This study investigates the effect of non-genetic factors on the birth weight of Kalahari Red goats, a critical economic parameter in livestock production. Analysing data from 1902 goat kids born between 2008 and 2017 in different regions of South Africa, including the Northern (Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Northwest, and Limpopo), Southern (Eastern Cape and the eastern part of Western Cape), and Eastern (KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern part of Eastern Cape), the research employs a least-squares analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure. The results highlight the significance of various factors in determining birth weight. Season of birth, sire age, doe age, sex of the kid, breeder, year of birth, and birth type emerge as influential sources of variation (p < 0.05). Notably, region and kidding interval show no significant effect on birth weight (p > 0.05). Male kids generally have a higher average birth weight compared to females. Single births result in higher weights than multiple births (twins, triplets, and quadruplets). The study underscores the importance of considering these factors in genetic evaluation models. It emphasises their relevance in enhancing the understanding of prenatal growth and postnatal development in Kalahari Red goats within the context of livestock production.

The aim of this study was to determine the opinions of veterinarians providing clinical services in the northeast Anatolia region regarding the compliance of enterprises in the region with animal welfare standards. A survey was sent to veterinarians working in the region, and 82 participants provided feedback on a voluntary basis. The survey questions were designed using the principles of "Animal Welfare" and the "Animal Needs Index," and the prepared questionnaire consisted of five main headings: "good nutrition, good shelter, appropriate behaviour, good care, and good health." Closed-ended questions were used with a five-point Likert scale to determine the views of veterinarians and thoughts on practices related to animal welfare in the region. According to the perceptions of veterinarians, enterprises in the region were considered "somewhat appropriate" in terms of animal welfare criteria for care, feeding, animal behaviour, and health practices. However, it was observed that enterprises were not compliant with animal welfare criteria in terms of shelter flooring, bedding, ventilation, appropriate rations, silage use, body-udder hygiene, vaccine-parasite-drug-herd management, and some diseases. It was determined that a substantial portion of livestock enterprises in the region faced difficulties in implementing animal welfare criteria. In this context, it is believed that addressing the current deficiencies of enterprises, increasing support and incentives to enhance animal welfare, and providing technical assistance to breeders will help overcome the challenges. It is important for veterinarians to inform and guide breeders regarding animal welfare practices within the framework of the breeder-veterinarian relationship.

Resumo Brycon orbignyanus apresenta reprodução sazonal onde os machos podem ser diferenciados das fêmeas pela aspereza presente na nadadeira anal dos exemplares, que representa uma característica sexual secundária conhecida como espículas. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfologia das espículas na nadadeira anal de B. orbignyanus e relacioná-los com as fases do ciclo reprodutivo desses animais para determinar um parâmetro que possa ser utilizado na seleção de machos adequados para reprodução induzida. Foram coletados mensalmente machos de B. orbignyanus de diferentes idades (n = 50 no total; n = 10/mês), no qual foram eutanasiados, biometricamente mensurados e tiveram os testículos e nadadeiras anais coletados. As amostras foram processadas segundo as técnicas típicas de microscopia óptica, estereomicroscópio, diafanização e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Com exceção dos espécimes na fase testicular de Regeneração, foram observadas espículas em todas as outras fases do ciclo reprodutivo em machos de B. orbignyanus; entretanto, espécimes que possuem seis ou mais raios com espículas são considerados Aptos a Espermiar e devem ser selecionados como reprodutores. Não foram observadas diferenças nos padrões de desenvolvimento das espículas relacionadas às características sexuais secundárias entre indivíduos intersexo, machos primários ou machos secundários.

Abstract Brycon orbignyanus exhibits seasonal reproduction where males can be distinguished from females by the roughness present in the anal fin of the specimens that represents a secondary sexual characteristic known as hooks. This study aimed to describe the appearance and morphology of hooks on the anal fin in B. orbignyanus and relate them to the phases of the reproductive cycle of these animals to determine a parameter that can be used for the selection of suitable males for use in induced reproduction. Monthly male specimens of B. orbignyanus of different ages were collected (n = 50 total; n = 10/month) and the specimens were euthanised, biometrically measured, and the testes and anal fins were collected. As sample were processed according to the typical techniques for light microscopy, stereomicroscope, diaphanization and scanning electron microscopy. Except for specimens in the testicular stage of Regenerating, hooks were observed in all other stages of the reproductive cycle in B. orbignyanus males; however, specimens that possess six or more rays with hooks are considered Spawning Capable and can be selected for breeding. No differences were observed in hooks development patterns as related to secondary sexual characteristics among intersex individuals, primary males, or secondary males.

