forestales representan una de las principales causas de disturbio en los bosques templados de México. Ips confusus ataca a Pinus cembroides después de intensas sequías. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar tanto el impacto por I. confusus, como del clima en el crecimiento radial de un bosque de P. cembroides en el municipio Carichí, Chihuahua, México. Se obtuvieron núcleos de crecimiento de árboles atacados (AA) y de no atacados (ANA) de la misma especie. Se dataron 53 series dendrocronológicas con una extensión máxima de 1776 a 2012 (AA=24 y ANA=29). A partir de 1998, se observó un crecimiento diferencial en el área basal entre AA y ANA. Al momento de la muerte del arbolado (2012), se registró una diferencia de más de 100 % (AA=8.03±1.53 cm2 año-1, y ANA=17.7±1.74 cm2 año-1, p<0.001). Los ANA mostraron una sensibilidad superior a variables climáticas que los AA, con una mayor sincronía en los últimos años. A nivel dosel, se determinó una correlación con el Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI, r=0.51, p<0.05) exclusivamente para ANA. Sin embargo, los AA fueron más sensibles a condiciones de sequía, con base en el Índice de Severidad de Sequia de Palmer (PDSI, r=0.53, p<0.05). Esto sugiere que condiciones de sequía previas (hasta 10 años) predisponen menor crecimiento radial de P. cembroides y favorece el ataque de plagas.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the impact of both organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the intensity and epidemiological components of Cercospora leaf spot across three different canopies of cotton plants, specifically the variety DP ACALA 90, under field conditions. Fertilizers used in the study included bovine manure, Jatropha curcas seedcake, poultry manure, and urea (the latter serving as a control). These were applied at 20 days after plant emergence and then during the flowering stage until the total nitrogen (N) dose reached 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg N per hectare. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed starting at the reproductive stage B1 (the first visible flower bud) across the lower, middle, and upper canopies of four cotton plants, with six evaluations conducted over time. To calculate the initial inoculum (Y 0 ) and the disease progress rate (r), the Exponential, Gompertz, and Logistic models were employed based on temporal data. The study was designed as a randomized complete block with a 4x4 factorial arrangement (fertilizer type x dose), and mean comparisons were made using Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). It was found that disease intensity within each canopy level varied in response to the type of nitrogen source and the applied dose, with the severity of the disease (including the area under the disease progress curve) being particularly influenced. A significant interaction between the type of fertilizer and the dose regarding the intensity of Cercospora leaf spot was observed. The Exponential model most accurately depicted the disease's temporal progression. Notably, poultry manure and urea were the fertilizers that most adversely influenced the intensity and initial inoculum (Y 0 ) of Cercospora leaf spot across the various canopies of the cotton plants. The findings suggest that the use of organic fertilizers in cotton cultivation could represent a viable sustainable management strategy.

Resumen El ecotono es de gran importancia dado los servicios ambientales que prestan tanto al ambiente como al ser humano. El objetivo fue conocer la estructura y la composición florística en una zona de contacto entre dos tipos de matorrales y conocer además el potencial que tiene como sumidero de carbono. Se determinaron los índices de valor de importancia, distribución vertical de especies, Margalef, Shannon y la diversidad verdadera de Shannon. Además de la biomasa, área total y la concentración de carbono. Se registraron 11 especies de plantas vasculares, la familia mejor representada fue Fabaceae. La especie Cordia boisieri tuvo el mayor índice de valor de importancia. La diversidad de la comunidad vegetal fue baja. El área total de copa fue de 4 276.03 m2 ha-1, con tres estratos de altura. El carbono almacenado fue de 2.82 Mg ha-1, mientras que la biomasa aérea total fue de 567.15 kg ha-1.

Abstract The ecotone is of great importance given the environmental services they provide both to the environment and to human wellbeing. The objective was to know the structure and floristic composition of a contact zone between two types of bushes and also to know the potential it has as a carbon sink. Importance value indices, vertical species distribution, Margalef, Shannon, and true Shannon diversity, as well as biomass, total area, and carbon concentration were determined. Eleven species of vascular plants were recorded, the best represented family was Fabaceae and Cordia boisieri was the species with the highest importance value index. The diversity of the plant community is low according to the Shannon index. The total canopy area was 4 276.03 m2 ha-1, while the vertical index of species defined three height strata. The stored carbon is 2.82 Mg ha-1, while the total aerial biomass was 5 667.15 kg ha-1.

ABSTRACT The application of leaf area index (LAI) in coffee crop management depends on the availability of methodologies for proper estimation. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the visual assessment of LAI in coffee fields and to establish a protocol for training, evaluation, and feedback for evaluators. Four rounds of LAI measurements were conducted using visual estimates, two instruments (LAI 2200-C and AccuPAR LP-80), and defoliation of coffee hedgerows in Poás, Costa Rica. In each round, five workers visually estimated the LAI values on two occasions separated by 15 days, and feedback reinforcement was provided to each worker at the end of each round. Visual assessments showed high repeatability and reproducibility and the estimates were adjusted to the linear regression model in most cases. Evaluators improved their capacity to visually assess the LAI throughout the rounds, as the value of R2increased consistently for most workers, with values as high as 0.87. Instrumentation evaluation of LAI produced R2values of 0.5-0.6, with significant underestimation bias. The performance of the different methods is discussed in the context of widely spaced hedgerows. The proposed visual methodology constitutes a statistically sound, rapid, simple, and reliable method for determining the LAI of coffee fields to aid in decision-making for crop management. estimation training evaluators 2200C C 2200 LP80, LP80 LP 80 , LP-80) Poás Rica round 1 days cases Rincreased R increased 087 0 87 0.87 Rvalues 0.50.6, 0506 0.5 0.6, 5 6 0.5-0.6 bias sound rapid simple decisionmaking decision making 220 LP8 8 LP-80 08 0.8 50 0.50.6 050 05 0. 06 0.6 0.5-0. 22 LP-8 0.50. 0.5-0 2 LP- 0.50 0.5-

RESUMO A aplicação do índice de área foliar (IAF) na gestão da cultura do cafeeiro depende da disponibilidade de metodologias para sua estimativa correta. É proposta aqui uma metodologia para a avaliação visual do IAF em plantas de café, por tanto se estabelece um protocolo para o treinamento dos avaliadores. Foram feitas quatro rodadas de medições do IAF utilizando estimativas visuais, dois instrumentos (LAI 2200-C e AccuPAR LP-80), e desfolhações de sebes de café na Costa Rica. A cada rodada, cinco trabalhadores estimaram visualmente os valores do IAF em duas ocasiões e separados por 15 dias. Ao final de cada rodada, foi dada uma retroalimentação a cada trabalhador. A avaliação visual mostrou alta repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade, e as estimativas foram ajustadas para o modelo de regressão linear na maioria dos casos. Os avaliadores melhoraram sua capacidade de avaliar visualmente o IAF ao longo das rodadas, e o valor de R2 aumentou consistentemente para a maioria dos trabalhadores, com valores tão altos quanto 0,87. A avaliação do IAF por instrumentos produziu valores de R2 de 0,5-0,6, com significativa tendência de subestimação, e não se ajustou ao modelo de regressão linear. O desempenho dos diferentes métodos é discutido no contexto de coberturas com amplo espaço. A metodologia visual proposta constitui uma determinação sólida, rápida, simples e confiável do IAF na lavoura do café e considera-se uma ajuda na tomada de decisões para a gestão da safra. (IAF correta visuais LAI 2200C C 2200 LP80, LP80 LP 80 , LP-80) Rica rodada 1 dias trabalhador reprodutibilidade casos R 087 0 87 0,87 0,50,6, 0506 0,5 0,6, 5 6 0,5-0,6 subestimação espaço sólida rápida considerase considera safra 220 LP8 8 LP-80 08 0,8 50 0,50,6 050 05 0, 06 0,6 0,5-0, 22 LP-8 0,50, 0,5-0 2 LP- 0,50 0,5-

Abstract Mature, leafy trees are characterized by their large size and longevity. They provide many ecosystem services and sometimes are part of the cultural and historical heritage of cities. The objective of this research was to analyze the economic, social, and ecological value of mature, leafy trees in the city of Durango, Mexico. Through satellite images and field inventories, 83 trees were identified with the characteristics of size and longevity. Diameter at breast height, height, diameter and crown condition were measured, as well as temperature and solar radiation. A survey was administered to residents and park visitors to learn about their perceptions of the importance of these trees. The inventory data were analyzed in the i-Tree Eco v6 platform to determine the quantity and economic value of the ecosystem services. Mature, leafy trees in this city store about 1.3 CO2 tons per year, intercept 375 kg of particles smaller than 10 µm, and their substitution value was estimated at MXN $23.6 million. From data taken under and outside the canopy, a difference between 400 and 1 200 Wm2 of intercepted solar radiation and between 6 and 20 °C of temperature was calculated. Derived from the factor analysis, the questionnaires revealed three latent variables, in this order: "disservices", "benefits" and "existential values". No significant differences in the factor scores were found among these variables. This information will allow city managers to define plans for the management and conservation of these type of trees.

