Summary: Soil solution (SS) constitutes the volume from which plant roots extract dissolved nutrients. Despite its importance, the impact of its composition due to the application of organic amendments has been relatively little studied. The objective of this research was to study the impact of humic acids (HA) and chitosan (Cs) on the concentration of minerals in the SS, as well as their effect on the yield of the cabbage crop (Brassica oleracea L.). Under greenhouse conditions with calcareous soil, two doses of HA were applied (200 and 500 kg ha-1), as well as 50 and 150 kg ha-1 of Cs in a targeted manner. From the SS, 22 samples were taken non-destructively from the root zone once a week. The results of mineral content in the soil solution and mineral content on the biomass did not present significant differences, however, it was noted that the Cs50 treatment stimulated 41% higher plant biomass than the control (P ≤ 0.5, Tukey). It is concluded that Cs and HA do not significantly impact the ionic content of the SS or the mineral content of the biomass, although they do stimulate the yield.

Resumen: La solución del suelo (SS) constituye el volumen de donde las raíces de las plantas extraen los nutrientes disueltos. A pesar de su importancia, el impacto de su composición por la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas se encuentra relativamente poco estudiado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el impacto de los ácidos húmicos (AH) y quitosán (Cs) sobre la concentración de los minerales en la SS, así como su efecto en el rendimiento del cultivo de col (Brassica oleracea L.). En condiciones de invernadero con suelo calcáreo se aplicaron dos dosis de AH (200 y 500 kg ha-1), así como 50 y 150 kg ha-1 de Cs de forma dirigida. De la SS se tomaron 22 muestras en forma no destructiva de la zona de la raíz una vez por semana. Los resultados del contenido mineral en la solución del suelo y del contenido mineral en la biomasa no presentaron diferencias significativas, no obstante, se apreció que el tratamiento Cs50 estimuló 41% la biomasa vegetal superior al testigo (P ≤ 0.5, Tukey). Se concluye que el Cs y AH no impactan significativamente el contenido iónico de la SS ni el contenido mineral de la biomasa, aunque si estimulan el rendimiento.

Abstract The use of fungi and bacteria with pathogenic capacity towards insects is considered a sustainable agroecological alternative for efficient pest control, as they are microorganisms of easy production in industrial scale, formulation and use. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate four entomopathogenic formulations in the control of Brevicoryne brassicae L., a key pest of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments, plus an absolute control and 4 replicates. The variables evaluated were the number of dead and live aphids per plant and the number of infested plants. The commercial formulations Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo and Yurak containing strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae and Bauveria bassiana respectively, are the ones that were used by spray application to the crop in two seasons: planting, season August-December 2019 and August-December 2021. Among the results, M. anisopliae was recorded with up to 91.11 % efficiency, followed by B. bassiana with 89.50 % and Bs with 79.38 % in the reduction of populations under field conditions. In the laboratory, Btk and M. anisopliae reached 100 % mortality in a period of seven days, so it is concluded that in the medium term, entomopathogenic fungi in the field are more efficient in aphid control; however, in controlled conditions Btk is also efficient.

Resumen El uso de hongos y bacterias con capacidad patogénica hacia los insectos se considera una alternativa agroecológica sostenible de lucha eficiente contra las plagas por ser microorganismos de fácil producción en escala industrial, formulación y uso; entonces, el objetivo ha sido evaluar cuatro formulados entomopatógenos en el control de Brevicoryne brassicae L, plaga clave de la col (Brassica oleracea L.), en diseño de bloques completos al azar de 4 tratamientos, sumado un testigo absoluto y 4 réplicas, siendo las variables evaluadas la cantidad de pulgones muertos y vivos por planta y cantidad de plantas infestadas. Los formulados comerciales Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo y Yurak que contenían cepas de Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae y Bauveria bassiana, respectivamente, son los que fueron utilizados mediante la aplicación por aspersión al cultivo en dos épocas de siembra, temporada agosto-diciembre 2019 y agosto-diciembre 2021. Entre los resultados se registró al M. anisopliae con hasta 91,11 % de eficiencia, seguida por B. bassiana con 89,50 % y Bs con 79,38 % en la reducción de las poblaciones en condiciones de campo; en laboratorio el Btk y M. anisopliae alcanzaron el 100 % de mortalidad en un lapso de siete días, por lo que se concluye que a mediano plazo los hongos entomopatógenos en campo resultan ser más eficientes en el control del pulgón, sin embargo, en condiciones controladas el Btk también es eficiente.