Resumo A inclusão de substâncias com propriedades antioxidantes na dieta de matrizes auxilia o sistema de defesa enzimática no controle dos danos causados pelos radicais livres nas células, como exemplo, os espermatozoides dos galos. Propõe-se a hipótese de que a suplementação de matrizes de corte com cantaxantina possa ter um efeito positivo no sistema reprodutivo destes animais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a ação da adição de cantaxantina na dieta de matrizes de corte sobre as taxas de fertilização e eclosão dos ovos e sobre a fertilidade de galos. Para o experimento, galinhas e galos receberam, a partir de 22 semanas de idade, ração com e sem suplementação de 6 ppm de cantaxantina. Galos entre 30 e 50 semanas de idade que receberam a cantaxantina na dieta apresentaram menos alterações na cromatina espermática ao longo das semanas de vida. Não houve diferença entre as mensurações dos túbulos seminíferos nos diferentes tratamentos. As matrizes suplementadas com cantaxantina apresentaram a maior taxa de perfuração espermática na membrana perivitelina, melhor taxa de eclosão e maior taxa de fertilidade. Concluiu-se que o uso de cantaxantina como agente antioxidante na dieta de matrizes de corte melhora a eficiência reprodutiva. células exemplo Propõese Propõe se animais experimento 2 3 5 vida tratamentos perivitelina Concluiuse Concluiu reprodutiva

Abstract The inclusion of substances with antioxidant properties in the diet of broiler breeders helps the enzymatic defense system in controlling the damage caused by free radicals in cells, for example, rooster spermatozoa. It is therefore hypothesized that supplementing broilers with canthaxanthin may have a positive effect on the reproductive system of broilers. The objective of this research was to study the action of the addition of canthaxanthin in the diet of broiler breeders on the fertilization and hatching rates of eggs and on the fertility of roosters. For the experiment, hens and roosters received, from 22 weeks of age, feed with and without supplementation of 6 ppm of canthaxanthin. Roosters between 30 and 50 weeks of age that received canthaxanthin in the diet showed less alterations in chromatin over the weeks of life. There were no differences between measurements of seminiferous tubules in different treatments. Canthaxanthin-supplemented broiler breeders had the highest rate of perforation of sperm in the perivitelline membrane, the best hatching rate and the highest fertility rate. It was concluded that the use of canthaxanthin as an antioxidant agent in the diet of broiler breeders improves reproductive efficiency. cells example spermatozoa experiment 2 3 5 life treatments Canthaxanthinsupplemented Canthaxanthin supplemented membrane efficiency

Resumo O setor de Flores e Plantas Ornamentais apoia uma extensa rede de empreendedores, em todas as etapas relacionadas ao cultivo, transporte e comercialização. Neste aspecto, há uma grande demanda por mão-de-obra qualificada, tornando este setor fonte de emprego e geração de renda nas regiões abrangidas. Porém, há grande interferência na comercialização de flores e plantas ornamentais pela sazonalidade da demanda, que muitas vezes está relacionada a datas festivas, clima, entre outros fatores. Assim, o conhecimento sobre as demandas sazonais permite ao setor desenvolver um planejamento, direcionando esforços para oferecer produtos com maior demanda em determinado período. Este estudo teve como objetivo gerar informações, por meio de um estudo de caso baseado na análise de dados de comercialização, e verificar a demanda sazonal na comercialização de espécies ornamentais no oeste paulista. Houve aumento na demanda por mudas de crisântemo, tanto para o mercado interno quanto para exportação, durante os anos de 2019 e 2020, além de oscilações na demanda por algumas cultivares de mudas de crisântemo em um ano em relação ao outro. Através desta análise conclui-se que a sazonalidade da comercialização de plantas ornamentais na Região Oeste de São Paulo realmente ocorre, principalmente entre a 26ª e a 34ª semana do ano, com a finalidade de atender ao mercado interno de crisântemos. Este resultado permite planejar a época de plantio e colheita, bem como a definição das melhores variedades a serem cultivadas nestes períodos. empreendedores cultivo aspecto mãodeobra mão obra qualificada abrangidas Porém festivas clima fatores Assim planejamento período informações paulista exportação 201 2020 outro concluise conclui se ocorre ª crisântemos colheita períodos 20 202 2

