Abstract The rational use of correctives and fertilizers in banana orchards depends on reliable standards for interpreting soil fertility. The study aimed to establish critical levels (CL) for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil of banana plantations in Santa Catarina, using the Boundary Line (BL) method. A database with information of soil chemical analysis and fruit yield obtained from orchards in producing regions was used. Scatter plots were obtained relating P and K concentration in the soil extracted by the Mehlich-1 method with the relative productivity of fruits and then the pairs of data in the upper border were selected and used to establish a mathematical model. The model was derived and obtained the concentrations of P and K in the soil that provided the maximum physical productivity (100 %) and maximum economic productivity (90% of the maximum production), corresponding to the CL in the soil. It is proposed that the update of critical levels of P and K for banana cultivation in Santa Catarina to be 85 and 229 mg/dm3, respectively. The banana grower will be able to suppress the P and K doses in a punctual and temporary way in areas of built fertility with the proper monitoring of productivity, soil and leaf analysis. (CL (P (K BL (BL Mehlich1 Mehlich 1 Mehlich- 100 (10 % 90% 90 (90 production, production , production) 8 22 mgdm3 mgdm mg dm3 dm mg/dm3 respectively 10 (1 9 (9 2 mg/dm (

Resumo O uso racional de corretivos e de fertilizantes em pomares de bananeira depende de padrões confiáveis de interpretação da fertilidade do solo. O trabalho objetivou estabelecer níveis críticos (NC) para fósforo (P) e potássio (K) no solo, em bananais de Santa Catarina, usando o método de Linha de Fronteira (LF). Foi utilizado um banco de dados com informações de análises químicas do solo e da produtividade de frutos, coletados em pomares de regiões produtoras. Gráficos de dispersão foram obtidos relacionando os teores de P e K no solo extraídos pelo método Mehlich-1, com a produtividade relativa de frutos, e, em seguida, os pares de dados da fronteira superior foram selecionados e usados para estabelecer modelos matemáticos. Os modelos foram derivados, e obtidos os teores de P e K no solo, que proporcionaram a máxima produtividade física (100 %) e a máxima produtividade econômica (90 % da produção máxima), correspondente ao NC no solo. É proposto que a atualização dos níveis críticos de P e K no solo, para a bananicultura em Santa Catarina, seja de 85 e 229 mg/dm3, respectivamente. O bananicultor poderá suprimir as doses de P e K de forma pontual e temporária, em áreas de fertilidade construída com o devido monitoramento da produtividade, das análises de solo e de folha. (NC (P (K Catarina LF. LF . (LF) frutos produtoras Mehlich1, Mehlich1 Mehlich 1, 1 Mehlich-1 seguida matemáticos derivados 100 (10 90 (9 máxima, , máxima) 8 22 mgdm3 mgdm mg dm3 dm mg/dm3 respectivamente temporária folha (LF Mehlich- 10 (1 9 ( 2 mg/dm

RESUMO A antecipação da aplicação de nitrogênio em sistemas de cultivo, usando plantas de cobertura, apresenta-se como alternativa para melhorar a eficiência do uso desse nutriente e otimizar a questão operacional. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a eficiência da antecipação da adubação nitrogenada para a cultura do milho, tendo a braquiária como cultura de cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Jataí, em Jataí - GO, com histórico de plantio em sucessão soja-milho/sorgo nos últimos 20 anos, e destaque para o teor de matéria orgânica do solo que é de 39,5 g kg-1. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com fatorial 5x2+1, com 4 repetições, sendo cinco doses de N: 0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 kg ha-1 e duas épocas de aplicação na cultura da braquiária, sendo a época 1: aplicação do nitrogênio 90 dias pré-semeadura do milho e época 2: aplicação do nitrogênio 60 dias pré-semeadura do milho e um tratamento adicional com adubação nitrogenada convencional de 150 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, aplicada na cultura do milho, dividida em adubação de plantio e cobertura. Com exceção a dose de 200 kg ha-1 de N aplicada 90 dias antes da semeadura do milho, a antecipação da adubação nitrogenada para esta cultura, utilizando a braquiária como planta de cobertura, se mostrou tão eficiente quando a adubação convencional nas condições de solo e clima em que foi realizado o trabalho, ou seja, solo com alto teor de matéria orgânica, fertilidade construída e ausência de restrição hídrica.

