ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient for coffee seedlings. To meet this requirement, coffee growers usually apply di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), which is highly sensitive to local price fluctuations. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) has been recommended, but the results derived from their application are inconsistent and uncertain, depending on soil fertility status. The response of AMF and PSF application in the plant growth of coffee seedlings during the nursery stage was evaluated in four non-sterile soils, which represent the most abundant type of soils in the coffee regions of Colombia: Eutropept, Dystropept, Fulvudand, and Ultisol. The treatments included a commercial AMF inoculum, PSF-Phlebia subserialis-CH4, and a consortium of AMF+PSF, at four P levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g.plant-1 P2O5) using DAP fertilizer. Shoot dry weight (SDW) was affected by P applications in Fulvudand. In the other soils, a P-response occurred with 0.5 g.plant-1 , whereas 1 and 2 g.plant-1 of P2O5 caused a significant reduction in SDW. AMF increased SDW by 40% in Eutropept. The negative effect of higher P amounts was mitigated (> 70%) through PSF and AMF+PSF in Ultisol and Eutropept, respectively. In plants in which microorganisms increased SDW, the P concentration was 0.17 to 0.22%. The plant growth promotion of coffee seedlings during the nursery stage with AMF and/or PSF applications varied according to soil type and P amounts applied.

RESUMO A presença de cafeína nas folhas de Palicourea marcgravii foi relatada anteriormente, e esperava-se que a determinação desse composto em amostras animais servisse como marcador do consumo da planta. Porém, os níveis de cafeína presentes nas folhas de Palicourea são desconhecidos. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os teores de cafeína em folhas de Palicourea marcgravii e P. hoffmannseggiana. Foram coletadas folhas jovens de 10 exemplares de P. marcgravii e 10 exemplares de P. hoffmannseggiana. Além disso, as folhas jovens de dois cafeeiros (Coffea arabica) foram utilizadas como controle positivo para cafeína. Essas amostras foram submetidas à medição de cafeína por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os níveis de cafeína encontrados nas folhas de café foram de 6,4 e 7,7mg/g, mas a cafeína não foi detectada em todas as amostras avaliadas de folhas de P. marcgravii e P. hoffmannseggiana. Como o limite de detecção do método analítico utilizado é de 0,15μg/mL, os níveis de cafeína nas folhas das duas espécies de Palicourea são insignificantes (inferiores a 3,0μg/mg), se essa substância realmente estiver presente. A ausência de cafeína nas folhas de Palicourea avaliadas neste estudo impossibilita a utilização dessa substância como marcador do consumo dessas plantas.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the response of arabica coffee plants to the pathogen Pseudomonas coronafaciens pv. garcae using RNA-seq technology. Susceptible and resistant coffee plants were inoculated with the bacteria, and leaf samples were collected at different time points for RNA sequencing. Seven genes related to different defense pathways were chosen for expression quantification in time-course experiments using infected leaves from resistant and susceptible plants, as well as non-infiltrated and water-infiltrated leaves as controls. The results obtained revealed that response mechanisms differ between genotypes and provide insights into the genetic basis of early defense in coffee plants against P. coronafaciens pv. garcae, offering potential strategies for genetic breeding. pv RNAseq seq technology bacteria sequencing timecourse course noninfiltrated non infiltrated waterinfiltrated water controls P breeding

