This paper presents the stages of an acceleration program focused on chemical technologies. We demonstrate how this initiative contributes to the creation of new businesses, startups, and technology licensing from research developed at Brazilian universities. The case of the program Escale-se is discussed. There were 66 technologies submitted, and 14 were selected for the pre-acceleration phase. In this phase, various contents were worked on, such as creating a business model and aspects of scaling hard-science technologies. Teams were evaluated by panels with market specialists, and 6 were selected for the second phase: pre-scaling/proof of concept. Here, proponents were encouraged to validate the business model by connecting with potential clients and partners, as well as planning the development and testing of the product in a relevant environment. Finally, one team was classified for the last stage: scaling/go-to-market - where they received R$ 100,000.00 to scale up their technology and create strategies for raising investments. Four of the fourteen technologies selected for the program opened National Register of Legal Entities (CNPJ) and raised approximately R$ 4.5 M in investments from different sources. These results demonstrate that the methodology contributed to the entrepreneurial development of participating researchers and the raising of funds for the businesses created. startups universities Escalese Escale se discussed submitted 1 preacceleration pre phase hardscience hard science specialists prescaling/proof prescalingproof scaling/proof proof concept Here partners environment Finally stage scaling/gotomarket scalinggotomarket scaling/go go R 10000000 100 000 00 100,000.0 CNPJ (CNPJ 45 4 5 4. sources created prescaling scalingproof gotomarket scalinggo 1000000 10 0 100,000. 100000 100,000 10000 100,00 1000 100,0 100,

Abstract The research analyzes the variables that influence the strengthening of business and tax culture through knowledge management. Methodologically, it is a study with a qualitative and analytical approach. The study highlights the importance of knowledge management as a catalyst for improving organizational culture and tax compliance in companies. Variables such as effective communication allow the organization to improve tax and administrative management through the individual knowledge of each employee. The acquisition of skills and knowledge through training and education strengthens the resilience of individuals to regulatory changes. Technology, used as a management and process optimization tool, reduces error variability while increasing efficiency and performance. Teamwork in the execution of tasks facilitates more efficient planning and optimal allocation of individual responsibilities. Finally, by implementing a risk management approach, it is possible to exercise greater diligence in the early detection of errors and minimize their impact on the ongoing business development context.

Resumen La investigación analiza las variables que influyen en el fortalecimiento de la cultura empresarial y tributaria a través de la gestión del conocimiento. A nivel metodológico es un estudio con enfoque cualitativo y analítico. El estudio destaca la importancia de la gestión del conocimiento como un catalizador para mejorar la cultura organizacional y el cumplimiento tributario en las empresas. Variables como la comunicación efectiva, permite en la organización el mejoramiento en la gestión tributaria y administrativa por medio del conocimiento individual de cada trabajador; la adquisición de habilidades y conocimientos a través de la formación y capacitación fortalece la resiliencia de los individuos ante las modificaciones regulatorias; la tecnología, utilizada como un instrumento para la gestión y optimización de los procesos, reduce la variabilidad de errores, al tiempo que aumenta la eficiencia y el rendimiento; el trabajo en equipo en la ejecución de tareas facilita una planificación más eficiente y una asignación óptima de las responsabilidades individuales; y finalmente, mediante la implementación de un enfoque de gestión de riesgos, es posible ejercer una mayor diligencia en la detección temprana de fallos y en la minimización de su impacto en el contexto del desarrollo del negocio en marcha.

Abstract Business networks as an associative strategy represent an option to promote business development and growth, companies of the same turn join efforts and interests to create competitive advantages; through the transmission of knowledge among the members of the organizations their technical and management skills are improved. The objective of this quantitative, descriptive and transactional research is to analyze the conditions and characteristics of the artisans of the Mixteca Oaxaqueña region to integrate a business network; and investigate the appropriate methodology for their integration. The case study method was applied to study the problem in depth. The results indicate that the creation of a business network among the artisans of the Mixteca Oaxaqueña region will promote greater collaboration and joint promotion, which will allow them to enter potential markets with greater competitiveness. The skills and competences they demonstrate to produce a wide range of artisanal products will allow them, together, to attract a greater number of customers and contribute to the generation of economies of scale. In the integration of the business network, five phases were proposed: network identification; trust relationships; monitoring, evaluation and autonomous management; strategic planning; and the pilot project.

