Resumo A borboleta azul séria, Chilades pandava – Horsfield, 1829 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), é considerada uma das principais pragas de insetos destrutivas para as palmeiras ornamentais Cycas e Zamia. Medidas biológicas e morfológicas foram realizadas em estádios de C. pandava criados em Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae) e Zamia encephalartoides (Zamiaceae). Nos detalhes da descrição, variações não significativas foram registradas entre os dois gêneros de borboleta azul cicadácea nos dados obtidos, mas o adulto masculino era mais densamente azul ou violeta do que o adulto feminino. Com o auxílio do MEV, C. pandava, todos os estágios foram diferenciados por pelos longos e grossos que cobriam todo o corpo. Os caracteres morfométricos a saber, comprimento, largura e venação das asas, comprimento do corpo, asa anterior e posterior, podem servir de guia para a discriminação taxonômica.Os dados mostraram que a duração do ciclo de vida de C. pandava variou entre 20,64 e 21,7 dias. Os períodos de desenvolvimento dos diferentes estágios de C. pandava são ligeiramente maiores em zamia do que em cicas. Essa investigação detectou que uma alta taxa de sobrevivência foi encontrada em palmeiras Cycas (86%) do que a taxa de sobrevivência registrada em palmeiras Zamia (82%). No presente estudo, os caracteres morfométricos descritos podem servir de guia para a discriminação taxonômica dessa praga. Consequentemente, este estudo agregou um conhecimento valioso sobre C. pandava para ter decisões acertadas para a proposta de seu manejo e conservação no Egito.

Abstract The serious blue butterfly, Chilades pandava -Horsfield, 1829- (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is consider one of the main destructive insect pests for ornamental palms Cycas and Zamia. Biological and morphological measurements were carried out of C. pandava stages reared on Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae) and Zamia encephalartoides (Zamiaceae). In description details, non-significant variations were recorded between the two gender of cycad blue butterfly in the obtained data, but the male adult was more densely blue or violet than female adult. By the aid of SEM, C. pandava all stages were distinct by long and thick hairs covered all the body. The morphometric characters namely, length, width and venation of wings, body length, forewing, hindwing could be as a guide for taxonomic discrimination. The data showed that the life cycle duration of C. pandava was ranged between 20.64 to 21.7 days. The developmental periods of different C. pandava stages are slightly higher on zamia than cycas palms. This investigation detected that a high survival rate was found on Cycas palms (86%) than the survived rate recording on Zamia palms (82%). In the present study, the described morphometric characters could be used as a guide for taxonomic discrimination of this pest. Consequently, this study added a valuable knowledge about C. pandava to have sound decisions for proposal of its management and conservation in Egypt.

The appropriate management of the habitat of the endangered and endemic White-spotted Ketsi Blue butterfly, Lepidochrysops ketsi leucomacula Henning & Henning, 1994, is necessary for its survival. Much of the life history and ecology of this butterfly are unknown. The oviposition plant was found to be Selago tarach-odes Hilliard and the plants that were observed to be visited by L. k. leucomacula for nectar all had pink flowers. Monitoring of two populations of L. k. leucomacula in protected areas commenced in March 2022. Surveillance and walked transects were the monitoring methods used. Observed threats to this endangered butterfly in protected areas were uncontrolled grazing by domestic livestock and mowing of its grassland habitat. Fencing of its grassland habitat may be a way to control these threats.

Resumen: En esta investigación, se analizó el cuerpo de aceleración de un motor pequeño a gasolina, de 1.1 L. El módulo de control electrónico recibe la información de los sensores de presión, temperatura y posición de la válvula de mariposa de aceleración, para efectuar los cálculos que determinan la cantidad de inyección de combustible necesario para producir la combustión. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aumentar el flujo de aire que ingresa al colector de admisión, utilizando dinámica de fluidos computacionales (CFD), Se analizó dos modelos de válvula de mariposa, el original, en donde se estudió el comportamiento interno del cuerpo de aceleración, tanto en presiones como flujos. Mientras que, el segundo modelo modificado, con un corte en el eje de rotación, en donde se propone un aumento en el flujo de aire hacia el colector de admisión. Se realizaron cuatro simulaciones, con apertura relativa de 0, 20, 40 y 78 %, obteniendo valores de presiones promedio entre 31.35 a 70.05 kPa, además de flujos promedios a la salida del cuerpo de admisión de 6.72 a 58.71 g·m-1 a medida que se abre la válvula de mariposa de aceleración. Para la validación de datos, se comparó las presiones de salida obtenida con el sensor de presión absoluta del colector de admisión respecto a los valores de las simulaciones. Sin disponer de un dato experimental para el flujo másico, se realizó el análisis entre los dos modelos simulados, con una media de flujo de 28.22 g·m-1 y un aumento de flujo másico del 9 % en el cuerpo modificado. A medida que aumenta la apertura de la mariposa, los valores de presión se asemejan.

