Resumo Este artigo simula desenhos alternativos de empréstimos com amortizações condicionadas à renda (ECR) para uma política federal de financiamento estudantil no Brasil, empregando dados da Pnad Contínua entre 2012 e 2023. Diferentemente de modelos convencionais, os ECR ajustam os pagamentos ao perfil de renda dos beneficiários, promovendo equidade e sustentabilidade fiscal. Ao aplicar métodos inovadores de análise, como funções de cópula para capturar a mobilidade na distribuição de renda, o trabalho revela que ECR bem estruturados podem suavizar o consumo, proteger de choques adversos de renda e direcionar subsídios de forma mais eficiente para aqueles com renda mais baixa ao longo da vida. Os resultados oferecem uma contribuição significativa para o debate sobre políticas de financiamento estudantil, sugerindo caminhos para reformas que equilibrem acesso à educação superior, justiça social e responsabilidade fiscal. (ECR Brasil 201 2023 convencionais beneficiários fiscal análise consumo vida superior 20 202 2

Abstract This article simulates alternative designs for an income-contingent loan (ICL) scheme for higher education student financing in Brazil, using data from the Pnad Contínua survey spanning from 2012 to 2023. Unlike traditional models, the ICLs adjust repayments to the income profiles of beneficiaries, ensuring equity and fiscal sustainability. By employing innovative analysis methods, such as copula functions to capture income distribution mobility, the research demonstrates that well-designed ICLs can smooth consumption, protect against income shocks, and more efficiently target subsidies towards those with persistently low incomes throughout their lives. The findings significantly contribute to the debate on student financing policies, suggesting pathways for reforms that balance access to higher education, social justice, and fiscal responsibility. incomecontingent contingent ICL (ICL Brazil 201 2023 models beneficiaries sustainability methods mobility welldesigned well designed consumption shocks lives policies justice responsibility 20 202 2

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es reportar los hábitos de alimentación y cópula de Ancistrosoma klugii, así como proveer una diagnosis del estado adulto del insecto y su importancia como posible riesgo fitosanitario, a partir de especímenes colectados en el departamento de Huánuco, Perú, donde el insecto es una plaga polífaga en ciertas épocas del año. Se hizo el seguimiento de los hábitos del insecto mediante observaciones de las poblaciones en campo. Se observaron grupos de A. klugii conformados por 6 a 8 individuos cercanos entre sí, acentuados en las partes florales, follajes y ramas de los cítricos, paltos, mangos, la vid y campos de alfalfa alimentándose y copulando simultáneamente, especialmente en el horario matutino de 8:00 am a 10:00 am. En los cultivos de alfalfa se pudo contabilizar hasta un promedio de 42 individuos adultos por metro cuadrado. Se encontraron diferencias en el tamaño de los individuos machos y hembras con 27,2 mm de longitud y 24,4 mm, respectivamente, así como diferencias en los esternitos abdominales con modificación en una reducción de los esternitos a una espina en el sexo masculino, edeago encorvado fuertemente esclerotizado; y la hembra con abdomen sin la espina, con el margen anterior del pigidio sinuoso.