ABSTRACT The caterpillar Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) stands out as one of the main defoliating pests of brassicas. To mitigate the damage and reduce the impact on human health and the environment that results from the persistent and indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides, it is crucial to consider the use of botanical insecticides as a fundamental alternative for pest control. The aim was therefore to investigate the stimulus-response of the hydroalcoholic crude extract of Ocimum campechianum and of its dichloromethane (DCM) fraction on A. monuste orseis. Leaf consumption (cm2) of caterpillars exposed to the extract, caterpillar mortality in 24 h, total caterpillar mortality, pupal mortality, pupal period duration, and morphological malformation in adults were evaluated. Feeding the caterpillars for eight days with cabbage impregnated with the crude extract and its DCM fraction resulted in decreased caterpillar feeding, increased larval mortality (90%), lengthening of the pupal period (two days), and an increase in adult deformation (50%). Therefore, the crude extract of O. campechianum and its DCM fraction have potential for use in the alternative control of A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae brassicas stimulusresponse stimulus response (DCM A cm2 cm (cm2 2 h duration evaluated feeding 90%, 90 90% , (90%) two days, days) 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Therefore O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5 (

RESUMO A lagarta Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), destaca-se como uma das principais pragas desfolhadoras das brássicas. Para mitigar os danos e reduzir os impactos na saúde humana e no meio ambiente, decorrentes do uso persistente e indiscriminado de inseticidas químicos, é crucial considerar a utilização de inseticidas botânicos como uma alternativa fundamental para seu controle. Deste modo, o objetivo foi investigar o estímuloresposta do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Ocimum campechianum e de sua fração diclorometano (DCM) sobre A. monuste orseis. Avaliou-se o consumo foliar (cm2) das lagartas expostas aos extratos, mortalidade de lagartas em 24 h, mortalidade total de lagartas, mortalidade de pupas, duração do período de pupa e malformação morfológica em adultos. A alimentação das lagartas de oito dias, com a couve impregnada com o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM, resultou em diminuição da alimentação das lagartas, aumento da mortalidade larval (90%), alongamento do período pupal (2 dias) e aumento da deformação em adultos (50%). Portanto, o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM de O. campechianum apresentam potencial para uso no controle alternativo de A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae, Pieridae , Pieridae) destacase destaca se brássicas ambiente químicos modo (DCM Avaliouse Avaliou cm2 cm (cm2 extratos 2 h pupas dias 90%, 90 90% (90%) ( 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Portanto O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5

Agricultural extension services play a crucial role by providing expert guidance on enhancing production and processing and facilitating the dissemination of knowledge and scientific findings into practical use. For this reason, researchers must generate accurate information for agricultural extension officers to relay to the ultimate beneficiaries - the farmers. In this paper, we highlight an instance of misidentification by researchers about one of South Africa's extensively researched vegetables, Brassica juncea L. Due to its broad adaptability, this crop has been the focus of numerous South African studies aimed at maximising its production for resource-poor farmers. Regrettably, the accumulated research on B. juncea reveals a prevalent issue of inconsistent naming and classification, leading to confusion with Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subs. chinensis). Such inaccurate species identification fosters a disjointed body of knowledge, potentially generating conflicting results and thereby restricting the applicability of the research findings to farmers and other stakeholders. This literature review examines 20 years of South African research to guide future studies and extension efforts on B. juncea. It underscores the necessity for accurate species identification and nomenclature, thereby enhancing the reproducibility and relevance of research outputs.