Resumen Las redes empresariales como estrategia asociativa representan una opción para promover el desarrollo y crecimiento empresarial, donde empresas del mismo giro unen esfuerzos e intereses para crear ventajas competitivas; mediante la transmisión de conocimientos entre los integrantes se mejoran sus habilidades técnicas y de gestión. El objetivo de esta investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transeccional consiste en analizar las condiciones y características de los artesanos de la región Mixteca Oaxaqueña para integrar una red empresarial; e investigar la metodología apropiada para su integración. Se aplicó el método estudio de caso, para estudiar a profundidad la problemática. Los resultados indican que la creación de una red empresarial entre los artesanos de la región Mixteca Oaxaqueña impulsará una mayor colaboración y promoción conjunta, que les permitirá incursionar en mercados potenciales con una mayor competitividad. Las habilidades y competencias que manifiestan para la producción de una gran diversidad de artesanías les permitirá en conjunto, captar un mayor número de clientes y contribuir en la generación de economías de escala. En la integración de la red empresarial se propusieron cinco fases: identificación de la red; relaciones de confianza; monitoreo, evaluación y gestión autónoma; planificación estratégica; y el proyecto piloto.

There is widespread agreement that skills development is a vital dimension of the just energy transition (JET). Skills development for JET is rapidly emerging and involves complex inter-sectoral systems of skills development and new methods for demand analysis. Currently in South Africa, learning pathways into green jobs, enterprise development and more sustainable job options, including those required for JET at entry and technical levels, are unclear, ad hoc and fragmented. At best, we have fragmented offerings of courses and qualifications and few systemic approaches to skills analysis and development. There is also a narrow reliance on supply and demand discourses that are ill-fitting for the type of skills that need to be developed. Drawing on a group of regional and local studies focusing on skills supply and demand for JET, the paper analyses the responsiveness of skills systems, with specific focus on institutions and institutional arrangements that underpin skills planning and anticipation. The paper critiques the metaphor of 'supply' and 'demand', which, it argues, is the wrong lens, as it focuses attention on certain parts of the skills system dislocated from the broader conditions that they are imbedded in. We pose new methodological questions for engaged skills research that can enable a green and just future, and the systemic transformations that are needed to catalyse a low-carbon transition. SIGNIFICANCE: The research findings offer a critical reflection on the current approach to research focused on skills for the just energy transition. The review highlights the limitations of the dominant supply-demand approach of skills analysis, and we argue that it promotes a neoliberal, market-led discourse on skills that privileges industry and excludes the voices of communities and workers.

Resumen Las organizaciones están integrando cada vez más cuestiones ambientales en sus planes estratégicos. Así, esta investigación analiza cómo la estrategia de negocios sustentable (GBS, por sus siglas en inglés) y la responsabilidad social corporativa (CSR, por sus siglas en inglés) impactan en el rendimiento financiero (FP, por sus siglas en inglés). Además, se analiza el rol mediador de la CSR en la relación entre la GBS y el FP. El estudio empírico utiliza el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales en una muestra de 300 empresas manufactureras de México. Los resultados muestran relaciones positivas y significativas entre la GBS, la CSR y el FP, mientras que también se verificó el papel mediador significativamente positivo de la CSR. Por lo tanto, los objetivos ambientales establecidos por la GBS contribuyen al FP de las empresas manufactureras mexicanas. La CSR también colabora en este sentido, pero solo parcialmente al mediar la relación entre la GBS y el FP. Los hallazgos respaldan la importancia de incorporar cuestiones ambientales en la planeación estratégica de las empresas para garantizar no solo beneficios económicos, sino también sociales a través de las actividades de GBS y CSR.

