Resumo A expansão desordenada das cidades é um desafio global que afeta o desenvolvimento urbano. Neste estudo, é analisado o crescimento urbano em uma cidade média durante cinco décadas, com enfoque na forma urbana e aplicação de mais de 20 métricas espaciais associadas à mensuração da geometria da expansão físico-territorial no ambiente construído. Os padrões de crescimento são analisados à luz do fenômeno espraiamento urbano e sob a perspectiva da teoria de Difusão-Coalescência. São discutidas as limitações inerentes às métricas existentes, assim como elencadas alternativas que as superam por mensuração das propriedades de Compacidade, Fragmentação, Complexidade e Dispersão concomitantemente. Os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de fases distintas no crescimento urbano ao longo das décadas: Difusão de uma forma inicialmente compacta em partes menores nas periferias; e Transição para crescimento com agrupamento dessas partes, elevando a compacidade. Essa oscilação sugere aderência à teoria da Difusão-Coalescência, com ocorrência de espraiamento urbano (entre 1966 e 1976) seguida de aumento da compacidade nas décadas subsequentes (1976-2006). Após 2006 os resultados são ambíguos, possivelmente associados a fatores intervenientes de planejamento. A discussão dos resultados destaca a relevância da quantificação do crescimento urbano por meio de métricas, e traz conceitos importantes atualmente limitados à literatura internacional. estudo 2 físicoterritorial físico territorial construído DifusãoCoalescência. DifusãoCoalescência Coalescência. Coalescência Difusão-Coalescência existentes Compacidade Fragmentação concomitantemente periferias DifusãoCoalescência, Coalescência, entre 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 . (1976-2006) 200 ambíguos planejamento internacional 19 197 1976200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Abstract The disorderly expansion of cities is a global challenge that impacts urban development. In this paper, we analyse the urban growth in a medium-sized city over five decades, focusing on urban form and employing more than 20 spatial metrics associated with the geometry of physical-territorial expansion in the built environment. We examine the growth patterns in the context of the urban sprawl phenomenon and the Diffusion-Coalescence theory perspective. We discuss the inherent limitations of existing metrics and raise alternatives that simultaneously address the properties of Compactness, Fragmentation, Complexity, and Dispersion. The results reveal distinct phases in urban growth over the decades, from diffusion of an initially compact form into smaller parts on the periphery; to a transition towards more compact growth. This oscillation suggests adherence to the Diffusion-Coalescence theory, with urban sprawl occurring between 1966 and 1976, followed by increased compactness in subsequent decades (1976-2006). After 2006, the results became ambiguous, possibly due to intervening planning factors. The discussion of the findings underscores the importance of quantifying urban growth using metrics and introduces concepts that have been hitherto limited to international literature. development paper mediumsized medium sized 2 physicalterritorial physical territorial environment DiffusionCoalescence Diffusion Coalescence perspective Compactness Fragmentation Complexity Dispersion periphery 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 2006 . (1976-2006) ambiguous factors literature 19 197 1976200 200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Abstract Since 2010, there has been an approximate annual increase of 1% in CO2 emissions due to buildings. The reduction of energy consumption and consequently the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases are global goals due to the global issue of climate change. A key step in achieving these goals is to improve the energy performance of buildings, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions generated by the built environment. In this regard, the present research focuses on identifying and estimating strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings known as Community Police Units (UPCs) located in the city of Guayaquil, which corresponds to a very hot and humid climate zone. The study consists of statistical analysis of the historical energy performance of 43 buildings sharing the same architectural design. Additionally, the selection of a representative building was made for energy use monitoring and energy simulation. The results revealed a potential saving of 16 000 kWh per year by reducing the control temperature of the air conditioning system by 1°C and adjusting the on/off schedule. This is equivalent to 1 150 USD and 5 metric tons of CO2 emissions.

Resumen: Desde el 2010 existe un incremento aproximado del 1% anual respecto a las emisiones de CO2 a causa de los edificios. La disminución del consumo energético y consecuentemente la mitigación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero son metas a nivel mundial debido a la problemática global del cambio climático. Un paso clave para alcanzar estas metas es mejorar el desempeño energético de las edificaciones y de esta manera reducir la energía consumida y las emisiones generadas por el parque edificado. En este sentido, la presente investigación se centra en identificación y estimación de estrategias para reducir el consumo de energía de los edificios llamados Unidades de Policía Comunitaria (UPC) localizadas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, y que corresponde a una zona climática húmeda muy calurosa. El estudio está compuesto por el análisis estadístico del rendimiento energético histórico de 43 edificios, que comparten el mismo diseño arquitectónico. Además, se realizó la selección de un edificio representativo para el monitoreo del uso de energía y simulación energética. Los resultados evidenciaron un potencial de ahorro de 16 000 kWh al año, al disminuir 1°C la temperatura de control del sistema de climatización y modificando el horario de encendido y apagado. Esto es equivalente a 1 150 USD y 5 toneladas equivalentes de CO2.