The purpose of the study was to calculate the effects of urban untreated wastewater irrigation on the heavy metals accumulation in vegetable samples consisting turnip (Brassica rapa), radish (Raphanus sativus), spinach (Spinacia olerácea), pumpkin (Cucúrbita moschata), cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), onion (Allium cepa), smooth luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), vegetable gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus). This was accomplished by monitoring waste as well as fresh water-irrigated agricultural fields of Lakki Marwat, Pakistan. Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) was used to assess the concentrations of these heavy metals. The concentration of a total of six metals including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were detected and quantified in vegetable samples. Concentration of Pb was very low, while Fe concentration was higher in all the samples under investigation in the waste water-irrigated vegetables. The highest concentrations of Zn were observed in onion (441.3±2.7 mg.kg-1), and smooth luffa (293.1±0.5 mg.kg-1). Onion (361.95±2.3 mg.kg-1), turnip (292.15±5.6 mg.kg-1) and Spinach (280.25±4.8 mg.kg-1) showed exceedingly higher concentrations of Fe. Daily intakes of metals (DIM) were calculated for both adults as well as children. The DIM values for Ni and Cd exceeded the recommended value. The concentration of Fe and Zn was higher in wastewater-irrigated area samples as compared to fresh water-irrigated vegetables. The data obtained displayed a trend of heavy metal Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cd>Pb. Our findings have demonstrated the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables irrigated by the wastewater as confirmed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT The utilization of microencapsulated soil conditioner (MSC) with a water-soluble core and natural polymer shell offers a potential solution to address the issues of over-fertilization and low efficiency in soil. Fulvic acid (FA), a refined form of humic acid, possesses desirable characteristics such as water solubility, fertilizer retention, and convenient monitoring. Urea, a neutral fertilizer, is beneficial for plant growth, easy to store and apply, and causes minimal harm to the soil. Sodium alginate, as a type of natural polymer, has great potential for use in the agricultural sector due to its biocompatibility, environmental safety, and water-holding abilities. The preparation of MSC incorporating FA and urea involved the employment of double emulsion and ion crosslinking mechanism utilizing the sharp-hole coagulation bath method. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of core materials within the MSC. The analysis of the structure indicated that the MSC possessed a particle size about 200 µm, displaying a uniform spherical shape. Subsequent sustained release and biodegradation tests demonstrated the MSC’s ability to significantly enhance both fertilizer retention and water retention capacities. In addition, a planting experiment involving cabbages was conducted employing these microcapsules. The growth status of the cabbages, their physiological activities, nitrogen balance index value, and photosynthesis rate were thoroughly examined. The statistical analysis findings indicated that the MSC possessed the capability to enhance cabbage yield, rendering it a highly promising sustained-release fertilizer. (MSC watersoluble soluble overfertilization over fertilization FA, , (FA) solubility monitoring Urea apply alginate biocompatibility safety waterholding holding abilities sharphole sharp hole method 20 µm shape MSCs s capacities addition microcapsules activities value examined yield sustainedrelease (FA 2

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize cabbage production systems in four rural cooperatives in Jinotega, with emphasis on socioeconomic, agronomic, and phytosanitary aspects. A prospective, cross-sectional, non-experimental study was carried out, 60 production systems were evaluated, the information obtained proceeding from primary sources (surveys and interviews), the variables were subjected to a descriptive analysis. The age of the producers was in the range of 20 to 80 years, their main economic activity is agriculture, with levels of initial literacy levels, housing conditions are in the range of fair to good, the cultivated area ranges between 0,34 to 5,0 hectares, they have training, the main crop management practices were: weed management, soil preparation, use of traps, monitoring of pests and diseases, use of certified seeds, use of resistant varieties, stubble management and irrigation. The main diseases are: Rhizoctonia spp Xanthomonas spp, Alternaria spp and Mycosphaerella spp and insect pests Plutella xylostella L, Brevicoryne spp and Mites. All controlled through synthetic chemical management.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar sistemas productivos de repollo en cuatro cooperativas rurales en Jinotega, con énfasis en aspectos socioeconómicos, agronómicos y fitosanitarios. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal de tipo no experimental, se evaluaron 60 sistemas de producción, la información obtenida fue de fuentes primarias (encuestas y entrevistas), las variables fueron sometidas a un análisis descriptivo. La edad de los productores estuvo en un rango de 20 a 80 años, su principal actividad económica es la agricultura, con niveles de educación inicial, las condiciones de la vivienda están en el rango de regular a buena, el área cultivada oscila entre 0,34 a 5,0 ha, cuentan con capacitación, las principales prácticas de manejo del cultivo fueron: manejo de arvenses, preparación del suelo, uso de trampas, monitoreo de plagas y enfermedades, uso de semillas certificadas, variedades resistentes, manejo de rastrojo y riego. Las principales enfermedades son: Rhizoctonia spp, Xanthomonas spp, Alternaria spp y Mycosphaerella spp y plagas insectiles Plutella xylostella L. Brevicoryne spp y ácaros. Todas controladas mediante el manejo químico sintético.