Abstract Organizations are increasingly integrating environmental concerns in their strategic plans. This research analyzes how green business strategy (GBS) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) impact financial performance (FP). In addition, we analyze the mediating role of CSR in the relationship between GBS and FP. The empirical application uses structural equation modeling on a sample of 300 manufacturing firms from Mexico. The results show positive and significant relationships between GBS, CSR and FP, while the significantly positive mediating role of CSR was also verified. Thus, the environmental objectives set by the GBS contribute to the FP of Mexican manufacturing firms. CSR also collaborates to this end but only partially by mediating the relationship between GBS and FP. The findings support the importance of incorporating environmental concerns in businesses' strategic planning in order to ensure not only economic but also social benefits through GBS and CSR activities.

RESUMEN En este artículo se presentan los principales autores que desarrollan modelos de estimación de la incertidumbre, en procesos de planeación estratégica de las organizaciones y su incidencia en los objetivos institucionales. En este orden de ideas, se ha realizado una revisión de la literatura con fundamento en enfoques y modelos que han sido utilizados a través del tiempo para manejar la incertidumbre empresarial y se presentan algunos casos aplicados para diferentes factores internos de una organización; así mismo dentro de este artículo se contemplan factores externos como medioambientales en los cuales se han hecho uso de los siguientes modelos: modelo de decisión, modelo de factores locales vs fuerzas conductoras, simulación Monte Carlo y Modelo Delphi; y finalmente para los factores sociopolíticos se ha implementado el enfoque heurístico para explorar las incertidumbres en la planificación. Por otro lado, se realiza un análisis de los tipos de planificación que manejan las organizaciones con sus respectivos modelos de incertidumbre. La principal conclusión obtenida, radica en el hecho de que no existen modelos que integren elementos tanto endógenos como exógenos capaces de reducir la incertidumbre para efectos de una adecuada planeación estratégica en las organizaciones y proyectos de inversión a su cargo.

ABSTRACT This article presents the main authors who develop uncertainty estimation models in strategic planning processes of organizations and their impact on institutional objectives. In this order of ideas, a review of the literature has been carried out based on approaches and models that have been used over time to manage business uncertainty and some cases applied to different internal factors of an organization are presented; Likewise, within this article, external and environmental factors are considered in which the following models have been used: decision model, local factors vs driving forces model, Monte Carlo simulation and Delphi Model; and finally for sociopolitical factors, the heuristic approach has been implemented to explore uncertainties in planning. On the other hand, an analysis is carried out of the types of planning that organizations manage with their respective uncertainty models. The main conclusion obtained lies in the fact that there are no models that integrate both endogenous and exogenous elements capable of reducing uncertainty for the purposes of adequate strategic planning in the organizations and investment projects under their charge.

Abstract: The article seeks to provide evidence to the characterization of a long-standing process of social construction of disaster risk, in which risk-insensitive territorial planning is recognized as the main underlying risk drivers. Through a processual approach, we conclude about the close relationship between neoliberal urbanization processes and the multilevel deployment of business power, which mobilizes real estate developments that have promoted an environmentally predatory urban-tourist expansion for the area of interest and directly influenced in the exposure to disaster risk of residents and built infrastructure. Through the forensic investigation methodology that analyzes the underlying causes of disasters (FORIN), it is possible to deconstruct the situation currently experienced by a group of buildings located in the exclusive coastal residential sector of Cochoa, Reñaca Norte, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso Region Chile, which they have been categorized as uninhabitable due to two neighboring sinkholes that condition their stability and occupation since august 2023. Located on a fragile ecosystem such as a dune field, there were technical studies that accounted for the risk of overloading it with buildings, however, the recognition of risk was omitted in the respective territorial planning instrument —Communal Regulatory Plan of Viña del Mar— defining the location area as a residential zone.

Resumen: El artículo busca aportar evidencia a la caracterización de un proceso de construcción social del riesgo de desastres de larga data, en el cual la planificación territorial insensible al este se reconoce como el principal factor subyacente. Mediante un enfoque procesual se concluye sobre la estrecha relación existente en procesos de urbanización neoliberal y el despliegue multinivel del poder empresarial, el que moviliza desarrollos inmobiliarios que han promovido una expansión urbana-turística depredadora ambientalmente para la zona de interés e incidido directamente en la exposición a riesgo de desastres de los residentes y de la infraestructura construida. Mediante la metodología de investigación forense que analiza las causas de base de los desastres (Forensic Investigations of Disaster, FORIN), es posible deconstruir la situación que experimenta actualmente un conjunto de edificios ubicados en el exclusivo sector costero residencial de Cochoa, Reñaca norte, Viña del Mar, Región de Valparaíso en Chile, los que han sido categorizados como inhabitables debido a dos socavones aledaños que condicionan suestabilidad y ocupación desde el mes de agosto de 2023. Emplazados sobre un ecosistema frágil, como lo es un campo dunar, existieron estudios técnicos que daban cuenta del riesgo de sobrecargarlo con edificaciones, no obstante, se omitió el reconocimiento de riesgo en el respectivo instrumento de planificación territorial —Plan Regulador Comunal de Viña del Mar— definiendo el área de emplazamiento como zona residencial.

Digital information and data are crucial drivers of progress in various industries, including mining, where data-driven decision making optimizes resource extraction, enhances safety, and ensures sustainability. The adoption of digital technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things has amplified the importance of digital information. However, the integrity and security of this information are paramount, leading to the exploration of blockchain technology as a potential solution for secure digital value exchange in mining. This research examines blockchain's capabilities, drawing insights from its applications in sectors like banking, government, healthcare, and entertainment, and evaluates their relevance to mining's core value chain processes. The study identifies blockchain's distributed ledger technology, cryptographic security, and decentralization as unique advantages that can revolutionize mining by enhancing transaction speed, reducing costs, and improving supply chain transparency and compliance with sustainability standards. Blockchain's transparent and auditable records can enhance business transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders, including investors and regulatory bodies. The technology's consensus mechanisms and smart contracts further promote trust in collaborative ventures. This research provides a foundational understanding for decision-makers in the mining industry to evaluate blockchain's feasibility and potential return on investment, guiding strategic planning and resource allocation for blockchain applications. By leveraging blockchain, mining companies can optimize operations, improve sustainability practices, and establish a robust foundation for future growth, positioning blockchain as a transformative technology in the sector.

Resumen Introducción: La informalidad laboral y la formalización del empleo han sido ya ampliamente discutidas. Sin embargo, el problema sigue vigente en las agendas públicas y de gobierno tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional. Objetivo: El objetivo es evaluar el diseño de los instrumentos de política pública que ha implementado el gobierno estatal (2015-2021) para la formalización del empleo en Nuevo León. La población objetivo de los instrumentos son las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Mipymes) del estado de Nuevo León. Método y técnica: En una primera instancia, se llevó a cabo una investigación documental y de fuentes secundarias. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios a cargo de los instrumentos de política pública para la formalización del empleo. Se entrevistó al Director de Apoyo y Fomento a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador del Centro de Atención a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la titular de la Comisión Estatal de Mejora Regulatoria del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador de Promoción y Vinculación del Programa Impulsa Nuevo León de la Secretaría de Economía del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la Directora de Planeación y Políticas Públicas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; y al Director de la Comisión de Desarrollo Económico del Consejo Nuevo León. Para sistematizar las opiniones de los entrevistados se utilizó el programa de computadora ATLAS.ti y en su análisis se crearon las categorías que se presentan en la Tabla 2. Finalmente, se contrastó la ideología de los actores involucrados con tres preceptos clave del neoliberalismo que se identificaron. Resultados: 1. El Gobierno de Nuevo León no cuenta con información sobre el número de empleos que generan las empresas que reciben los apoyos. 2. La planeación de los instrumentos de política pública se lleva a cabo, principalmente, por el sector privado. 3. Las cámaras empresariales de las Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Pymes) son las que se encuentran principalmente involucradas. 4. Los apoyos se otorgan a partir de que las empresas acuden al gobierno a solicitarlos y no hay investigación y desarrollo. 5. Los apoyos se concentran principalmente en las Mipymes formales, pero no se cuenta con un padrón actualizado. 6. El seguimiento y monitoreo se realiza en la medida que las empresas continúan asistiendo a las oficinas del gobierno de Nuevo León. Conclusiones: Se concluye que se requiere rediseñar los instrumentos de política pública bajo el liderazgo del gobierno estatal y vincular, concretamente, a la población objetivo de los programas con las formas de intervención estatal.