Abstract The Flowers and Ornamental Plant sector supports an extensive network of entrepreneurs, in all stages related to cultivation, transport and commercialization. In this aspect, there is a great demand for skilled labor, making this sector a source of employment and income generation in the regions covered. However, there is great interference on the commercialization of flowers and ornamental plants by the seasonality of demand, which is often related to festive dates, weather, among other factors. Thus, knowledge about seasonal demands allows the sector to develop a plan, directing efforts to offer products with greater demand in a given period. This study aimed to generate information, through a case study based on the analysis of commercialization data, and verify the seasonal demand on the commercialization of ornamental species in western São Paulo. There was an increase in the demand for chrysanthemum cuttings, both for the domestic and export markets, during the years 2019 and 2020, in addition to fluctuations in the demand for some cultivars of cuttings of chrysanthemum in one year compared to the other. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the seasonality of commercialization of ornamental plants in the West Region of São Paulo really occurs, especially between the 26th and 34th week of the year, with the purpose of serving the domestic market of chrysanthemums. This result allows planning the planting and harvesting time, as well as the definition of the best varieties to be cultivated in these periods. entrepreneurs cultivation aspect labor covered However dates weather factors Thus plan period information data markets 201 2020 occurs th chrysanthemums time periods 20 202 2

ABSTRACT The efficiency of recurrent selection depends, among other factors, on the estimation of parameters that guide the breeder to obtain genetic gains for multiple traits. The aim of this research was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of maize populations during the third cycle of recurrent selection for traits of interest. The populations CRE-01 and CRE-02, potential for resistance to corn stunt, were described using genetic and phenotypic parameters of variance components, heritability, variation indices and correlation between 16 agronomic traits. Direct and indirect selection gains were estimated for each trait and considering the Smith and Hazel, Mulamba and Mock and Z index. Both populations have genetic variability for the traits. High heritability estimates were obtained for most of the traits, which associated with the genetic variability, indicate that these populations may show continuous gains with recurrent selection. All selection indexes provided satisfactory genetic gains, but the Z index was the most promising considering the results of both populations. depends factors interest CRE01 CRE 01 CRE-0 CRE02, CRE02 02, 02 CRE-02 stunt components 1 Hazel CRE0 0 CRE-

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the age of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on the morphometry of the egg and the size of the bird at birth. In total, 227 fertile quail eggs of three ages (15, 19 and 34 weeks) were used. Egg weight (g), shape index (%), hatching weight (g), body weight/egg weight ratio, and hatching length (mm) were evaluated using a completely randomized block design. There were no significant differences between ages with egg weight. Egg shape index was significantly higher in 15-week-old birds (79.50±0.34%) than in 34-week-old birds (78.0±0.36%; p<0.05). Birth weight was greater for 34-week-old birds (7.91±0.08 g) compared to 15-week-old birds (7.63±0.07 g; p<0.05). Live weight/egg weight ratio was significantly different between breeders of 15 (68.9±0.37%) and 34 weeks (70.4±0.41%), while quail length at hatch was greater in 19-week-old quail chicks (108±0.62 mm) It is concluded that the age of the breeding quail influenced all the variables evaluated, excepted egg weight.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la edad de la codorniz (Coturnix coturnix japonica) sobre la morfometría del huevo y tamaño del ave al nacimiento. Se emplearon 227 huevos fértiles de codornices de tres edades (15, 19 y 34 semanas). Se evaluó el peso del huevo (g), índice de forma (%), peso al nacimiento (g), relación peso corporal/peso del huevo y longitud al nacimiento (mm) mediante un diseño de bloque completamente randomizado. No hubo diferencias significativas entre edades con el peso del huevo. El índice de forma del huevo fue significativamente mayor en aves de 15 semanas (79.50±0.34%) que en aves de 34 semanas (78.0±0.36%; p<0.05). El peso al nacimiento fue mayor para aves de 34 semanas (7.91±0.08 g) en comparación con aves de 15 semanas (7.63±0.07 g; p<0.05). La relación peso vivo/peso del huevo fue significativamente diferente entre reproductoras de 15 (68.9±0.37% y 34 semanas (70.4±0.41%), en tanto que la longitud de la codorniz al nacimiento fue mayor en polluelos de codornices de 19 semanas (108±0.62 mm). Se concluye que la edad de la codorniz reproductora influyó sobre todas las variables evaluadas, a excepción del peso del huevo.