Abstract The objective of the present study is to report the feeding and copulation habits and provide a diagnosis of the adult stage of Ancistrosoma klugii and its importance as a possible phytosanitary risk based on specimens collected in the department of Huánuco, Peru, where the insect is a polyphagous pest at certain times of the year. The habits of the insect were monitored through observations of the populations in the field. Groups of A. klugii were observed made up of 6 to 8 individuals close to each other, found in the floral parts, foliage and branches of citrus trees, avocado trees, mangoes, grapevines and alfalfa fields, feeding and copulating simultaneously, especially in the morning hours, from 8:00 am to 10:00 am. In alfalfa crops, up to an average of 42 adult individuals per square meter could be counted. Differences were found in the size of male and female individuals with 27.2 mm in length and 24.4 mm, respectively, as well as differences in the abdominal sternites with a modification in a reduction of the sternites to a spine and a heavily sclerotized stooped aedeagus in the male; and the female with an abdomen without the spine, with the anterior margin of the pygidium sinuous.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza tres tipos de predicación no verbal (PNV) del dominio de la locación: locativas, existenciales y posesivas, de la lengua triqui (otomangue, familia mixtecana) hablada en el Poblado Miguel Alemán, Sonora, México (TPMA); con tendencia a expresarse tipológicamente de manera similar. Este persigue los siguientes objetivos: (i) definir la codificación de las PNV locativas, (ii) evidenciar los diversos mecanismos de enunciación de estas y, (iii) presentar sus similitudes y diferencias. Las PNV son unidades de análisis semántico y morfosintáctico (Hengeveld, 1992). Los datos son de tipo cualitativo provenientes de textos discursivos y elicitaciones, recopilados entre el 2019 y el 2023 en el Poblado Miguel Alemán, Sonora, México; pertenecientes a mis colaboradoras: Rosa y Hortencia Vázquez. En el análisis se obtuvo que las PNV locativas y existenciales se expresan con cópula cero y tres cópulas verbales. En contraste, las PNV posesivas se dividen en: genitivas, codificadas con la cópula me3 , y de tener, emitida con la cópula vaa32 . En TPMA, todas las PNV negativas documentadas se presentan con vaa32 , excepto las de posesión genitiva; la cual cuenta con características particulares.

Abstract This article analyzes three types of non-verbal predication (PNV) in the domain of location: the locatives, the existentials and the possesives of the Trique language (Otomanguean, Mixtecan family) from the Poblado Miguel Alemán (TPMA); with a tendency to be expressed themselves similarly in the languages of the world. This pursues the following objectives: (i) define the coding of locative PNVs, (ii) demonstrate the mechanisms of enunciate them, and (iii) present their similarities and differences. The PNV are units of semantic and morphosyntactic analysis (Hengeveld, 1992). The data is a qualitative type from discursive texts and elicitations collected from 2019 to 2023, they belong to my collaborators: Rosa and Hortencia Vazquez. The analysis found that locative and existential PNV are expressed with zero copula and three verbal copulas. In contrast, possessive PNVs are classified into genitives, codified with the me. copula, and of to have, emitted with the vaa32 copula. In TPMA, all the negatives PNVs registered occurs with vaa32 , except those of genitive possession, which has specific characteristics.

ABSTRACT A fortuitous observation of mate-guarding behavior of male Chrysoprasis a. auriventris is presented here. In our observation, a male hold onto the female's body using his forelegs and walks along with her while she lays the eggs into the trunk slits. While guarding the female, the male adopted aggressive postures and attacked rival males that approached her. We suggest that the mate-guarding behavior may explain the male's elongated mid and hindlegs in this species, under a functional perspective. Additionally, a new host plant association was recorded. mateguarding mate here females female s slits species perspective Additionally recorded

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, de forma probabilística, as épocas suscetíveis à maior incidência de frutos estenoespermocárpicos em mangas 'Palmer', por meio de procedimentos univariados e de cópulas. Além disso, o impacto de variáveis climáticas sobre a oscilação de preços no mercado da manga foi avaliado na região do Vale do Submédio São Francisco, Brasil. As distribuições normal, log-normal, gama e generalizada de valores extremos, bem como a cópula de Frank, foram ajustadas aos dados de temperatura e umidade relativa (2007-2018), obtidos na estação meteorológica da Universidade do Estado da Bahia. A adequação das distribuições foi verificada por meio dos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-von Mises e Anderson-Darling. A cópula de Frank é adequada para modelar, conjuntamente, a temperatura máxima e a umidade relativa mínima do ar. As ocorrências de altas temperaturas e baixa umidade relativa afetam os preços de mangas. Novembro apresenta grande probabilidade da ocorrência simultânea de altas temperaturas e baixa umidade relativa do ar, o que torna os pomares de manga 'Palmer' em plena floração (ou frutificação precoce) significativamente sujeitos a condições climáticas extremas, que favorecem taxas mais elevadas de estenoespermocarpia nas safras de abril a maio. identificar probabilística Palmer, Palmer , cópulas disso Francisco Brasil normal lognormal, lognormal log log-normal extremos 20072018, 20072018 2007 2018 (2007-2018) Bahia KolmogorovSmirnov, KolmogorovSmirnov Kolmogorov Smirnov, Smirnov Kolmogorov-Smirnov Cramérvon Cramér von AndersonDarling. AndersonDarling Anderson Darling. Darling Anderson-Darling modelar conjuntamente ar 'Palmer ou precoce extremas maio 2007201 200 201 (2007-2018 200720 20 (2007-201 20072 2 (2007-20 (2007-2 (2007- (2007 (200 (20 (2 (