Abstract: This investigation analyzed the throttle body of a 1.1 L small gasoline engine. The electronic control module receives the information from sensors, pressure, temperature, and throttle valve position, to do calculations, determining the amount of necessary fuel injection to produce combustion. The objective of this work was to increase the airflow that enters to the intake manifold, by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two butterfly valve models were analyzed, the original one, where the internal behavior of the throttle body was studied, in pressures and flows. While the second one was a modified model, with a cut in the axis of rotation, to propose an increase in the air flow to the intake manifold. Four simulations were carried out, with a relative opening of 0, 20, 40 and 78 %, obtaining average pressure values between 31.35 to 70.05 kPa, besides average flows at the outlet of the intake body of 6.72 to 58.71 g·m-1 as the throttle valve opens. For data validation, the obtained outlet pressures with the absolute pressure sensor of the intake manifold were compared to the simulation values. Without having experimental data for the mass flow rate, the analysis was developed between the two simulated models, with an average flow rate of 28.22 g·m-1 and an increase of 9% in mass flow rate in the modified body. As the throttle opening increases, the pressure values become similar.

RESUMO Introdução O ensino técnico especializado e os métodos de treinamento em natação para crianças são a base para melhorar o efeito do treinamento de natação e reduzir a ocorrência de lesões esportivas. Nos últimos anos, a tecnologia de treinamento físico em natação na China se desenvolveu rapidamente. O treinamento físico da natação para crianças pode melhorar a qualidade esportiva integral dos jovens. Objetivo Neste artigo, foram determinados os índices de 50m de borboleta e 50m de peito. Estes dados examinam quantitativamente o efeito do programa sobre o desempenho da natação. Métodos Um total de 18 crianças e adolescentes nadadores participaram da amostra analisada neste estudo. Neste trabalho, 18 participantes foram divididos em grupos experimentais e de controle. Estes grupos têm quatro estilos de natação: borboleta, nado de peito, nado de costas e estilo livre. Resultados Após dois meses de exercícios de coordenação, o desempenho do nado borboleta e do nado sapo foi parcialmente melhorado. Houve diferenças significativas nos dados (P<0,05). Conclusão O processo de treinamento de aptidão física pode melhorar a qualidade global dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction The specialized technical teaching and swimming training methods for children are the basis for improving the effect of swimming training and reducing the occurrence of sports injuries. In recent years, swimming physical training technology in China has developed rapidly. Swimming physical training for children can improve the comprehensive sports quality of young people. Objective In this paper, the indexes of 50m butterfly and 50m breaststroke were determined. These data quantitatively examine the effect of the program on swimming performance. Methods 18 children and adolescent swimmers participated in the sample analyzed in this study. In this paper, 18 participants were divided into experimental and control groups. These groups have four swimming styles: butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke, and freestyle. Results After two months of coordination exercises, the performance of butterfly and frog swimming was partially improved. There were significant differences in the data (P<0.05). Conclusion The fitness training process can improve the overall quality of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción La enseñanza técnica especializada y los métodos de entrenamiento en natación para niños son la base para mejorar el efecto del entrenamiento de natación y reducir la aparición de lesiones deportivas. En los últimos años, la tecnología del entrenamiento físico de la natación en China se ha desarrollado rápidamente. El entrenamiento físico de natación para niños puede mejorar la calidad deportiva integral de los jóvenes. Objetivo En este trabajo se determinaron los índices de 50 metros mariposa y 50 metros braza. Estos datos examinan cuantitativamente el efecto del programa en el rendimiento de la natación. Métodos Un total de 18 niños y adolescentes nadadores participaron en la muestra analizada en este estudio. En este trabajo, 18 participantes fueron divididos en grupos experimentales y de control. Estos grupos tienen cuatro estilos de natación: mariposa, braza, espalda y estilo libre. Resultados Tras dos meses de ejercicios de coordinación, el rendimiento de la natación en mariposa y rana mejoró parcialmente. Hubo diferencias significativas en los datos (P<0,05). Conclusión El proceso de entrenamiento físico puede mejorar la calidad general de los deportistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