Resumen Introducción. El interés de la población por el consumo de productos frescos como las hortalizas ha ido en aumento a través de los años. Existen diferentes métodos de cultivo para producir hortalizas como zanahoria, tomate y repollo. Los sistemas de cultivo convencional y orgánico son los más comunes. Objetivo. Comparar la microbiología de zanahoria, tomate y repollo, provenientes de fincas con sistemas productivos de agricultura orgánica o convencional en Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se realizó en Cartago, Heredia y Alajuela, Costa Rica, de setiembre 2020 a noviembre 2021, durante la época lluviosa en todos los casos. Se muestrearon hortalizas de fincas modelo de producción de zanahoria, tomate y repollo, una de producción orgánica y tres de producción convencional. Se determinaron recuentos totales de aerobios mesófilos, coliformes totales, Escherichia coli, mohos y levaduras, y la ausencia/presencia de Listeria monocytogenes. Resultados. Los recuentos totales aerobios, de mohos y levaduras y de coliformes totales de la zanahoria, el repollo y el tomate de cultivo convencional y orgánico no difirieron entre sí. En las hortalizas estudiadas los recuentos de E. coli fueron de <1 log UFC/g y hubo ausencia de Listeria monocytogenes. Se encontró presencia de Listeria sp. en las muestras de zanahoria de cultivo convencional, en contraste con su ausencia en la zanahoria de cultivo orgánico. Conclusiones. L. monocytogenes estuvo ausente en las hortalizas estudiadas, que en general, tuvieron cargas microbianas aceptables según la normativa y similares a estudios reportados a nivel mundial. Bajo condiciones controladas, si se comparan con aquellas obtenidas de sistemas de producción convencional, es posible obtener hortalizas con la técnica de cultivo orgánico sin detrimento en su calidad microbiológica y con los beneficios derivados para la salud del consumidor y el ambiente.

Abstract Introduction. Interest in consuming fresh products such as vegetables has been increasing over the years. Different cultivation methods to produce vegetables such as carrots, tomatoes, and cabbages are available. Conventional and organic farming systems are the most common. Objective. To compare the microbiology of carrot, tomato and cabbage from farms with organic or conventional agricultural production systems in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. Sampling was carried out in Cartago, Heredia and Alajuela, Costa Rica, from September 2020 to November 2021, during the rainy season in all cases. Vegetables from model farms of carrot, tomato and cabbage, one of organic production and three of conventional production, were sampled. Microbial counts of total aerobic mesophilic, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, yeasts and molds, and the absence/presence of Listeria monocytogenes were determined. Results. Total aerobic, yeast and mold and total coliform counts for conventionally and organically grown carrots, cabbages, and tomatoes did not differ from each other. In the vegetables studied, E. coli counts were <1 log CFU/g and Listeria monocytogenes was absent. Presence of Listeria sp. in carrot samples from conventional cultivation was found in contrast to its absence in carrots from organic cultivation. Conclusions. L. monocytogenes was absent in the vegetables studied, which in general had acceptable microbial loads according to regulations and similar to studies reported worldwide. Under controlled conditions, when compared to those obtained from conventional production systems, it is possible to obtain vegetables from organic farming without detriment to their microbiological quality and with the derived benefits for the health of the consumer and the environment.

Abstract Organic fertilizers are one of the alternatives within the group of products used in sustainable agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) with the application of two organic fertilizers (poultry manure and compost in the Pangua Canton, the doses used were: 2 kg, 4 kg and 6 kg per square meter. The study was carried out at the San Luis Farm belonging to the Corazón Parish of Pangua Canton, the research had a duration of 90 days for the establishment of the trial and experimental work. The evaluation of the data was carried out at three ages: 30, 60 and 90 days, a completely randomized block design was used, with a factorial arrangement of A*B + a control (without fertilizer) with seven treatments, three replications and 20 plants as experimental unit. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem diameter, cabbage diameter, cabbage weight and yield per hectare. The results showed that the application of the compost organic fertilizer yielded better results, while the other treatments reported inferior results. The results at field level showed the best effect where compost was applied. The agronomic behavior of the cabbage showed an adequate response to the application of organic fertilizer and adaptability to the climatic conditions of the area with the best results for the 6 kg dose.