Abstract The objective of this work was to probabilistically identify susceptible seasons to the highest incidence of stenospermocarpic fruit in 'Palmer' mangoes, using univariate and copula procedures. Additionally, the impact of climatic variables on price fluctuations in the mango market was evaluated in the region of the Vale do Submédio São Francisco, Brazil. The normal, log-normal, gamma, and generalized extreme value distributions, as well as the Frank copula, were fitted to temperature and relative humidity data (2007-2018) obtained from the meteorological station of Universidade do Estado da Bahia. The adequacy of the distributions was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-von Mises, and Anderson-Darling tests. The Frank copula is suitable for the joint modeling of the maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity. The occurrence of high temperatures and low relative humidity affects the price of mangoes. November shows a high probability of the simultaneous occurrences of high temperatures and low relative air humidity, which makes 'Palmer' mango orchards in full bloom (or early fruiting) significantly subject to extreme weather conditions that favor higher rates of stenospermocarpy in the harvests from April to May. Palmer 'Palmer mangoes procedures Additionally Francisco Brazil normal lognormal, lognormal log log-normal gamma 20072018 2007 2018 (2007-2018 Bahia KolmogorovSmirnov, KolmogorovSmirnov Kolmogorov Smirnov, Smirnov Kolmogorov-Smirnov Cramérvon Cramér von Mises AndersonDarling Anderson Darling tests or fruiting May 2007201 200 201 (2007-201 200720 20 (2007-20 20072 2 (2007-2 (2007- (2007 (200 (20 (2 (

RESUMEN El mono aullador rojo colombiano (A. seniculus) y mono aullador de manto (A. palliata) son representantes del género Alouatta en Colombia y, según análisis de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), sus poblaciones tienden a decrecer por múltiples factores. Esto sugiere la necesidad de orientar acciones para su conservación, para ello se requiere conocimiento de sus dinámicas reproductivas como la identificación y caracterización del ciclo estral. Se examinaron documentos bajo los criterios Alouatta seniculus, Alouatta paliatta, Alouatta, ciclo estral y reproducción en Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley, Science Direct y SpringerLink. Se encontraron quince artículos, cuatro libros, cuatro tesis de maestría y una monografía; en estos estudios se abordaban aspectos sobre comportamientos sexuales, cambios en los genitales y medición de hormonas. Los estudios han establecido una duración promedio del ciclo para A. seniculus de 17 y de 29,5 ±1,5 días, lo que muestra un rango amplio en comparación con lo hallado para A. palliata, donde los estudios evidencian una duración de 16,3; 15,52 ±4,88 y 16,08 ±4,27 días. Se concluye que algunos aspectos comunes entre las especies son la estacionalidad de los nacimientos durante la época seca, la relevancia del rango social del macho en las solicitudes de cópula por parte de las hembras en estro y algunos comportamientos como el olfateo y el lamido de genitales durante la receptividad sexual. Asimismo, es necesario conducir estudios en las especies de Alouatta en Colombia que, además de abordar las dinámicas reproductivas, consideren la influencia de factores medioambientales y sociales sobre estas.