BACKGROUND: Despite inpatient rehabilitation many stroke survivors struggle with community reintegration on returning home. The environment to which the stroke survivor returns affects and may limit participation in home and community-based activities. AIM: To describe stroke survivors' lived experiences of the environmental barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in an under resourced urban metropolitan sub-district in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative study design with a phenomenological emphasis used semi-structured interviews to collect the data from purposefully selected stroke survivors who had been discharged for more than one year following inpatient rehabilitation. Supporting data were collected from interviews with two occupational therapists providing rehabilitation services to the stroke survivors. Deductive priori coding of semi-structured interviews with 11 stroke survivors, based on the environment subsystems described in the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model explored the barriers and facilitators to their community reintegration. FINDINGS: Of the six environmental sub systems in the PEOP model the systems and policy, access to information and health education, social determinants of health in the form of poor rehabilitation planning and loss of income as well as the built and natural environment presented the greatest barriers to the stroke survivor participants' community reintegration. However, reintegration was facilitated by social support and social capital, social determinants of health in the form of support groups as well as assistive technologies. CONCLUSION: Community reintegration continues to be a challenge for stroke survivors in an under-resourced urban sub-district due to environmental barriers associated with factors such as poor social support, inadequate implementation of policies and systems, poor compliance with home programmes, low socioeconomic status, poor access within the built and natural environment and inappropriate assistive devices. Several facilitators that occupational therapists can focus on to enable community reintegration included ensuring effective social support, access to community-based organisations, the introduction of home visits and provision of appropriate assistive devices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE All stroke survivors must receive a comprehensive discharge plan to facilitate adequate access to continued rehabilitation and support for successful community reintegration. • There must be a specific referral to primary health care rehabilitation services on discharge from hospital. • Occupational therapists at community level have the responsibility to: o advocate for, or assist stroke survivors to self-advocate, the removal of inter-sectoral environmental barriers that limit their community reintegration and community participation, o where possible provide services in the home and involve midlevel workers when conducting home visits to enable successful reintegration into the home and resumption of occupational roles where possible, o look to other resources in their community that can assist in facilitating the community reintegration of stroke survivors to enable access to health, education, productive activities, and social and leisure participation opportunities, o improve their collaboration with the communities that they service.

Abstract Based on the National Survey on Social Relations (ENRS), the present article analyses Argentinians’ close environments (CE), which are defined as the relationships that they consider closest. Their composition is described, as well as their degrees of homophily and isomorphism. Furthermore, a typology is built that combines the type of bond between individuals (egos) with the members of their CEs and the type of relationship they establish with each other. It also explores the prevalence of each type according to age, gender, class and place of residence of the egos.

Resumen Este artículo, basado en la Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Sociales (ENRS), presenta un análisis de los entornos cercanos (EC) de los argentinos, definidos como el conjunto de relaciones que consideran más próximas. Se describe su composición y se analizan sus grados de homofilia e isomorfismo. Por otra parte, se construye una tipología que combina el tipo de vínculo de los individuos (egos) con los miembros de sus EC, el tipo de relación que establecen entre sí, y se explora la prevalencia de cada tipo de acuerdo con la edad, el género, la clase y el lugar de residencia de los egos.

Abstract: Urban growth impacts the built environment and historical buildings in the pericentral areas of cities. In this context, this research aims to identify the urban transformation processes involving high-rise densification around a heritage space with dual protection: Historical Monument and Typical Zone of the Civic Quarter, such as the case of the Basilica of the Sacramentinos in the commune of Santiago, Chile. Employing a mixed methodology, the repopulation plan, evolution, and displacement of real estate supply, building permits, land value, and analysis of state and municipal heritage regulations were analyzed. The results show how the neighborhood surrounding the Basilica has been transformed, the regulatory benefits of the Municipal Regulatory Plan, and the physical obsolescence affecting the property, which has contributed to a loss in its heritage value, leaving it as a pathological element segregated from the current urban fabric. Finally, based on the findings, recommendations are proposed for the coexistence of new urban processes and heritage buildings.