Resumen Los abonos orgánicos son una de las alternativas dentro del grupo de productos utilizados en la agricultura sostenible. La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento agronómico del cultivo de col (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) con la aplicación de dos abonos orgánicos (gallinaza y compost) en el Cantón Pangua, las dosis utilizadas fueron: 2 kg, 4 kg y 6 kg por metro cuadrado. El estudio se realizó en la Finca San Luis perteneciente a la Parroquia el Corazón del Cantón Pangua, la investigación tuvo una duración de 90 días para el establecimiento del ensayo y trabajo experimental. La evaluación de los datos se realizó en tres edades: 30, 60 y 90 días, se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, con un arreglo factorial de A*B + un testigo (sin abono) con siete tratamientos, tres repeticiones y 20 plantas como unidad experimental. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, diámetro de repollo, peso de repollo y rendimiento por hectárea. Los resultados demostraron que la aplicación del abono orgánico compost permitió obtener mejores resultados, mientras que los demás tratamientos reportaron resultados inferiores. Los resultados a nivel de campo mostraron el mejor efecto donde se aplicó compost. El comportamiento agronómico de la col demostró una adecuada respuesta a la aplicación de este abono orgánico y adaptabilidad a las condiciones climáticas de la zona, con los mejores resultados para la dosis de 6 kg.

ABSTRACT There is an underutilization of bioactive compounds, given the losses and daily waste of vegetables throughout the entire production chain. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to quantify the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in different parts of vegetables. Analyzes were performed on five vegetables (zucchini, eggplant, broccoli, green cabbage and green beans) from conventional cultivation. The levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were obtained by spectrophotometric methods. Except broccoli, the analyzed by-products had levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity equal to or greater than the traditional parts of vegetable. Broccoli florets stood out with the highest levels of total phenolics (141.22 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids (137.38 mg CE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (588.3 µmol TEAC/100 g). In contrast, the lowest levels were observed in zucchini pulp (25.44 mg GAE/100 g; 13.03 mg CE/100 g; 69.78 µmol TEAC/100 g). Therefore, the importance of full consumption of vegetables is reiterated. By-products can also be used to enrich preparations. chain Accordingly zucchini, (zucchini eggplant broccoli beans cultivation methods byproducts products vegetable 141.22 14122 141 22 (141.2 GAE100 GAE 100 GAE/10 g, g , 137.38 13738 137 38 (137.3 CE100 CE CE/10 588.3 5883 588 3 (588. TEAC100 TEAC TEAC/10 g. . contrast 25.44 2544 25 44 (25.4 1303 13 03 13.0 6978 69 78 69.7 Therefore reiterated Byproducts By preparations 141.2 1412 14 2 (141. GAE10 10 GAE/1 137.3 1373 (137. CE10 CE/1 588. 58 (588 TEAC10 TEAC/1 25.4 254 4 (25. 130 1 0 13. 697 6 7 69. 141. (141 GAE1 GAE/ 137. (137 CE1 CE/ 5 (58 TEAC1 TEAC/ 25. (25 (14 (13 (5 (2 (1 (

RESUMO Verifica-se um subaproveitamento dos compostos bioativos diante das perdas e desperdício diário dos vegetais ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se no estudo quantificar o teor de compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante em diferentes partes de hortaliças. As análises foram realizadas em cinco hortaliças (abobrinha, berinjela, brócolis, repolho verde e vagem) do cultivo convencional (Goiânia-GO). Os teores de fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais e capacidade antioxidante foram quantificados por espectrofotometria. Exceto brócolis, verificou-se que os subprodutos analisados apresentaram teores de compostos bioativos e capacidade antioxidante igual ou superior às partes tradicionais das hortaliças. O florete do brócolis se destacou com os maiores teores de fenólicos totais (141,22 mg GAE/100g), flavonoides totais (137,38 mg CE/100g) e capacidade antioxidante (588,3 µmol TEAC/100g). Por outro lado, os menores teores foram observados na polpa da abobrinha (25,44 mg GAE/100g; 13,03 mg CE/100g; 69,78 µmol TEAC/100g). Portanto, reitera-se a importância do consumo integral das hortaliças ou o uso dos subprodutos para o enriquecimento de preparações. Verificase Verifica produtiva exposto objetivouse objetivou abobrinha, (abobrinha berinjela vagem GoiâniaGO. GoiâniaGO Goiânia GO . (Goiânia-GO) espectrofotometria verificouse verificou 141,22 14122 141 22 (141,2 GAE/100g, GAE100g GAEg GAE/100g , GAE 100g g GAE/100g) 137,38 13738 137 38 (137,3 CE/100g CE100g CEg CE 588,3 5883 588 3 (588, TEAC/100g. TEAC100g TEACg TEAC/100g TEAC TEAC/100g) lado 25,44 2544 25 44 (25,4 1303 13 03 13,0 6978 69 78 69,7 Portanto reiterase reitera preparações (Goiânia-GO 141,2 1412 14 2 (141, 137,3 1373 (137, 588, 58 (588 25,4 254 4 (25, 130 1 0 13, 697 6 7 69, 141, (141 137, (137 5 (58 25, (25 (14 (13 (5 (2 (1 (

Abstract The successful transfer of R-cytoplasm (Ogura)-induced cytoplasmic male sterility has aroused great interest in the development of hybrids in cabbage. An experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020 to study the per se performance and estimate heterosis in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.), This crop is highly cross-pollinated; thus, exploitation of heterosis is an additional advantage. The experimental material consisted of an F1 population of 18 crosses, resulting from three lines (CMS) crossed with six testers in a Line × Tester design, plus a standard check (Pusa Cabbage Hybrid-1). The per se performance and estimates of heterosis of the cross combinations L1 × T2, L2 × T2, L2 × T5, L3 × T2 and L3 × T5 were high for various horticultural parameters. Hence, after multilocation testing, these parents and crosses can be released to substitute existing cabbage varieties/hybrids. Rcytoplasm R cytoplasm Ogurainduced Ogura induced 201 202 Brassica L var L., , L.) crosspollinated pollinated cross-pollinated thus advantage F 1 CMS (CMS design Pusa Hybrid1. Hybrid1 Hybrid . Hybrid-1) T parameters Hence testing varietieshybrids varieties varieties/hybrids 20 Hybrid-1 2 Hybrid-

ABSTRACT No-till planting and the use of organomineral fertilizers are crop management practices that increase soil organic matter, thereby mitigating leaching and cycling a considerable amount of nutrients, with the potential to improve crop yield. This study aimed to assess the agronomic performance of cabbage grown under a no-till system, using different cover crops and phosphorus sources. A randomized block design was used, with the main plot consisting of eight split plots for different cover crop treatments: 1) Signal grass (SG); 2) Sunn hemp (SH); 3) Pearl millet (PM); 4) SG+SH; 5) SG+PM; 6) SH+PM; 7) SG+SH+PM; 8) conventional tillage (soil preparation with no cover crop), and phosphorus (P) sources in the sub-plots: 1) mineral fertilizer (FM); 2) organomineral fertilizer (OF); 3) no P, with four repetitions. The following characteristics were assessed: cover crop fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) (t/ha), residue decomposition and nutrient cycling; and cabbage head FW and DW (HFW and HDW) (g/plant) and yield (YLD) (t/ha). The highest FW and DW were recorded in the intercropped cover plant treatments; PM+SH and SG+SH residue exhibited the highest decomposition rate and P cycling into the soil. The highest cabbage HFW and YLD occurred in the SG+SH treatment, regardless of the fertilizer used. The MF used as P source produced a greater cabbage YLD when grown in PM residue. Under conventional tillage, YLD was higher when OF was used as P source. Notill No till matter nutrients notill system treatments 1 SG (SG) 2 SH (SH) 3 (PM) 4 SGSH 5 SG+PM SGPM 6 SH+PM SHPM 7 SG+SH+PM SGSHPM 8 crop, , crop) (P subplots sub sub-plots FM (FM) (OF) repetitions assessed (FW (DW t/ha, tha t/ha t ha (t/ha) HDW g/plant gplant g (g/plant (YLD t/ha. . PMSH treatment (SG (SH (PM (FM (OF (t/ha