Abstract The Colombian red howler monkey (A. seniculus) and mantled howler monkey (A. palliata) are representatives of the genus Alouatta in Colombia and according to IUCN (for its name in Spanish) analysis their populations tend to decrease due to multiple factors. This suggests the need to guide actions for their conservation, which requires knowledge of their reproductive dynamics, such as the identification and characterization of the estrous cycle. Papers were examined under the criteria Alouatta seniculus, Alouatta paliatta, Alouatta, estrus cycle, and reproduction in Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley, Science Direct, and SpringerLink. 15 articles, 4 books, 4 master's theses and 1 monograph were found; these studies addressed aspects of sexual behaviors, changes in genitalia and hormone measurement. The studies have established an average cycle length for A. seniculus of 17 and 29.5 ±1.5 days, thus showing a wide range compared to what was found for A. palliata where the studies evidenced a cycle length of 16.3, 15.52 ±4.88 and 16.08 ±4.27 days. The conclusion is that some common aspects among the species are the seasonality of births during the dry season, the relevance of the male's social rank in copulation requests by females in estrus and some behaviors such as sniffing and genital licking during sexual receptivity. Likewise, it is necessary to conduct studies on Alouatta species in Colombia that not only address reproductive dynamics but also consider the influence of environmental and social factors on them.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pregestational obesity, especially visceral obesity, is associated with the development of complications for the fetus, the mother and the neonate. The analysis of the placenta is a key to understanding the development of these complications. Objective: To evaluate the influence of visceral pre-gestational obesity on the placental and fetal development in rats. Material and Methods: Female Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (4 mg/ g of body weight) during the neonatal period to induce obesity or NaCl 0.9 % (Controls). At 90 days of age, obesity was confirmed and at 120 days of life they were mated overnight with healthy males of the same substrain. Gestational day 0 was defined when sperms were found in vaginal smear. The day 20 of gestation, euthanasia was practiced for obtaining of placentas and fetuses. Placental biochemical, and structural variables and indicators of growth and fetal development were determined. Results: In the placentas of obese rats, reserve cells of glycogen, triglycerides content and the area of the trophoblast were increased. The area of maternal blood was decreased. The obese group also showed an increased placental index. Fetuses of obese mothers had smaller tail length, cranial diameters and ossification sites numbers. Conclusions: Pregestational obesity exerted a harmful effect on placental development, provoking fetal growth restriction. This may be due to a decrease in the maternal-fetal interchange of nutrients and oxygen because of ectopic accumulation of lipids in the labyrinthine zone.

RESUMEN Introducción: La obesidad pregestacional, en especial la visceral, se asocia con el desarrollo de complicaciones para el feto, la madre y el neonato. El análisis de la placenta es clave para entender el desarrollo de estas complicaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la obesidad visceral pregestacional sobre el desarrollo placentario y fetal en ratas. Material y Métodos: Ratas Wistar hembras recibieron glutamato monosódico (4 mg/g de peso corporal) para inducir obesidad o NaCl 0,9 % (Controles) subcutáneamente en período neonatal. A los 90 días de vida se confirmó la obesidad, a los 120 fueron apareadas durante la noche con machos sanos de la misma cepa. Se consideró el día 0 de gestación, la mañana en que se confirma la cópula por la presencia de espermatozoides en el lavado vaginal. El día 20 de gestación se practicó eutanasia para obtención de placentas y fetos. Se determinaron variables placentarias bioquímicas y estructurales macroscópicas y microscópicas e indicadores de crecimiento y desarrollo fetales. Resultados: En las ratas obesas, las placentas presentaron incremento de células de reserva de glucógeno, de TAG, del área del trofoblasto y disminución del área de sangre materna. También mostraron aumento del índice placentario. Los fetos de las obesas presentaron menor peso corporal, longitud de la cola, diámetros craneanos y puntos de osificación. Conclusiones: La obesidad pregestacional ejerció un efecto perjudicial sobre el desarrollo placentario, provocando restricción del crecimiento fetal. Lo anterior pudiera deberse a disminución del intercambio materno-fetal de nutrientes y oxígeno por acumulación ectópica de lípidos en la zona del laberinto.