ABSTRACT Advancing nitrogen (N) application in cropping systems, using cover crops, is an alternative to improve the efficiency of use of this nutrient and to optimize the operational issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of advancing N fertilization for corn crop, with Brachiaria ruziziensis as cover crop. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Federal University of Jataí / Regional Unit of Jataí, GO, Brazil, with history of soybean-corn/sorghum succession in the last 20 years and a high organic matter content in the soil, which reaches 39.5 g kg-1. A randomized complete block design was used in a 5x2 + 1 factorial scheme with 4 replicates, corresponding to five N doses: 0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 kg ha-1 and two times of application in B. ruziziensis: Time 1 - N application 90 days before planting of corn, and Time 2 - N application 60 days before planting, plus an additional treatment with conventional N fertilization, 150 kg ha-1 of N, not advanced, applied to the corn crop, split into planting fertilization and top -dressing fertilization. Except for the N dose of 200 kg ha-1 applied 90 days before corn sowing, advancing N fertilization for this crop using B. ruziziensis as cover plant proved to be as efficient as conventional fertilization for the soil and climate conditions under which the study was carried out, that is, soil with high content of organic matter, built fertility and absence of water restriction.

Abstract This article exposes the demographic transition process making a reference to the theoretical concepts that support it, to frame Argentina within the general context. Subsequently, the variations that occurred during the last intercensal period and a grouping of jurisdictions, which we have called regions. The method that was used is the Principal Component Analysis followed by a Cluster Analysis. The behavior of the main demographic variables is particulary examined within the framework of specific transitions: mortality, fertility and mobility. The inequalities and the different stages through which these regions of the country pass through the transitional process are shown. For the long-term analysis, the gross mortality and fertility rates and the net migration rates are used, while for the analysis of the variations of the intercensal period, the Life Expectancy and the Years of Life Expectancy Lost Index are calculated and analyzed; as well as the Global Fertility Rate and Internal and International Migration Balances. The core of the regionalization carried out in the work implies an effort to recover fundamentals of the theoretical contributions to the concept of region and emulate a resource that allows analyzing differences and similarities between these territorial cuts, to help in the process of modeling and understanding basically unequal realities. This shows the need for different strategies to face the particularities of each one and thus be able to mitigate them. In general terms and in the framework of the demographic transition process, the country is in an advanced transition stage, with low mortality and fertility rates and in a mobility phase of the fourth stage according to Zelinsky's characterization. Inland, and according to the proposed regions (although with different levels of mortality and fertility) the gross mortality rate shows a kind of “amounting” accompanied by birth rates that mark the guideline of natural growth and tend to decline in the regions more lagging behind.

Resumen El artículo expone el proceso de transición demográfica haciendo una referencia a los conceptos teóricos que lo sustentan para enmarcar a la Argentina dentro del contexto general. Posteriormente, se profundiza en las variaciones acaecidas durante el último período intercensal conforme un agrupamiento de las jurisdicciones, al que hemos denominado regiones. El método que se utilizó es el Análisis de Componentes Principales seguido de un Análisis de Cluster. Particularmente se examina el comportamiento de las principales variables demográficas en el marco de las transiciones específicas: mortalidad, fecundidad y movilidad. Se muestran las desigualdades y los distintos estadios por los que transitan esas regiones del país en el proceso transicional. Para el análisis a largo plazo se utilizan las tasas brutas de mortalidad y fecundidad y las tasas de migración neta, mientras que para el análisis de las variaciones del período intercensal se calcula y analiza el comportamiento de la Esperanza de Vida y el índice Años de Esperanza de Vida Perdidos, la Tasa Global de Fecundidad y Saldos de Migración Internos e Internacionales. El núcleo de la regionalización efectuada en el trabajo implica un esfuerzo por recuperar el concepto de región y emular un recurso que permita analizar diferencias y similitudes entre esos recortes territoriales, para coadyuvar en el proceso de modelar y entender realidades básicamente desiguales. Ello patentiza la necesidad de estrategias diferentes para afrontar las particularidades de cada una y así poder mitigarlas. En términos generales y en el marco del proceso de transición demográfica, el país se encuentra en una etapa de transición avanzada, con bajas tasas de mortalidad y fecundidad, y en una fase de movilidad de la cuarta etapa de acuerdo a la caracterización de Zelinsky. A su interior, y acorde a las regiones propuestas (aunque con distintos niveles de mortalidad y fecundidad), la tasa bruta de mortalidad muestra una especie de “amesetamiento”, acompañada por tasas de natalidad que marcan la directriz del crecimiento natural y tienden hacia la baja en las regiones más rezagadas.