RESUMO O cultivo em sistema de plantio direto e a utilização de fertilizantes organominerais são práticas de manejo que amenizam a lixiviação e ciclam quantidades consideráveis de nutrientes, em virtude do aporte de matéria orgânica que proporcionam ao solo, e que podem melhorar o rendimento das culturas. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho agronômico do repolho cultivado sobre diferentes resíduos de plantas coberturas e fontes de fósforo em sistema de plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com oito tratamentos com plantas de cobertura na parcela principal: 1) Braquiária (B); 2) Crotalária (C); 3) Milheto (M); 4) B+C; 5) B+M; 6) C+M; 7) B+C+M; 8) cultivo convencional (preparo do solo sem planta de cobertura). Nas subparcelas avaliou-se as fontes de fósforo (P): 1) Fertilizante mineral (FM); 2) Fertilizante organomineral (FO); 3) Sem fornecimento de P, com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se a produção de massa fresca (MF) e seca (MS) (t/ha) das plantas de cobertura; decomposição e ciclagem de nutrientes dos resíduos; MF e MS da cabeça (MFC e MSC) (g/planta) e a produtividade (PROD) (t/ha) do repolho. As maiores produções de MF e MS ocorreram nos consórcios das plantas de cobertura; Os consórcios de M+C, B+C apresentaram os resíduos com maior taxa de decomposição e ciclagem de P para o solo. Os maiores valores de MFC e PRODs do repolho ocorreram nas áreas cultivadas sobre resíduos do consórcio B+C, independentemente da fertilização utilizada. O FM utilizado como fonte de P proporcionou maior PROD do repolho quando cultivado sobre o resíduo de milheto. Quando em cultivo convencional do solo, a PROD do repolho foi superior quando utilizado o FO como fonte de P. culturas objetivouse objetivou se acaso subdivididas principal 1 B (B) 2 C (C) 3 M (M) 4 BC 5 B+M BM 6 C+M CM 7 B+C+M BCM 8 preparo cobertura. . cobertura) avaliouse avaliou (P) (FM) (FO) repetições Avaliaramse Avaliaram (MF (MS t/ha tha t ha (t/ha MSC g/planta gplanta g (g/planta (PROD MC M+C utilizada milheto (B (C (M (P (FM (FO

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the usability of selected natural dye extracts as environmentally friendly colorants that are used in painting of MDF based furniture and evaluate their resistance to scratch resistance, adhesion resistance, and surface hardness properties. In this study, the water-based lacquer coatings were prepared with natural dyes obtained from purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and three synthetic paints that were black, blue and light blue as a comparison. Coated MDF test panels used for evaluation of performances of dyes to abiotic factors that are determined by mechanical tests such as scratch resistance, adhesion resistance, and surface hardness. As a result of the study, it has been observed that, except for scratch resistance, natural dyes perform as well as synthetic ones as alternative colorants in the lacquer coatings. Thus, natural and aesthetic raw materials that are environmentally friendly dyes can be used safely especially in children's furniture and for wood-based products that are especially used indoors.

Abstract The pandemic and the geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine are events that have caused economic instability in Peru. Reason that was investigated on the analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage fed with compost based on sugarcane residues. The objective was to analyze the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of cabbage from the adequate dose of compost based on sugarcane residues and distance between plants. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach, for which the Completely Random Block Design with a 4x 2 factorial arrangement was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 8 treatments that were the combination: F1 with 0, F2 with 8, T3 with 10 and F4 with 12 t/ha and spacing (D1) with 0.30 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows and (D2) with 0.35 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows. The physical characteristics of cabbage were evaluated and processed by analysis of variance, nutrient concentrations in leaves and stomatal density were analyzed. The results determined that T7 stood out in plant height with 41.88 cm, yield with 26.76 tn/ha and T6 in root length with 20.22 cm. In chemical analysis of leaves T1 stood out in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and T4 in calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In T7 stomata density with 977 stomata/mm2. It concludes that at an adequate dose and greater distance that T7 stands out in the concentration of nutrients that are within normal values and high density of stomata; Therefore, these characteristics influenced the optimal biochemical reactions, which obtained good development and yield that differed at 51.39% and 32.17% with respect to the controls T1 and T5. Peru approach x used combination F 0 T 1 tha t ha D1 D (D1 030 30 0.3 060 60 0.6 D2 (D2 035 35 variance analyzed 4188 41 88 41.8 cm 2676 26 76 26.7 tnha tn 2022 20 22 20.2 nitrogen phosphorus calcium sulfur 97 stomatamm2 stomatamm mm2 mm stomata/mm2 Therefore reactions 5139 51 39 51.39 3217 32 17 32.17 T5 (D 03 0. 06 6 418 4 41. 267 7 26. 202 20. 9 stomata/mm 513 5 51.3 321 32.1 51. 32.