Resumen Este artículo determina el efecto del riesgo moral en la probabilidad de incumplimiento de la cartera de crédito de las pequeñas y medianas empresas garantizadas por el Fondo Nacional de Garantías de Colombia. Para ello, se emplean dos modelos logit con indicadores financieros tradicionales y de riesgo moral en una metodología de cópula. Los resultados muestran que las probabilidades de incumplimiento tienen el mismo patrón y que al incorporar los indicadores del riesgo moral no hay variaciones significativas en los resultados, por ende, las categorías de riesgo moral se convierten en una herramienta idónea no solo a nivel del cálculo de probabilidad de incumplimiento individual, sino también en una cartera.

Abstract This article determines the effect of moral hazard on the probability of default of the credit portfolio of small and medium-sized companies guaranteed by Colombia's National Guarantee Fund. A copula methodology with two logit models with traditional and moral hazard financial ratios was used. The results show that the probabilities of default have the same pattern, evidencing that by incorporating the ratios of moral hazard, no significant variations are shown in the results. Thus, the moral hazard categories become an important tool not only at the calculation level of individual default probability but also in a portfolio. JEL Clasification: G18; G20.

Resumo Este artigo determina o efeito do risco moral sobre a probabilidade de inadimplência da carteira de crédito de pequenas e médias empresas garantidas pelo Fundo Nacional de Garantias da Colômbia. Para isso, são usados dois modelos logit com indicadores financeiros tradicionais e de risco moral em uma metodologia de cópula. Os resultados mostram que as probabilidades de inadimplência têm o mesmo padrão e que, ao incorporar indicadores de risco moral, não há variações significativas nos resultados; portanto, as categorias de risco moral tornam-se uma ferramenta adequada não apenas para calcular a probabilidade de inadimplência individual, mas também para uma carteira.

ABSTRACT Due to the complexity of LEDs failure modes and mechanisms, its reliability is a key research issue. Existing methods for LEDs reliability prediction only consider one failure mode: lumen degradation or color change; however, working with only one failure mode could limit the scope of the analysis. This paper shows the procedure for obtaining reliability models of white LEDs through of bivariate copulas, from ''times to failure'' taken from the consulted literature. The results obtained show that the best fitting copula model, according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is the Clayton copula, whose Kendall correlation coefficient indicates that the characteristic parameters ''lumen maintenance” and ''variation of chromaticity coordinates'' are not completely independent.

RESUMEN Debido a la complejidad de los modos y mecanismos de falla de los LEDs, su confiabilidad resulta un tema clave de investigación. Los métodos existentes para la predicción de la confiabilidad de los LEDs solo consideran un modo de falla: la degradación del flujo luminoso o el cambio de color; pese a que trabajar con un solo modo de falla podría limitar el alcance del análisis. Este artículo muestra el procedimiento para la obtención de modelos de confiabilidad de LEDs blancos mediante Cópulas bivariadas, a partir de ‘’tiempos hasta el fallo’’ tomados de la literatura consultada. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el modelo de cópula que mejor se ajusta, según el Criterio de información Akaike (AIC) es la cópula de Clayton, cuyo coeficiente de correlación de Kendallindica que los parámetros característicos“variación del flujo luminoso“ y “variación de las coordenadas de cromaticidad”no son completamente indepedientes.

