RESUMO OBJETIVO Apresentar um rastreador para consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados para crianças na primeira infância, avaliando a capacidade do escore gerado por esse rastreador de refletir a participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação das crianças. MÉTODOS Estudo realizado com uma subamostra de conveniência da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015 (n = 365). As mães das crianças participantes responderam a um questionário de consumo alimentar no dia anterior à entrevista (rastreador) contendo 16 subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados, seguido por um recordatório alimentar tradicional de 24 horas (R24h). O escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados de cada participante correspondeu ao número de subgrupos de alimentos consumidos e o percentual de energia proveniente da participação dos alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação do mesmo dia foi calculado a partir das respostas do R24h. A associação entre o escore e o percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos ultraprocessados foi testada por modelos de regressão linear. A avaliação do grau de concordância entre a classificação dos participantes segundo quintos aproximados do percentual de calorias de alimentos ultraprocessados e segundo os intervalos do escore foi feita a partir do índice Pabak. RESULTADOS O percentual médio de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados no valor calórico total da dieta, calculado com base no R24h, foi direta e significativamente associado com o aumento do escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Foi observada concordância substancial entre os intervalos do escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, obtido pelo rastreador, e os quintos aproximados da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta, calculada pelo R24h (índice Pabak = 0,65). CONCLUSÕES O escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, obtido a partir de um rastreador de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, um instrumento prático e ágil, é capaz de refletir a participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação das crianças, no que diz respeito à Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present a screener for consumption of ultra-processed foods for children in early childhood, evaluating the ability of the score generated by this screener to reflect the participation of ultra-processed foods in children’s diets. METHODS This study was conducted with a convenience subsample of the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort (n = 365). The mothers of the participating children answered a food consumption questionnaire the day before the interview (screener) containing 16 subgroups of ultra-processed foods, followed by a traditional 24-hour food recall (24hR). Each participant’s ultra-processed food consumption score corresponded to the number of food subgroups consumed and the percentage of energy derived from the participation of ultra-processed foods in the diet on the same day was calculated from the answers in the 24hR. The association between the score and the percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods was tested using linear regression models. The degree of agreement between the classification of participants according to approximate fifths of the percentage of calories from ultra-processed foods and according to the score intervals was assessed using the Pabak index. RESULTS The average percentage share of ultra-processed foods in the total caloric value of the diet, calculated using the 24hR, was directly and significantly associated with an increase in the ultra-processed food consumption score. There was substantial agreement between the ranges of the ultra-processed food consumption score obtained by the screener and the approximate fifths of the share of ultra-processed foods in the diet calculated by the 24hR (Pabak index = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS The ultra-processed food consumption score, obtained from an ultra-processed food consumption screener, a practical and agile instrument, is capable of reflecting the participation of ultra-processed foods in children’s diets, with regard to the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort.

RESUMEN Introducción: El etiquetado nutricional constituye una herramienta fundamental para la toma de decisiones alimentarias informadas. El objetivo fue evaluar el conocimiento sobre etiquetado nutricional y rotulado de alimentos envasados de la merienda escolar en adolescentes de 12 a 15 años de una institución educativa de Asunción durante 2023. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo que incluyó 69 estudiantes (edad media 13±0,73 años). Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado para evaluar conocimientos sobre etiquetado nutricional y rotulado de alimentos. Resultados: El 88,4% identificó correctamente la información calórica, mientras que solo 40,6% reconoció la información sobre fibra. El 81,2% identificó el rotulado de exceso de azúcares. El 66,7% adquiere sus meriendas en la cantina escolar, con predominio de consumo diario de jugos envasados (31,9%) y alimentos sin etiquetado nutricional (37,7%). Conclusión: Los adolescentes demuestran conocimiento del etiquetado nutricional, particularmente sobre calorías y azúcares, aunque este conocimiento no necesariamente influye en sus elecciones alimentarias.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nutrition labeling constitutes a fundamental tool for informed dietary decision making. The objective was to assess the knowledge of nutritional labeling and labeling of packaged foods for school snacks among adolescents aged 12 to 15 years from an educational institution in Asuncion during 2023. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study that included 69 students (mean age 13±0.73 years). A structured questionnaire was applied to assess knowledge of nutritional labeling and food selection patterns. Results: 88.4% correctly identified caloric information, while only 40.6% recognized fiber information. 81.2% identified the labeling of excess sugars. A total of 66.7% acquired their snacks at the school canteen, with a predominance of daily consumption of packaged juices (31.9%) and foods without nutritional labeling (37.7%). Conclusion: Adolescents demonstrate knowledge of nutrition labeling, particularly on calories and sugars, although this knowledge does not necessarily influence their food choices.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la obesidad es causada por múltiples factores que pueden afectar de forma significativa la vida de las personas, ocasiona graves problemas de salud y enfermedades como la hipertensión, la diabetes y la dislipidemia, entre otros. Objetivo: describir los factores de riesgo causantes de obesidad en los adolescentes del barrio vivienda popular de Tulcán, Ecuador. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo del periodo comprendido desde enero a diciembre de 2023. El tamaño de la muestra quedó conformado por 179 sujetos. Se analizaron las variables: frecuencia de revisión del valor calórico de los alimentos, frecuencia de las comidas, sentimiento al comer, tipo de deporte que realiza, líquido para hidratación, actividad en el día y tipo de alimentos que consume en el hogar. Dentro del análisis estadístico se utilizaron como medidas de resumen las frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: el 63 % de los encuestados refirieron que solo a veces se fijaban en las calorías de los alimentos que consumían. El 57 % refirió comer entre 2 y 4 veces al día. El 54 % manifestó consumir más alimentos cuando se sentían tristes. El 29 % no realizaba ningún deporte. El 34 % consumía papas fritas y el 8 % hamburguesas. Conclusiones: se describieron como factores de riesgo que llevaron a los adolescentes a la obesidad: las condiciones socioeconómicas, el alto consumo de calorías y de micronutrientes, la ingestión de alimentos en horas inapropiadas y más veces de lo normal, niveles de actividad física insuficientes y el consumo elevado de bebidas azucaradas y de alimentos procesados.