Resumo A pandemia e o conflito geopolítico entre a Rússia e a Ucrânia são eventos que têm causado instabilidade econômica no Peru. Motivo que foi investigado na análise das características biológicas e químicas do repolho alimentado com composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar. O objetivo foi analisar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do repolho a partir da dose adequada de composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar e distância entre plantas. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com uma abordagem experimental, para a qual foi utilizado o Delineamento de Blocos Completamente Aleatório com arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, que consistia em 3 blocos e 8 tratamentos que eram a combinação: F1 com 0, F2 com 8, T3 com 10 e F4 com 12 toneladas/ha e espaçamento (D1) com 0,30 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas e (D2) com 0,35 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas. As características físicas do repolho foram avaliadas e processadas por análise de variância, as concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e a densidade estomática foram analisadas. Os resultados determinaram que T7 se destacou em altura de planta com 41,88 cm, produtividade com 26,76 tn/ha e T6 em comprimento de raiz com 20,22 cm. Na análise química das folhas T1 se destacou em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e T4 em cálcio, magnésio e enxofre. Em densidade de estômatos T7 com 977 estômatos/mm2. Conclui que em dose adequada e maior distância que T7 se destaca na concentração de nutrientes que estão dentro dos valores normais e alta densidade de estômatos; Portanto, essas características influenciaram nas reações bioquímicas ótimas, que obtiveram bom desenvolvimento e rendimentos que diferiram em 51,39% e 32,17% em relação aos controles T1 e T5. Peru canadeaçúcar. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar. açúcar Baseiase Baseia experimental 2 combinação F 0 T 1 toneladasha toneladas ha D1 D (D1 030 30 0,3 060 60 0,6 D2 (D2 035 35 variância analisadas 4188 41 88 41,8 cm 2676 26 76 26,7 tnha tn 2022 20 22 20,2 nitrogênio fósforo cálcio enxofre 97 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm mm2 mm estômatos/mm2 Portanto ótimas 5139 51 39 51,39 3217 32 17 32,17 T5 (D 03 06 6 418 41, 267 7 26, 202 20, 9 estômatos/mm 513 5 51,3 321 32,1 51, 32,

Human well-being and ecological reliability continue to face a major threat resulting from heavy metal pollution to soils caused by untreated discharge from metropolitan and industrial wastewater. The potential human health risks of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) contamination to native inhabitants through the food chain were assessed in Pinetown, Durban, where their irrigation processes are from the Umgeni River passing through the highly industrialised Pinetown area. River water, vegetables (cabbage and lettuce) and soil were analysed for Zn, Cu and Fe; transfer factor, health risk index and the daily intake of metals were also calculated. The concentrations of heavy metals indicated the pattern trend as Fe>Zn>Cu for both cabbage and lettuce. The levels of transfer factors for heavy metals ranged from 0.02 mg/kg to 1.89 mg/kg. The health risk index (0.0002-01430) was found to be within the recommended range (<1), which poses no human health risk with respect to all heavy metals tested. SIGNIFICANCE: The present study has generated data on heavy metal pollution in and around the area and associated risk assessment for consumers' exposure to the heavy metals. These data can assist decision-makers in understanding the suitability status of vegetable consumption and irrigation by providing an understanding of the human health risk of the studied area. This database can be used as a tool to pinpoint the mechanisms and processes influencing public health implications of heavy metals in foods, soils and water