During surveys in February and September 2022 focused on the butterfly fauna of the mountainous southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we unexpectedly discovered the alien species Western Pygmy Blue (Brephidium exilis) at two locations. These are the first records of this species in the southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula, where its main range was previously restricted to the Arabian Gulf region. Adults were observed at atypical elevations and in forested areas. These findings indicate greater ecological plasticity of the species and possibly suggest its further dispersal into North Africa and the Mediterranean region. While long distance dispersal from Arabian gulf region seems the most reasonable origin, human introduction via transfer of host plants could not be excluded.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Trehalose and Telang-Pea (Clitoris ternatea L.) which are used as fillers for Telang-Yellow milk powder. This study used a randomized block design, 3x3 factorial, and 2 replications. Trehalose concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) and t butterfly pea flower concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) were research factors. The results of this study included water content, antioxidant activity, viscosity, yield, solubility, dissolution time, hygroscopicity, color intensity, and preference for taste, color, aroma and after taste. The results showed that water content, hygroscopicity, dissolution time, solubility, yield, pH value, color, and hedonic assessment of taste, color, aroma, and aftertaste were affected by trehalose and eggplant concentrations. The best organoleptic results were obtained with t1b2 samples (0.5% trehalose and 15% Butterfly Pea). The best treatment was the t3b3 treatment with the results of the analysis of water content 2.86%, hygroscopicity 7.15%, amendment 20.00%, soluble time 29.13%, solubility 83.98%, pH 6.72, antioxidant activity 557.77 ppm, color intensity *L 48.01, *a 4.73 and *b 6.10.

abstract This study aimed to analyze the relationships between swimming competitive events, functional classification and relative age and to detect if the relative age affects performance in Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers. Data were retrieved from public databases and birth dates were classified in four quartiles (Q1 = January-March; Q2 = April-June; Q3 = July-September; Q4 = October-December). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used. The 50 m freestyle is the competitive event with 2349 swimmers, followed by 100 m (n = 1817) and 200 m freestyle (n = 905), and 200 m butterfly with 42 swimmers. Para swimmers are mainly distributed to S14, S6 and S5 functional classes (n = 140, 87 and 45), and individual medley events were less represented at SM3, SM9 and SM11 (n = 1 swimmer). Most of swimming events (86.36%) and para swimming functional classes (51.43%) are represented by swimmers and para swimmers born in the first and second quartiles. Moderate associations between functional classification and relative age were observed (p < 0.0001, Cramer’s V = 0.277). No effects of relative age on swimmers and para swimmers’ performance were noticed (p > 0.05). The great functional class seems to be related to great para swimmers’ relative age. Quartiles distribution shows the advantage of being born in the first months of the year to be registered among the most talented Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers.

resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as relações entre eventos competitivos de natação, classificação funcional e idade relativa e detectar se a idade relativa afeta o desempenho em nadadores e paranadadores brasileiros. Os dados foram recuperados de bancos de dados públicos e as datas de nascimento foram classificadas em quatro quartis (Q1 = janeiro-março; Q2 = abril-junho; Q3 = julho-setembro; Q4 = outubro-dezembro). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e ANOVA. Os 50 m livre é a prova competitiva com 2.349 nadadores, seguido de 100 m (n = 1.817) e 200 m livre (n = 905), e 200 m borboleta com 42 nadadores. Os paranadadores estão distribuídos principalmente nas classes funcionais S14, S6 e S5 (n = 140, 87 e 45), e as provas individuais de medley foram menos representadas em SM3, SM9 e SM11 (n = 1 nadador). A maioria das provas de natação (86,36%) e classes funcionais de paranatação (51,43%) são representadas por nadadores e paranadadores nascidos no primeiro e segundo quartis. Associações moderadas entre classificação funcional e idade relativa foram observadas (p < 0,0001, V de Cramer = 0,277). Não foram observados efeitos da idade relativa no desempenho de nadadores e paranadadores (p > 0,05). A grande classe funcional parece estar relacionada com a idade relativa dos grandes paranadadores. A distribuição por quartis mostra a vantagem de ter nascido nos primeiros meses do ano para ser registrado entre os mais talentosos nadadores e paranadadores brasileiros.

