Abstract: Psychomotricity in Uruguay has diversified the theoretical paradigms that support it and at the therapeutic level it assumes an interdisciplinary perspective, considering sensorimotor, psychoaffective and relational aspects of people. The aim of this study is to understand the current professional profile of those who work in therapeutic psychomotricity with children in Uruguay, their work settings and the reasons that originate the referral. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. 145 psychomotor therapists who performed child psychomotor therapy in 2020 and/or 2021 were surveyed by self-report. The variables were socio-occupational profile, work setting and reasons for referral. Within the sample, 97.9 % are women, 46.2 % of which completed postgraduate studies. They see an average of 23 patients per week, mostly school boys. The most frequent reasons for referral are Autism Spectrum Disorder (71.9 %) and graphomotor difficulties (59 %), with psychomotor inhibition being the least frequent (0.7 %). The classic classification and description of psychomotor disorders does not correspond to the main reasons for referral, which are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. There is a gap between what psychomotor therapists learn in their degree, the current profile of patients they see and the demands of the work field. Future studies need to review the frameworks and update the classification of psychomotor disorders.

Resumo: A psicomotricidade tem diversificado os paradigmas teóricos que a sustentam e, a nível terapêutico, adota no Uruguai uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, considerando aspectos sensório-motores, psicoafetivos e relacionais das pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer o perfil profissional de quem atua em clínicas psicomotoras no Uruguai, seus enquadramentos de trabalho e os motivos que originam os encaminhamentos. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal. Foram entrevistados por meio de autorrelato 145 psicomotricistas que realizaram terapia psicomotora infantil em 2020 e/ou 2021. As variáveis foram: perfil sócio-ocupacional, enquadramento de trabalho e motivos de encaminhamento. 97,9 % são mulheres, 46,2 % realizaram estudos de pós-graduação. Eles atendem semanalmente, em média, 23 pacientes, a maioria do sexo masculino e em idade escolar. Os motivos de encaminhamento mais frequentes são o TEA (71,9 %) e dificuldades grafomotoras (59 %), sendo o menos frequente a inibição psicomotora (0,7%). A classificação e descrição clássica de transtornos psicomotores não corresponde aos principais motivos de encaminhamento, que estão mais associados a transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento. Evidencia-se uma lacuna entre o que os psicomotricistas aprendem na graduação, o perfil atual dos pacientes e as exigências do campo de trabalho. É necessário em estudos futuros revisar os enquadramentos e atualizar a classificação dos transtornos psicomotores.

Resumen: La psicomotricidad ha diversificado los paradigmas teóricos que la sustentan y a nivel terapéutico asume en Uruguay una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, que considera aspectos sensoriomotores, psicoafectivos y vinculares de las personas. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el actual perfil profesional de quienes se desempañan en clínica psicomotriz en Uruguay, sus encuadres de trabajo y los motivos que originan la derivación. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal. Se encuestó mediante autorreporte a 145 psicomotricistas que realizaron terapia psicomotriz infantil entre 2020 y 2021. Las variables fueron perfil sociolaboral, encuadre de trabajo y motivos de derivación. El 97.9 % son mujeres, 46.2 % realizaron estudios de posgrado. Atienden semanalmente 23 pacientes en promedio, mayoritariamente varones escolares. Los motivos de derivación más frecuentes son el TEA (71.9 %) y dificultades grafomotrices (59 %), siendo el menos frecuente la inhibición psicomotriz (0.7 %). La clasificación y descripción clásica de trastornos psicomotores no se corresponde con los principales motivos de derivación, que se asocian a trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Se evidencia una brecha entre lo que los psicomotricistas aprenden en el grado, el perfil actual de pacientes y las exigencias del campo laboral. Es necesario en futuros estudios revisar los encuadres y actualizar la clasificación de los trastornos psicomotores.

Resumen Introducción. En Ecuador el cultivo de fresa tiene una relevancia tanto económica como social y ha presentado un crecimiento significativo en los últimos años. Sin embargo, es susceptible a diferentes tipos de plagas y patógenos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Bacillus megaterium en el cultivo de fresa en variables relacionadas con la sanidad y el rendimiento agronómico. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo de campo se llevó a cabo en una plantación de fresa de la variedad Albion, de cuatro meses de edad desde la primera cosecha, en la provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. Se utilizaron las cepas IB6 y AB4 de Bacillus megaterium a concentraciones de 1 × 109 y 5 × 108 UFC/L, comparadas con un testigo químico de captan (3 g/L) y clorotalonil (2 mL/L) como fungicidas, y abamectina (0,75 mL/L) y lambdacialotrina (0,3 mL/L) como insecticidas en rotación. Se empleó un diseño de parcela dividida con evaluaciones en dos tiempos, entre abril y junio de 2023; se evaluó la incidencia y el índice de severidad de Botrytis cinerea, peso fresco, rendimiento, diámetros y grados Brix de frutos. Resultados. No hubo interacción entre los factores tratamientos y tiempo; los tiempos evaluados no mostraron diferencia estadística. El factor de tratamientos presentó diferencia estadística para variables de sanidad e interés agronómico. La incidencia de B. cinerea en tratamientos biológicos fue la menor, con 13 % en promedio. El control de ácaros fue superior a 72,71 % con la cepa IB6 a una concentración alta; este mismo tratamiento evidenció incrementos significativos en el peso fresco de frutos (13,2 %), los diámetros (14 %) y la concentración de sólidos solubles (23 %), superiores al testigo. Conclusión. El uso de Bacillus megaterium redujo la incidencia de Botrytis cinerea, fue efectivo contra ácaros y trips, y mejoró las variables de peso fresco, diámetros y grados Brix de frutos.