RESUMEN Las prácticas de corrección y fertilización realizadas a lo largo de los años en los suelos brasileños permitieron mejorar la fertilidad en algunos de ellos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desempeño de la soja en respuesta a la fertilización fosfatada en suelo con fertilidad mejorada. El trabajo fue realizado durante el cultivo 2015-2016 en el municipio de São Desidério, en Bahía. Se empleó un diseño experimental en bloques al azar, con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron compuestos por dosis de fertilizante fosfatado (0, 70, 140, 210 y 280 kg ha-1 de P2O5). Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: altura de la planta, altura de inserción de la primera vaina, número de ramos por planta, número de vainas por planta, peso de mil granos, productividad y análisis de macro y micronutrientes en la hoja. Las plantas de soja no respondieron al fósforo aplicado en el suelo con fertilidad mejorada. En las condiciones de este trabajo, la fertilización fosfatada en suelo con fertilidad mejorada no promovió ganancia de productividad. Aunque las plantas no respondieron a los macro y micronutrientes foliares en función de la fertilización fosfatada, no hubo reducción de estos niveles en respuesta a las dosis elevadas.

ABSTRACT The practices of soil amendment and fertilization carried out over the years have allowed the improvement of the fertility in some of them in the Brazilian soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of soybean in response to phosphate fertilization in soil with improved fertility. The research was carried out during the 2015-2016 harvest season in a dry-land area in the municipality of São Desidério, Bahia. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replicates. Treatments were composed by doses of phosphate fertilizer (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 kg P2O5 ha-1). The following variables were evaluated: plant height, height of insertion of the first pod, number of stems per plant, number of pods per plant, thousand grain weight, productivity, and the analysis of macro and micronutrients in the leaf. Soybean plants did not respond to phosphorus applied to soil with built fertility. Under the conditions of this study, phosphorus fertilization in soil with improved fertility did not promote productivity. Although the plants did not respond to foliar macro and micronutrients as a function of phosphate fertilization, there was no reduction of these in response to high doses.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de fertilizantes organominerais e minerais, em suas formas sólidas e fluidas, em solos de carga variável com elevada fertilidade construída sobre os conteúdos de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no solo e nas plantas, bem como nas produtividades de milho (Zea mays) e aveia-preta (Avena strigosa). Os tratamentos foram constituídos de um controle e de quatro fertilizantes - dois organominerais e dois minerais -, nas formas sólida (SO e SM) e fluida (FO e FM), aplicados em Cambissolo e Nitossolo, sob plantio direto. O uso de fertilizantes organominerais e minerais nas formas sólidas e fluidas contribui para elevar o teor de N total no solo e manter o teor de K trocável em ambos os solos e pode elevar o teor de P disponível até a profundidade de 0,6 m em Cambissolo. Esses fatores permitiram aumentar significativamente a produtividade de milho, independentemente do fertilizante, e estabelecer maior efeito residual para a forma fluida do organomineral na produção de aveia-preta no inverno, mesmo em solos sob elevada fertilidade.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of organomineral and mineral fertilizers, in their solid and fluid forms, on soils with variable charges with high fertility built up from nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in the soil and plant, as well as on corn (Zea mays) and black oat (Avena strigosa) yield. The treatments consisted of one control and four fertilizers - two organomineral and two mineral - in solid (SO, solid organomineral; and SM, solid mineral) and fluid (FO, fluid organomineral; and FM, fluid mineral) forms applied in Rhodic Kandiudox and Distrochrept soils with no-tillage. The use of organomineral or mineral fertilizers in fluid and solid forms increases total N content in the soil, maintains exchangeable K content in both soils, and may enhance available P content to the depth of 0.6 m in Distrochrept. These factors allowed significantly increasing corn yield, regardless of the fertilizer, and establishing greater residual effect for fluid organomineral fertilizer in the winter black oat yield, even in soils with high fertility.