Abstract Lifestyle is a subset of secondary human requirements that can shift with the times or a person's desire to alter himself. Consuming unhealthy meals that have a significant impact on blood sugar levels, such as fast food, soft drinks, and other forms of food, is one of the lifestyle modifications. Fiber-rich, low-glycemic-index, sodium-free snack bars for diabetics should be manufactured from natural components. Diabetic snack bars, such as diabetes, have been developed specifically for diabetics. This study aims to make snack bars with low gluten so that they are safe for consumption by everyone, including those who are prone to diabetes mellitus. The study used an Experimental (Posttest Only Design) research design with three treatments of 1 mg, 1.5 mg, and 2 mg of butterfly pea flower extract. Then an analysis of antioxidant activity, protein, fiber content, total sugar, fat carbohirat, texture, and a prganoleptic test was carried out which included color, aroma and taste. Based on the results of the analysis, the results of F1 were obtained as the best formulation.

Abstract Dairy product can be process into ready to drink or ready to serve. Dairy product that needs to be dissolved first usually powdered by drying. The drying method could be done using the vacuum Drying Method. This study used a 3x3 factorial design in a randomized block design which consisted of 2 factors, namely factor T (sea flower powder concentration) which consisted of 3 levels, namely t1: 0.2%, t: 0.3%, and t3: 0.4%, dan factor P (variation of drying temperature) which consisted of 3 levels, namely p1: 50 °C, p2: 60 °C and p4: 70 °C. The responses tested in this study were chemical responses including water content, antioxidant activity, pH. Physical responses include dissolution time, insoluble, hygroscopicity, L* a* b* color intensity, yield amount, and viscosity. Organoleptic responses include color, aroma, taste, and viscosity. The effect of different sea flower powder concentration affects the antioxidant activity, pH, and color intensity. The variation of drying temperature affects the water content, dissolution time, insoluble, hygroscopicity, and color intensity. The interaction between sea flower powder concentration and variation of drying temperature affects the antioxidant activity and color intensity.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Chinese windsurfing, it can be seen that although some coaches adopt relevant contents of abdominal core stability in their physical fitness training, such implementation does not perform its maximum potential on youngsters, mainly due to the lack of a specific protocol. Objective: Study the application of abdominal core stability training in windsurfing athletes. Methods: 14 young athletes in a windsurfing team were selected as volunteers and randomly divided into experimental control groups. A specially designed training protocol for abdominal center strengthening was added to conventional training for the experimental group. Fitness tests were performed, in both groups, before and after the intervention. The collected data were statistically analyzed and discussed. Results: The experimental group's 15m butterfly swim performance was improved by 0.25s, being 0.21s faster than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The strengthening training protocol for the abdominal core stability presented in this study may improve the ability of windsurfing athletes, helping in dynamic and static balance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el windsurf chino, se observa que, aunque algunos entrenadores adoptan contenidos relevantes de la estabilidad del centro abdominal en su entrenamiento físico, dicha implementación no rinde su máximo potencial en los jóvenes debido principalmente a la falta de un protocolo específico. Objetivo: Estudiar la aplicación del entrenamiento de la estabilidad del centro abdominal en deportistas de windsurf. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 14 jóvenes atletas de un equipo de windsurf como voluntarios, divididos aleatoriamente en grupos de control experimental. Al grupo experimental se le añadió un protocolo de entrenamiento especialmente diseñado para el fortalecimiento del centro abdominal, además del entrenamiento convencional. Se realizaron pruebas de aptitud física, en ambos grupos, antes y después de la intervención. Los datos recogidos se analizaron y discutieron estadísticamente. Resultados: El rendimiento del nado de 15 metros mariposa del grupo experimental mejoró en 0,25s, siendo 0,21s más rápido que el grupo de control (P<0,05). Conclusión: El protocolo de entrenamiento de fortalecimiento de la estabilidad del centro abdominal presentado en este estudio puede mejorar la capacidad de los deportistas de windsurf, ayudando al equilibrio dinámico y estático. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: No windsurf chinês, pode-se constatar que, embora alguns treinadores adotem conteúdos relevantes de estabilidade do centro abdominal em seus treinamentos de aptidão física, tal implementação não desempenha o seu máximo potencial sobre os jovens principalmente pela falta de um protocolo específico. Objetivo: Estudar a aplicação do treinamento de estabilidade do centro abdominal em esportistas de windsurf. Métodos: 14 jovens atletas em equipe de windsurf foram selecionados como voluntários, divididos aleatoriamente em grupos experimental controle. Um protocolo de treinamento especialmente desenvolvido para o fortalecimento do centro abdominal foi adicionado ao treinamento convencional ao grupo experimental. Os testes de aptidão física foram realizados, em ambos os grupos, antes e após a intervenção. Os dados coletados foram estatisticamente analisados e discutidos. Resultados: O desempenho do nado borboleta de 15m do grupo experimental foi aprimorado em 0,25s, sendo 0,21s mais rápido do que o do grupo controle (P<0,05). Conclusão: O protocolo de treino de fortalecimento para estabilidade do centro abdominal apresentado neste estudo pode melhorar a capacidade dos esportistas de windsurf, auxiliando no equilíbrio dinâmico e estático. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Abstract The Global South has witnessed increasing sampling of its immense biological diversity during the past century. However, the diversity of many regions remains unknown, even at pristine and highly threatened places, such as in the Atlantic Forest; and for bioindicator, umbrella, and flagship groups. The present study reports the first butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, a key protected area in the last massive continuous of the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from museums and four years of field work, under three sampling methods. We also aimed at providing resources to support conservation efforts by analyzing 27 years of climatic data (detailed in the Supplementary Material, in English and in Portuguese), discussing our results also for non-academics, and producing scientific outreach and educational material. A companion article dealt with the experiences of science outreach and capacity development, and illustrated the butterfly catalogue of the species sampled in the park. We found 312 species that sum to 2,139 records. The museum had 229 species (432 records), and we sampled 142 species (1,682 individuals), in a total effort of 36,679 sampling hours (36,432 trap and 247 net and observation hours). The richest families were Nymphalidae (148 species) and Hesperiidae (100 species). Most species were sampled exclusively by active methods (79.8%), but other sources (passive sampling, citizen science, etc.) also found unique records. We found the highest diversity metrics from January to May, and we demonstrated that winter months had less richness and abundance. We illustrated the 20 species common to all regions, and listed those that were found more than seven months in the year, as well as the most abundant species in trap sampling, with forest dwellers as well as species common to open and fragmented areas. The dominant species in our trap datasets was the iridescent white morpho, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), and we suggest it to become the park butterfly mascot.