ABSTRACT Foundation: obesity is caused by multiple factors that can significantly affect people's lives, causing serious health problems and diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, among others. Objective: to describe the risk factors causing obesity in adolescents from the popular housing neighborhood of Tulcán, Ecuador. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out for the period from January to December 2023. The sample size consisted of 179 subjects. The variables were analyzed: frequency of reviewing the caloric value of foods, frequency of meals, feeling when eating, type of sport, liquid for hydration, activity during the day and type of food consumed at home. Within the statistical analysis, absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: the 63 % of those surveyed reported that they only sometimes looked at the calories of the foods they consumed. The 57 % reported eating between 2 and 4 times a day. The 54 % reported eating more food when they felt sad. The 29 % did not do any sport. The 34 % ate French fries and 8 % ate hamburgers. Conclusions: the following were described as risk factors that led adolescents to obesity: socioeconomic conditions, high consumption of calories and micronutrients, ingestion of food at inappropriate times and more times than normal, insufficient levels of physical activity, and consumption of high consumption of sugary drinks and processed foods.

Abstract The consumption of ultra-processed foods has increased globally in recent years. The percentage of calories from these foods is directly associated with the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases. The objective is to evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2020 in Minas Gerais via digital form. Prevalence ratios between UPF consumption, demographic characteristics, working conditions, lifestyle and health were estimated using Poisson regression. Of the 15,641 teachers, the UPF increase was 27.6%, 28.1% women and 25.6% men. There was a higher prevalence among young women (PR=2.46), without children (PR=1.15), who worked more (PR=1.22), dissatisfied at work (PR=1.25), sedentary (PR=1.25 =1.25), with insomnia (PR=1.57) and overweight (PR=1.12). As for men, there was a higher prevalence among those who were young (PR=1.91), dissatisfied at work (PR=1.40), sedentary (PR=1.17) and insomnia (PR=78). Therefore, it is concluded that there was an increase in UPF consumption.

Resumen El consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados ha aumentado a nivel mundial en los últimos años. El porcentaje de calorías de estos alimentos está directamente asociado con el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo es evaluar el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (UPF) entre docentes durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en 2020 en Minas Gerais a través de formulario digital. Los índices de prevalencia entre el consumo de UPF, las características demográficas, las condiciones de trabajo, el estilo de vida y la salud se estimaron mediante regresión de Poisson. De los 15.641 docentes, el incremento de la UPF fue del 27,6%, el 28,1% mujeres y el 25,6% hombres. Hubo mayor prevalencia entre las mujeres jóvenes (RP=2,46), sin hijos (RP=1,15), que trabajaban más (RP=1,22), insatisfechas en el trabajo (RP=1,25), sedentarias (RP=1,25=1,25), con insomnio (RP=1,57) y sobrepeso (RP=1,12). En cuanto a los hombres, hubo mayor prevalencia entre los que eran jóvenes (RP=1,91), insatisfechos en el trabajo (RP=1,40), sedentarios (RP=1,17) e insomnes (RP=78). Por tanto, se concluye que hubo un aumento en el consumo de UPF.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, germination, storage conditions and nutritional composition of the seeds quinoa cultivars from the department of Boyacá, Amarilla de Maranganí, Quinua Semi amarga, Quinua Primavera, and Quinua Real, by determining the color of the pericarp, perigonium and the edge of the seed, germination capacity of the cultivars stored at -20 and -4°C, the imbibition rate, the grain diameter, fresh and dry weight of 100 seeds and the moisture percentage and proximal analyses. The cylindrical grain shape was common among cultivars. Amarilla Maranganí was outstanding, with weights greater than 0.40 g. The diameter of the seed was higher in Amarilla Maranganí (2.67 mm), while the smallest diameter (2.25 mm) was presented by Quinoa Real. Moisture contents were similar between materials. Quinoa Real presented the highest protein content (12.25%). Amarilla de Maranganí had the highest ash content (3.77/100 g of sample), and Quinoa Real presented the highest number of calories (366.97 g.100 g-1 of fresh weight), but the lowest amount of carbohydrates (66.96 g.100 g-1 of fresh weight) and the least amount of lipids, with 3.69 g.100 g-1 fw. We found high significant and positive correlations (r = 0.94) between calories and fat, and high significant and negative correlations (r = -093) between protein and ash. Cluster analysis grouped cultivars according to moisture, carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and ash content. It was determined that storage conditions (temperature and moisture) are fundamental for the nutritional quality of the seeds. Boyacá amarga Primavera pericarp 20 -2 4°C, 4C C 4 -4°C rate 10 analyses outstanding 040 0 40 0.4 2.67 267 2 67 (2.6 mm, mm , 2.25 225 25 (2.2 materials 12.25%. 1225 12.25% . 12 (12.25%) 3.77/100 377100 3 77 (3.77/10 sample, sample sample) 366.97 36697 366 97 (366.9 g100 g.10 g1 1 g- weight, 66.96 6696 66 96 (66.9 lipids 369 69 3.6 fw r 0.94 094 94 fat 093 -093 carbohydrate lipid temperature - 4°C 04 0. 2.6 26 6 (2. 2.2 22 122 12.25 (12.25% 3.77/10 37710 7 (3.77/1 366.9 3669 36 9 (366. g10 g.1 66.9 669 (66. 3. 0.9 09 -09 2. (2 12.2 (12.25 3.77/1 3771 (3.77/ 366. (366 66. (66 -0 ( 12. (12.2 3.77/ 377 (3.77 (36 (6 (12. 3.77 37 (3.7 (3 (12 3.7 (3. (1