Resumen: El crecimiento urbano impacta en el entorno construido y en edificios históricos de las áreas pericentrales de las ciudades. En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los procesos de transformación urbana que involucran la densificación en altura en torno a un espacio patrimonial con doble acción de protección: Monumento Histórico y Zona Típica del Barrio Cívico, como el caso de la Basílica de los Sacramentinos de la comuna de Santiago, Chile. A partir de una metodología mixta, se analizó el plan de repoblamiento, la evolución y desplazamiento de la oferta inmobiliaria, los permisos de edificación, el valor de suelo y el análisis de la normativa patrimonial estatal y municipal. Los resultados muestran cómo se ha transformado el barrio donde se inserta la basílica, el beneficio normativo del Plan Regulador Comunal y la obsolescencia física que afecta al inmueble, la cual ha incidido en su desvalorización patrimonial, dejándolo como un elemento patológico segregado de la actual trama urbana. Finalmente, con base en los resultados se proponen recomendaciones para la convivencia de nuevos procesos urbanos y edificios patrimoniales.

RESUMEN El uso de las tecnologías no siempre beneficia el medio ambiente, sin embargo, su valoración contribuye a minimizar y/o solucionar los impactos ambientales que originan las obras civiles antes, durante y después de construidas. Es propósito definir los fundamentos tecnológicos que sustentan la educación ambiental en la disciplina Proyecto, Construcción y Conservación de Obras Civiles. Se emplearon métodos teóricos como el histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético y enfoque sistémico. Empíricos como, revisión de documentos, observación y entrevistas para la obtención de experiencias y criterios. Como resultado se obtuvo un aporte teórico en la contextualización e integración de la educación ambiental a la profesión.

ABSTRACT The use of technologies does not always benefit the environment, however, their valuation contributes to minimize and/or solve the environmental impacts caused by civil works before, during and after they are built. The purpose is to define the technological foundations that support environmental education in the discipline of Project, Construction and Conservation of Civil Works. Theoretical methods such as the historical-logical, analytical-synthetic and systemic approach were used. Empirical methods such as document review, observation and interviews were used to obtain experiences and criteria. As a result, a theoretical contribution was obtained in the contextualization and integration of environmental education to the profession.

Abstract The aim of this work was to carry out a bibliometric research on cycling and the built environment of urban areas among the articles found in the Web of Science database in order to gather information on the main works related to these themes on urban mobility. A total of 849 works were found, published between 1998 and 2021, involving 2,263 authors and 178 sources. The main authors on the topics are from the USA, China, Canada, Australia and Belgium. It was observed that most of the most relevant works on the subject have in common the relationship between health, physical activity, cycling, transport and urban environment. As for the most relevant journals, the “Transportation Research Record” stands out as the most relevant within the analyzed themes. It is observed that the subject, although emerging, has not been published by indexed journals in Latin America, with the exception of the journal “ReHuSo - Revista de Ciencias Humanísticas y Sociales” which recorded scientific production.

Resumen O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa bibliométrica sobre ciclismo e o ambiente construído das áreas urbanas dentre os artigos encontrados na base de dados Web of Science a fim de se levantar informações sobre os principais trabalhos relacionados a estes temas sobre mobilidade urbana. Encontrou-se 849 trabalhos, publicados entre 1998 e 2021, envolvendo 2.263 autores e 178 fontes. Os principais autores sobre os temas são dos E.U.A., China, Canadá, Austrália e Bélgica. Observou-se que a maioria dos trabalhos mais relevantes sobre o assunto possuem em comum a relação entre os temas saúde, atividade física, ciclismo, transporte e ambiente urbano. Quanto aos periódicos mais relevantes, destaca-se o “Transportation Research Record” como o mais relevante dentro dos temas analisados. Observa-se que o assunto, apesar de emergente, não tem sido publicado por periódicos indexados da América Latina, com a exceção da Revista “ReHuSo - Revista de Ciencias Humanísticas y Sociales”que registrou produção científica.