Resumo O setor avícola do Paquistão está contribuindo principalmente para preencher a lacuna entre a demanda e a oferta de proteína. Mycoplasma gallisepticum é uma bactéria emergente que causa sérios problemas na indústria avícola do Paquistão. Um estudo transversal foi conduzido para avaliar a carga de M. gallisepticum em regiões de avicultura do Paquistão. Um total de 600 amostras de soro e 600 amostras de esfregaço foi coletado, 200 de cada frango de corte, poedeiras e aves reprodutoras nos distritos de Rawalpindi e Abbottabad. Amostras de soro foram analisadas por ELISA para soroprevalência. As zaragatoas foram cultivadas em meio Frey, seguido de PCR e sequenciação parcial do gene mgc2. Os resultados da soroprevalência de M. gallisepticum mostraram que as poedeiras (75%, n = 150) são mais positivas em comparação com matrizes (70%, n = 140) e frangos de corte (50%, n = 100). Colônias típicas de M. gallisepticum foram observadas em reprodutoras (26,5%), seguidas de poedeiras (21%) e frangos de corte (9%). Um total de 37,1% (n = 42) das amostras foi identificado como positivas por PCR de um total de 113 amostras positivas baseadas em cultura. Um total de seis isolados de M. gallisepticum do estudo atual mostrou 98-99% de similaridade com isolados relatados anteriormente com base no sequenciamento parcial do gene mgc2. O M. gallisepticum foi encontrado com alta prevalência em diferentes pães de aves. Os resultados deste estudo acrescentariam dados básicos e forneceriam orientação para o setor pecuário fortalecer uma estratégia de controle da micoplasmose em granjas avícolas.

Abstract The poultry sector in Pakistan is contributing mainly in bridging gap between demand and supply for protein. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an emerging bacterium causing serious problems in poultry industry of Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the M. gallisepticum load in poultry populated regions of Pakistan. Total 600 serum and 600 swab samples were collected, 200 from each broiler, layers and breeders poultry in Rawalpindi and Abbottabad districts. Serum samples were analyzed through ELISA for seroprevalence. Swabs were cultured on Frey’s medium followed by PCR and partial mgc2 gene sequencing. Results of seroprevalence of M. gallisepticum showed that layers (75%, n=150) are more positive as compared to breeders (70%, n=140) and broilers (50%, n=100). Typical colonies of the M. gallisepticum were observed in breeder (26.5%), followed by layer (21%) and broilers (9%). A total of 37.1% (n=42) samples were identified positive through PCR out of total 113 cultured based positive samples. A total of six M. gallisepticum isolates of current study showed 98-99 percent similarity with previously reported isolates on the basis of mgc2 gene partial sequencing. The M. gallisepticum was found highly prevalent in different poultry breads. Results of this study would add into basic data and provide a direction for livestock sector to strengthen a control strategy for mycoplasmosis in poultry farms.

Resumen: El uso de técnicas predictivas basadas en la toma de imágenes de campo es propuesto como un método de auxilio en la cría animal, en donde el productor podría planificar el manejo de la nutrición del rodeo. La condición corporal (CC) medida en vacas de cría mediante apreciación visual ha sido propuesta como un buen estimador del estado nutricional del rodeo. Estudios previos demuestran que en vacas con mayores CC al parto la preñez al siguiente servicio se incrementa de 10 a 15%, teniendo este resultado gran impacto en la producción de los sistemas. Aunque se reconocen los beneficios de la escala de CC, el porcentaje de criadores que utilizan esta herramienta sigue siendo bajo, siendo la razón principal la falta de calificadores formados para registrarla. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un método práctico, repetitivo y no invasivo para evaluar la CC mediante un proceso de calificación guiada, utilizando imágenes tomadas en el campo. Los resultados muestran que el método de determinación de la CC propuesto se comporta como una herramienta sencilla y económica para evaluar el estado nutricional, por lo que puede ser aceptado por el criador dada su sencillez y los beneficios obtenidos. Adicionalmente, esta herramienta también puede constituir un tutorial para la generación de experiencia en la calificación de la CC en vacas de cría.