Abstract Introduction: Labor informality and the formalization of employment have already been widely discussed. However, the problem remains on the public and government agendas at both the national and subnational levels. Objective: The objective is to assess the design of the public policy instruments that the government of Nuevo León has implemented (2015-2021) for the formalization of employment. The target population of the instruments are the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises of the state of Nuevo León. Method and technique: Firstly, a documentary research in secondary sources was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials in charge of the public policy instruments for the formalization of employment. The people interviewed were: the Director of Support and Development for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator of the Service Center for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the head of the State Commission for Regulatory Improvement of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator for the Promotion of the Impulsa Nuevo León Program; the Director of Planning and Public Policies of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; and the Director of the Economic Development Commission of the Nuevo León Council. To systematize the opinions of the interviewees, the ATLAS.ti computer program was used and the categories created are presented in Table 2. Finally, the ideology of the actors involved was contrasted with three key precepts of neoliberalism that were identified. Results: 1. The Government of Nuevo León does not have information about the number of jobs generated by the companies that receive government financial support. 2. The planning of public policy instruments is carried out, mainly, by the private sector. 3. The business chambers of Small and Medium Enterprises are the ones that are mainly involved. 4. Financial support is granted after companies go to the government to request it and there is no research and development. 5. Financial support is mainly concentrated in the formal Micro, Small and Medium-sized enterprises, but there is no updated registry. 6. Monitoring is carried out as long as the companies continue to attend to the offices of the government of Nuevo León. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to redesign the public policy instruments under the leadership of the government of Nuevo León and to link, specifically, the target population of the programs with the forms of state intervention.

The mining industry has yet to fully accept and embrace the strategic role of technology and innovation in successful business planning and execution. In this study, we empirically determine the factors that influence acceptance of technology solutions in the mining industry in South Africa, assess critical success factors influencing adoption of advanced technology in the South African mining industry, and explore challenges faced by the mining industry in South Africa in adopting advanced technology in its operations. Thematic content analysis is employed in the data analysis. Results show that critical success factors to the adoption of mining technology include learning culture, knowledge sharing, high labour costs, and behaviour of other firms in the industry; commonly identified challenges include inadequate engagement with external stakeholders, uncertainties, the cyclical nature of the sector, and high risk related to the adoption of unproven technology and performance systems focused on volumetric production. The study encourages mining companies to implement usage of technology. This can be properly done through regular engagement with the Minerals Council South Africa.

Abstract: In the period 2006-2018, just over 6 000 km of gas pipelines were installed in Mexico to form a gas-electricity chain, using private investment attracted by a business model based on the extraction of public resources. Successive neoliberal governments hastily promoted, without planning criteria or risk minimization, a large market for private companies that provided natural gas transportation services for electricity generation, resulting in an overcapacity whose budgetary dimensions and costly flaws have been evidenced by the State’s public documentation. This article provides an interpretation of the extractivist-based privatization process in the Mexican natural gas sector and details the mechanisms of the business model of the well-known Energy Reform.

Resumen: En el periodo 2006-2018 fueron construidos poco más de 6 000 km de gasoductos en México para constituir la cadena gas-electricidad, mediante inversión privada atraída por un modelo de negocios basado en la extracción de recursos públicos. Los sucesivos gobiernos neoliberales promovieron apresuradamente, sin criterios de planeación ni de minimización de riesgos, un amplio mercado para las empresas privadas que brindaron el servicio de transporte de gas natural para generación eléctrica, resultando en una sobrecapacidad cuyas dimensiones presupuestales y costosas fallas han sido evidenciadas por la documentación pública del Estado. Este artículo aporta una interpretación del proceso privatizador de base extractivista en el sector del gas natural mexicano y detalla los mecanismos del modelo de negocios de la conocida Reforma Energética.