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to estimate the daily energy intake and overconsumed nutrients for adolescents and young adults concerning public health based on the food source, eating location, and occasion. Methods This study constituted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo focusing on Nutrition with 707 adolescents (n=554, 12-19 years) and young adults (n=153, 20-30 years). Dietary intake was measured using 24 h recall, and energy, added sugars, sodium, and saturated food sources were calculated. Foods were classified using the “What We Eat in America?” classification system. Eating locations were divided into two categories-at home and away from home-for each main meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). Other sociodemographic and weight status variables were included. Descriptive statistics, the Wald test, and proportion rates were applied for analysis. Results Most meals were consumed at home by 80.5% of adolescents and 66.4% of young adults. Young adults consumed more daily calories and saturated fats than adolescents. Both adolescents and young adults consumed equal daily saturated fatty acids, sodium, and added sugars away from home at dinner. Food consumed at home was consumed both at home and away from home, with the main exception of dinner, which consisted of mainly processed foods rich in saturated fatty acids, sodium, and added sugars consumed away from home. Conclusion Adolescents and young adults had meals higher in fat, sugar and sodium away from home than those who ate at home when eaten at dinner. Public health policies and behavioral change strategies should be considered independently of where their meals are consumed but with particular attention to eating occasions. source location occasion crosssectional cross sectional 201 70 n=554, n554 n 554 (n=554 1219 12 19 12-1 years n=153, n153 153 (n=153 2030 20 30 20-3 years. . 2 recall calculated What America America? system categoriesat categories homefor breakfast, breakfast (breakfast lunch dinner dinner) included statistics test 805 80 5 80.5 664 66 4 66.4 acids fat occasions 7 n=554 n55 55 (n=55 121 1 12- n=153 n15 15 (n=15 203 3 20- 8 80. 6 66. n=55 n5 (n=5 n=15 n1 (n=1 n=5 (n= n=1 n= (n

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a ingestão diária de energia e nutrientes de maior preocupação em saúde pública entre adolescentes e jovens adultos, com base nos alimentos fonte, local e tipo de refeição. Métodos Este estudo é de delineamento transversal que utilizou dados do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo 2015 (ISA-Capital) focado na Nutrição. A amostra compreendeu 707 adolescentes (n=554, 12-19 anos) e adultos jovens (n=153, 20-30 anos). O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio do Recordatório Alimentar de 24h (R24H) e a calculou-se as fontes de energia, açúcar de adição, sódio, e gordura saturada. Os alimentos foram classificados pelo sistema de classificação "What We Eat in America?" Os locais de alimentação foram divididos em duas categorias - “em casa” e “fora de casa” - para cada refeição principal (café da manhã, almoço e jantar). Outras variáveis sociodemográficas e antropométricas foram incluídas. Estatísticas descritivas, teste de Wald e proporções foram aplicadas para análise. Resultados A maioria das refeições era consumida em casa por 80,5% dos adolescentes e 66,4% dos adultos jovens. Os adultos jovens consumiam mais calorias diárias e gorduras saturadas do que os adolescentes. Tanto adolescentes, quanto adultos jovens, consumiam majoritariamente ácidos graxos saturados, sódio e, açúcares de adição fora de casa, no jantar. Os alimentos consumidos em casa eram consumidos tanto em casa quanto fora de casa, com a principal exceção do jantar, que consistia, principalmente, em alimentos processados ricos em ácidos graxos saturados, sódio e açúcares de adição consumidos fora de casa. Conclusão Adolescentes e adultos jovens apresentaram refeições mais ricas em gordura, açúcares e sódio fora de casa em comparação com aqueles que consomem em casa quando consumidos no jantar. Políticas de saúde pública e estratégias de mudança de comportamento devem ser consideradas independentemente do local onde suas refeições são consumidas, mas com especial atenção ao tipo de refeição. fonte 201 ISACapital ISA Capital (ISA-Capital Nutrição 70 n=554, n554 n 554 (n=554 1219 12 19 12-1 anos n=153, n153 153 (n=153 2030 20 30 20-3 anos. . h R24H RH R H (R24H calculouse calculou se saturada What America America? café manhã jantar jantar) incluídas descritivas análise 805 80 5 80,5 664 66 4 66,4 saturados consistia principalmente consumidas 7 n=554 n55 55 (n=55 121 1 12- n=153 n15 15 (n=15 203 2 3 20- 8 80, 6 66, n=55 n5 (n=5 n=15 n1 (n=1 n=5 (n= n=1 n= (n

Abstract Objective: Food intake during binge eating episodes (BEE) has been found to be associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in individuals with eating disorders (EDs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between caloric intake during BEE and psychopathology in individuals with binge eating spectrum disorders (BSD). Methods: One-hundred and fourteen outpatients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) were sequentially assessed. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI PLUS) was used to assess psychiatric diagnoses. Validated self-report instruments were used to assess general and eating-related psychopathology. The Dietpro Clinical Program® was used for assessment of calorie consumption during BEE. Data were analyzed with independent Student's t tests, effect size (Cohen's d), and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: Participants with BSD comorbid with a depressive disorder consumed significantly more calories during BEE than those without depression. Furthermore, participants with BSD and higher levels of impulsivity had higher caloric intake during episodes. Specifically regarding BN, participants with greater disease severity consumed more calories during episodes than those with lesser severity. Conclusion: Overall, depression and high impulsivity were associated with higher caloric intake during BEE in individuals with BSD. For those with BN, disease severity was associated with greater calorie consumption during episodes. Our results support the relevance of early identification of psychiatric comorbidities and implementation of strategies to control mood and impulsivity, aiming for better prognosis in the treatment of BSD. Objective (BEE EDs. EDs . (EDs) (BSD) Methods Onehundred One hundred BN (BN BED (BED assessed MINI PLUS diagnoses selfreport self report eatingrelated related Program Students Student s tests Cohens Cohen d, d , d) Pearsons Pearson coefficients Results Furthermore Conclusion Overall (EDs (BSD