Abstract Contemporary transformations linked to technology, the world of work, unemployment, and the effects of the pandemic in Brazil have been altering territorial dynamics. However, such factors only added to the perverse stability of socio-spatial inequalities in Brazilian cities, particularly in São Paulo. By revealing the current social segregation in a city linked to the flows of global capitalism, the difficulties faced by many in the job and housing market bring scenarios of congestion and difficulties in accessing workplaces and the built environment. In addition to revealing the daily struggle of the majority due to inequality in opportunity and commuting, they indicate the important role of urban mobility, which may come to have a leading role as a public policy. technology work unemployment dynamics However sociospatial socio spatial cities Paulo capitalism environment commuting mobility policy

Resumo As transformações contemporâneas ligadas à tecnologia, ao mundo do trabalho, ao desemprego, e aos efeitos da pandemia de covid-19 no Brasil alteraram as dinâmicas territoriais. Entretanto, tais fatores apenas se acrescentaram à perversa estabilidade das desigualdades socioespaciais nas cidades brasileiras, em particular em São Paulo. As dificuldades de muitas pessoas de inserção no mercado de trabalho e de moradia, ao revelarem a segregação social vigente em uma cidade ligada aos fluxos do capitalismo global, trazem cenários de congestionamento e de dificuldades de acesso aos locais de trabalho e ao ambiente construído. Além de revelar a luta cotidiana majoritária devido à iniquidade das oportunidades e dos deslocamentos, indicam o importante papel da mobilidade urbana que pode vir a assumir protagonismo enquanto política pública. tecnologia desemprego covid19 covid 19 covid-1 territoriais Entretanto brasileiras Paulo moradia global construído deslocamentos pública covid1 1 covid-

Abstract Objective: It consisted of describing the dynamics of subsequent teenage pregnancy in a municipality with urban and rural communities in the state of Morelos, and the conditions that influence the change in the mother's life plan, through a qualitative perspective, the adolescent's perception of dating stage, your first pregnancy, second pregnancy and your social environment in your life plan. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with multiple methods, the quantitative phase allowed us to analyze the trend and rates of teenage pregnancy, the qualitative phase consisted of the application of semi-structured interviews, previously prepared, emptied into a matrix for analysis, carried out from discourse analysis. A database was built in Microsoft Excel 365. Subsequently, with Stata v.14.2, univariate and bivariate analysis was performed to obtain mean, standard deviation, proportions with 95% confidence intervals. Results: They were grouped by ages of 17-20 years old (n=160) and 15-16 years old (n=5), the predominant education, primary 25.49% and secondary 52.94%. 87.18% work at home as housewives. 69.88% have had 2 pregnancies and 23.49% have had 3 pregnancies, 64.46% have had 2 births and 7.23% have had 3 or more births. 16.88% reported 2 cesarean sections, for the 17-20 years old group and 40% in the 15-17 years old group. 21.69% reported an abortion. The intergenic period was 12 to 24 months. The median age of the mothers was 19 years old with a minimum age of 15 and a maximum of 20 years. In the 17 to 20 years old group, the median was 19 years old and in the 15 to 16 years old group, the median was 16 years old. Conclusions: Both the rate and prevalence of subsequent teenage pregnancies showed an irregular increase until 2019, before showing a decrease thereafter. Educational level is a determining factor for primary and subsequent teenage pregnancy.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la dinámica del embarazo adolescente subsecuente en un municipio con comunidades urbanas y rurales del estado de Morelos, y las condicionantes que influyen en el cambio del plan de vida de la madre, mediante una perspectiva cualitativa. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal con métodos múltiples, la fase cuantitativa permitió analizar la tendencia y tasas de embarazo adolescente, la fase cualitativa consistió en la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas, previamente elaboradas, vaciadas en una matriz para el análisis, realizado a partir del análisis del discurso. Se construyó una base datos en Microsoft Excel 365. Posteriormente, con Stata v.14.2 se realizó análisis uni-variado y bivariado para obtener media, desviación estándar, proporciones con intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Se agrupó por edades de 17-20 años (n=160) y 15-16 años (n=5), la escolaridad preponderante, primaria 25.49% y secundaria 52.94%. El 87.18% se ocupa en el hogar como ama de casa. El 69.88% ha cursado 2 embarazos y el 23.49 % 3 embarazos, el 64.46% ha tenido 2 partos y 7.23% 3 o más partos. El 16.88% refiere 2 cesáreas, para el grupo de 17-20 años y el 40% en el grupo de 15-17 años. El 21.69% reportó un aborto. El periodo intergenésico fue de 12 a 24 meses. La mediana de edad de las madres fue de 19 años con un mínimo de edad de 15 y un máximo de 20 años. En el grupo de 17 a 20 años, la mediana fue de 19 años y en el grupo de 15 a 16 años, la mediana fue de 16 años. Conclusiones: Tanto la tasa como la prevalencia de embarazos adolescentes posteriores mostraron un aumento irregular hasta 2019, antes de mostrar una disminución posteriormente. El nivel educativo es un factor determinante para el embarazo adolescente primario y posterior.