Abstract: The use of predictive techniques based on image acquisition at field level is presented to improve livestock production. With this, the farmer can plan the management of the herd and the need for supplemental feeding. The use of the Body Condition Score (BCS) measured by visual assessment has been proposed as a method of subjective evaluation of the nutritional status of cattle. Studies show that a good BCS at calving allows increases in the order of 10 to 15% in the following pregnancy rate of the herd. This increase has a significant impact on farm productivity. Although the benefits of the visual assessment scale are recognized, the percentage of breeders using this tool is still low, the main reason being the lack of trained raters to record the BCS. The objective of this study was to develop a practical, repetitive, and non-invasive method to evaluate BCS through a guided grading process using images taken in the field. The results show that the BCS determination method proposed in this paper is presented as a simple and economical tool to evaluate BCS, so that it can be accepted by the breeder for its simplicity and benefits. Additionally, it can serve as a tutorial for the acquisition of experience in calibrating BCS in breeding cows.

Resumo: O uso de técnicas preditivas baseadas em imagens de campo é proposto como um auxílio na criação de animais, onde o produtor poderia planejar o manejo nutricional do rebanho. A condição corporal (CC) medida em vacas mediante avaliação visual foi proposta como um bom estimador do estado nutricional do rebanho. Estudos prévios mostram que em vacas com maiores CC ao momento do parto, a gravidez no próximo serviço é aumentada de 10 a 15%, tendo um grande impacto na produtividade dos sistemas. Embora os benefícios da escala CC sejam reconhecidos, a percentagem de criadores que adotam esta ferramenta ainda é baixa, sendo a principal razão a falta de avaliadores treinados para registrá-la. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um método prático, repetível e não-invasivo para avaliar a CC através de um processo guiado, utilizando imagens tomadas no campo. Os resultados mostram que o método de determinação proposto comporta-se como uma ferramenta simples e barata para avaliar o estado nutricional, podendo ser aceito pelo criador dada à sua simplicidade assim como aos benefícios obtidos. Além disso, esta ferramenta também pode constituir um tutorial para a geração de experiência na qualificação de CC em vacas reprodutoras.

ABSTRACT. Thirty-two Arbor Acres (AA) cockerels aged 27 weeks were used to determine the effect of vitamin E (VE) on the semen characteristics and sperm quality during hot season. The birds were fed diets containing 0, 50, 100 and 150mg VE kg-1 feed. There were 4 replicates and two birds per replicate. Semen collection was done thrice a week for three weeks in all birds. Dietary vitamin E significantly (p < 0.05) increased the semen volume (SV) and number of sperm cells (NS) in AA cockerels. CONTROL birds (0.71 mL) had lower SV than birds fed 150 mg VE (0.94 mL). Birds on 100 and 150 mg VE recorded similar NS, which was higher than 0 and 50 mg VE groups. The least NS was in the CONTROL group. Sperm abnormality gradually (p < 0.05) decreased as dietary VE increased from 0 to 150 mg. Significant (p < 0.01) effect of dietary VE was recorded in percentage live sperm (PLS). Semen from cockerels on VE treatment had higher PLS than the CONTROL. In conclusion, it may be beneficial to supplement the broiler breeder cockerel diet with VE up to 150 mg kg-1 feed during hot season as it increased SV, NS and PLS and decreased sperm abnormality.