Resumen El método de co-simulación estocástica espacial, basado en cópulas, es un método general que permite simular variables con cualquier tipo de dependencia y funciones de distribución de probabilidad. Esta flexibilidad proviene del uso de un modelo de cópula para la representación de la función de distribución de probabilidad conjunta. El método se ha implementado principalmente a través de un enfoque no paramétrico utilizando cópulas de Bernstein y se ha aplicado con éxito para la simulación de propiedades petrofísicas usando atributos sísmicos elásticos como variables secundarias. En el presente trabajo este método se implementa mediante otros dos enfoques: paramétrico y semi-paramétrico. Específicamente, para el enfoque paramétrico se usa la familia de cópulas Arquimedianas. Primero, el enfoque paramétrico se valida con un caso publicado y luego se realiza una comparación de los tres enfoques en términos de precisión y rendimiento. Los resultados mostraron que el enfoque paramétrico es el que peor reproduce las estadísticas de los datos y presenta mayor incertidumbre con un menor costo computacional, mientras que el enfoque no-paramétrico resultó el que mejor reproduce la dependencia de los datos a un alto costo computacional. El enfoque semi-paramétrico reduce un 10% el costo computacional respecto al no-paramétrico, pero se degrada significativamente su precisión.

Abstract The spatial stochastic co-simulation method based on copulas is a general method that allows simulating variables with any type of dependency and probability distribution functions. This flexibility comes from the use of a copula model for the representation of the joint probability distribution function. The method has been mainly implemented through a non-parametric approach using Bernstein copulas and has been successfully applied for the simulation of petrophysical properties using elastic seismic attributes as secondary variables. In the present work this method is implemented through two other approaches: parametric and semi-parametric. Specifically, for the parametric approach the family of Archimedean copulas is used. First, the parametric approach is validated against a published case, and then a comparison of the three approaches in terms of accuracy and performance is made. The results showed that the parametric approach is the one that reproduces the data statistics worse and presents greater uncertainty with a lower computational cost, while the non-parametric approach was the one that best reproduces the dependence of the data at a high computational cost. The semi-parametric approach reduces the computational cost by 10% compared to the non-parametric approach, but its accuracy is significantly degraded.

Abstract In Chile, Lobesia botrana is a pest submitted to a campaign of eradication/contention. Its management uses mating disruption (CS) as a fundamental control tool which is usually indirectly evaluated by the suppression of male captures in traps and/or by the fruit damage reduction in treated fields. However, the goal of mating disruption technique is to avoid mating. The current study provides the bases to use the "sentinel female" technique as a direct and alternative method to evaluate CS efficacy by measuring the percentage of mating in females. In studies conducted in laboratory, the age at post-emergence copulation from the pupa and the dimensions of the bursa copulatrix in virgin and mated females were evaluated in adult females. Additionally, two methods of virgin females' confinement (females with a tied wing or females in cages with restricted access) were evaluated, measuring the respective % copulation when exposed to virgin males, which was contrasted with unconfined virgin females. It was determined that the females mate before 48 hours after mating with a male. The bursa copulatrix of a virgin female measures 0.9 ± 0.03 mm long x 0.2 ± 0.01 mm wide, while in a mated female it measures 1.1 ± 0.5 x 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, which constitutes an objective criterion to determine the female mating status. Virgin females were able to mate in all treatments; 100% of the unconfined females copulated, 92% copulated with a tethered wing and 64% in cages. It is concluded that the method of confinement in cages works to directly evaluate the efficacy of CS.

Resumen En Chile, Lobesia botrana es una plaga sometida a una campaña de erradicación/contención. Su manejo emplea la confusión sexual (CS) como una herramienta de control fundamental, la cual es habitualmente evaluada indirectamente por la supresión de capturas de machos en trampas y/o por la evaluación de la disminución del daño en fruta, en campos tratados. Sin embargo, el objetivo de la CS es la disrupción (evitación) de la cópula. El presente estudio proporciona bases para el uso de la técnica de la "hembra centinela" como método alternativo y directo para la evaluación de la eficacia de la CS midiendo el porcentaje de cópulas en hembras. En estudios conducidos en laboratorio se evaluó en hembras adultas la edad a la copula post emergencia desde la pupa y las dimensiones de la bursa copulatrix en hembras vírgenes y copuladas. Adicionalmente, se evaluaron dos métodos de confinamiento de hembras vírgenes (con un ala amarrada a una plataforma versus jaulas de acceso restringido), midiendo los respectivos % de cópula al exponerlas a machos vírgenes, lo que se contrastó con las hembras vírgenes no confinadas. Se determinó que las hembras copulan antes de las 48 horas desde el emparejamiento con un macho. La bursa copulatrix de una hembra virgen mide 0,9 ± 0,03 mm de largo x 0,2 ± 0,01 mm de ancho, mientras que en una hembra copulada mide 1,1 ± 0,5 x 0,5 ± 0,3 mm, lo que constituye un criterio objetivo para determinar el estatus de cópula de una hembra. Las hembras vírgenes fueron capaces de copular en todos los tratamientos; 100% de las hembras no confinadas copularon, 92% copularon con un ala amarrada y 64% en jaulas. Se concluye que el método de confinamiento en jaulas funciona para evaluar de forma directa la eficacia de la CS.