Abstract Purpose: The digital mindset can be defined as a set of individual behaviors related to the degree of adherence to digital transformations. After reviewing the literature on the subject, this research’s objective was to answer the following question: “Is it possible to measure the digital mindset of employees through a scale designed for the context of Brazilian organizations?”. Originality/value: The digitization of organizations has become the center of business transformation. However, one of the often-overlooked factors in the transition process is developed at the micro-organizational level. Collaborators vary in interest, knowledge, and ability to innovate. A measure to identify individual digital mindset profiles would be essential to guide the planning and development of a digital learning culture mindset. Still, such a tool was not yet found in the Brazilian literature. Design/methodology/approach: A multidimensional digital mindset construct was proposed based on the literature on cognitive structures and digital transformation mindset. Items were prepared to measure the degree of maturity of the construct, described through three digital profiles (open mind, transformer, and entrepreneur) and an analog profile. The scale was submitted to 574 professionals from Brazilian companies for exploratory factor analysis. Findings: The digital mindset scale showed signs of validity, confirming, in the present sample, the mindset dimensions related to the digital environment (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.85 and 0.62). Purpose transformations subject researchs research s question Is organizations. . organizations?” Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value However oftenoverlooked often overlooked microorganizational micro organizational level interest knowledge innovate Still Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach open mind transformer entrepreneur profile 57 analysis Findings validity confirming sample Cronbachs Cronbach 085 0 85 0.8 0.62. 062 0.62 62 0.62) organizations? 5 08 8 0. 06 0.6 6

Resumo Objetivo: O mindset digital pode ser definido como um conjunto de comportamentos individuais relacionados ao grau de aderência às transformações digitais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi, após revisão de literatura sobre o tema, responder à seguinte questão: “É possível mensurar o mindset digital de profissionais por meio de uma escala elaborada para o contexto das organizações brasileiras?”. Originalidade/valor: A digitalização das organizações passou a ser o centro da transformação dos negócios. No entanto, um dos fatores muitas vezes negligenciado no processo de transição é o desenvolvimento no nível micro-organizacional. Os profissionais variam no nível de interesse, no conhecimento e na capacidade de inovar. Para guiar o planejamento e desenvolvimento de uma cultura de aprendizagem digital, uma medida para identificar os perfis individuais de mindset digital seria essencial, mas tal ferramenta ainda não era encontrada na literatura brasileira. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A partir da literatura sobre estruturas cognitivas e a transformação digital, foi proposto um construto multidimensional de mindset digital. Elaboraram-se itens para a mensuração do grau de maturidade do construto, descrito por meio de três perfis digitais (open mind, transformador e empreendedor) e um analógico. A escala foi submetida a 574 profissionais de empresas brasileiras para análise fatorial exploratória. Resultados: A escala de mindset digital apresentou bons indícios de validade, sendo confirmadas, na presente amostra, as dimensões de mindset relacionadas ao meio digital (alfas de Cronbach entre 0,85 e 0,62). Objetivo tema questão É brasileiras. . brasileiras?” Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor negócios entanto microorganizacional. microorganizacional micro organizacional. organizacional micro-organizacional interesse inovar essencial brasileira Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem Elaboraramse Elaboraram se open mind empreendedor analógico 57 exploratória Resultados validade confirmadas amostra alfas 085 0 85 0,8 0,62. 062 0,62 62 0,62) brasileiras? 5 08 8 0, 06 0,6 6

Abstract After decades of repeated socio-environmental conflicts in the port region of São Luís, Maranhão, triggered by the appropriation of land from traditional communities, the State and capital have used planning for changes in land use and occupation, legitimizing the land expansion and unifying different business interests. Understanding the process as the result of neoextractivist strategies of the local economic enclave, this article analyzes the relations between port and municipal planning which, based on the developmentalist discourse, have incorporated the demands of real estate capital in a new movement of “accumulation by spoliation” for the submission of Land and Labor to the captivity of capitalist reproduction. socioenvironmental socio environmental Luís Maranhão communities occupation interests enclave which discourse accumulation spoliation reproduction

Resumo Após décadas de repetidos conflitos socioambientais na região portuária de São Luís, Maranhão, provocados pela apropriação de terras de comunidades tradicionais, Estado e Capital se utilizaram do planejamento para mudanças no uso e ocupação do solo, legitimando a expansão fundiária e unificando diferentes interesses empresarias. Entendendo o processo como fruto de estratégias neoextrativistas do enclave econômico local, o artigo analisa as relações entre planejamento portuário e municipal que, a partir do discurso desenvolvimentista, incorporou as demandas do capital imobiliário em um novo movimento de “acumulação por espoliação” para submissão da Terra e do Trabalho ao cativeiro da reprodução capitalista. Luís Maranhão tradicionais solo empresarias local que desenvolvimentista acumulação espoliação capitalista

Resumo O campo arquitetônico desempenha funções mediadoras centrais no processo de formação do Estado brasileiro, por meio da formulação de mecanismos de controle, ordenamento e gestão dos territórios e populações. Neste artigo, abordamos três distintos cenários em que suas redes profissionais tiveram atuação significativa: nos projetos nacional-desenvolvimentistas implementados a partir dos anos 1930; nas políticas habitacionais elaboradas durante a ditadura militar (1964 a 1985); e nos planos estratégicos para a produção de “cidades globais” que se difundiram após o processo de redemocratização. No caleidoscópio de práticas e sentidos profissionais mobilizados nesses períodos, destacamos em especial as situações e eventos que acionaram os tipos ideais do “gênio criativo”, do “anti-projetista engajado” e do “gestor empresarial”. Ao analisarmos as interações entre arquitetos e administração pública, esperamos contribuir na compreensão das tecnologias de gestão populacional e dos mecanismos empresariais que sustentaram a guinada neoliberal das formas de governo das cidades brasileiras. brasileiro controle populações artigo significativa nacionaldesenvolvimentistas nacional desenvolvimentistas 1930 1964 (196 1985 1985) globais redemocratização períodos gênio criativo, criativo , criativo” antiprojetista anti projetista engajado gestor empresarial. empresarial . empresarial” pública brasileiras 193 196 (19 198 19 (1 1 (

Abstract The architectural field has performed a central mediating function in the process of formation of the Brazilian State through the formulation of mechanisms for control, ordering, and management of territories and populations. In the present article, we address three different scenarios in which architectural professional networks played a significant role: national-developmental projects implemented from the 1930s onwards; housing policies developed during the military dictatorship (1964 to 1985); strategic plans for the production of “global cities” following the redemocratization process (1985-today). From among the kaleidoscope of professional practices and meanings mobilized during these periods, we highlight situations and events that triggered the ideal types of the “creative genius”, the “engaged anti-designer” and the “entrepeneurial manager”. By analyzing the interactions between architects and public administration, we hope to contribute to the understanding of the population management technologies and business mechanisms that supported the neoliberal turn in the forms of government in Brazilian cities. control ordering populations article role nationaldevelopmental national developmental s onwards 1964 (196 1985 1985) global cities 1985today. 1985today today . (1985-today) periods creative genius, genius , genius” engaged antidesigner anti designer anti-designer entrepeneurial manager. manager manager” administration 196 (19 198 (1985-today 19 (1 1 (

Resumen El campo arquitectónico desempeña funciones mediadoras centrales en el proceso de formación del Estado brasileño, a través de la formulación de mecanismos de control, planificación y gestión de territorios y poblaciones. En este artículo, discutimos tres escenarios distintos en los que sus redes profesionales tuvieron un desempeño significativo: en los proyectos de desarrollo nacional implementados desde la década de 1930; en las políticas de vivienda elaboradas durante la dictadura militar (1964 a 1985); y en los planes estratégicos para la producción de “ciudades globales” que se extendieron después del proceso de redemocratización. En el caleidoscopio de prácticas y sentidos profesionales operados en estos períodos, destacamos en particular las situaciones y eventos que movilizaron a los tipos ideales del “genio creativo”, el “diseñador comprometido” y el “gerente de negocios”. Al analizar las interacciones entre los arquitectos y la administración pública, esperamos contribuir a la comprensión de las tecnologías de gestión de la población y los mecanismos empresariales que apoyaron el guiño neoliberal de las formas de gobierno de las ciudades brasileñas. brasileño control poblaciones artículo significativo 1930 1964 (196 1985 1985) globales redemocratización períodos genio creativo, creativo , creativo” diseñador comprometido gerente negocios. negocios . negocios” pública brasileñas 193 196 (19 198 19 (1 1 (

Resumo No início do século XXI, na província de San Luís, Argentina, os planejamentos estaduais nas diferentes esferas do governo foram expostos como “Planos Diretores”. Termos como “Planejamento Estratégico” aliado a outros, como inovação e gestão, entre outros, tornaram-se recorrentes. Em 2013, foi apresentado oficialmente o Plano Diretor das Culturas 2013-2023. Neste trabalho é realizada uma análise etnográfica do referido plano, com foco em como o passado local é produzido e gerenciado nas ações governamentais nele contempladas. Pergunta-se: Como noções temporárias - passado, presente, futuro - são tencionadas com a implementação de uma linguagem da gestão empresarial? Quais ordenamentos e hierarquias sociais são estabelecidos? Além disso, indaga-se sobre o papel que os especialistas adquirem no planejamento em aspectos que seriam característicos do grupo de “puntanos” (naturais de San Luís); e como esses aspectos são “documentados”, expressando uma representação do que seja San Luís, ao mesmo tempo em que busca legitimá-lo. XXI Luís Argentina Planos Diretores. Diretores . Diretores” Planejamento Estratégico outros tornaramse tornaram se recorrentes 2013 20132023. 20132023 2023. 2023 2013-2023 plano contempladas Perguntase Pergunta Pergunta-se presente empresarial estabelecidos disso indagase indaga puntanos “puntanos naturais Luís) documentados, documentados , “documentados” legitimálo. legitimálo legitimá lo. lo legitimá-lo 201 2013202 202 2013-202 “documentados 20 201320 2013-20 2 20132 2013-2 2013-

Abstract At the beginning of the 21st century, in the province of San Luis, Argentina, state plans in different spheres of government were presented as Master Plans. Strategic planning together with terms such as innovation and management, among others, became recurrent. In 2013, the Master Plan for Cultures 2013-2023 was officially presented. This article carries out an ethnographic analysis of the plan, focusing on how the local past is produced and managed in the government actions included therein. It considers how temporal notions - past, present, future - are strained by the implementation of a language from business management. What systems and social hierarchies are established? It also explores the role played by planning specialists in aspects that would be characteristic of the “puntanos” (the inhabitants of San Luis) as a whole; and how these aspects are “documented”, expressing a representation of the “San Luisian”, while at the same time seeking to legitimise it. st century Luis Argentina Plans management others recurrent 2013 20132023 2023 2013-202 plan therein present established puntanos “puntanos whole documented, documented , “documented” Luisian, Luisian Luisian” it 201 2013202 202 2013-20 “documented 20 201320 2013-2 2 20132 2013-

Resumen A principios del siglo XXI, en la provincia de San Luis, Argentina, las planificaciones estatales en distintos ámbitos de gobierno se expusieron como “Planes Maestros”. “Planificación estratégica”, junto a términos tales como “innovación, participación, democratización, gestión”, entre otros, se tornaron recurrentes. En 2013 se presentó oficialmente el Plan Maestro de Las Culturas 2013-2023. En este artículo se realiza un análisis etnográfico de dicho plan, enfocado en cómo se produce y gestiona el pasado local en las acciones gubernamentales que allí se referencian. Se cuestiona ¿cómo se tensan nociones temporales -pasado, presente, futuro- con la implantación de un lenguaje proveniente de la gestión empresarial? ¿Qué ordenamientos y jerarquías sociales se instauran? También, se indaga sobre el papel que adquieren en la planificación especialistas en aspectos que serían característicos del conjunto de los “puntanos” (gentilicio que designa a las personas de la provincia de San Luis); y cómo dichos aspectos se “documentan”, expresando una representación de lo sanluiseño, al tiempo que se busca legitimarlo. XXI Luis Argentina Planes Maestros. Maestros . Maestros” Planificación estratégica, estratégica , estratégica” innovación, innovación “innovación participación democratización gestión, gestión” otros recurrentes 201 20132023. 20132023 2023. 2023 2013-2023 plan referencian pasado, -pasado presente futuro empresarial Qué instauran También puntanos “puntanos gentilicio Luis) documentan, documentan “documentan” sanluiseño legitimarlo 20 2013202 202 2013-202 “documentan 2 201320 2013-20 20132 2013-2 2013-