ABSTRACT Three hundred hatching eggs from two layer breeder flocks (Hy-Line Brown and hy-Line W-36; 150 each) were obtained at three different periods of laying cycle (early, middle and late stages). The hatching eggs were randomly taken to assess the impact of chicken strain, age, and hatching time on some eggshell measurements and structures. Results indicate that egg weight, shell percentage and shell thickness were significantly affected by strain, breeder age, and incubation time. Increasing rate of calcium absorption and utilization by the embryos during the embryonic stage clearly reflects the decrease occurred in eggshell strength. The differences of eggshell breaking strength during incubation time periods were 0.41 and 0.55 kg/cm2, the differences due to the incubation time may be due to the higher demand for calcium utilization in the late incubation period (18 days), observed on the10th day of incubation. Brown eggs recorded significant higher calcium percentage in eggshell compared to the white ones. The brown breeder hens recorded significant higher total pores per egg compared to the white egg. Concerning eggshell ultrastructure, total thickness of the brown eggshell was significantly higher than those of the white eggshell by about 3.7%. All parameters, except for total thickness, were significantly affected by the interaction between strain and breeder age. Finally, we conclude that some traits including egg weight, shell percentage, shell thickness, calcium percentages in eggshell, and total pores per egg were significantly affected by strain, breeder age, and incubation time. Eggshell ultrastructure of brown egg was better compared to the white ones. HyLine Hy Line hyLine hy W36 W 36 W-36 15 each early, early (early stages. stages . stages) age structures weight 041 0 41 0.4 055 55 0.5 kgcm2 kgcm kg cm2 cm kg/cm2 18 (1 days, days , days) theth th ones 37 3 7 3.7% parameters Finally W3 W-3 1 04 4 0. 05 5 kg/cm ( 3.7 W- 3.

ABSTRACT The control of Salmonella in the poultry production chain combined with biosecurity measures is an important tool to maintain and guarantee the sanitary status of Brazilian flocks. The aim of this work was to compare official laboratory data on molecular typification of Salmonella isolates from poultry breeding flocks in different Brazilian states between 2016 and 2018 and identify the production category with the most positive flocks, in light of current legislation. Surveillance data of positive samples from the official Brazilian Salmonella Control Programme sent to Federal Agricultural Defence Laboratory of São Paulo (LFDA-SP) after molecular characterization were analysed. These data were subject to an exploratory study, undergoing a descriptive statistical analysis followed by the use of frequency and non-parametric hypothesis tests. Overall, 49 serovars were detected in poultry broiler-breeder and layer-breeder flocks. Salmonella ser. Heidelberg, Salmonella ser. Anatum, Salmonella ser. Newport, Salmonella ser. Schwarzengrund and Salmonella ser. Mbandaka were the five most common isolated serovars. The data shows that there is an opportunity to improve biosecurity measures in parent breeder flocks. A total of 16 serovars were identified in turkey-breeders. Salmonella ser. Anatum, Salmonella ser. Newport, Salmonella ser. Brandenburg, Salmonella ser. Litchfield, and Salmonella ser. Livingstone were the most common ones. The four official controlled serovars represented a small part of the isolated strains. These data demonstrate the importance of an official program in Brazil for Salmonella surveillance in breeder flocks combined with biosecurity measures. 201 legislation LFDASP LFDA SP (LFDA-SP analysed study nonparametric non parametric tests Overall 4 broilerbreeder broiler layerbreeder layer ser Heidelberg Anatum Newport 1 turkeybreeders. turkeybreeders turkey breeders. breeders turkey-breeders Brandenburg Litchfield ones strains 20 2

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to assess how hatchability performance of eggs is affected by line and age of female broiler breeders. Response variables analyzed were hatchability, infertility, pipping (i.e., pipped shell but not emerged), embryonic mortality (1st, 2nd, and 3rd wk), and embryonic malposition. The trials involved a total of 2,880 fertile eggs from two broiler breeder lines (Ross 308 and Cobb 500) at two different ages (30 and 50 wk). A 2 x 2 factorial design was used, where the broiler breeder line and broiler breeder age were the main effects. The hatchability in the Ross 308 line was higher than the Cobb 500 line, but its infertility was higher than the Ross 308 line. Hatchability in interaction (50 wk age of the hen in the Cobb 500 line) was less, and their infertility was higher. Embryonic mortality, pipping, and embryonic malposition did not present differences for the interaction between factors. The results suggest that hatchability performance of eggs can be improved, if egg management and incubation procedures are adjusted to account for the interaction between broiler breeder line and broiler breeder age. breeders i.e., ie i e (i.e. emerged, emerged , emerged) 1st, 1st st (1st 2nd nd rd wk, wk) 2880 880 2,88 30 (3 5 wk. . used effects (5 less factors improved i.e. (i.e 288 88 2,8 3 ( i.e 28 8 2,

ABSTRACT Exposure to increasing concentrations of CO2 in the first 10 days of incubation may have effects on the development of bird cardiac and respiratory organs. Moreover, the age of breeders can influence hatching performances. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to increasing concentrations of CO2 in the first 10 days of incubation on the morphophysiological development of the digestive system of embryos and chicks from broiler breeders aged 31 and 41 weeks. A total of 860 fertile eggs from the Cobb strain were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 2 different gaseous environments (Control (C) - no increase in CO2 concentration and, Hypercapnia (CO2) - a gradual increase in CO2 concentration until reaching 1% on the 10th day) and 2 different broiler breeder ages (31 and 41 weeks). Half of the eggs were obtained from 31-week-old breeders, and the other half from 41-week-old breeders. Compared to the control group, incubation in an atmosphere with 1% CO2 led to an increase in villus heights in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the embryos, with a reduction in villus density in the same segments. Chicks from 41-week-old broiler breeders showed higher villus heights in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at day 1 post-hatching, and lower villus density at 7 days. It was concluded that the incubation of fertile eggs in hypercapnia conditions could positively affect the small intestine of embryos and post-hatch chicks. CO organs Moreover performances 3 4 weeks 86 design arrangement Control C (C (CO2 th (3 . weeks) 31weekold weekold week old 41weekold group duodenum jejunum segments posthatching, posthatching post hatching, post-hatching posthatch hatch 8 (CO (

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi predizer os indicadores de produção e determinar o seu potencial impacto econômico em um sistema de integração utilizando as redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Quarenta parâmetros zootécnicos e de produção de granjas de matrizes e de frango de corte, um incubatório e um abatedouro foram selecionados como variáveis. Os modelos de RNA foram estabelecidos para quatro variáveis de saída (“eclosão vendável”, “peso ao final da quinta semana”, “condenações parciais” e “condenações totais”) e foram analisados em relação ao coeficiente de determinação múltipla (R2), coeficiente de correlação (R), erro médio (E), erro quadrático médio (EQM) e raiz do erro quadrático médio (REQM). Os cenários produtivos foram simulados e os impactos foram estimados. Os modelos de RNA gerados foram adequados para simular diferentes cenários produtivos após o treinamento. Para “eclosão vendável”, o modelo de incubadora e o período de incubação aumentaram os ganhos financeiros. Para “peso ao final da quinta semana”, a linhagem também demonstrou influencia no retorno financeiro, o que não aconteceu com o peso ao final da primeira semana. O sexo do lote possui influência nas taxas de “condenação parcial”, ao contrário do peso do frango no primeiro dia. As taxas de mortalidade e o peso do frango apresentaram influência na “condenação total”, mas o sexo do lote e o tipo de pinto não tiverem influência. RNA. . (RNA) corte eclosão vendável, vendável , vendável” semana, semana semana” condenações parciais totais totais” R2, R2 R (R2) R, (R) E, E (E) EQM (EQM REQM. REQM (REQM) estimados treinamento financeiros financeiro condenação parcial, parcial parcial” dia total, total total” (RNA (R2 (R (E (REQM

Abstract The aim of this study was to predict production indicators and to determine their potential economic impact on a poultry integration system using artificial neural networks (ANN) models. Forty zootechnical and production parameters from broiler breeder farms, one hatchery, broiler production flocks, and one slaughterhouse were selected as variables. The ANN models were established for four output variables: “saleable hatching”, “weight at the end of week 5,” “partial condemnation,” and “total condemnation” and were analyzed in relation to the coefficient of multiple determination (R2), correlation coefficient (R), mean error (E), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The production scenarios were simulated and the economic impacts were estimated. The ANN models were suitable for simulating production scenarios after validation. For “saleable hatching”, incubator and egg storage period are likely to increase the financial gains. For “weight at the end of the week 5” the lineage (A) is important to increase revenues. However, broiler weight at the end of the first week may not have a significant influence. Flock sex (female) may influence the “partial condemnation” rates, while chick weight at first day may not. For “total condemnation”, flock sex and type of chick may not influence condemnation rates, but mortality rates and broiler weight may have a significant impact. (ANN farms hatchery flocks variables saleable hatching, hatching , hatching” 5, 5 partial condemnation, total R2, R2 R (R2) R, (R) E, E (E) MSE, MSE (MSE) RMSE. RMSE . (RMSE) estimated validation gains A (A revenues However female (female (R2 (R (E (MSE (RMSE