Resumo O Sul Global testemunhou crescente amostragem de sua imensa diversidade biológica durante o século passado. Entretanto, a diversidade de muitas regiões permanece desconhecida, mesmo em locais pristinos e altamente ameaçados, como na Mata Atlântica; e para grupos bioindicadores, guarda-chuva e emblemáticos. O presente estudo reporta a primeira lista de borboletas do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil e arredores, uma unidade de conservação chave no último maciço contínuo de Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de museus e quatro anos de campo, sob três métodos de amostragem. Também visamos oferecer recursos para apoiar os esforços de conservação, analisando 27 anos de dados climáticos (detalhados no Material Suplementar, em inglês e em português), discutindo nossos resultados numa linguagem também para não acadêmicos, e produzindo material de divulgação científica e educativos. Um artigo irmão tratou das experiências de divulgação científica e capacitação, e ilustrou o catálogo de borboletas das espécies amostradas no parque. Encontramos 312 espécies em 2.139 registros. O museu tinha 229 espécies (432 registros), e amostramos 142 espécies (1.682 indivíduos), em um esforço total de 36.679 horas de amostragem (36.432 armadilhas e 247 horas de rede e observação). As famílias mais ricas foram Nymphalidae (148 espécies) e Hesperiidae (100 espécies). A maioria das espécies foi amostrada exclusivamente por métodos ativos (79,8%), mas outras fontes (passiva, ciência cidadã, etc.) também encontraram registros únicos. Encontramos as maiores métricas de diversidade de janeiro a maio, e demonstramos que os meses de inverno tiveram menos riqueza e abundância. Ilustramos as 20 espécies comuns a todas as regiões, e listamos aquelas que foram encontradas em mais de sete meses no ano, bem como as espécies mais abundantes em armadilhas, com espécies florestais e também comuns em áreas abertas e fragmentadas. A espécie dominante em nossas armadilhas foi a morfo branca iridescente, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), e sugerimos que se torne a borboleta mascote do parque.