RESUMEN La formación académica sustenta las bases para el desempeño investigativo del egresado. No obstante, en el camino entre la proyección del pregrado y el rediseño del posgrado de los planes de estudio, persisten dificultades en el proceso investigativo. Se propone considerar la utilidad del vínculo asistencia-docencia-investigación, sustentado en la presencia de esta última en cada momento y espacio de la vida del profesional, en función de transformar su entorno y con ello, su desarrollo intelectual, según criterios y experiencia de los autores. Es reconocida, la importante y decisiva integración docente-asistencial-investigativa, elemento característico de las formas organizativas de la educación médica cubana. No es posible llevar a cabo una investigación de calidad, sin una práctica médica de excelencia La investigación clínica mejora la calidad de los médicos y debe fomentarse como actividad esencial. Se deben identificar las necesidades de aprendizaje, y entre ellas estar contenidos los problemas investigativos, en torno a los cuales se erigen las investigaciones científicas. Para un profesional, no es posible que se separen las 3 vertientes interrelacionadas: la asistencia, la docencia y la investigación. Por lo tanto, de su trabajo diario, justamente emerge la ciencia. La formación de recursos humanos en Cuba, en el contexto actual, es transformadora, revolucionaria y a favor del bienestar de la sociedad. El vínculo asistencia-docencia-investigación debe concebirse como un sistema articulado e integral presente en cada momento de actuación del sistema de salud que debe ser aprovechado por los profesionales, los directivos, en función de transformar su entorno, calidad y pertinencia.

ABSTRACT Academic training supports the bases for the graduate's research performance. However, on the path between the undergraduate projection and the postgraduate redesign of the study plans, difficulties persist in the research process. It is proposed to consider the usefulness of the assistance-teaching-research link, supported by the presence of the latter in every moment and space of the professional's life, in terms of transforming their environment and with it, their intellectual development, according to criteria and experience of the authors. The important and decisive integration of teaching-care-research is recognized, a characteristic element of the organizational forms of Cuban medical education. It is not possible to carry out quality research without excellent medical practice. Clinical research improves the quality of doctors and should be promoted as an essential activity. Learning needs must be identified, and among them the research problems, around which scientific research is built, must be contained. For a professional, it is not possible to separate the 3 interrelated aspects: assistance, teaching and research. Therefore, science emerges from daily work. The training of human resources in Cuba, in the current context, is transformative, revolutionary and in favor of the well-being of society. The care-teaching-research link must be conceived as an articulated and integral system present at every moment of action of the health system that must be taken advantage of by professionals, managers, in order to transform its environment, quality and relevance.

Abstract The fragmentation of natural ecosystems has become a serious global problem caused by the construction of conventional infrastructure. While this development has contributed to the economic growth of large cities, its installation and operation have socio-economic impacts on various rural populations, creating conditions and feelings of marginalization and poverty among them. Therefore, an evaluation has been conducted using landscape ecology and specialized software to assess whether the infrastructure built since 1975 in the highlands of the Tacna Department has had ecological effects on its ecosystems and high Andean societies. It has been determined that 267.3 km2 of conventional infrastructure (5.51% of the total surface) has caused a barrier effect on the Suri and an area effect on various wild plant species, reducing their abundance, diversity, and coverage. Additionally, there is evidence of the edge effect, as indicated by changes in relative humidity and soil and ambient temperatures. The interaction of rural people with their natural environment fulfills their human needs, and it has been observed that the partial or total replacement of ecosystems has limited essential development conditions, such as access to resources and exclusion from decision-making about them. This replacements have generated a climate of exclusion and injustice, leading to protests and opposition in past social conflicts that still linger. Therefore, implementing better mechanisms for environmental impact assessment, territorial management, restoration, and rural development based on the conservation of ecosystems and adequate compensation for ecosystem services will ensure the development and social peace in the high Andean societies of the Puna ecoregion.