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el estado nutricional y hábitos alimentarios en refrigerios de escolares en doce escuelas públicas de Reynosa Tamaulipas, relacionadas con el nivel socioeconómico. Metodología: Se identificó el nivel socioeconómico, se midieron peso, estatura y circunferencia de cintura y se registró los alimentos de los refrigerios escolares durante cinco días consecutivos, previa firma del consentimiento informado por los padres. Resultados: Respecto a los hábitos alimentarios relacionados con el nivel socioeconómico, se observó que los niños del nivel medio bajo registraron mayor consumo de calorías basados en alimentos como flautas, tacos fritos, hamburguesa, pizza, hot cakes, tamales, jamón, huevo, tortilla de harina, papa, queso fresco. A diferencia del nivel medio alto quienes presentaron mayor consumo de bebidas azucaradas, queso pasteurizado, tacos, fruta, lácteos y verduras. Limitación: Baja disponibilidad de los padres para firmar el consentimiento informado. Conclusión: Se recomienda fortalecer las políticas alimentarias para realizar intervenciones en los refrigerios escolares con otras alternativas de alimentos saludables considerando el nivel socioeconómico.

Abstract Objective: To identify the nutritional status and eating habits in snacks of schoolchildren in 12 public schools in Reynosa Tamaulipas, related to socioeconomic level. Methodology: The socioeconomic level was identified, weight, height and waist circumference were measured, and school snack foods were recorded for five consecutive days, after signing the informed consent by the parents. Results: Regarding the eating habits related to the socioeconomic level, it was observed that the children of the lower middle level had a higher consumption of calories based on foods such as flautas, fried tacos, hamburger, pizza, hot cakes, tamales, ham, egg, flour tortilla, potato, fresh cheese. Unlike the medium-high level, who had a higher consumption of sugary drinks, pasteurized cheese, tacos, fruit, dairy products, and vegetables. Lz<710. imitation: Low availability of the parents to sign the informed consent. Conclusion: It is recommended to strengthen food policies to carry out interventions in school snacks with other healthy food alternatives considering the socioeconomic level.

Resumen Antecedentes: el tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) mejora la calidad de vida y supervivencia de las personas con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana; sin embargo, su uso prolongado genera efectos metabólicos y hematológicos a largo plazo. Además, intervienen aspectos alimentarios y de la propia infección. Objetivo: analizar el estado nutricional y la ingesta de macro y micronutrientes de personas con VIH bajo este tratamiento. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Participaron 59 adultos con VIH bajo TARV con linfocitos T CD4 ≥ 200/mm3 y sin otra patología de base, que asistieron al servicio de infectología del Hospital Rawson de Córdoba, Argentina, en el período 2019-2020. Se registraron datos demográficos, bioquímicos (< 12 meses), inicio de TARV y esquema actual, estado nutricional antropométrico e ingesta alimentaria. Resultados: el 57,6 % presentó exceso de peso; 25,4 %, hipertrigliceridemia; 41,5 %, colesterol HDL bajo; y 27,6 %, hiperglucemia.Se registró en la mayoría de las personas una ingesta excesiva de calorías (49,2 %), lípidos (54,3 %) y sodio (57,6 %), y deficitaria en potasio (44,1 %), calcio (77,9 %), zinc (20,3 %), vitaminas A (42,4 %) y C (35,6 %). Conclusión: la alta prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad junto a las alteraciones lipídicas y glucémicas requiere un abordaje integral en el cual una alimentación adecuada complemente el TARV.