Abstract The objective of this work was to describe the sexual dimorphism and mating behavior of Lobiopa insularis for the development of pest control and management programs. The morphological characteristics for separating males and females were described with the aid of a stereomicroscope. Mating sequence was recorded over 72 hours with a digital camera. There are differences between males and females in the last abdomen segments, and males maintain a guarding position after mating. The obtained data can be used in monitoring programs to precisely identify the sex of the insects, also shedding light on the ecological features of this pest and Nitidulidae.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o dimorfismo sexual e o comportamento de cópula de Lobiopa insularis, para o desenvolvimento de programas de controle e manejo de pragas. As características morfológicas para separação de machos e fêmeas foram descritas com auxílio de estereomicroscópio. A sequência de cópula foi registrada por 72 horas com câmera digital. Há diferenças entre machos e fêmeas nos segmentos finais do abdômen, e os machos mantêm posição de guarda após a cópula. Os dados obtidos podem ser usados em programa de monitoramento para uma identificação precisa do sexo do inseto, além de lançarem luz sobre os traços ecológicos desta praga e de Nitidulidae.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los movimientos de masas contemporáneos presentes en el escenario político brasileño en los años 2013 y 2015, así como sus efectos en el lazo social, a partir de las contribuciones del psicoanálisis, utilizando, en particular, de los textos clásicos de Freud que tratan sobre las masas y el malestar en la cultura y las elaboraciones lacanianas sobre los discursos que sustentan el lazo social. Con ello, buscamos plantear algunas hipótesis y reflexionar sobre el fenómeno de la formación de masas en la actualidad, donde se destaca la herramienta más poderosa de la movilización política contemporánea: las redes sociales. Actualmente, crecen los ejemplos en Brasil y en el mundo de manifestaciones convocadas por las redes sociales, con su poder de propagar y difundir información y desinformación. En los últimos diez años lo que hemos visto es la intensificación y complejidad de estos procesos, a medida que avanza el “poder” de las redes sociales y la forma en que se ha ido instalando en nuestras sociedades. En la cópula entre ciencia y capitalismo observada en las redes, los algoritmos responden y operan de acuerdo a los intereses del mercado, manipulando subjetividades.

RESUMO O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os movimentos de massa contemporâneos presentes no cenário político brasileiro nos anos de 2013 e 2015, assim como seus efeitos no laço social, a partir das contribuições da psicanálise, valendo-se, em especial, dos textos clássicos de Freud que tratam sobre as massas e o mal-estar na cultura e das elaborações lacanianas sobre os discursos que sustentam o laço social. Com isso, busca-se levantar algumas hipóteses e refletir acerca do fenômeno de formação de massas na atualidade, onde se destaca a mais potente ferramenta de mobilização política contemporânea: as redes sociais. Atualmente, avolumam-se os exemplos no Brasil e no mundo de manifestações convocadas pelas redes sociais, com seu poder de propagação e disseminação de informação e desinformação. Nos últimos dez anos, o que colhemos é a intensificação e complexificação desses processos, conforme avança o “poder” das redes sociais e a forma como ela vem se estabelecendo em nossas sociedades. Na copulação entre ciência e capitalismo observada nas redes, os algoritmos respondem e operam de acordo com os interesses do mercado, manipulando as subjetividades.