Resumen La fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales viene siendo un grave problema mundial, ocasionado por la construcción de infraestructura convencional, que, si bien ha contribuido al desarrollo económico de las grandes ciudades, su instalación y funcionamiento afecta socioeconómicamente a diferentes poblaciones rurales, creando en ellas condiciones y sensaciones de marginalidad y pobreza. Por ello, se ha evaluado mediante la ecología del paisaje y un software especializado, si aquella construida desde el año 1975 en la puna del Departamento de Tacna, ha provocado efectos ecológicos sobre sus ecosistemas y sociedades altoandinas, determinándose que 267,3 km2 de infraestructura convencional (5.51% de la superficie total) ha provocado el efecto barrera sobre el Suri y el efecto área en diversas especies de flora silvestre, reduciendo su abundancia, diversidad y cobertura, pero también del efecto borde, evidenciado por cambios en la humedad relativa y temperaturas del suelo y ambiente encontradas. La interacción del hombre rural con su entorno natural satisface sus necesidades humanas, comprobándose .- que el reemplazo parcial o total de los ecosistemas, ha limitado las condiciones básicas de desarrollo, como el acceso a recursos y la exclusión 110 en las decisiones sobre ellos, generando un clima de injusticia, provocando reclamos y oposiciones durante los conflictos sociales pasados que aún son latentes, por lo que la implementación de mejores mecanismos de evaluación del impacto ambiental, de gestión territorial, de restauración y desarrollo rural, basado en la conservación de sus ecosistemas y las compensaciones o retribuciones efectivas por servicios ecosistémicos, garantizaran el desarrollo y la paz social en las sociedades altoandinas de la ecorregión Puna.

ABSTRACT Coastal wetlands adjacent to urban areas, such as the Pantanos de Villa in the city of Lima, Peru, are subject to constant changes in land use due to anthropogenic interaction. This has led to the reduction of dense vegetation areas, giving way to built-up areas. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of the physical changes experienced in urban areas adjacent to the wetland, such as the environmental management units, in this case the Zone of Protection of Outcrop and Surface Runoff (ZPAES), and the Zone of Landscape Protection of Edge (ZPB), as well as the Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge (RVSPV), as a result of rapid urban expansion. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of the Pantanos de Villa environment and urbanization within the Environmental Management Units ZPB, ZPAES, and RVSPV. To achieve this, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was used, and satellite images from Landsat 5 TM and Sentinel 2 MSI sensors were processed. These images were worked on in the GEE interface and analyzed using spectral indices, NDVI and NDBI, through map algebra codes and pixel masking. For cartographic representation, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used. The results show a 291.12% increase in built-up area and a 26% reduction in vegetated area over the last 35 years, for the Environmental Management Units ZPB and ZPAES, and the RVSPV. The identified reduction is directly related to unplanned expansion of urban areas and anthropogenic activities.

RESUMEN Los humedales costeros adyacentes a zonas urbanas, como los Pantanos de Villa en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, están sujetos a cambios constantes en el uso del suelo debido a la interacción antropogénica. Esto ha llevado a la reducción de áreas de vegetación densa, dando paso a zonas edificadas. Por esta razón, el presente artículo aborda la problemática de los cambios físicos experimentados en las zonas urbanas adyacentes al humedal, como las unidades de ordenamiento ambiental, en este caso la Zona de Protección de Afloramiento y Escorrentía Superficial (ZPAES y la Zona de Protección Paisajística de Borde (ZPB), así como el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pantanos de Villa (RVSPV), como consecuencia de la rápida expansión urbana. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la evolución espacial y temporal del entorno de los Pantanos de Villa y la urbanización dentro de las Unidades de Ordenamiento Ambiental ZPB, ZPAES y el RVSPV. Para ello, se utilizó la plataforma de Google Earth Engine (GEE) y se procesaron imágenes satelitales de los sensores Landsat 5 TM y Sentinel 2 MSI. Estas imágenes se trabajaron en la interfaz de GEE y se analizaron utilizando índices espectrales, NDVI y NDBI, mediante códigos de álgebra de mapas y el enmascaramiento de píxeles. Para la representación cartográfica, se empleó un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los resultados muestran un aumento del 291.12% en la superficie edificada y una reducción del 26% en la superficie vegetal en los últimos 35 años, para las Unidades de Ordenamiento Ambiental ZPB y ZPAES, y el RVSPV. La reducción identificada se relaciona directamente con la expansión no planificada de la superficie urbana y las actividades antropogénicas.