Abstract Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the quality of life and survival of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, its prolonged use generates long-term metabolic and hematological effects. Additionally, dietary aspects and the infection itself are involved. Objective: To analyze the nutritional status and intake of macro and micronutrients in people with HIV under this treatment. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. Fifty-nine adults with HIV under ART with CD4 T lymphocytes ≥200/mm3 and without any other underlying pathology, who attended the infectious diseases service at Hospital Rawson in Córdoba, Argentina, dur ing the period 2019-2020, participated. Demographic, biochemical (<12 months), ART initiation and current regimen, anthropometric nutritional status, and dietary intake data were recorded. Results: 57.6% were overweight; 25.4% had hypertriglyceridemia; 41.5% had low HDL cholesterol; and 27.6% had hyperglycemia. Excessive intake of calories (49.2%), lipids (54.3%), and sodium (57.6%), and deficient intake of potassium (44.1%), calcium (77.9%), zinc (20.3%), vitamins A (42.4%), and C (35.6%) were recorded in most individuals. Conclusion: The high prevalence of overweight/obesity along with lipid and glycemic alterations requires a comprehensive approach in which adequate nutrition complements ART.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate bone mass density(BMD), nutritional status, nutrient intake, and physical activity level, through a cross-sectional descriptive study, in an international university located in Honduras with a universe of 376 employees, aged 40 and over. The sample of 50 was estimated with the formula for finite population with a 90% probability and an error of 10%. Anthropometric measurements were taken with SECA equipment; bone mineral density with Sunlight MiniOmni™ radio ultrasound equipment. A 24-hour dietary recall method and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were applied. The data was analyzed in EPI INFO v 7.2.5. The average age of the people in the sample was 48,9 years with 58% of women. 90% were overweight and obese. 14 cases of non-normal BMD were identified, of these, one was osteoporosis (woman, 50 years of age and over); 93% of the cases were overweight and obese, 43% were identified in people between 40 and 49 years of age, and 71% were women. Physical activity was 48% low. The average number of calories consumed/day/person was 2.517; 21% adequacy of vitamin D, 87% of calcium, 275% of phosphorus, 166.69 mg of caffeine. It is concluded that control of overweight and obese is required, and the early diagnosis of changes in bone mass density, particularly in women.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la densidad de masa ósea (DMO), la situación nutricional, la ingesta de nutrientes y el nivel de actividad física, por medio de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en una universidad internacional ubicada en Honduras cuyo universo es 376 empleados, con edad de 40 años y más. La muestra de 50 empleados fue estimada usando la fórmula para poblaciones finitas con una probabilidad de 90% y un error de 10%. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas con equipo SECA; densidad mineral ósea con equipo de ultrasonido en radio Sunlight MiniOmni™. Se aplicó un recordatorio de alimentos consumidos en las últimas 24 horas y el cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). Los datos se analizaron en EPI INFO v 7.2.5. El promedio de edad fue 48,9 años con 58% de mujeres participantes. El 90% tuvo sobrepeso y obesidad. Se identificaron 14 casos de DMO no normal, de éstos, uno fue osteoporosis (mujer, de 50 años y más); 93% de los casos tuvieron sobrepeso y obesidad, 43% se identificaron en personas de 40 a 49 años y 71% fueron mujeres. La actividad física fue 48% baja. El promedio de calorías consumidas/día/persona fue de 2.517; con 21% de adecuación de vitamina D, 87% de calcio, 275% de fósforo, 166,69 mg de cafeína. Se concluye que se requiere el control del sobrepeso y obesidad, así como el diagnóstico temprano de los cambios en la densidad mineral ósea, particularmente en las mujeres.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods by Brazilian pregnant women and its association with the nutritional quality of the diet. METHODS: This is a prospective and cross-sectional study with food consumption data of Brazilian pregnant women from the 2017 to 2018 Family Budgets Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares). Food consumption was measured using two 24-h food recalls, and the foods were categorized according to the NOVA classification. The averages of absolute and relative energy consumption for each of the NOVA groups and subgroups were estimated. The sociodemographic characteristics described the diet's caloric contribution of ultra-processed and non-ultra-processed food fractions. Linear regression models were used to describe the association between quintiles of the caloric contribution of ultra-processed foods and the average content of nutrients in the diet. RESULTS: Consumption of ultra-processed foods represented 20.9% of the total calories in the diet of Brazilian pregnant women. There was a higher energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of pregnant women living in urban areas (22%), with higher per capita income (23.7%), and in the south region of the country (26.9%). In addition, the data showed an association between higher consumption of ultra-processed foods with reduced intake of protein, carbohydrate, fiber, potassium, iron, zinc, and folate and increased intake of total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and free sugar. CONCLUSION: Results show that higher consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with a reduction in the nutritional quality of the diet of Brazilian pregnant women. OBJECTIVE ultraprocessed ultra processed METHODS crosssectional cross sectional 201 Pesquisa Familiares. Familiares . Familiares) 24h h 24 recalls classification estimated diets s nonultraprocessed non fractions RESULTS 209 20 9 20.9 22%, 22 22% , (22%) 23.7%, 237 23.7% 23 7 (23.7%) 26.9%. 269 26.9% 26 (26.9%) addition protein carbohydrate fiber potassium iron zinc fat sugar CONCLUSION 2 20. (22% 23.7 (23.7% 26.9 (26.9% (22 23. (23.7 26. (26.9 (2 (23. (26. ( (23 (26

RESUMO Contexto: Estudos recentes mostram um aumento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em populações com maior consumo de carne vermelha, processada e cozida em altas temperaturas. Por outro lado, o polimorfismo rs738409 no gene Patatin-like fosfolipase contendo 3 (PNPLA3) tem sido implicado na suscetibilidade à DHGNA e fibrose hepática. No entanto, o efeito sinérgico entre o consumo de carne vermelha e o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 na DHGNA ainda não foi avaliado. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a presença do polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 e o consumo de macronutrientes, incluindo o consumo de carne e seu modo de cozimento em pacientes com DHGNA. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal com 91 pacientes diagnosticados com DHGNA por biópsia hepática e genotipados para o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3. O consumo de calorias e macronutrientes foi verificado por meio do questionário de frequência alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFA) e do questionário específico sobre consumo de carnes. O polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 foi analisado por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) e a avaliação antropométrica foi realizada. Resultados: O índice de massa corporal médio foi de 32,38±4,58 kg/m² e a circunferência da cintura foi de 107±10 cm. Na biópsia hepática, 42% dos pacientes apresentavam fibrose significativa (F≥2). O odds ratio de F≥2 foi de 2,12 para o grupo GG e 1,54 para o grupo GC, comparado ao grupo CC. A ingestão calórica média foi de 1.170±463,20 kcal/d. O odds ratio para alto consumo de carne vermelha no grupo CC em comparação ao baixo consumo foi de 1,33. Para a carne branca, este valor foi de 0,8 ao comparar o alto e o baixo consumo, também no grupo CC. Conclusão: A alta ingestão de carne vermelha e o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 parecem afetar sinergicamente a DHGNA e a fibrose hepática, necessitando de confirmação em maior número de pacientes e em diferentes populações. Contexto (DHGNA temperaturas lado rs rs73840 Patatinlike Patatin like PNPLA (PNPLA3 entanto avaliado Objetivo Métodos 9 semiquantitativo semi quantitativo QFA (QFA carnes RTPCR RT PCR (RT-PCR realizada Resultados 3238458 32 38 4 58 32,38±4,5 kgm² kgm kg m² m kg/m 10710 107 10 107±1 cm 42 F≥2. F2 F . 2 (F≥2) F≥ 212 12 2,1 154 1 54 1,5 GC 117046320 170 463 20 1.170±463,2 kcald kcal d kcal/d 133 33 1,33 branca 08 0 8 0, Conclusão rs7384 (PNPLA 323845 5 32,38±4, 1071 107± (F≥2 21 2, 15 1, 11704632 17 46 1.170±463, 13 1,3 rs738 32384 32,38±4 (F≥ 1170463 1.170±463 rs73 3238 32,38± (F 117046 1.170±46 rs7 323 32,38 11704 1.170±4 32,3 1170 1.170± 32, 117 1.170 11 1.17 1.1 1.

ABSTRACT Background: Recent studies show an increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in populations with higher consumption of red meat, processed and cooked at high temperatures. On the other hand, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs738409 in the Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene has been implicated in susceptibility to NAFLD and liver fibrosis. However, the synergistic effect between red meat consumption and the PNPLA3 gene polymorphism in NAFLD has not yet been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the association between the presence of the polymorphism in the PNPLA3 gene and the consumption of macronutrients, including meat consumption and its cooking method among NAFLD patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 91 patients diagnosed with NAFLD by liver biopsy with genotyping for the polymorphism in the PNPLA3 gene were included. The consumption of calories and macronutrients was verified using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the specific questionnaire on meat consumption. PNPLA3 gene polymorphism was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and anthropometric evaluation was realized. Results: The mean BMI was 32.38±4.58 kg/m² and the waist circumference was 107±10 cm. On liver biopsy, 42% of patients had significant fibrosis (F≥2). The odds ratio of F≥2 was 2.12 for the GG group and 1.54 for the CG group, compared to the CC group. The mean caloric intake was 1170±463.20 kcal/d. The odds ratio in the CC group concerning high red meat consumption in comparison to low consumption was 1.33. For white meat, the odds ratio was 0.8 when comparing high and low intake, also in the CC group. Conclusion: High red meat intake and PNPLA3 gene polymorphism seem to synergistically affect NAFLD and liver fibrosis, requiring confirmation in a larger number of patients and in different populations. Background (NAFLD temperatures hand rs rs73840 Patatinlike Patatin like PNPLA (PNPLA3 However evaluated Objective Methods crosssectional cross sectional 9 included semiquantitative semi quantitative realtime real time RTPCR RT PCR (RT-PCR realized Results 3238458 32 38 4 58 32.38±4.5 kgm² kgm kg m² m kg/m 10710 107 10 107±1 cm 42 F≥2. F2 F . 2 (F≥2) F≥ 212 12 2.1 154 1 54 1.5 117046320 1170 463 20 1170±463.2 kcald kcal d kcal/d 133 33 1.33 08 0 8 0. Conclusion rs7384 (PNPLA 323845 5 32.38±4. 1071 107± (F≥2 21 2. 15 1. 11704632 117 46 1170±463. 13 1.3 rs738 32384 32.38±4 (F≥ 1170463 11 1170±463 rs73 3238 32.38± (F 117046 1170±46 rs7 323 32.38 11704 1170±4 32.3 1170± 32.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o consumo alimentar no Brasil por raça/cor da pele da população. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados de consumo alimentar da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017–2018. Alimentos e preparações culinárias foram agrupados em 31 itens, compondo três grupos principais, definidos por características do processamento industrial: 1 – in natura/minimamente processados, 2 – processados e 3 – ultraprocessados. O percentual de calorias de cada grupo foi estimado por categorias de raça/cor da pele – branca, preta, parda, indígena e amarela –, utilizando-se regressão linear bruta e ajustada para sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda, macrorregião e área. RESULTADOS Nas análises brutas, o consumo de alimentos in natura/minimamente processados foi menor para amarelos [66,0% (Intervalo de Confiança 95% 62,4–69,6)] e brancos [66,6% (IC95% 66,1–67,1)] que para pretos [69,8% (IC95% 68,9–70,8)] e pardos [70,2% (IC95% 69,7–70,7)]. Amarelos consumiram menos alimentos processados, com 9,2% das calorias (IC95% 7,2–11,1) enquanto os demais consumiram aproximadamente 13%. Ultraprocessados foram menos consumidos por pretos [16,6% (IC95% 15,6–17,6)] e pardos [16,6% (IC95% 16,2–17,1)], e o maior consumo ocorreu entre brancos [20,1% (IC95% 19,6–20,6)] e amarelos [24,5% (IC95% 20,0–29,1)]. O ajuste dos modelos reduziu a magnitude das diferenças entre as categorias de raça/cor da pele. A diferença entre pretos e pardos em relação aos brancos diminuiu, de 3 pontos percentuais (pp), para 1,2 pp no consumo de alimentos in natura/minimamente processados e as maiores diferenças remanescentes foram no consumo de arroz e feijão, com maior percentual na alimentação de pretos e pardos. A participação de alimentos processados permaneceu aproximadamente 4 pp menor para amarelos. O consumo de ultraprocessados diminuiu aproximadamente 2 pp para brancos e amarelos; por outro lado, aumentou 1 pp no consumo de pretos, pardos e indígenas. CONCLUSÃO Diferenças no consumo alimentar segundo raça/cor da pele foram encontradas e são influenciadas por condições socioeconômicas e demográficas. raçacor raça cor população 20172018 2017 2018 2017–2018 itens principais industrial naturaminimamente natura minimamente branca preta parda utilizandose utilizando se sexo idade escolaridade renda área brutas 66,0% 660 66 0 [66,0 Intervalo 95 62,4–69,6 624696 62 69 6 62,4–69,6) 66,6% 666 [66,6 IC95% IC95 IC (IC95 66,1–67,1 661671 67 66,1–67,1) 69,8% 698 8 [69,8 68,9–70,8 689708 68 9 70 68,9–70,8) 70,2% 702 [70,2 69,7–70,7. 697707 69,7–70,7 . 7 69,7–70,7)] 92 9,2 7,2–11,1 72111 11 13 13% 16,6% 166 16 [16,6 15,6–17,6 156176 15 17 15,6–17,6) 16,2–17,1, 162171 16,2–17,1 , 16,2–17,1)] 20,1% 201 20 [20,1 19,6–20,6 196206 19 19,6–20,6) 24,5% 245 24 5 [24,5 20,0–29,1. 200291 20,0–29,1 29 20,0–29,1)] pp, (pp) 12 1, feijão lado indígenas demográficas 2017201 2017–201 66,0 [66, 62,4–69, 62469 66,6 IC9 (IC9 66,1–67, 66167 69,8 [69, 68,9–70, 68970 70,2 [70, 69770 69,7–70, 69,7–70,7) 9, 7,2–11, 7211 16,6 [16, 15,6–17, 15617 16217 16,2–17, 16,2–17,1) 20,1 [20, 19,6–20, 19620 24,5 [24, 20029 20,0–29, 20,0–29,1) (pp 201720 2017–20 66, [66 62,4–69 6246 (IC 66,1–67 6616 69, [69 68,9–70 6897 70, [70 6977 69,7–70 7,2–11 721 16, [16 15,6–17 1561 1621 16,2–17 20, [20 19,6–20 1962 24, [24 2002 20,0–29 20172 2017–2 [6 62,4–6 624 66,1–6 661 68,9–7 689 [7 697 69,7–7 7,2–1 72 [1 15,6–1 156 162 16,2–1 [2 19,6–2 196 200 20,0–2 2017– [ 62,4– 66,1– 68,9– 69,7– 7,2– 15,6– 16,2– 19,6– 20,0– 62,4 66,1 68,9 69,7 7,2 15,6 16,2 19,6 20,0 62, 68, 7, 15, 19,