RESUMO: Com o avanço da cafeicultura, múltiplas características devem ser consideradas na seleção de plantas, que devem apresentar um conjunto de atributos favoráveis. O rendimento, definido como a relação de massas entre os frutos maduros e os grãos processados, é um importante componente da produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o rendimento ao longo de duas colheitas de 57 clones comercializados em domínio público e 10 cultivares registradas. A análise considera efeitos de genótipos, medições e estimativas de ganhos com a seleção. De acordo com o ciclo de maturação de cada clone, amostras de café cereja foram colhidas considerando um delineamento fatorial inteiramente ao acaso para a caracterização dos efeitos de genótipos, anos e interação genótipo × anos (GA). A secagem, o descascamento e o rendimento foram avaliados individualmente. Apesar dos efeitos significativos da interação GA, os genótipos apresentaram pequenas mudanças no ordenamento de uma medição para a outra. Clones com maior rendimento, entre eles, LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220 e AS5 apresentaram rendimento médio de 25,51% associado a estimativas de ganho de 12,17%. Por outro lado, clones de menor rendimento, como BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1 e P60 tiveram uma média de 19,15% associada a uma redução de 14,02%. A partir da distribuição dos valores, 19,4, 62,7 e 17,9% dos genótipos apresentaram rendimento classificados como alto, médio e baixo, subsidiando o melhor cultivo dos genótipos avaliados. RESUMO cafeicultura plantas favoráveis processados produtividade 5 1 registradas clone GA. GA . (GA) secagem individualmente outra eles LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS322 AS 2551 25 51 25,51 1217 12 17 12,17% lado BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P P6 1915 19 15 19,15 1402 14 02 14,02% valores 194 4 19,4 627 62 7 62, 179 9 17,9 alto baixo (GA LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS32 255 2 25,5 121 12,17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 191 19,1 140 0 14,02 19, 6 17, BRS12 BRS3 25, 12,1 BG1 14,0 BRS1 12, 14,

ABSTRACT: With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies. ABSTRACT plants characteristics beans productivity 5 1 cultivars measurements clone (GY interaction drying peeling assessed LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS3220 AS5 AS 2551 25 51 25.51% 1217 12 17 12.17% Conversely BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P N1 P60 1915 19 15 19.15% 1402 14 02 14.02 mean values 194 4 19.4% 627 62 7 62.7% 179 9 17.9 high medium respectively strategies LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS322 255 2 25.51 121 12.17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 P6 191 19.15 140 0 14.0 19.4 6 62.7 17. BRS12 BRS32 25.5 12.1 BG1 19.1 14. 19. 62. BRS1 BRS3 25. 12.

With the increase in life expectancy and the significant incidence of lesions of the musculoskeletal system, both the public and private sectors seek improvements in their products and processes in order to contribute to the health of the population. Every year tons of chicken eggshell (CES) from domestic consumption are released in environment and the present work aims the production of a synthetic ceramic bone substitute using the eggshell as a source of calcium ions. According to the methodology, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol% of iron ions were used and the characterization assays demonstrated the formation of a double calcium iron phosphate - Ca9Fe(PO4)7. MG63 cells were cultured on test specimens to cell viability assay and to each doped group analyzed, verifying cell compatibility with the studied compounds, as well as a good adhesion profile. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cells showed that material surface favored cell adhesion and the results demonstrated that the production of the compounds were viable to Ca9Fe(PO4)7 phase. So, in the future, it will be possible to have a final comprehensive biological compatibility of the prototype for further in vitro and in vivo assays. system population CES (CES methodology 5 10 1 2 mol Ca9FePO47. Ca9FePO47 CaFePO Ca9Fe PO4 7. 7 Ca Fe PO MG MG6 analyzed profile SEM (SEM Ca9Fe(PO4) phase So future FePO Ca9FePO4 CaFe Ca9Fe(PO4 Ca9FePO Ca9Fe(PO