Abstract Euryades corethrus is a Troidini butterfly (Papilionidae, Papilioninae), endemic to grasslands in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay. Formerly abundant, nowadays it is in the Red list of endangered species for those areas. During its larval stage, it feeds on Aristolochia spp, commonly found in southern grasslands. These native grassland areas are diminishing, being converted to crops and pastures, causing habitat loss for Aristolochia and E. corethrus. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of E. corethrus. We sampled eight populations from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and based on Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) molecular marker, our results suggest a low genetic variability between populations, presence of gene flow and, consequently, lack of population structure. A single maternally inherited-genetic marker is insufficient for population-level decisions, but barcoding is a useful tool during early stages of population investigation, bringing out genomic diversity patterns within the target species. Those populations likely faced a bottleneck followed by a rapid expansion during the last glaciation and subsequent stabilization in effective population size. Habitat loss is a threat, which might cause isolation, loss of genetic variability and, ultimately, extinction of E. corethrus if no habitat conservation policy is adopted.

Abstract Lichens are symbiotic organisms, usually composed of a fungal partner, the mycobiont, and one or more photosynthetic partners, the photobiont, which is most often either a green alga or a cyanobacterium, that harbor a diverse community of invertebrates such as rotifers, tardigrades, mites, springtails, crustaceans, and nematodes. In this work, we isolated the nematode Geraldius galapagoensis (Chambersiellidae) associated with the lichen Hyperphyscia syncolla (Physciaceae) in a region of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. This species was discovered in a tropical forest of Ecuador and is characterized mainly by a head offset by a constriction from the rest of the body, a esophagus with a cylindrical pharyngeal corpus without a median bulb, a narrow isthmus and an oval basal pharyngeal bulb with strong transverse/butterfly valve apparatus, a tail curved ventrally, ending in dorsally hooked end; the male with seven pairs of latero-ventral pre-anal papillae and three pairs of post-anal in the following positions: one pair latero-ventral and two pairs dorso-lateral and two slightly curved spicules with asymmetric manubrium with an anterior extension. The comparison of the morphometrics of our G. galapagoensis male with that of the original description shows that the body length is shorter, as are the distance of the excretory pore to the anterior end and the tail. On the other hand, the distance from the anterior end to the nerve ring and the esophagus length are greater. The head width, body diameter and spicule length are quite similar. We provide a morphological and morphometrical characterization of a G. galapagoensis second isolate and the first world report of molecular sequences belonging to this species. organisms partner mycobiont partners photobiont cyanobacterium rotifers tardigrades mites springtails crustaceans nematodes work Chambersiellidae (Chambersiellidae Physciaceae (Physciaceae Province Argentina transversebutterfly transverse butterfly apparatus ventrally lateroventral latero ventral preanal pre anal postanal post positions dorsolateral dorso lateral extension G shorter hand greater width similar

ABSTRACT Larvae of the Indian red admiral butterfly, Vanessa indica (Herbst, 1794), fold the leaves of the host plants along the midvein to construct shelters. Usually, one leaf is used for every shelter, although more than one leaf are sometimes used. To determine the conditions under which larvae use more than one leaf to construct a shelter, a field investigation of the larval shelters was conducted. Early instar larvae used multiple leaves in a shelter when a larger leaf served as the main leaf. In comparison, in later instars used multiple leaves when a smaller leaf served as the main leaf. When an early instar larva uses a large, tough leaf, it may not be able to fold it sufficiently and there may be gaps in the surface of the shelter. In such a case, a larva in the early instar may add nearby leaves to cover the gaps, so that the shelter has more than one leaf. Because later instar larvae can fold a leaf tightly, their shelters have no gaps. When later instar larvae use a small leaf, multiple leaves will be needed to expand the shelters within which they hide and feed.

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species.