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the contemporary mass movements present on the Brazilian political scenario in the years 2013 and 2015, as well as their effects on the social bond, based on the contributions of psychoanalysis, using, in particular, Freud’s classic texts that deal with the masses, civilization and its discontents and the lacanian elaborations on the discourses that sustain the social bond. With this, we seek to raise some hypotheses and reflect on the phenomenon of mass formation today, where the most powerful tool of contemporary political mobilization stands out: the social networks. Currently, examples in Brazil and around the world of demonstrations convened by social networks, with their power to propagate and disseminate information and misinformation, are growing. In the last ten years, what we have seen is the intensification and complexity of these processes, as the “power” of social networks advances and the way in which it has been establishing itself in our societies. In the copulation between science and capitalism observed in the networks, the algorithms respond and operate according to the interests of the market, manipulating subjectivities.

Much of the soybean produced in Brazil is exported and, consequently, the domestic soybean price (R$) is greatly influenced by the price traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Group (CME Group) (US$). Therefore, to model the dependency structure between soybean yield and price, the exchange rate must be incorporated into the modeling. This study aims to model the dependency structure between these three variables using the Copula methodology, calculate the crop revenue insurance rates, and compare with the rates offered in the insurance market. The rates applied by the Brazilian insurance market are overpriced when compared to the methodology presented in this study with the incorporation of the dollar rate in the modeling, which could increase the problem of adverse selection exchange and hamper massification of agricultural insurance in the Brazilian territory.

Resumen La reproducción sexual en animales es un proceso complejo que va más allá de la unión entre espermatozoide y óvulo. De hecho, la generación exitosa de la progenie depende, en gran medida, de una serie de conductas pre copulatorias específicas de la especie y el sexo, así como de interacciones físicas y moleculares que ocurren durante y después del apareamiento. Dichas señales e interacciones facilitan la localización, el reconocimiento y la atracción de la pareja, y aseguran la fertilización exitosa del huevo. Esta revisión se centró en los procesos comportamentales y fisiológicos necesarios para la reproducción en mosquitos vectores de enfermedades, Aedes y Anopheles. Se destacan trabajos recientes que han dilucidado los comportamientos pre-apareamiento de machos y hembras que conducen a una cópula exitosa y se describen los cambios fisiológicos y de comportamiento posteriores al apareamiento observados en las hembras, que facilitan, principalmente, la producción de progenie. Así mismo, se discute el papel de las moléculas específicas del sexo en la mediación de los cambios posteriores al apareamiento observados en las hembras apareadas de Aedes y Anopheles. Finalmente, se da una descripción general de cómo los factores ambientales (por ejemplo, la temperatura, el estado nutricional o la composición del microbioma) pueden influir en la fertilidad de los adultos.

Abstract Sexual reproduction in animals is more than the union of sperm and eggs, as the successful generation of progeny requires a series of interactions, e.g., behavioral, physical, and molecular, between males and females to ensure that a spermatozoon will ultimately fertilize an egg. Thus, reproduction is a complex process in which species- and sex-specific behavioral cues are required for the localization, recognition, and attraction of a sexual partner, and post-insemination interactions between male and female molecules mediate physiological and behavioral changes in females necessary for optimal reproductive output. In this review, we have focused on the behavioral and physiological processes required for reproduction in Aedes and Anopheles vector mosquitoes. We highlight recent work that has elucidated the pre-mating behaviors of males and females that lead to a successful copulation, describe the post-mating behavioral and physiological changes observed in females, which primarily serve to facilitate the production of progeny, and discuss the role of sex-specific molecules in mediating the post-mating changes observed in mated Aedes and Anopheles females. Finally, we give an overview of how environmental factors (e.g., temperature, nutritional status, or the composition of the microbiome) can influence adult fertility.