ResumenEn Colombia, C. acutus se encuentra catalogada en peligro crítico. Durante julio 2007, agosto 2008, junio y agosto 2009 y entre marzo y agosto 2010 y 2011, la población en Bahía Portete fue estudiada para evaluar la anidación y obtener la información necesaria para el ajuste de un programa de manejo acorde con la biología de la especie. Este estudio asumió la vinculación de la comunidad indígena Wayuü para emplear el modelo de acuerdo de conservación. Se realizaron transectos en toda la costa de la bahía para la búsqueda de nidadas. En la determinación de las áreas de importancia para la anidación, se registraron las características biométricas de los nidos, la biometría de huevos y crías, la fertilidad de huevos y eventos reproductivos. Como resultado se recorrieron 55.12 km, se determinaron cuatro zonas de importancia para la anidación, la de mayor importancia fue la isla Juyui. En todas las áreas de anidación, variables como la anidación colonial o gregaria y las variables ambientales fueron factores que afectaron el éxito de eclosión. El 37 % de los nidos estuvieron orientados hacia el norte y el 48 % fueron construidos en cercanía de Stenocereus griseus. La isla Juyui presentó los mayores porcentaje de arena (71.9 %, 71.44 %). El promedio de huevos por nido fue 28.42 ± 6.63. Los huevos presentaron un diámetro mayor promedio de 71.84 ± 3.54 mm y peso 81.54 ± 9.99 g. Las crías presentaron un promedio de longitud total de 25.47 ± 1.16 cm. El período reproductivo para este sector de Colombia, se inicia en marzo y culmina en agosto. Las pocas áreas de anidación y la fertilidad del 95 % sugieren la ejecución de un programa conservación para C. acutus en Bahía Portete.

Abstract:C. acutus is cataloged in critical danger in Colombia. We studied its population at Bahia Portete, in order to survey the nesting activities and to obtain valuable information for a conservation management program. This study was undertaken with the participation of the Wayuü community using the Agreement Conservation Model, and took place during July 2007, August 2008, June and August 2009, and March to August 2010 and 2011. Sampling surveys were made by the use of transects along the coast, in order to find nests. For each nesting area found, we recorded the nests biometrics, eggs and hatchlings, fertility of the eggs and reproductive events. We explored a total of 55.12 km, and determined four nesting areas. Colonial nesting and the environmental variables were factors that affected the hatchling success. From the total of nests found, 37 % were oriented towards North, and 48 % were built next to Stenocereus griseus. Juyui island substrate was mostly constituted by sand (71.9 %, 71.44 %). The average number of eggs by nest was 28.42 ± 6.63, the largest egg diameter was 71.84 ± 3.54 mm, the average nest weight was 81.54 ± 9.99 g, and the hatchlings presented an average length of 25.47 ± 1.16 cm. For this specific site in Colombia, the reproductive period begins in March and ends in August. The few areas of nesting and the 95 % fertility suggest the performance of a conservation management program for this species at Bahía Portete. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 211-228. Epub 2017 March 01.

ABSTRACT Correctly interpreting soil fertility and its spatial distribution within an area helps to lessen losses and environmental effects associated with agriculture, to optimize fertilization and liming practices. This study is aimed at using concepts and methods from spatial and temporal analyses to soil fertility and to develop a fuzzy classification methodology in an effort to define input application zones in three conilon coffee harvests. An irregular network with georeferenced points was built in the central region of the farm. Soil samples were collected at 0.00-0.20 m depth within the projections of tree canopies. Geostatistical analysis was used to set up maps in which the variables were shown. In such maps, input and output fuzzy sets were created and applied, as well as rules of inference and determination of to-be-applied logical operators. Fuzzy classification of the area was performed in the three harvests so as to define whether or not inputs were needed. Our main findings show that the N-P-K requirement was spatially dependent in all harvests. By classifying the area using fuzzy logic, it was possible to analyze soil fertility and to indicate the regions having the smallest and greatest needs for N-P-K and liming.

RESUMO Os resíduos de culturas agrícolas aportados sobre a superfície do solo, além da proteção física, podem liberar quantidades significativas de nutrientes ao solo pela decomposição deles; porém, a disponibilidade desses nutrientes às plantas é um fator pouco estudado. Avaliaram-se os teores totais de C orgânico e N, o pH e a disponibilidade e taxa de recuperação dos macronutrientes provenientes da ciclagem biogeoquímica de diferentes resíduos culturais ao longo do tempo, em solos com texturas construídas. Os tratamentos consistiram em fatorial 6 × 4 × 5, composto por seis tratamentos no primeiro fator, sendo quatro resíduos culturais: milho, braquiária, feijão, estilosantes, e dois controles, ambos sem resíduo e um com adição de fontes inorgânicas dos nutrientes; quatro diferentes texturas formadas a partir de um mesmo solo e cinco tempos de avaliação, após o início da incubação: 0, 25, 75, 125 e 175 dias; utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O tipo de resíduo, a textura do solo e o tempo de incubação influenciaram os teores totais de C orgânico e N, o pH, a disponibilidade e a taxa de recuperação de P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os teores totais de C orgânico e N nos solos diminuíram ao longo da incubação. Os resíduos de braquiária e estilosantes acidificaram o solo. O resíduo de braquiária apresentou-se como potencial fonte de K; e o de feijão, de S. O resíduo de milho apresentou as maiores taxas de recuperação de P em solos de textura média e argilosa.

ABSTRACT Crop residues on the soil surface not only provide physical protection but may release significant amounts of nutrients to the soil through decomposition. However, the availability of these nutrients to plants has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total contents of organic C and N, pH, and the availability and recovery rate of P, K, Ca, Mg, and S from the biogeochemical cycling of different crop residues over time in built soils with different textures. The experimental design consisted of a 6 × 4 × 5 factorial arrangement - six treatments, composed of four crop residues (corn, Brachiaria, common bean, and Stylosanthes) and two controls, both without residues, and only one with the addition of inorganic nutrient sources; four different textures formed from the same soil; and evaluation after five incubation times (0, 25, 75, 125, and 175 days). A completely randomized design was used, with four replications. The type of crop residue, soil texture, and incubation time influenced the total concentration of organic C and N, pH, and macronutrient bioavailability and recovery rate. The total contents of organic C and N in soils decreased over the incubation period. The Brachiaria and Stylosanthes residues acidified the soil. Brachiaria residue proved to be a potential source of K, and common bean, of S. The P from corn residue had the highest recovery rate in soils of medium and clayey texture.

Este estudo apresenta o modelo do Verhulst para a análise do crescimento da população com a taxa de reprodutibilidade, dependendo da taxa de fecundidade e do desenvolvimento econômico do país. Estas variáveis linguísticas são definidas através de sistemas baseados em regras fuzzy (SBRF). A análise é feita para SBRF tipos 1 e 2 em que, no primeiro caso, o método usado é a inferência de Mamdani e a defuzificação é o centro de gravidade. Para o tipo 2 SBRF é usado como variáveis de entrada dos conjuntos fuzzy do tipo 2 intervalar, e intervalos como os de saída. A saída é defuzzificada pelo método de Redutor tipo que usa o algoritmo de Karnik-Mendel (KM). O objetivo deste estudo é comparar as soluções do modelo de Verhulst, onde o parâmetro, a taxa de reprodutibilidade, é determinado através das SBRF tipo 1 e tipo 2. A comparação é feita computando as regiões construída a partir das soluções correspondentes à taxa máxima e mínima. Foi notado que a região correspondente ao tipo-2 SBRF está contida na região construído de forma semelhante a partir de tipo 1 SBRF, mostrando uma maior precisão na resposta [1], [2], [4].

This study presents the Verhulst's model for the analysis of population growth with the rate of reproductivity depending on the fertility rate and the country economic development. These linguistic variables are defined through Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems (FRBS). The analysis is made for FRBS types 1 and 2 where in the first case, the inference method used is Mamdani's and the defuzzification is the center of gravity. For type-2 FRBS is used as input variables interval type-2 fuzzy sets, and as output intervals. The output is defuzzificated by the Type Reducer method that use the algorithm of Karnik-Mendel (KM). The aim of this study is to compare the solutions of the Verhulst's model where the parameter, rate of reproductivity, is determined through the type-1 and type-2 FRBS. The comparison is made computing the region built from the solutions corresponding to the minimum and maximum rate. It has been noticed that the region corresponding to type-2 FRBS is contained in the region built similarly from type-1 FRBS, showing a higher accuracy in the response [1], [2], [4].

Adults of Cyclocephala distincta are flower visitors of Neotropical palms (Arecaceae) and commonly found in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco, Brazil. Males and females were collected in the wild and subjected to captive rearing and breeding. The egg hatching rate, the life cycle, longevity of immatures and adults, and oviposition parameters in captivity were analyzed. The average duration of the life cycle of C. distinctawas 108.2 days (n = 45). The egg stage lasted on average 10.9 days, and the egg-hatching rate was 73.9%. The immature stage lasted on average 93.4 days. The larvae stage exhibited negative phototaxis, and the size of their head capsules increased at a constant rate of 1.6 between instars, following Dyar's rule. The average duration of the first instar was 24.8 days (n = 88), whereas the second and third instars lasted for 17.2 (n = 76) and 40.4 (n = 74) days respectively, and survival rates were 21.6%, 86.4% and 97.4%. The pre-pupal stage was recorded, and pupal chambers were built before pupation. The average number of eggs laid per female was 15.5, the total reproductive period lasted for 3.3 days, and the total fertility was 81.2%. Adults that emerged in captivity exhibited an average longevity of 18.9 days. Adult C. distincta exhibited thanatosis behavior upon manipulation, a strategy observed for the first time in Cyclocephala.

In the present article we perform a sensitivity analysis of births as for small changes in the change of global fertility rate (GFR) to determine whether there is butterfly effect. In relation to the method, we take as a data source the sample of the national Survey on Demography and Health (ENDSA) of Bolivia in 2003, which is a probabilistic sample at national level, stratified and two-phased; separately, the algorithms of estimation of GFR, of resampling and generation of statistical distributions of the births are created by quinquennial age groups from the sample. An index was built to assess the normality and homogeneity of distributions and a sensibility analysis was carried out by objective of the births based on the distributions. The results, according to the index the distribution of the 20-25, 25-30, 30-35 age groups are more similar to the normal and homogeneous; for the 15-20, 35-40, 40-45 age groups the distributions are similar to the normal and heterogenous; and the 45-49 group is different the normal and the most heterogeneous. According to the sensitivity analysis of births at variations of half, one and two percent over and under the mean GFR there was a nonlinear heterogeneous behavior in the different quinquennial age groups, and for the last group the variation percentage is higher than 30%, so there is an effect that amplifies the error in births; therefore, GFR is a sensitive variable, which according to these results is a factor to be accounted for in demographic projections.

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de sensibilidad de los nacimientos a pequeños cambios de la Tasa Global de Fecundidad (TGF) para determinar si se presenta el efecto mariposa. En cuanto al método, se toma como fuente de datos la muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (ENDSA) de Bolivia en 2003, que es una muestra probabilística a nivel nacional, estratificada y bifásica. Por otro lado, se crean los algoritmos de estimación de la TGF, de remuestreo y de generación de las distribuciones estadísticas de los nacimientos por grupos quinquenales de edad a partir de la muestra. Se construyó un índice para evaluar la normalidad y homogeneidad de las distribuciones y se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad por objetivo de los nacimientos con base en las distribuciones. Los resultados, de acuerdo al índice la distribución de los grupos de edad 20-25, 25-30, 30-35 se asemejan más a la normal y son homogéneos; de los grupos 15-20, 35-40, 40-45 las distribuciones se asemejan a la normal y son heterogéneas y del grupo 45-49 es diferente a la normal y es el más heterogéneo. Según el análisis de sensibilidad de los nacimientos a variaciones de medio, uno y dos por ciento por encima y por debajo de la media de la TGF se observó un comportamiento no lineal y heterogéneo en los diferentes grupos quinquenales, y para el último grupo el porcentaje de variación es mayor a 30 por ciento, por lo cual se presenta un efecto que amplifica el error en los nacimientos; entonces la TGF es una variable sensible, que según estos resultados es factor a tomar en cuenta en proyecciones de población.

Ao longo do litoral brasileiro foram erigidos, na pré-história, centenas de depósitos, constituídos principalmente por restos de organismos marinhos, denominados sambaquis. Essas formações de origem antrópica despertaram a curiosidade da comunidade científica, especialmente a partir do século XIX; entretanto, permanecem pouco conhecidas no contexto pedológico. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar e identificar resultados dos processos pedogenéticos, que produziram alterações físico-químicas e morfológicas, bem como comparar solos de sambaquis com outros solos antropogênicos do Brasil, já conhecidos. Quatro perfis de solos desenvolvidos de sambaquis na Região dos Lagos - RJ foram estudados. Os solos foram descritos morfologicamente, e amostras foram coletadas para execução de análises físicas e químicas. As análises químicas revelaram que os elementos Ca, Mn, Mg e, especialmente, P e Zn são indicadores de horizontes antrópicos de solos de sambaquis, à semelhança das Terras Pretas de Índio da Amazônia. Após a deposição de materiais ricos em fósforo, reações e lixiviação podem alterar drasticamente as evidências de camadas feitas pelo homem in situ, porém estudos químicos e mineralógicos das formas de fósforo podem elucidar a complexidade aparente. Horizontes ricos em fósforo sem a deposição direta de materiais antrópicos indicam a lixiviação de P e sua precipitação em formas secundárias. Os teores de Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, P e C-orgânico dos solos de sambaquis são muito maiores em comparação aos dos solos regionais sem interferência de antigos assentamentos humanos, o que demonstra a permanência de elevada fertilidade por longo período - em alguns sítios, superior a 4 mil anos. Quanto às análises físicas, elas mostraram que o aporte eólico de areias foi significativo no incremento dessa fração na composição dos solos analisados - todos se mostraram entre as classes texturais areia, franco-arenosa e franco-argiloarenosa - e que o acúmulo de areias eólicas foi contemporâneo à formação dos sambaquis.

In prehistoric times, innumerous shell middens, called "sambaquis", consisting mainly of remains of marine organisms, were built along the Brazilian coast. Although the scientific community took interest in these anthropic formations, especially since the nineteenth century, their pedological context is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize and identify the physical and chemical changes induced by soil-forming processes, as well as to compare the morphology of shell midden soils with other, already described, anthropogenic soils of Brazil. Four soil profiles developed from shell middens in the Região dos Lagos - RJ were morphologically described and the physical and chemical properties determined. The chemical analysis showed that Ca, Mn, Mg, and particularly P and Zn are indicators of anthropic horizons of midden soils, as in the Amazon Dark Earths (Terras Pretas de Índio). After the deposition of P-rich material, P reaction and leaching can mask or disturb the evidence of in situ man-made strata, but mineralogical and chemical studies of phosphate forms can elucidate the apparent complexity. Lower phosphate-rich strata without direct anthropic inputs indicate P leaching and precipitation in secondary forms. The total and bioavailable contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, P, and organic C of midden soils were much higher than of regional soils without influence of ancient human settlements, demonstrating that the high fertility persisted for long periods, at some sites for more than 4000 years. The physical analysis showed that wind-blown sand contributed significantly to increase the sand fraction in the analyzed soils (texture classes sand, sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and that the aeolian sand accumulation occurred simultaneously with the midden formation.

Estudos de tabelas de vida de insetos-praga em diferentes temperaturas auxiliam na compreensão da dinâmica populacional desses organismos. Objetivou-se calcular tabelas de esperança de vida e de fertilidade de Myzus persicae criado em pimentão Capsicum annuum, em diferentes condições térmicas. O estudo foi realizado em câmaras climatizadas, nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25 e 30 ºC, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas, e em casa de vegetação em temperaturas oscilantes, com média de 24,9 ºC e UR de 68,1%. A longevidade máxima de adultos de M. persicae foi maior a 15 ºC (45 dias) e diminuiu a 20 ºC (39 dias), 25 ºC (27 dias), 30 ºC (24 dias) e, em casa de vegetação a 24,9 ºC foi de 29,5 dias. A esperança de vida (ex) no primeiro dia de observação foi de 43,76; 35,39; 21,44; 17,67 e 17,03 dias, para as ninfas mantidas a 15, 20, 25, 30 e 24,9 ºC respectivamente, tendo a partir daí uma queda acentuada até o fim das observações. Os parâmetros de tabelas de vida e de fertilidade evidenciaram que a temperatura de 25 ºC proporcionou a melhor condição térmica para o crescimento populacional de M. persicae, com maior capacidade de aumentar em número (r m = 0,31) e menor tempo necessário para a população duplicar (TD=2,22 dias). Em casa de vegetação a oscilação térmica afetou o crescimento populacional, proporcionando menor valor de r m (0,28) e maior TD (2,47 dias), comparados àqueles mantidos à temperatura constante equivalente.

Life table studies of insect pests in different temperatures aid in comprehension on the population dynamics of these organisms. In this study, fertility and life expectancy tables were built for the green peach aphid Myzus persicae reared on pepper Capsicum annuum under different thermal conditions. In laboratory, the study was carried out at 15, 20, 25, and 30 ºC, 70±10% RH and 12 h photophase, and in greenhouse at oscillating temperature with average of 24.9 ºC and 68.1% RH. The longest M. persicae longevity was at 15 ºC (45 days), decreasing at 20 ºC (39 days), 25 ºC (27 days) and 30 ºC (24 days). Under greenhouse condition at 24.9 ºC, the longevity was 29.5 days. The life expectations (e x) in the first day of observation were 43.76; 35.39; 21.44; 17.67 and 17.03 days for the nymphs maintained at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 24.9 ºC, respectively. From this point on, the e x decreased until the end of the observations. The fertility life table parameters, on a day time scale, indicated that the temperature of 25 ºC provided the best thermal conditions for the growth of M. persicae, with the highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m = 0.31) and the shortest time needed for the population to double in size (TD = 2.22 days). The temperature variation in greenhouse affected the aphid population growth, with a low r m value (0.28) and a long TD (2.47), compared to those maintained at 25 ºC.

Com o objetivo de analisar a fertilidade de solos construídos sobre áreas mineradas de carvão a céu aberto (28º35'50'' S e 49º25'26'' W) no Município de Siderópolis, SC, foram escolhidas duas áreas recuperadas em épocas distintas: área IV em 2002 e área VI em 2003. No centro de cada área foi estabelecida uma transecção de 100 m de comprimento, em que foram lançadas alternadamente à direita e à esquerda, a intervalos de 10 m, transecções perpendiculares de 20 m, em que foram coletadas nove amostras de solo (0 - 0,2 m). As nove amostras de cada grupo de dois transectos consecutivos foram reunidas em uma amostra composta, reduzindo o universo amostral de 90 para cinco amostras de solo de cada área. Foram analisados os teores de argila, pH, fósforo, potássio, matéria orgânica, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, H + Al, soma das bases, CTC e saturação por bases. Em ambas as áreas, o teor de argila foi enquadrada na classe 3, o teor de matéria orgânica foi baixa, o pH e V% muito baixos, o Mg variou de médio a alto, a SB variou de baixa a média e a CTC foi considerada alta. Na área IV, o teor de P foi baixo, e o de Ca variou de médio a baixo, enquanto na área VI o teor de P variou de baixo a médio, e o de Ca foi baixo. Embora tenham sido observadas diferenças entre alguns dos parâmetros analisados, essas não foram severamente afetadas pelo tempo de recuperação das duas áreas.

With the objective of analyzing the fertility of soils built over open pit coal mining areas (28º35'50'' S e 49º25'26'' W) in the city of Siderópolis (SC), two areas of different reclamation ages were selected: area IV and area VI, reclaimed in 2002 and 2003, respectively. A 100m transection was established in the center of each area, where perpendicular 20m transects were tossed at regular intervals of 10m, alternating to the right and to the left, and nine soil samples were collected (0 - 0,2 m). The nine samples of each group of two consecutive transects were gathered into a compound sample, reducing the sampling universe from 90 to 5 samples of soil for each area. The contents of clay, pH, Phosphorus, Potassium, organic matter, Aluminum, Calcium, Manganese, H + Al, base sum, CTC and base saturation were analyzed. In both areas, the content of clay fell into class three category, the content of organic compound was low, the pH and V% significantly low. Manganese varied from medium to high, BS varied from low to medium and CTC was considered high. In area IV, the content of P was low and Ca varied from medium to low, while in area VI the content of P varied from low to medium and Ca was low. Although differences had been observed among some of the parameters analyzed, they were not severely affected by the reclaimed time of the two areas.

Se construyó un pseudo-panel para estimar los determinantes de la decisión de participar de las mujeres casadas entre 1984 y 2000 en Colombia. Las decisiones de participación pasadas, el nivel educativo, los impuestos al ingreso laboral, los niños entre 1 y 2 años de edad y la presencia de otros desempleados en el hogar son las principales variables explicativas de la participación laboral de las mujeres casadas. La tasa de interés no tiene ningún efecto en dicha decisión.

A pseudo-panel was built to estimate the determinants of the labor participation decision of married women between 1984 and 2000 in Colombia. Past participation decisions, education level, labor income taxes, children aged between 1 and 2 years old, and the presence of other people unemployed at home are the main explanatory variables of married women's labor participation. The interest rate does not have any effect on that decision.