ABSTRACT This article explores the various forms of representation of what will be termed “fictional ecosystems”. These refer to imaginary environments developed through visual representations, highlighting their relevance for the creation, development, and maintenance of a connection with the inhabited territory. This connection is considered essential for the construction of a society that questions the subjectivities rooted in coexistence with the natural and humanized environment. In this way, an explanatory line is established to address the question: Is it viable to use visual representation elements to create “fictional ecosystems” that contribute to questioning the relationship built with natural and humanized environments in contemporary times and their respective issues? The response is structured through a two-phase analysis methodology. An explanatory line is drawn through artistic proposals in Lima, Peru, addressing various mediums such as painting, drawing, installation, and video art. The first phase, titled Territory and Creation, focuses on the relationship between the personal experiences of students in the territory and their creative processes. In the second phase, Territory and Cultural Imaginaries, the intrinsic relationship between the experiences established in the previous phase and the construction of imaginaries that allow questioning the cultural and ethical environment is highlighted. The importance and fundamental role of the mentioned representations as a bridge to better understand the subjectivities present in natural ecosystems and artificial or humanized ecosystems are emphasized. This methodology will be explained through the development of four specific projects: «Abglutia». «Peligro de Extinción», «Natural Sense Making» and finally, «Pestes». Through the analysis of these projects, the utility and necessity of visual representations of these fictional ecosystems are recognized to develop a critical vision that promotes introspection and questioning about the relationship with our natural environment and the ecosystems that influence it. Likewise, the incorporation of a symbolic relationship with the inhabited and constructed territory is made possible.

RESUMEN En este artículo se exponen las diversas formas de representación de lo que se denominará «ecosistemas ficcionales». Estos se refieren a entornos imaginarios que se desarrollan mediante representaciones visuales, destacando su relevancia para la creación, desarrollo y mantenimiento de un vínculo con el territorio habitado. Este lazo se considera fundamental para la construcción de una sociedad que cuestione las subjetividades arraigadas en la convivencia con el entorno natural y humanizado. De esta manera, se establece una línea explicativa para abordar la interrogante: ¿Es viable emplear elementos de representación visual para la creación de «ecosistemas ficcionales» que contribuyan a cuestionar la relación que se construye con los entornos naturales y humanizados en contemporaneidad y sus respectivas problemáticas? La respuesta se estructura a través de una metodología de dos fases de análisis. Se traza una línea explicativa mediante propuestas artísticas en Lima, Perú, abordando diversos soportes y medios como pintura, dibujo, instalación y videoarte. La primera fase, titulada Territorio y creación, se centra en la relación entre las vivencias personales de los y las estudiantes en el territorio y sus procesos creativos. En la segunda fase, Territorio e imaginarios culturales, se destaca la relación intrínseca entre las experiencias establecidas en la anterior fase y la construcción de imaginarios que permiten cuestionar el entorno cultural y ético. Se enfatiza la importancia y el rol fundamental de las representaciones mencionadas como un puente para comprender mejor las subjetividades presentes en los ecosistemas naturales y los ecosistemas artificiales o humanizados. Esta metodología será explicada mediante el desarrollo de cuatro proyectos específicos: «Abglutia», «Peligro de extinción», «Natural Sense Making» y, finalmente, «Pestes». A través del análisis de estos proyectos, se reconoce la utilidad y necesidad de las representaciones visuales de estos ecosistemas ficcionales para desarrollar una visión crítica que promueva la introspección y el cuestionamiento sobre la relación con nuestro entorno natural y los ecosistemas que influyen en él. Asimismo, se posibilita la incorporación de una relación simbólica con el territorio que se habita y se construye.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between gestational age and green areas, urban built areas, and the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of São Paulo, analyzing the irregular distribution of these areas and pollution levels above the recommended level. METHODS The study population consisted of a cohort of live births from 2012, and data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the city of São Paulo were used. Using satellite images and supervised classification, the distribution and quantity of green areas and built areas in the city of São Paulo was obtained, as well as the concentrations of PM2.5. Logistic regressions were used to obtain possible associations. RESULTS The results of the study show that a lower percentage of green areas is significantly associated with a higher chance of preterm births. A higher building density was positively associated with the odds ratio for preterm birth. We did not find any significant associations between air pollution (PM2.5) and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that greener areas are less associated with preterm births when compared with less green areas. 25 2 5 2. PM2.5 PM25 PM PM2 (PM2.5 level 2012 Sinasc (Sinasc classification obtained birth PM2. (PM2. 201 (PM2 20 (PM