RESUMO: A estrutura do sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon tem sido aprimorada ao longo dos anos por meio de propagação e estudos genéticos e agronômicos em resposta às demandas por melhorias no desenvolvimento vegetal, na produção e na sobrevivência da espécie. Entende-se que a pesquisa científica desempenha um papel importante na geração de tecnologias e também na segurança das aplicações. Porém, há necessidade de refinar o código gerado para descobrir descobertas e tendências sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliométrica e análise na base de dados Web of Science (WOS) sobre as principais contribuições de estudos, pesquisadores, organizações e países relevantes nas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o enraizamento de Coffea canephora. Dados da base de dados WOS publicados entre 1982 e 2021 e sistematizados no software VOSviewer, mostraram um conjunto de 92 artigos, em que a maioria teve origem no Brasil e na França, tendo como principais grupos a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a Universidade Federal de Viçosa e o CIRAD. O estudo está dividido em quatro áreas: diversidade genética, propagação assexuada, nematologia, tolerância ao estresse hídrico e micropropagação, porém, destaca-se que no contexto das mudanças climáticas e seu impacto na produção e longevidade da cafeicultura brasileira, podemos ver o surgimento de pesquisas focadas no sistema radicular, integrando-o em linhas que exploram e integram temas como risco climático, gestão hídrica, tolerância à seca e irrigação por gotejamento, incluindo reflexões sobre o desempenho da agronomia cafeeira. RESUMO vegetal espécie Entendese Entende se aplicações Porém assunto sentido (WOS pesquisadores canephora 198 202 VOSviewer 9 artigos França Agropecuária CIRAD áreas genética assexuada nematologia micropropagação porém destacase destaca brasileira integrandoo integrando climático hídrica gotejamento cafeeira 19 20 1 2

ABSTRACT: The structure of the root system of the conilon coffee tree has improved over the years through propagation, genetic, and agronomic studies in response to demands for improvements in plant development, production, and survival of the species. Scientific research plays an important role in generating technologies and the security of applications. However, there is a need to refine the content generated to analyze discoveries and trends on the subject. Therefore, the present study conduct a bibliometric review and analysis on the main contributions of relevant studies, researchers, organizations, and countries in academic research on the rooting of Coffea canephora in the Web of Science (WOS) database. Data from the WOS database published between 1982 and 2021 and systematized in the VOSviewer software showed a set of 92 articles, the majority of which originated in Brazil and France, with the main groups being the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, the Federal University of Viçosa, and CIRAD. The study was divided into five areas: genetic diversity, asexual propagation, nematology, tolerance to water stress, and micropropagation. However, in the context of climate changes and its impact on the production and longevity of Brazilian coffee farming, research focused on the root system has increased significantly, integrating it into lines that explore and integrate topics such as climate risk, water management, drought tolerance, and drip irrigation, including reflections on the performance of coffee agronomy. ABSTRACT propagation development species applications However subject Therefore researchers organizations (WOS 198 202 9 articles France Corporation Viçosa CIRAD areas diversity nematology stress micropropagation farming significantly risk management irrigation agronomy 19 20 1 2

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar o índice de rendimento, o índice de rendimento de campo, a uniformidade e o ciclo de maturação de quinze genótipos de Coffea canephora cultivados em diferentes ambientes da Amazônia Ocidental. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Amazonas, em Itacoatiara e Manaus, e em Rondônia, em Porto Velho, Brasil. A interação entre genótipos x ambientes foi significativa, indicando que os clones apresentaram desempenho diferenciado entre os ambientes. A superioridade dos coeficientes genotípicos sobre aqueles de natureza ambiental sugere predominância dos efeitos genéticos na expressão dos índices de rendimento e da uniformidade de maturação. O índice de rendimento médio foi de 24,68% e o rendimento de campo de 22,57%, sendo o ambiente Itacoatiara com as maiores médias. A uniformidade de maturação de frutos teve uma média geral de 63,02%, com Porto Velho apresentando a maior uniformidade média (71,78%). A cultivar BRS1216 apresentou o melhor desempenho para os índices de rendimento e proporcionou maior ganho de seleção na média dos ambientes, apresentando adaptabilidade ampla para o índice de rendimento usual e adaptabilidade para ambientes favoráveis ao rendimento de campo. BRS3210 e BRS3220 se destacaram com mais 82% de uniformidade de maturação na média das localidades, porém a primeira com adaptabilidade para ambientes favoráveis e a segunda para ambiente desfavorável. BRS3220 também se destacou pela superioridade média para o rendimento de campo, exibindo ampla adaptabilidade e alta estabilidade fenotípica. Os clones avaliados apresentaram ciclos de maturação conforme o esperado. Ocidental Amazonas Manaus Rondônia Brasil significativa 2468 24 68 24,68 2257 22 57 22,57% médias 6302 63 02 63,02% 71,78%. 7178 71,78% . 71 78 (71,78%) BRS BRS121 BRS321 BRS322 82 localidades desfavorável fenotípica esperado 246 2 6 24,6 225 5 22,57 630 0 63,02 717 71,78 7 (71,78% BRS12 BRS32 8 24, 22,5 63,0 71,7 (71,78 BRS1 BRS3 22, 63, 71, (71,7 (71, (71 (7 (