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate food consumption in Brazil by race/skin color of the population. METHODS Food consumption data from the Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF – Household Budget Survey) 2017–2018 were analyzed. Food and culinary preparations were grouped into 31 items, composing three main groups, defined by industrial processing characteristics: 1 – in natura/minimally processed, 2 – processed, and 3 – ultra-processed. The percentage of calories from each group was estimated by categories of race/skin color – White, Black, Mixed-race, Indigenous, and Yellow– using crude and adjusted linear regression for gender, age, schooling, income, macro-region, and area. RESULTS In the crude analyses, the consumption of in natura/minimally processed foods was lower for Yellow [66.0% (95% Confidence Interval 62.4–69.6)] and White [66.6% (95%CI 66.1–67.1)] groups than for Blacks [69.8% (95%CI 68.9–70.8)] and Mixed-race people [70.2% (95%CI 69.7–70.7)]. Yellow individuals consumed fewer processed foods, with 9.2% of energy (95%CI 7.2–11.1) whereas the other groups consumed approximately 13%. Ultra-processed foods were less consumed by Blacks [16.6% (95%CI 15.6–17.6)] and Mixed-race [16.6% (95%CI 16.2–17.1)], with the highest consumption among White [20.1% (95%CI 19.6–20.6)] and Yellow [24.5% (95%CI 20.0–29.1)] groups. The adjustment of the models reduced the magnitude of the differences between the categories of race/skin color. The difference between Black and Mixed-race individuals from the White ones decreased from 3 percentage points (pp) to 1.2 pp in the consumption of in natura/minimally processed foods and the largest differences remained in the consumption of rice and beans, with a higher percentage in the diet of Black and Mixed-race people. The contribution of processed foods remained approximately 4 pp lower for Yellow individuals. The consumption of ultra-processed products decreased by approximately 2 pp for White and Yellow groups; on the other hand, it increased by 1 pp in the consumption of Black, Mixed-race, and Indigenous peoples. CONCLUSION Differences in food consumption according to race/skin color were found and are influenced by socioeconomic and demographic conditions. raceskin race skin population POF Survey 20172018 2017 2018 2017–201 analyzed items characteristics naturaminimally natura minimally ultraprocessed. ultraprocessed ultra processed. Mixedrace, Mixedrace Mixed race, gender age schooling income macroregion, macroregion macro region, region macro-region area analyses 66.0% 660 66 0 [66.0 95% 95 (95 62.4–69.6 624696 62 69 6 62.4–69.6) 66.6% 666 [66.6 95%CI 95CI CI 66.1–67.1 661671 67 66.1–67.1) 69.8% 698 8 [69.8 68.9–70.8 689708 68 9 70 68.9–70.8) 70.2% 702 [70.2 69.7–70.7. 697707 69.7–70.7 . 7 69.7–70.7)] 92 9.2 7.2–11.1 72111 11 13 13% Ultraprocessed Ultra 16.6% 166 16 [16.6 15.6–17.6 156176 15 17 15.6–17.6) 16.2–17.1, 162171 16.2–17.1 , 16.2–17.1)] 20.1% 201 20 [20.1 19.6–20.6 196206 19 19.6–20.6) 24.5% 245 24 5 [24.5 20.0–29.1 200291 29 20.0–29.1) (pp 12 1. beans hand peoples conditions 2017201 2017–20 66.0 [66. (9 62.4–69. 62469 66.6 66.1–67. 66167 69.8 [69. 68.9–70. 68970 70.2 [70. 69770 69.7–70. 69.7–70.7) 9. 7.2–11. 7211 16.6 [16. 15.6–17. 15617 16217 16.2–17. 16.2–17.1) 20.1 [20. 19.6–20. 19620 24.5 [24. 20.0–29. 20029 201720 2017–2 66. [66 ( 62.4–69 6246 66.1–67 6616 69. [69 68.9–70 6897 70. [70 6977 69.7–70 7.2–11 721 16. [16 15.6–17 1561 1621 16.2–17 20. [20 19.6–20 1962 24. [24 20.0–29 2002 20172 2017– [6 62.4–6 624 66.1–6 661 68.9–7 689 [7 697 69.7–7 7.2–1 72 [1 15.6–1 156 162 16.2–1 [2 19.6–2 196 20.0–2 200 [ 62.4– 66.1– 68.9– 69.7– 7.2– 15.6– 16.2– 19.6– 20.0– 62.4 66.1 68.9 69.7 7.2 15.6 16.2 19.6 20.0 62. 68. 7. 15. 19.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar fatores sociodemográficos associados ao consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a evolução temporal do consumo no Brasil entre 2008 e 2018. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados do consumo alimentar de indivíduos com idade ≥ 10 anos das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2008–2009 e 2017–2018. Os alimentos foram agrupados segundo a classificação Nova. Modelos de regressão linear brutos e ajustados foram utilizados para avaliar a associação entre características sociodemográficas e o consumo de ultraprocessados em 2017–2018 e a variação temporal de seu consumo entre 2008 e 2018. RESULTADOS Alimentos ultraprocessados representaram 19,7% das calorias em 2017–2018. A análise ajustada mostrou que seu consumo foi maior no sexo feminino ( versus masculino) e nas regiões Sul e Sudeste ( versus Norte), e menor em negros ( versus brancos) e na área rural ( versus urbana), além de diminuir com o aumento da idade e aumentar com escolaridade e renda. O consumo de ultraprocessados aumentou 1,02 pontos percentuais (pp) de 2008–2009 a 2017–2018, sendo este aumento mais expressivo em homens (+1,59 pp), negros (+2,04 pp), indígenas (+5,96 pp), na área rural (+2,43 pp), naqueles com até 4 anos de estudo (+1,18 pp), no quinto mais baixo de renda (+3,54 pp) e nas regiões Norte (+2,95 pp) e Nordeste (+3,11 pp). Por outro lado, seu consumo se reduziu na maior faixa de escolaridade (-3,30 pp) e no quinto mais alto de renda (-1,65 pp). CONCLUSÕES Os segmentos socioeconômicos e demográficos que tiveram menor consumo relativo de ultraprocessados em 2017–2018 são justamente os que apresentaram um aumento mais expressivo na análise temporal, apontando para uma tendência de padronização nacional em um patamar de consumo mais alto. 200 2018 1 POF (POF 20082009 2009 2008–200 20172018 2017 Nova 2017–201 197 19 7 19,7 masculino Norte, , Norte) brancos urbana, urbana urbana) 102 02 1,0 pp (pp +1,59 159 59 (+1,5 pp, +2,04 204 2 04 (+2,0 +5,96 596 5 96 (+5,9 +2,43 243 43 (+2,4 +1,18 118 18 (+1,1 +3,54 354 3 54 (+3,5 +2,95 295 95 (+2,9 +3,11 311 11 (+3,1 pp. . lado 3,30 330 30 (-3,3 1,65 165 65 (-1,6 20 201 2008200 2008–20 2017201 2017–20 19, 0 1, +1,5 15 (+1, +2,0 (+2, +5,9 9 (+5, +2,4 24 +1,1 +3,5 35 (+3, +2,9 29 +3,1 31 3,3 33 (-3, 1,6 16 6 (-1, 200820 2008–2 201720 2017–2 +1, (+1 +2, (+2 +5, (+5 +3, (+3 3, (-3 (-1 20082 2008– 20172 2017– +1 (+ +2 +5 +3 (- +

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate sociodemographic factors associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the temporal evolution of their consumption in Brazil between 2008 and 2018. METHODS The study used food consumption data of individuals aged ≥ 10 years from 2008–2009 and 2017–2018 Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares (POF - Household Budget Surveys), grouping the foods according to the Nova classification. We used crude and adjusted linear regression models to assess the association between sociodemographic characteristics and consumption of ultra-processed foods in 2017–2018 and the temporal variation in their consumption between 2008 and 2018. RESULTS Ultra-processed foods accounted for 19.7% of calories in 2017–2018. The adjusted analysis showed that their consumption was higher in women (versus men) and the South and Southeast regions (versus North) and lower in blacks (versus whites) and rural areas (versus urban), in addition to decreasing with the increased age and increasing with higher education and income. Consumption of ultra-processed foods increased by 1.02 percentage points (pp) from 2008–2009 to 2017–2018. This increase was significantly higher among men (+1.59 pp), black people (+2.04 pp), indigenous (+5.96 pp), in the rural area (+2.43 pp), those with up to 4 years of schooling (+1.18 pp), in the lowest income quintile (+3.54 pp), and the North (+2.95 pp) and Northeast (+3.11 pp) regions. On the other hand, individuals in the highest level of schooling (-3.30 pp) and the highest income quintile (-1.65 pp) reduced their consumption. CONCLUSIONS The socioeconomic and demographic segments with the lowest relative consumption of ultra-processed foods in 2017–2018 are precisely those that showed the most significant increase in the temporal analysis, pointing to a trend towards national standardization at a higher level of consumption. ultraprocessed ultra processed 200 2018 1 20082009 2009 2008–200 20172018 2017 2017–201 POF Surveys, Surveys , Surveys) classification Ultraprocessed Ultra 197 19 7 19.7 versus whites urban, urban urban) 102 02 1.0 pp (pp +1.59 159 59 (+1.5 pp, +2.04 204 2 04 (+2.0 +5.96 596 5 96 (+5.9 +2.43 243 43 (+2.4 +1.18 118 18 (+1.1 +3.54 354 3 54 (+3.5 +2.95 295 95 (+2.9 +3.11 311 11 (+3.1 hand 3.30 330 30 (-3.3 1.65 165 65 (-1.6 20 201 2008200 2008–20 2017201 2017–20 19. 0 1. +1.5 15 (+1. +2.0 (+2. +5.9 9 (+5. +2.4 24 +1.1 +3.5 35 (+3. +2.9 29 +3.1 31 3.3 33 (-3. 1.6 16 6 (-1. 200820 2008–2 201720 2017–2 +1. (+1 +2. (+2 +5. (+5 +3. (+3 3. (-3 (-1 20082 2008– 20172 2017– +1 (+ +2 +5 +3 (- + (