Abstract Introduction. In Ecuador, strawberry cultivation holds significant economic and social importance, having witnessed substantial growth in recent years. However, this sector faces challenges from various pests and diseases. Objective. To evaluate the effect of Bacillus megaterium on strawberry crop variables related to plant health and agronomic yield. Materials and methods. Field trial was conducted on an Albion strawberry plantation, four months after the first harvest, in Pichincha province, Ecuador. IB6 and AB4 strains of Bacillus megaterium were used at concentrations of 1 × 109 and 5 × 108 CFU/L. These were compared with a chemical control using captan (3 g/L) and chlorothalonil (2 mL/L) as fungicides, and abamectin (0.75 mL/L) and lambdacyhalothrin (0.3 mL/L) as insecticides in rotation. A split-plot design was applied with evaluations conducted at two intervals between April and June 2023. Variables measured included Botrytis cinerea incidence and severity index, fresh weight, yield, diameters, and Brix degrees of fruits. Results. There was no interaction between the treatment and time factors; the evaluated times showed no statistical differences. The treatment factor showed statistical differences for health and agronomic interest variables. The incidence of B. cinerea in the biological treatments was the lowest, with an average of 13 %. Mite control was greater than 72.71 % with the IB6 strain at a high concentration. This same treatment showed significant increases in the fresh weight of fruits (13.2 %), diameters (14 %), and soluble solids concentration (23 %), higher than the control. Conclusion. The use of Bacillus megaterium reduced the incidence of Botrytis cinerea, provided effective control against mites and thrips, and improved fresh weight, diameters and Brix degrees of fruits.

Resumen Introducción. El girasol silvestre o polocote (Helianthus annuus L.) es la principal maleza anual en el cultivo de sorgo y maíz en el norte de Tamaulipas, México. Existe escasa información sobre esta especie para realizar bioensayos con herbicidas. Objetivo. Establecer una metodología para la obtención de plántulas de polocote para bioensayos con herbicidas, desde la semilla hasta la multiplicación en vivero. Materiales y métodos. La semilla de polocote se recolectó en enero del año 2023, en el Campo Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), en Río Bravo, Tamaulipas. Después, se ejecutó la prueba de germinación inicial sobre papel filtro y viabilidad con tetrazolio. Se comprobó latencia por baja germinación (12 %) y alta viabilidad (86 %). Se usaron doce tratamientos para romper la latencia, mediante etanol (70 %) y agua (75, 25). Como control se utilizó solamente agua. Los tratamientos se aplicaron a temperaturas de 5 °C y 20 °C, sobre papel filtro, algodón y peat moss, en cajas Petri durante siete días. Posteriormente, se mantuvieron a una temperatura de ±25 °C. Con los resultados anteriores, se estableció la fase de vivero con cuatro esquemas con trasplante de semilla pregerminada y dos con siembra directa. Resultados. El mejor tratamiento para romper latencia fue inmersión en agua a 5 °C por siete días sobre algodón, con una germinación del 73 %. Los mejores métodos para obtener plantas fueron charolas con plántulas y trasplante en macetas negras con 75 % y 50 % de supervivencia, respectivamente. La sombra inhibió el crecimiento de las plantas. La siembra directa, con o sin prehidratación de la semilla, fue desfavorable para la germinación y emergencia. Conclusión. La obtención de plántulas de girasol silvestre fue superior cuando la semilla se sometió a pretratamiento hídrico y trasplante posterior a charolas o a bolsas.

Abstract Introduction. The wild sunflower or polocote (Helianthus annuus L.) is the main annual weed in the cultivation of sorghum and corn in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. To date, there is little information about this species to carry out bioassays with herbicides. Objective. Establish a methodology for obtaining polocote seedlings for bioassays with herbicides, from seed to multiplication in the nursery. Materials and methods. The polocote seed was collected in January 2023, within the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP) Experimental Field, in Río Bravo, Tamaulipas. Afterwards, the initial germination test was carried out on filter paper and viability with tetrazolium. Latency was confirmed due to low germination (12 %) and high viability (86 %). Twelve treatments were used to break dormancy using ethanol (70 %) and water (75, 25). As a control only water were used. The treatments were applied at temperatures of 5 °C and 20 °C, on filter paper, cotton, and peat moss in Petri dishes for seven days. Subsequently, they were kept at a temperature of ±25 °C. With the previous results, the nursery phase was established with four schemes with pre-germinated seed transplantation and two with direct sowing. Results. The best treatment to break dormancy was immersion in water at 5 °C for seven days on cotton, with 73 % germination. The best methods to obtain plants were trays with seedlings and transplanting into black open-air pots, with 75 % and 50 % survival, respectively. Shade inhibited plant growth. Direct sowing, with or without seed prehydration, was unfavorable for germination and emergence. Conclusion. Obtaining wild sunflower seedlings was higher when the seed was subjected to water pre-treatment and subsequent transplanting into trays or open-air bags.