Resumen Los árboles frondosos se caracterizan por su gran tamaño y longevidad, la cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos que proveen y, en ocasiones, destacan por su contribución al acervo cultural e histórico de las ciudades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el valor económico, social y ecológico que representan los árboles frondosos en la ciudad de Durango, México. A través de imágenes satelitales e inventarios de campo, se identificaron 83 árboles frondosos. Se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho, altura, diámetro y estado de la copa, además de la temperatura y la radiación solar. Se aplicó una encuesta para conocer las percepciones sociales de la importancia de estos individuos. Los datos del inventario se analizaron en la plataforma i-Tree Eco v6 para determinar la cantidad y valor económico de los servicios ecosistémicos. Los árboles frondosos de esta ciudad secuestran alrededor de 1.3 t de CO2 por año, interceptan alrededor de 375 kg de partículas menores a 10 µm y su valor de sustitución se estimó en MXN $23.6 millones. A partir de datos tomados bajo y fuera del dosel, se calculó una diferencia de entre 400 y 1 200 Wm2 de radiación solar interceptada y de 6 a 20 °C de temperatura. Derivado del análisis factorial, las encuestas revelaron tres variables latentes: “perjuicios”, “beneficios” y “valores existenciales”. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones factoriales de las variables. La información generada permitirá definir planes para el manejo y conservación de este tipo de ejemplares.

We measured the tree transpiration of 9-year-old, Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clonal hybrid (GU) trees in the commercial forestry area of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Transpiration was measured using the heat ratio method over two consecutive hydrological years (2019/20 and 2020/21) and up-scaled to a stand level. Leaf area index (LAI), quadratic mean diameter, and soil water content (SWC) were measured over the same period using an LAI 2200 plant canopy analyser, manual dendrometers and CS616 sensors, respectively. The depth to groundwater was estimated to be approx. 28 m, using a borehole next to our study site. Results showed that transpiration followed a seasonal pattern, with daily mean of 2.3 mm-tree-1-day-1 (range: 0.18 to 4.55 mm-tree-1-day-1) and 3.3 mm-tree-1-day-1 (range: 0.06 to 6.6 mm-tree-1-day-1) for 2019/20 and 2020/21, respectively. Annual GU transpiration was higher than that found by international studies under similar conditions, but was within the same transpiration range as Eucalyptus genotypes in the KwaMbonambi area. Plantation water productivity, calculated as a ratio of stand volume to transpiration, was higher than for other published studies, which was attributed to a very high productive potential of the study site. Multiple regression using the random forests predictive model indicated that solar radiation, SWC and air temperature highly influence transpiration. There is a high possibility that our GU tree rooting system extracted water in the unsaturated zone during the dry season. Due to the use of short-term results in this study, the impact of GU on water resources could not be quantified; however, previous long-term paired catchment studies in South Africa concluded that Eucalyptus has a negative impact on water resources. Further research is suggested with long-term measurements of transpiration and total evaporation and an isotope study to confirm the use of water by GU trees in the unsaturated zone.

Resumen La arveja (Pisum sativum L.) es una leguminosa simbiótica del invierno que establece asociación con Rhizobium leguminosarum sv viciae. Los objetivos de trabajo fueron evaluar cepas de R. leguminosarum por infectividad y crecimiento temprano, aporte de BNF, producción de biomasa y rendimiento. Setenta y ocho cepas y cuatro cultivares se evaluaron en cámara de crecimiento, cinco cepas y tres cultivares en invernadero, mientras que tres cepas y dos cultivares en experimento de campo. Solo el 44-55% de las cepas fueron infectivas en los cultivares. En invernadero, las cepas D70 y D156 mostraron los mejores valores de nodulación y los mayores contenidos de N en biomasa y rendimiento. En campo, D156 y D70 mostraron comportamientos similares que en invernadero, mientras que D191 tuvo más nódulos por planta, mayor biomasa aérea y mayor rendimiento. La cepa D70 mantuvo su comportamiento de nodulación, contenido de N en biomasa y rendimiento en cámara de crecimiento, invernadero y campo; mientras que D156 tuvo igual o mejor comportamiento que D70 en invernadero y campo. Por lo tanto, D156 podría ser una buena candidata para formular inoculantes bacterianos con esta cepa o para formular consorcios microbianos.

Abstract Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a winter symbiotic legume that associates with Rhizobium leguminosarum sv viciae. This work aimed to evaluate strains of R. leguminosarum for their infective ability and early-plant growth, BNF contribution, biomass and grain yield. Seventy-eight specific strains and four pea cultivars were evaluated in a growth chamber, five strains and three cultivars were evaluated in a greenhouse, and three strains and two cultivars were evaluated in a field experiment. Only 44-55% of all evaluated strains were infective in the four cultivars. In the greenhouse, D70 and D156 strains showed the best nodulation variables as well as higher N content and yield. The field experiment showed D156 and D70 yielded a similar behavior for N content in canopy biomass and individual nodule biomass, whereas D191 had a higher nodule number per plant, aerial biomass and grain yields. D70 provided good nodulation, N content in biomass, and yield in the growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments, whereas D156 had a like or superior behavior in the greenhouse and field experiments. Therefore, D156 could constitute a good candidate for bacterial single-strain inoculants, as well as for formulating microbial consortia.