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the outturn index, field outturn index, uniformity of maturity, and maturation cycle of fifteen Coffea canephora genotypes grown in different environments of the Western Amazon. Conducted in Amazonas (Itacoatiara and Manaus) and Rondônia (Porto Velho), the research evaluated the performance of ten cultivars and five promising genotypes from Embrapa. The genotype × environment interaction was significant, indicating different performance of clones across environments. Genotypic coefficients surpassed environmental ones, indicating a genetic influence on outturn indices and uniformity of maturity. The mean outturn index was 24.68%, and the field outturn index was 22.57%, with Itacoatiara having the highest mean values. The overall mean fruit uniformity of maturity was 63.02%, with Porto Velho achieving the highest mean uniformity value (71.78%). The cultivar BRS1216 exhibited the best performance for outturn indices and provided the highest gain from selection across environments, showing wide adaptability for the outturn index and adaptability to environments favorable for field outturn. Cultivars BRS3210 and BRS3220 achieved more than 82% uniformity of maturity across locations, with BRS3210 adapting to favorable environments and BRS3220 adapting to unfavorable ones. Additionally, BRS3220 had a high mean field outturn index, indicating wide adaptability and high phenotypic stability. The evaluated Amazon Robusta clones and cultivars displayed the expected maturation cycles. Manaus Velho, , Velho) Embrapa significant ones 2468 24 68 24.68% 2257 22 57 22.57% values 6302 63 02 63.02% 71.78%. 7178 71.78% . 71 78 (71.78%) BRS BRS121 BRS321 BRS322 82 locations Additionally stability cycles 246 2 6 24.68 225 5 22.57 630 0 63.02 717 71.78 7 (71.78% BRS12 BRS32 8 24.6 22.5 63.0 71.7 (71.78 BRS1 BRS3 24. 22. 63. 71. (71.7 (71. (71 (7 (

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo regular de refrigerantes em adolescentes brasileiros, de acordo com características sociodemográficas, de hábitos alimentares e de estilo de vida. Métodos: Estudo transversal que utilizou dados de 118.497 adolescentes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2019. Foi estimada a prevalência do consumo regular de refrigerante e, utilizando regressão de Poisson, verificamos a associação desse consumo com variáveis relativas a hábitos alimentares e estilo de vida (atividades física e sedentária, uso de cigarro e álcool). Resultados: A frequência do consumo regular de refrigerante foi 17,2% (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 16,6–17,8%). Houve associação do consumo regular de refrigerantes com: morar nas Regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste (razão de prevalência — RP=1,49 e RP=1,50, respectivamente), ser do sexo masculino (RP=1,22), fazer refeições com uso de tela em cinco ou mais dias por semana (RP=1,20), ter o hábito de tomar café da manhã em menos de cinco dias por semana (RP=1,14), consumir guloseimas doces em cinco ou mais dias na semana (RP=2,16) e consumir fast food em três ou mais dias na semana (RP=2,28). Passar mais de três horas diárias em atividades sedentárias (RP=1,18), o uso de cigarro (RP=1,22) e binge drinking (RP=1,21) também apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com o consumo regular de refrigerantes. Conclusão: O consumo regular de refrigerantes por adolescentes está associado à região de residência, ao sexo e aos hábitos alimentares e de estilo de vida não saudáveis. As intervenções para promover a redução do consumo regular de refrigerantes entre os adolescentes brasileiros devem considerar estratégias inovadoras que incluam políticas públicas abrangentes adequadas ao perfil deles.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the regular consumption of soft drinks among Brazilian adolescents according to sociodemographic characteristics, eating habits, and lifestyle. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using data from 118,497 adolescents from the 2019 National Survey of School Health (PeNSE), a population survey periodically carried out in Brazil. The prevalence of regular soft drinks consumption was estimated and, using Poisson regression analysis, the association of this consumption with variables related to eating habits and lifestyle (physical and sedentary activities, use of cigarette and alcohol) was verified. Results: The frequency of regular soft drinks consumption was 17.2% (95%CI 16.6–17.8%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an association between regular soft drinks consumption and: living in the Southeast and Midwest regions (PR=1.49 and PR=1.50), boys (PR=1.22), eating meals while using a screen on five or more days a week (PR=1.20), eating breakfast less than five days a week (PR=1.14), consuming sweets five or more days a week (PR=2.16), and consuming fast food three or more times a week (PR=2.28). Spending more than three hours a day in sedentary activities (PR=1.18) and cigarette use (PR=1.22) and binge drinking (PR=1.21) were also statistically and significantly associated with regular soft drinks consumption. Conclusion: Adolescents’ regular consumption of soft drinks is associated with the region of residence, sex, and unhealthy eating and lifestyle habits. Interventions to promote the reduction of regular soft drinks consumption among Brazilian adolescents should consider innovative strategies that include comprehensive public policies appropriate to the profile of adolescents.

Resumen Se encontraron árboles enfermos en plantaciones de Tectona grandis en la provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica, que mostraban síntomas de pudrición del cuello y la raíz. A nivel morfológico y molecular, se identificó la especie Kretzschmaria zonata como el agente causal de la enfermedad. El micelio del patógeno creció de forma circuncéntrica en un medio PDA, con coloración gris en el centro y blanca en los bordes. Se registraron ascosporas de color café oscuro, cuyo tamaño era (21.6-) 27.4 - 32.1 (-33.5) x (6.2-) 8.7 - 10.9 (-11.8) µm. Las plantas inoculadas con el patógeno presentaron lesiones, con diferencias altamente significativas respecto a las plantas testigo. Se realizaron reaislamientos y se recuperó el hongo K. zonata, cumpliendo con los postulados de Koch. Es la primera vez que se reporta este patógeno causando enfermedad en plantaciones forestales de teca en Costa Rica, lo que constituye un avance para el estudio de estrategias de manejo de la enfermedad.

Abstract Diseased trees were found in Tectona grandis plantations in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, showing symptoms of collar and root rot. At the morphological and molecular level, the species Kretzschmaria zonata was identified as the causal agent of the disease. The pathogen's mycelium grew in a concentric form on PDA medium, with a gray coloration in the center and a white one at the edges. Dark brown ascospores were recorded, measuring (21.6-) 27.4 - 32.1 (-33.5) x (6.2-) 8.7 - 10.9 (-11.8) µm. Plants inoculated with the pathogen developed lesions, with highly significant differences compared to control plants. Re-isolations were performed, and the fungus K. zonata was recovered, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This is the first time that this pathogen has been reported as causing disease in teak forest plantations in Costa Rica, which constitutes an advancement in the study of management strategies regarding this disease.

RESUMEN El desarrollo del análisis se centra en identificar un conjunto de prácticas efectivas que contribuyan a mejorar la sostenibilidad en la cadena de suministro de cafés especiales. Metodológicamente, el análisis se fundamenta en un ejercicio de análisis de contenido temático en un corpus evaluado a través de un indicador construido que permite medir el impacto estructural de artículos científicos en la base de datos de Web of Science. Como resultado, se identificaron tres categorías de análisis para las prácticas que incluyen múltiples dimensiones de análisis: Tecnología y procesos de producción sostenible; Impacto ambiental y calidad del café; y, Comportamiento del consumidor y valor agregado. A partir de estos hallazgos, se contribuye a responder cómo se pueden mejorar las prácticas de producción, comercialización y consumo de cafés especiales para lograr una mayor sostenibilidad en la cadena de suministro en el mercado internacional. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: DI2,Q01,Q13,Q57

ABSTRACT The development of the analysis focuses on identifying a set of effective practices that contribute to improving sustainability in the special coffee supply chain. Methodologically the analysis is based on a thematic content analysis exercise in a corpus evaluated through a constructed indicator that allows measuring the structural impact of scientific articles in the Web of Science database. As a result, three categories of analysis were identified for the practices, which include multiple dimensions of analysis: Technology and sustainable production processes; Environmental impact and coffee quality; and Consumer behavior and added value. From these findings, it contributes to answering how production, marketing, and consumption practices of special coffees can be improved to achieve greater sustainability in the international market supply chain. JEL CLASSIFICATION: D12,Q01,Q13,Q57

RESUMO O desenvolvimento da análise se concentra na identificação de um conjunto de práticas eficazes que contribuem para melhorar a sustentabilidade na cadeia de suprimentos de cafés especiais. Metodologicamente, a análise baseia-se em um exercício de análise de conteúdo temático em um corpus avaliado por meio de um indicador construído para medir o impacto estrutural de artigos científicos na base de dados Web of Science. Como resultado, foram identificadas três categorias de análise para as práticas que incluem várias dimensões de análise: Tecnologia e processos de produção sustentáveis; Impacto ambiental e qualidade do café; e Comportamento do consumidor e valor agregado. Com base nessas descobertas, o estudo contribui para responder como as práticas de produção, marketing e consumo de cafés especiais podem ser aprimoradas para alcançar maior sustentabilidade na cadeia de suprimentos no mercado internacional. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: D12,Q01,Q13,Q57

Resumen Introducción. Buscar alternativas con bioestimulantes que promuevan el crecimiento y desarrollo de plantas de café en la fase de vivero es de gran importancia. El Codafol 14-6-5, por su composición podría utilizarse como alternativa nutricional. Sin embargo, no son suficientes las informaciones obtenidas para optimizar su uso. Objetivo. Evaluar la respuesta de plantas de Coffea arabica a diferentes ciclos de aplicación foliar del bioestimulante Codafol en la fase de vivero. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en el vivero de la Estación Experimental Agro-Forestal en la localidad de Jibacoa, municipio de Manicaragua, provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba. En un diseño aleatorizado se estudiaron tres ciclos de aplicación de Codafol 14-6-5: 1) aspersión a las plantas cuando estas llegaron al 3ro y 5to par de hojas, 2) aspersión en el 4to y 6to par de hojas y 3) aspersión desde el 3ro hasta el 6to par de hojas y 4) un tratamiento control (aspersión de solo agua). A 10 plantas por cada tratamiento tomadas al azar se les evaluaron la altura, el diámetro del tallo, la masa seca, el área foliar y se determinaron los índices de eficiencia. Resultado. La aspersión del bioestimulante desde el tercero hasta el sexto par de hojas, provocó incrementos promedios de la altura, del diámetro del tallo, de la masa seca y el área foliar de 6,3%; 12,5%; 23,8% y 10,6%, respectivamente. Este ciclo de aplicación mostró en sentido general los índices de eficiencia más elevados en estas variables evaluadas. Conclusiones. Las aplicaciones del bioestimulante Codafol 14-6-5 promovieron el desarrollo de las plantas de C. arabica en la etapa de vivero. La aplicación desde el 3ro hasta el 6to par de hojas del bioestimulante, fue el ciclo que más favoreció de forma integral el desarrollo de las plantas de café.

Abstract Introduction. Search for alternatives with biostimulants that promote the growth and development of coffee plants in the nursery stage is very importance. Codafol 14-6-5, due to its composition, could be used as a nutritional alternative. However, the available information is insufficient to optimize its use. Objective. To evaluate the response of C. arabica plants to different cycles of foliar application of Codafol-14-6-5 during the nursery stage. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at Agro-Forest Experimental Station nursery in Jibacoa, municipality of Manicaragua, Villa Clara province, Cuba. In a randomized design, three application cycles of Codafol 14-6-5 were studied 1) spraying on the plants when they reached the 3rd and 5th pair of leaves, 2) spraying on the 4th and 6th pair of leaves, 3) spraying from the 3rd to the 6th pair of leaves and 4) a control treatment (only water spray). Height, stem diameter, dry mass, and leaf area of ten plants per treatment taken at random were evaluated and efficiency indices were determined. Results. Spraying the biostimulant from the third to the sixth pair of leaves resulted average increases in height, stem diameter, dry mass and leaf area of 6.3%, 12.5%, 23.8% and 10.6%, respectively. This application cycle generally showed the highest efficiency indices in these evaluated variables. Conclusions. Applications of the biostimulant Codafol 14-6-5 promoted the development of C. arabica plants in the nursery stage. The application of the biostimulant from the 3rd to the 6th pair of leaves was the cycle that most comprehensively favored the growth of the coffee plants.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El café (Coffea spp.) es el segundo producto más comercializado a nivel mundial y cultivado en más de ochenta países. Su cultivo es complejo por pertenecer a un ecosistema donde factores abióticos y bióticos tienen dinámicas bajo diferentes condiciones de manejo agronómico. Para comprender el desarrollo de la planta y su influencia en la calidad sensorial del producto, hay que conocer la intrincada interacción entre la planta del café y los microorganismos autóctonos del cultivo. Objetivo. Describir el rol de la microbiota edáfica del café, bacterias y hongos, y cómo puede contribuir en la calidad final de la bebida. Desarrollo. El suelo es uno de los ecosistemas más diversos y menos estudiados, en el cual se desarrollan funciones ecológicas importantes para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. La identificación de los componentes microbianos del suelo y sus interacciones con otros organismos, son importantes desde el punto de vista agronómico. La microbiota edáfica puede favorecer la fisiología de la planta y de esta manera, se realiza la presente recopilación de información que busca asociar cómo los atributos sensoriales de la bebida de café pueden ser beneficiados por la microbiota del suelo. Se revisaron artículos de ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, entre el 2011 y 2023. Los datos muestran la diversidad de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV), bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (BFN) y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) asociados con el cultivo de café. También existen compuestos microbianos que juegan un papel importante en la formación de atributos sensoriales y están relacionados con la calidad en taza del café. Conclusión. La diversidad microbiana del suelo y fruto puede sintetizar o degradar compuestos que influyen en el perfil sensorial de la bebida, lo cual podría tener implicaciones para la sostenibilidad y calidad.

Abstract Introduction. Coffee (Coffea spp.) is the second most traded product globally and is cultivated in over eighty countries. Its cultivation is complex because it belongs to an ecosystem where abiotic and biotic factors interact under various agronomic management conditions. To understand the development of the coffee plant and its influence on the sensory quality of the final product, it is necessary to explore the intricate interactions between the coffee plant and the native microorganisms within the crop environment. Objective. To describe the role of the coffee soil microbiota, specially bacteria and fungi, and how they may contribute to the final quality of the beverage. Development. Soil is one of the most diverse and least studied ecosystems, where crucial ecological functions for plant growth and development take place. Identifying soil microbial components and their interactions with other organisms is important from an agronomic perspective. The soil microbiota can enhance plant physiology; thus, this review aims to connect how the sensory attributes of coffee beverage can be positively influenced by soil microbiota. Articles from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2011 to 2023 were reviewed. The data show the diversity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with coffee cultivation. Additionally, microbial compounds play an important role in the formation of sensory attributes and are related to the coffee cup quality. Conclusion. The microbial diversity of soil and on the fruit can synthesize or degrade compounds that affect the sensory profile of the coffee beverage, which could have implications for sustainability and quality.

Resumen Los residuos del procesamiento del fruto de café se han propuesto como una estrategia para prevenir la pérdida de calidad de la carne. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la efectividad del extracto acuoso de cascarilla de café (CSE) sobre la estabilidad oxidativa en un sistema de homogenizados de carne cruda de cerdo. El CSE se sometió a la determinación de polifenoles (fenoles, flavonoides y ácido cafeoilquínico), así como a ensayos de actividad antirradical y poder reductor. Además, los homogenizados de carne cruda de cerdo se dividieron en cuatro tratamientos (CN, control o sin antioxidante; T1 y T2, CSE a 250 y 500 ppm, respectivamente; BHT, antioxidante sintético a 500 ppm), oxidados por 1 h con ferrocianuro de potasio (0, 0.5 y 1.0 %, p/v), y fueron sometidos a evaluación de calidad de la carne (pH, oxidación de lípidos, color y contenido de metamioglobina). Los resultados demostraron que los CSE son una fuente importante de polifenoles con actividad antioxidante, y su incorporación en un homogenizado de carne de cerdo cruda condujo a una reducción de los valores de pH, oxidación de lípidos y contenido de metamioglobina, así como a una disminución de los cambios de color (p < 0.05). Estos resultados sugieren que el CSE tiene un gran potencial como aditivo antioxidante para productos cárnicos.

Abstract Coffee fruit processing residues have been proposed to prevent meat quality loss. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of coffee silverskin aqueous extract (CSE) on the oxidative stability of a pork meat homogenate. CSE was subjected to polyphenols determination (total phenol, flavonoids, and caffeoylquinic acid contents) and antiradical and reducing power assays. In addition, raw pork meat homogenates were divided into four treatments (CN, control or without antioxidant; T1 and T2, CSE at 250 and 500 ppm, respectively; BHT, synthetic antioxidant at 500 ppm), oxidized for 1 h with potassium ferrocyanide (0, 0.5, and 1.0 %, w/v), and subjected to meat quality evaluation (pH, lipid oxidation, color, and metmyoglobin content). Results demonstrated that CSE is an important source of polyphenols with antioxidant activity, and their incorporation in a raw pork meat homogenate led to reduce pH values, lipid oxidation, and metmyoglobin content, as well as decreased color changes (p < 0.05). These results suggest that CSE has great potential as an antioxidant additive for meat products.

Resumen La principal enfermedad del café a nivel mundial es la roya causada por Hemileia vastatrix, que ocasiona pérdidas hasta del 40 % en la producción. El control biológico con hongos antagonistas representa una opción de manejo compatible con el ambiente. Se aislaron y evaluaron en condiciones de campo cepas de Trichoderma y Lecanicillium nativas de la zona cafetalera de Nayarit. En general las cepas de Lecanicillium presentaron mejor desempeño que las de Trichoderma con excepción de la cepa 39 en la protección de las hojas de café contra la roya con efectividades del 80 % y reducciones en la escala de daño a 1 y 2. Por lo anterior, estas cepas representan una buena opción en el control biológico de Hemileia vastatrix, en el área de estudio. Por otra parte, si no se aplican medidas de combate los porcentajes de infestación llegan al 85 % y los niveles de daño son del 3 y 4, provocando graves pérdidas en la producción del cultivo del café.

Abstract The main coffee disease worldwide is rust by Hemileia vastatrix, which causes losses of up to 40% in production. Biological control with antagonistic fungi represents a management option compatible with the environment. Trichoderma and Lecanicillium strains native to the coffee producing areas of Nayarit were isolated and evaluated under field conditions. In general, Lecanicillium strains showed better performance than Trichoderma strains, with the exception of strain 39, in protecting coffee leaves against Hemileia vastatrix rust, with 80 % effectiveness and reductions in the damage scale at 1 and 2. Therefore, these strains represent a good option for the biological control of Hemileia vastatrix in the study area. Besides, if combat measures are not applied, the infestation percentages reach 85 % and the damage levels are 3 and 4, causing severe coffee cultivation production losses.