Resumen: Desde un principio hedonista, el leer puede generar placer en el lector dependiendo de la postura que adopte frente al texto. En el ámbito de la educación, la enseñanza de la Literatura debe estar direccionada a desarrollar las posturas estética y eferente en todos los niveles de escolarización. Por ello, en el presente estudio se pretendió implementar una propuesta pedagógica en base a metodologías activas para fomentar la lectura por obras literarias en las personas estudiantes de primer y segundo año de bachillerato del colegio Gabriel Arsenio Ullauri durante el periodo lectivo 2022 - 2023. El enfoque de investigación fue mixto y los métodos utilizados: inductivo - deductivo, analítico - sintético e hipotético - demostrativo. Con la aplicación de las sesiones de plan lector, se constató que la apreciación de los educandos sobre las actividades de lectura en la asignatura de Lengua y Literatura cambiaron de algo interesantes a muy interesantes, siendo la máxima calificación. Además, la acción de relacionar las experiencias con los textos leídos adquirió relevancia durante la práctica en el aula. Esta variación se sustenta con el grado de acuerdo que el personal docente mantuvo en los dos procesos diagnóstico respecto a la incorporación de nuevas metodologías para la promoción lectora. Por último, para futuros estudios bajo esta misma línea investigativa se recomienda considerar a toda la población estudiantil del nivel de bachillerato con el fin de obtener resultados de la muestra poblacional ausente en este artículo.

Resumo: A partir de um princípio hedonista, a leitura pode gerar prazer no leitor dependendo da postura que ele adota diante do texto. No campo da educação, o ensino de Literatura deve ter como objetivo o desenvolvimento de posturas estéticas e eferentes em todos os níveis de escolaridade. Portanto, no presente estudo, objetivou-se implementar uma proposta pedagógica baseada em metodologias ativas para promover a leitura de obras literárias em pessoas estudantes do primeiro e segundo anos de ensino médio do colégio Gabriel Arsenio Ullauri durante o período letivo 2022-2023. O enfoque de investigação foi misto e os métodos utilizados: indutivo - dedutivo, analítico - sintético e hipotético - demonstrativo. Com a aplicação das sessões do plano de leitura, constatou-se que a apreciação dos alunos sobre as atividades de leitura na matéria de Língua e Literatura passou de algo interessante para muito interessante, com a classificação mais elevada. Além disso, a ação de relacionar experiências com os textos lidos tornou-se relevante durante a prática na aula. Esta variação é suportada pelo grau de concordância que o corpo docente manteve nos dois processos de diagnóstico a respeito da incorporação de novas metodologias de promoção da leitura. Por fim, para estudos futuros nesta mesma linha investigativa, recomenda- se considerar toda a população estudantil no nível do ensino médio para obter resultados da amostra populacional ausente neste artigo.

Abstract: From a hedonistic perspective, reading can bring pleasure to the reader, depending on the attitude he or she adopts toward the text. In the field of education, the teaching of literature should be oriented to the development of aesthetic and reflective attitudes at all educational levels. Therefore, this study aims to implement a pedagogical proposal based on active methodologies to encourage the reading of literary works in first and second year high school students of the Gabriel Arsenio Ullauri School during the school year 2022-2023. The research approach was mixed and the methods used were inductive-deductive, analytical-synthetic and hypothetical-deductive. After the application of the reading plan sessions, it was found that the students’ evaluation of the reading activities in Language and Literature changed from somewhat interesting to very interesting, with the highest rating. In addition, the relationship between the experiences and the texts read gained relevance during the classroom practice. This change is supported by the degree of agreement that the teachers maintained in the two diagnostic processes regarding the incorporation of new methodologies to promote reading. Finally, for future studies in the same line of research, it is recommended to consider the entire population of high school students in order to obtain results from the population sample absent in this article.

Abstract The relationship between the State and society in Venezuela has undergone significant transformations from the rise of Chavismo to the post-Chavismo era. This article analyzes the interactions between collective actors and the hegemonic state project across three periods: 1999-2006, 2006-2015, and 2015-2022. It explores the shifts from the incorporation of popular demands and the promotion of participatory mechanisms to the weakening of ties with organized sectors due to the crisis of the development model. Although the ruling bloc has lost legitimacy and faces structural limitations, some organizations have developed effective strategies to maintain their capacity for action and influence over the State through three pathways: autonomous, itinerant, and strategic. Understanding these dynamics requires a relational perspective considering both formal and informal mechanisms, as well as the social foundations that shape Venezuela's socio-state field.

Resumen La relación entre el Estado y la sociedad en Venezuela ha experimentado importantes transformaciones desde el ascenso del chavismo hasta la era postchavista. Este artículo analiza las interacciones entre actores colectivos y el proyecto hegemónico estatal a lo largo de tres periodos: 1999-2006, 2006-2015 y 2015-2022. Se exploran los cambios desde la incorporación de demandas populares y la promoción de mecanismos participativos, hasta el debilitamiento de los vínculos con sectores organizados debido a la crisis del modelo de desarrollo. Aunque el bloque de poder ha perdido legitimidad y se enfrenta a limitaciones estructurales, algunas organizaciones han desarrollado estrategias efectivas para mantener su capacidad de acción e influencia en el Estado por medio de tres vías: autonomista, itinerante y estratégica. Comprender estas dinámicas requiere una perspectiva relacional que considere tanto los aspectos formales como los mecanismos informales y las bases sociales que configuran el campo socioestatal venezolano.

Abstract This study investigates secondary education and curricular justice amidst counter-educational reforms aligned with neoliberal ideals in Brazil, highlighting the imperatives of teacher resistance against political implications at macro and micro levels. Focusing on two critical incidents situated at the Federal Institute of Ceará (IFCE) and the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS). The research employs self-study methodology and the critical incident analysis technique to examine intersections between educational policy and Physical Education within the federal education system. The qualitative approach, grounded in the epistemology of praxis, involved eight Physical Education teachers in reflexive and dialogical processes. These educators shared (inter)subjective and (self-)critical experiences regarding the relationship between secondary education and curricular justice, revealing a pedagogical practice that challenges the prevailing technical rationality. The study underscores how collaborative movements foster active political vigilance, shaping conscious and engaged bodies capable of transforming an often oppressive educational system. Through the exchange of experiences, the teacher-researchers developed strategies to navigate the contradictions of the educational system, building a transformative praxis that values diversity and curricular justice. This articulation between life and teaching work emerges as a space for resistance and pedagogical innovation, reaffirming Physical Education as a critical and socially committed field.

Resumen Este estudio investiga la educación secundaria y la justicia curricular en tiempos de contrarreformas educativas alineadas con los ideales neoliberales en Brasil, destacando los imperativos de la lucha docente frente a las implicaciones políticas a niveles macro y micro. Centrándose en dos incidentes críticos, ubicados en el Instituto Federal de Ceará (IFCE) y en el Instituto Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), la investigación utiliza la metodología de autoestudio y la técnica de análisis de incidentes críticos para examinar las intersecciones entre educación política y Educación Física en la red educativa federal. El enfoque cualitativo, basado en la epistemología de la praxis, involucró a ocho docentes de Educación Física en procesos reflexivos y dialógicos. Estos educadores compartieron experiencias (inter)subjetivas y (auto)críticas sobre la relación entre educación secundaria y justicia curricular, revelando una práctica pedagógica que desafía la racionalidad técnica predominante. El estudio destaca cómo los movimientos colaborativos promueven la vigilancia política activa, formando cuerpos conscientes comprometidos en la transformación de un sistema educativo a menudo opresivo. A través del intercambio de experiencias, docentes-investigadores desarrollaron estrategias para enfrentar las contradicciones del sistema educativo, construyendo una praxis transformadora que valora la diversidad y la justicia curricular. Esta articulación entre vida y quehacer docente emerge como un espacio de resistencia e innovación pedagógica, reafirmando la Educación Física como un campo crítico y socialmente comprometido.

Abstract The aim of this text is to present an educational proposal that challenges the way adolescents in school think, and, consequently, how they relate to uncertainty, change, and otherness. To this end, the text starts from the formulation of a "method" -a key term in this work- based on the philosophies of the Frankfurt School and Edgar Morin, which can address the multidimensionality and multireferentiality of reality: dialectical and complex thinking. It is believed that only such a way of thinking, one that turns the individual into a strategist, will produce citizens capable of taking responsibility for their democracies. The connection between education and politics is clarified, with the first positioned as the foundation and engine of the latter. The educational proposal for forming complex citizens is then described, which is based on the recovery of a profound culture capable of deepening adolescents’ thinking and distancing them from simplistic and totalizing discourses. Finally, it is concluded that the only way to avoid new barbarities, such as Auschwitz -both as an extermination camp and, more importantly, as a metaphor for the place knowledge can lead without an educated thought to guide it- is to promote an education for complexity, understanding, and freedom.

Resumen El presente texto tiene por objetivo plantear una propuesta educativa que complejice la manera de pensar de los adolescentes escolarizados y, por lo tanto, su manera de convivir con la incertidumbre, el devenir y la otredad. Con miras a ello, se parte de la formulación de un “método” -palabra clave en este trabajo- basado en las filosofías de la Escuela de Frankfurt y Edgar Morin, que sea capaz de hacerse cargo de la multidimensionalidad y multirreferencialidad de la realidad: el pensar dialéctico y complejo. Se considera que solo un pensar de estas características, un pensar que convierte al sujeto en estratega, construirá ciudadanos capaces de hacerse cargo de sus democracias. Se procura esclarecer la conexión entre educación y política para poner la primera como base y motor de la segunda. A continuación, se describe la propuesta educativa para formar ciudadanos complejos, la cual se basa en la recuperación de una cultura profunda capaz de complejizar el pensar de los adolescentes y alejarlos de discursos simplistas y totalizadores. Finalmente, se concluye que la única manera de evitar nuevas barbaries como la de Auschwitz -como campo de exterminio, pero, sobre todo, como metáfora del lugar al que se puede llevar el conocimiento sin un pensamiento educado que lo guíe- es promover una educación para la complejidad, la comprensión y la libertad.

Abstract The early detection of diabetic retinopathy remains a critical challenge in medical diagnostics, with deep learning techniques in artificial intelligence offering promising solutions for identifying pathological patterns in retinal images. This study evaluates and compares the performance of three convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures ResNet-18, ResNet-50, and a custom, non-pretrained CNN using a dataset of retinal images classified into five categories. The findings reveal significant differences in the models’ ability to learn and generalize. The non-pretrained CNN consistently outperformed the pretrained ResNet-18 and ResNet-50 models, achieving an accuracy of 91 % and demonstrating notable classification stability. In contrast, ResNet-18 suffered severe performance degradation, with accuracy dropping from 70 % to 26 %, while ResNet-50 required extensive tuning to improve its outcomes. The non-pretrained CNN excelled in handling class imbalances and capturing complex diagnostic patterns, emphasizing the potential of tailored architectures for medical imaging tasks. These results underscore the importance of designing domain-specific architectures, demonstrating that model complexity does not necessarily guarantee better performance. Particularly in scenarios with limited datasets, well-designed custom models can surpass pre-trained architectures in diagnostic imaging applications.

Resumen La detección temprana de la retinopatía diabética representa un desafío crítico en el diagnóstico médico, donde el aprendizaje profundo dentro del campo de la inteligencia artificial emerge como una herramienta prometedora para optimizar la identificación de patrones patológicos en imágenes retinales. Este estudio evaluó comparativamente tres arquitecturas de redes neuronales convolucionales ResNet-18, ResNet-50 y una CNN personalizada o no-preentrenada para clasificar imágenes de retinopatía diabética en un conjunto de datos de imágenes agrupadas en cinco categorías, revelando diferencias significativas en su capacidad para aprender y generalizar. Los resultados demostraron que la arquitectura de red neuronal convolucional no-preentrenada superó consistentemente a los modelos preentrenados basados en ResNet-18 y ResNet-50, alcanzando una precisión del 91 % y una notable estabilidad en la clasificación. Mientras ResNet-18 mostró limitaciones severas, degradándose de un 70 % a un 26 % de precisión, y ResNet-50 requirió ajustes para mejorar su rendimiento, la CNN no preentrenada exhibió una capacidad sobresaliente para manejar el desbalance de clases y capturar patrones diagnósticos complejos. El estudio subraya la importancia de diseñar arquitecturas específicamente adaptadas a problemas médicos, destacando que la complejidad no garantiza necesariamente un mejor desempeño, y que un diseño cuidadoso puede superar modelos preentrenados en tareas de diagnóstico por imagen cuando la cantidad de datos con que se cuenta es limitada.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the behavior of Mach number and pressure field flow patterns in off-design planar and conical nozzles with a divergent half-angle of 10.85°. Numerical simulations of the flow field were conducted using the ANSYS-Fluent R16.2 software, employing the RANS model and the SAS turbulence model under transient flow conditions. The nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) ranged from 1.97 to 8.91. The results reveal differences in flow patterns, including Mach number and static pressure, between the two nozzle types. Notably, normal shock fronts exhibited varying positions for the same NPR values. The maximum peak flow fluctuation along the centerline of the conical nozzle’s divergent section reached Mach 2.844, compared to Mach 2.011 in the planar nozzle, indicating lower flow velocity in the latter. At the nozzle outlet, the flow velocity of the conical nozzle was Mach 2.535, representing a 27.32% increase compared to the planar nozzle, which achieved Mach 1.991. Additionally, the throat area significantly influenced mass flow transit, with the planar nozzle having a larger throat area than the conical nozzle. These findings provide insights into the impact of nozzle geometry on flow characteristics under off-design conditions.

Resumen En el presente trabajo, el objetivo es determinar el comportamiento de los patrones de flujo del campo de número de Mach y de presión para toberas planas y cónicas fuera de diseño, para el semiángulo de la divergente de 10,85°. Se empleó el código ANSYSFluent R16.2 para simular el campo de flujo con el modelo RANS y el modelo de turbulencia SAS para las condiciones de flujo en estado transitorio, para el rango de relaciones de presión de la tobera de NPR 1,97 a 8,91. Los resultados presentan diferentes patrones de flujo de número de Mach y de presión estática entre ambas toberas, donde los frentes de choque normales no tienen las mismas posiciones para un mismo valor de NPR. El pico máximo de la fluctuación del flujo en la línea central de la divergente de la tobera cónica es Mach 2,844, mientras que en la tobera plana es Mach 2,011, por lo que la velocidad del flujo es menor en la tobera plana. La velocidad del flujo a la salida de la tobera cónica es Mach 2,535, la cual es 27,32 % mayor que la velocidad del flujo en la tobera plana, que tiene Mach 1,991. El área de la garganta de la tobera tiene un efecto significativo para el tránsito del flujo másico, ya que el área de la garganta de la tobera plana es mayor con respecto al de la tobera crónica

Abstract This article revisits the ethnography resulting from field research carried out in the city of Pelotas, in the south of Rio Grande do Sul, between 2006 and 2012. Its aim is to describe houses of religion, or terreiros, through the temporal experience involved in their creation processes and their territorial arrangements, which, on the one hand, are responsible for the connections between the interior and exterior of the houses and, on the other, for the composition of the intervals, with their respective degrees of proximity and distance, in the relationship with the different spiritual forces that dwell within them. If all houses depend on a relationship of continuity with some root, on the permanently renewed existence, through careful ritual practices, of their various links, this root is always planted in a heterogeneous way, making up the multiplicity that is recognized as significant in each of them.

Resumo Este artigo retoma a etnografia resultante da pesquisa de campo realizada na cidade de Pelotas, sul do Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 2006 e 2012. O seu objetivo é descrever as casas de religião, ou os terreiros, pela experiência temporal implicada em seus processos de criação e pelos seus agenciamentos territoriais, os quais, por um lado, respondem pelas conexões entre o interior e o exterior das casas e, por outro, pela composição dos intervalos, com seus respectivos graus de proximidade e de distância, na relação com as diferentes forças espirituais que habitam dentro delas. Se todas as casas dependem da relação de continuidade com alguma raiz, da existência permanentemente renovada, por meio de cuidadosas práticas rituais, dos seus diversos vínculos, essa raiz está sempre plantada de modo heterogêneo, compondo com a multiplicidade que, em cada uma delas, é reconhecida como significativa.

Resumo Este artigo oferece uma alternativa de recorte metodológico para o campo da Smart city, partindo de uma revisão bibliográfica temporal e análise empírica da Smart city Konza Technopolis (Quênia), da smartificação de São Paulo (SP/Brasil), e da Smart city Laguna (CE/Brasil). As experiências Smart city desenvolvem-se desde o final de 1990, detendo maior expressividade no espaço urbano a partir dos anos 2010, concomitantemente ao aumento das pesquisas a seu respeito. Atualmente, a temática apresenta elevado nível de discussão e amadurecimento e, dada sua amplitude, torna-se necessário o direcionamento analítico, devido às particularidades relativas às três categorias aqui apresentadas: (1) as Smart cities desenvolvidas a partir do zero; (2) as iniciativas voltadas às cidades consolidadas; e (3) os empreendimentos imobiliários. Quênia, Quênia , (Quênia) SP/Brasil, SPBrasil SP/Brasil SP Brasil (SP/Brasil) CE/Brasil. CEBrasil CE/Brasil . CE (CE/Brasil) desenvolvemse desenvolvem se 1990 2010 respeito Atualmente amplitude tornase torna analítico apresentadas 1 (1 zero 2 (2 consolidadas 3 (3 imobiliários (Quênia (SP/Brasil (CE/Brasil 199 201 ( 19 20

Abstract This article offers an alternative methodological framework for the smart city field, starting from a chronological literature review and empirical analysis of the smart city Konza Technopolis (Kenya), the smartification of São Paulo (State of São Paulo, Brazil), and the Smart City Laguna (State of Ceará, Brazil). Smart city experiences have been developed since the late 1990s, with greater expressiveness in the urban space from the 2010s onwards, concomitantly with an increase in the number of studies about the theme. Currently, the theme demonstrates a high level of discussion and maturity. Given its breadth, an analytical focus is necessary to address the particularities related to the three categories presented here: (1) smart cities developed from scratch; (2) initiatives aimed at consolidated cities; and (3) real estate developments. field Kenya, Kenya , (Kenya) State Brazil, Brazil Brazil) Ceará Brazil. . 1990s s onwards Currently maturity breadth here 1 (1 scratch 2 (2 3 (3 developments (Kenya (

Este artigo descreve aspectos metodológicos e caracteriza a participação no primeiro ano do estudo Impacto da Regulamentação do Ambiente Alimentar Escolar. O estudo visa monitorar a comercialização de alimentos nas cantinas e no entorno de escolas privadas de três cidades brasileiras com distintos contextos regulatórios, bem como investigar a percepção dos escolares sobre a cantina escolar. Trata-se de um estudo transversal repetido (2023/24 e 2025), com amostras independentes, em Recife (PE), Niterói (RJ) e Porto Alegre (RS). Para o Módulo Cantina, planejou-se uma amostragem de escolas privadas de ensino fundamental e médio, estratificada pelo porte escolar e com reposição inversa. Para o Módulo Ambulante, uma amostra de conveniência. E para o Módulo Aluno, uma amostra por conglomerados em três estágios. Os dois primeiros módulos replicam a metodologia do estudo Comercialização de Alimentos em Escolas Brasileiras – Caeb. A primeira coleta de dados ocorreu entre setembro de 2023 e maio de 2024. Participaram 202 escolas e 532 alunos. Apenas três vendedores ambulantes foram localizados. As taxas de participação escolar foram de 47,8% em Porto Alegre, 53,9% em Niterói e 69,9% em Recife. Houve resistência das escolas em receber a pesquisa, o que prolongou a coleta de dados e exigiu adaptações metodológicas. O artigo discute os desafios enfrentados no trabalho de campo e os ajustes metodológicos para o segundo ano de acompanhamento, trazendo recomendações para futuros estudos no ambiente escolar. Este projeto é fruto da colaboração entre academia e sociedade civil organizada, que demandou informações para apoiar ações de advocacy pela alimentação saudável na escola. As evidências geradas poderão subsidiar a formulação e o aprimoramento de políticas de proteção do ambiente alimentar escolar em outras cidades e níveis governamentais.

This article describes the methodological aspects and characterizes participation in the first year of the Impact of School Food Environment Regulation study. The study aims to monitor the commercialization of foods in canteens and the surrounding areas of private schools in three Brazilian cities with distinct regulatory contexts, as well as to investigate students' perceptions of the school canteen. It is a repeated cross-sectional study (2023/24 and 2025) with independent samples, conducted in Recife (PE), Niterói (RJ), and Porto Alegre (RS). For the Canteen Module, a stratified sampling of private elementary and high schools was planned, considering school size and using inverse replacement. The Street Vendor Module used a convenience sample, while the Student Module employed a three-stage cluster sampling. The first two modules replicate the methodology of the Commercialization of Food in Brazilian Schools (Caeb) study. The first data collection occurred between September 2023 and May 2024, involving 202 schools and 532 students. Only three street vendors were found. School participation rates were 47.8% in Porto Alegre, 53.9% in Niterói, and 69.9% in Recife. Schools' reluctance to participate in the study prolonged the data collection period and required methodological adaptations. This article discusses the challenges in fieldwork and the methodological adjustments planned for the second year of follow-up, offering recommendations for future studies in the school environment. This project results from a collaboration between academia and organized civil society, which sought information to support advocacy efforts for healthy eating in schools. The evidence generated may contribute to the development and improvement of policies aimed at protecting the school food environment in other cities and at different government levels.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to observe if there are differences in the remaining filling material between unfilled teeth using contemporary clinical microscopy techniques and the XP-endo® system. Ex vivo experimental study. 40 extracted single-root teeth were treated by a single operator using the mechanized instrumentation technique suggested by the manufacturer (FKG): XP ENDO© System. and the sealing of the root canals using the synchronous hydraulic technique with gutta-percha and TOTALFILL©BC sealer (FKG) bioceramic cement. Two groups were randomly divided, and a single operator performed the deobturation with the same protocol in both groups, differing only in the vision technique used, with clinical optical microscopy (CM) and with direct vision (SM). The deobturation technique included Gates glidden burs, ENDO© XP System, solvent (Endosolv©), and manual H files to finish until clinically no obturation remnants were felt or observed within the canal. The teeth were cut longitudinally buccolingually into two halves. All samples were coded, photographed and transferred to a computer to perform morphometric analysis. The surfaces of the MO and S/MO groups were compared, observing the differences between them. 29.4 % of remaining obturation (cement and/or gutta-percha) in the group deobturated without a microscope (SM) and 16.3 % in the group deobturated with a microscope (CM). There is a statistically significant difference in the percentage of remaining filling in the SM group compared to the CM group (p = 0.0198). Complete removal of cement or gutta-percha was not observed in either group. The use of the clinical microscope favors the removal of gutta-percha during endodontic retreatments.

RESUMEN: La endodoncia moderna ha tenido muchos avances para potenciar los resultados del tratamiento. Estudios sobre el impacto del uso de técnicas contemporáneas para la desobturación y retratamiento no quirúrgico constituye un campo de investigación emergente. El objetivo de este estudio fue observar si existen diferencias en el remanente de material de obturación entre dientes desobturados utilizando las técnicas contemporáneas de microscopía clínica y el sistema XP-endo®. Estudio experimental ex vivo. 40 dientes unirradiculares extraídos fueron tratados por un operador mediante la técnica de instrumentación mecanizada sugerida por el fabricante (FKG): Sistema XP ENDO©. y selladas mediante la técnica hidráulica sincrónica con gutapercha y cemento biocerámico TOTALFILL©BC sealer (FKG). La muestra se dividió aleatoriamente en 2 grupos; un operador realizó la desobturación con el mismo protocolo en ambos grupos diferenciándose sólo en la técnica de visión utilizada, microscopía óptica clínica, con microscopio (CM) o visión directa, sin microscopio (SM). La técnica de desobturación incluyó fresas Gates glidden, Sistema XP ENDO©, solvente (Endosolv©), y limas H manuales para finalizar hasta que clínicamente no se sintieran ni observaran remanentes de obturación dentro del canal. Los dientes se cortaron longitudinalmente en dos mitades en sentido vestibulolingual. Todas las muestras fueron codificadas, fotografiadas y analizadas morfométricamente. Se compararon las superficies de los grupos CM y SM, observando las diferencias entre ellas. Se observó un 29,4 %, de obturación remanente (cemento y/o gutapercha) en el grupo desobturado SM y 16,3 % en el grupo desobturado CM. Existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de obturación remanente del grupo SM en comparación con el grupo CM (p = 0,0198). En ninguno de los dos grupos se observó remoción completa de cemento o gutapercha. El uso del microscopio clínico favorece la remoción del material de obturación durante los retratamientos endodónticos.

ABSTRACT: ASD typically exhibit atypical development: alterations in executive brain functions such as social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, behavior, activities, and interests. Pediatric dentistry specialists may understand the background of these individuals' characteristics and be aware of existing tools to provide quality dental care tailored to their needs. The aim of this study is to identify psychoeducational strategies that facilitate adaptation to the dental environment and the application of preventive dentistry for children and adolescents with ASD. A systematic narrative review was conducted with searches in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Wiley databases for articles published between 2015 and 2023. From a preliminary total, after applying appropriate filters, 19 articles were selected for this review. These interventions include Visual Pedagogy, pictograms, images, technology such as tablets and digital images, visual stories, SADE, PECS, and Sensory Therapy. Treatment with any of these aforementioned facilitative techniques is lengthy and requires multiple sessions both in the dental office and in brushing technique instruction to achieve success. There is a clear need for intersectoral collaboration between health and education sectors, particularly in preventive dentistry, to achieve cost-effective care, whether for the state or caregivers themselves, thereby avoiding costly and risky procedures like general anesthesia.

RESUMEN: Actualmente Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) no se define como un solo trastorno, sino un conjunto de estos. Estos individuos tienen un desarrollo atípico: alteraciones en las funciones cerebrales ejecutivas como en la interacción social, comunicación verbal-no verbal y la conducta, actividades e intereses. El especialista en odontología pediátrica debe entender el trasfondo de las características de los individuos con este trastorno y conocer las herramientas existentes para proveer una atención odontológica de calidad adaptada a las necesidades de ellos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las estrategias psicoeducativas facilitadoras de la adaptación del box dental y la aplicación de odontología preventiva en niños y adolescentes con TEA. Se realizó una revisión sistemática narrativa con una búsqueda en la base de datos Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science y Wiley, de artículos relacionados publicados entre los años 2015 y 2023. De un total preliminar, después de realizado los filtros correspondientes, se llegó a un total de 19 artículos seleccionados para esta revisión. Estas intervenciones incluyen Pedagogia Visual, pictogramas, imágenes, tecnología como tablets e imágenes digitales, historias visuales, SADE, PECS y terapia Sensorial. El tratamiento con cualquiera de las técnicas facilitadoras antes mencionadas son tratamientos largos que necesitan múltiples sesiones tanto en el box odontológico como en la instrucción de técnica de cepillado para lograr el éxito. Destaca la necesidad del trabajo intersectorial entre salud y educación, especialmente en el campo de la odontología preventiva, para lograr una atención menos costosa, ya sea para el Estado o para los propios cuidadores, evitando procedimientos riesgosos de elevado costo como es la atención bajo anestesia general.

RESUMO Objetivou-se identificar estudos avaliativos de políticas, programas ou serviços de atenção a sobreviventes de violência sexual, caracterizando os tipos de avaliação, as estratégias metodológicas e fontes de evidências utilizadas. Realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura produzida entre 2012 e 2022, identificada em bases nacionais e internacionais, a partir dos descritores “Sex Offenses” (OR) “Rape” (AND) “Evaluation” (OR) “Health Evaluation”. Selecionaram-se 23 artigos que cumpriram os critérios de inclusão, em sua maioria, produzidos em países da América Latina e Caribe (43,5%) ou em países africanos (17,4%), publicados, principalmente, em inglês (65%). A maioria dos estudos (60,9%) tinha propósito formativo, com foco no processo, dos quais, apenas 34,8% mencionavam um quadro teórico conceitual no campo da avaliação em saúde. Os métodos quantitativos foram utilizados em 60,9% dos estudos, enquanto os métodos qualitativos foram utilizados em 26,1%. Não foram identificados instrumentos padronizados para avaliação de políticas, programas ou serviços de atenção a sobreviventes de violência sexual. Conclui-se reconhecendo a diversidade e a riqueza de abordagens e estratégias metodológicas para avaliar as políticas, os programas e serviços de atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência sexual. Sugere-se aprimorar a menção ao quadro teórico conceitual como aspecto fundamental na condução desses estudos.

ABSTRACT The aim was to identify studies that evaluate policies, programs, or services for survivors of sex offenses, characterizing the types of evaluations conducted, the methodological strategies, and the sources of evidence used. An integrative literature review was conducted covering the period from 2012 to 2022, identified in national and international databases, using the descriptors “Sex Offenses” (OR) “Rape” (AND) “Evaluation” (OR) “Health Evaluation”. Twenty-three articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Most articles were produced in Latin American and Caribbean countries (43.5%) or African countries (17.4%), and were mainly published in English (65%). Most of the studies had a training purpose, focusing on the process (60.9%), of which only 34.8% mentioned a conceptual theoretical framework in the field of health evaluation. Quantitative methods were used in 60.9% of the studies, while qualitative methods were used in only 26.1%. No standardized instruments were identified to evaluate services for individuals experiencing sexual violence. The article concludes by recognizing the diversity and richness of approaches and methodological strategies for evaluating policies, programs, and services for women experiencing sexual violence. We suggest that the conceptual theoretical framework is enhanced as a fundamental aspect in conducting these studies.