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a associação entre a idade gestacional e as áreas verdes, áreas construídas urbanas e a concentração de material particulado 2,5 (MP2,5) em São Paulo, analisando a distribuição irregular dessas áreas e os níveis de poluição acima do recomendado. MÉTODOS A população utilizada no estudo foi a dos nascidos vivos no ano de 2012, com os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivo (Sinasc) na cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de imagens de satélites e realizando a classificação supervisionada, obtivemos a distribuição e quantidade de áreas verdes e de áreas construídas, na cidade de São Paulo, assim como as concentrações de MP2,5. Regressões logísticas foram utilizadas para obter possíveis associações. RESULTADOS Os resultados do estudo mostram que menor percentual de áreas verdes está associado significativamente com maior chance de prematuridade. Maior densidade de construção foi associada positivamente com a razão de chance de nascimento prematuro. Não encontramos resultados significativos entre a poluição do ar (MP2,5) e prematuridade. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados deste estudo demostraram que áreas mais verdes em relação às áreas menos verdes são menos associadas a nascimentos prematuros. 25 2 5 2, MP2,5 MP25 MP MP2 (MP2,5 Paulo recomendado 2012 Sinasc (Sinasc supervisionada associações prematuridade prematuro prematuros MP2, (MP2, 201 (MP2 20 (MP

Abstract Design loads for parking garages should be reviewed every few years due to changes in fleet characteristics and the impact of design loads on carbon emissions by the built environment. Specifically for Brazil, the authors are unaware of existing studies to justify the design values and corresponding exceedance probabilities stated in NBR 6120:2019 - Design Loads for Structures. In this paper, a simplified probabilistic model for live loads in parking garages is presented. A set of updated statistics characterizing the gross curb weight of the fleet in circulation was obtained based on technical specifications and sales reports between 2003 and 2022. These statistics and the probabilistic load model are employed to derive the equivalent uniform design load corresponding to a 30% probability of being exceeded in 50 years, according to the definition stated in NBR 6120:2019 and NBR 8681:2003. The results provide support for a significant reduction of the current design load for light-duty vehicle parking garages, from the current 3.0 kN/m2 to at least 2.5 kN/m2. Such a reduction has a significant impact on new building construction costs and carbon emissions and would not compromise the structural safety of parking garages built in Brazil. environment Brazil 61202019 6120 2019 6120:201 Structures paper presented 200 2022 30 5 86812003. 86812003 8681 2003. 8681:2003 lightduty light duty 3 0 3. kNm2 kNm kN m2 m kN/m 25 2 2. 6120201 612 201 6120:20 20 202 8681200 868 8681:200 612020 61 6120:2 868120 86 8681:20 61202 6 6120: 86812 8 8681:2 8681:

Resumo Cargas de projeto para garagens devem ser periodicamente revisadas em função de mudanças nas características da frota de veículos, bem como devido ao impacto nas emissões de carbono do ambiente construído. Especificamente no caso do Brasil, os autores desconhecem estudos que justifiquem os valores de projeto e as probabilidades de excedência preconizados na NBR 6120:2019 - Ações para o cálculo de estruturas de edificações. Neste artigo, um modelo estocástico simplificado para cargas variáveis em garagens e estacionamentos é apresentado. Com base nas especificações técnicas dos veículos e em dados de vendas entre 2003 e 2022, foram obtidas estatísticas para caracterizar os pesos operacionais da frota de veículos em circulação. Estas estatísticas e o modelo probabilístico são utilizados para obter a carga uniforme equivalente que corresponde à probabilidade de 30% de ser ultrapassada em 50 anos, conforme a definição da NBR 6120:2019. Os resultados obtidos fornecem suporte para uma redução na carga de projeto para garagens, dos atuais 3.0 kN/m2 para pelo menos 2.5 kN/m2. Tal redução teria um impacto significativo no custo de novos edifícios-garagem/estacionamentos subterrâneos, bem como nas emissões de carbono, sem comprometer a segurança destas estruturas. construído Brasil 61202019 6120 2019 6120:201 edificações artigo apresentado 200 2022 circulação 30 5 anos 61202019. 2019. 3 0 3. kNm2 kNm kN m2 m kN/m 25 2 2. edifíciosgaragem/estacionamentos edifíciosgaragemestacionamentos edifícios garagem/estacionamentos garagem subterrâneos 6120201 612 201 6120:20 20 202 edifíciosgaragem garagemestacionamentos 612020 61 6120:2 61202 6 6120: