Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. This study demonstrates the direct association of the disposable pipette extraction (DPX) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the analysis of Aβ peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Different parameters were optimized in order to improve detectability in the MS/MS including mobile phase percentage of ammonium hydroxide, mobile phase flow rate and acquisition mode. Also, this method used an electrospray ionization (ESI) low-flow probe and direct infusion of an organic solution in the MS/MS. The DPX-MS/MS method showed adequate linearity for determining Aβ peptides in CSF-linearity ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 ng mL 1. The coefficients of determination were higher than 0.99; the precision coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 0.3 to 12.7%; and the accuracy relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from -13.6 to 13.2%. Alzheimers Alzheimer s AD (AD amyloidβ amyloid β (Aβ brain DPX (DPX MSMS MS (MS/MS CSF (CSF samples hydroxide mode Also ESI (ESI lowflow low DPXMS/MS DPXMSMS CSFlinearity 01 0 1 0. 15 5 0.99 099 99 CV (CV 03 3 12.7% 127 12 7 RSD (RSD 13.6 136 13 6 -13. 132 2 13.2% DPXMS 0.9 09 9 12.7 13. -13 13.2 12. -1 -

Resumo: Introdução: A hipertensão arterial (HA) é a principal causa de morte por doenças cardiovasculares. Apesar dos avanços, o percentual de hipertensos não diagnosticados e não tratados é de 58,4%. A avaliação do dano cognitivo na hipertensão concentra-se na prevenção do acidente vascular cerebral, enquanto o dano funcional é ignorado. Esse manejo inadequado pode ser multifatorial. É objetivo fue analisar a opinião dos médicos sobre a relação entre hipertensão arterial e danos cognitivos. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal desenvolvido no período entre agosto de 2020 e agosto de 2023. Análise de dados obtidos a partir de questionário autoaplicável, anônimo e voluntário. Revelar informações sobre o perfil profissional, conhecimento sobre a HA, sua ligação com o comprometimento cognitivo (DC), diagnóstico e tratamento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 222 profissionais, 215 (96,8%) concordam com a existência de ligação entre hipertensão e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular na DC e 218 (98,1%) reconhecem ajudar pacientes com risco de sofrer de D.C. A avaliação da DC é realizada em casos selecionados por 132 (59,4%) participantes e 59 (26,7%) a fazem sempre. Dos que realizam avaliação, 103 (54%) utilizam o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), 10 (5,2%) utilizam a Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA) e 9 (4,7%) utilizam o Clock Drawing Test. Em relação à diminuição da pressão arterial em pacientes idosos e a ligação com o risco de DC: 54 (24,3%) não reconhecem risco e 65 (29,2%) reconhecem risco moderado-alto. Em referência à implicação do tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares e DC: 217 (97,7%) reconheceram o efeito benéfico. Discussão: Dado o reconhecimento da ligação entre hipertensão e DC, seria de esperar que a DC fosse investigada na grande maioria, no entanto apenas 26,7% sempre a avaliam. Não há consenso sobre o método, sendo o MEEM o mais utilizado, com baixa aplicação do teste MoCA e/ou Clock Drawing Test, sendo estes últimos os que avaliam a função executiva, majoritariamente alterada nos DC vinculados à HA. Embora o tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares seja reconhecido como benéfico em relação à DC, o controle da HA em idosos é considerado arriscado. É feito um diagnóstico de uma situação em que é evidente uma disparidade entre o que se reconhece como saber e o que se afirma fazer. Conclusões: O papel da doença vascular no dano cerebral funcional é reconhecido, considerando-se necessário conhecer o estado cognitivo dos pacientes, porém há baixa aplicação de testes de triagem que avaliam a função executiva. Nesse contexto, evidencia-se uma lacuna entre o conhecimento e a prática médica.

Abstract: Introduction: High blood pressure (HBP) is the leading cause of death from cardiovascular disease. Despite the advances, the percentage of undiagnosed and untreated hypertensive patients is 58.4%. The evaluation of cognitive damage in HBP focuses on preventing stroke, while functional damage is ignored. This inadequate management may be multifactorial. The objective was to analyze the opinions that doctors have about the relationship between high blood pressure and cognitive damage. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study developed in the period between August 2020 and August 2023. Analysis of data obtained from a self-administered, anonymous and voluntary questionnaire. Revealing information on the professional profile, knowledge of HBP, its link with cognitive impairment (CD), diagnosis and treatment. Results: 222 professionals were included, 215 (96.8%) agree with the existence of a link between HBP and other cardiovascular risk factors in CD, and 218 (98.1%) acknowledge assisting patients at risk of suffering from CD. The CD evaluation is carried out in selected cases by 132 (59.4%) participants and 59 (26.7%) always do it. Of those who perform evaluation, 103 (54%) use the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), 10 (5.2%) use the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and 9 (4.7%) use the Clock Drawing Test. Regarding the decrease in blood pressure in elderly patients and the link with risk of CD: 54 (24.3%) do not recognize risk and 65 (29.2%) recognize a moderate-high risk. In reference to the implication of the treatment of cardiovascular disease and CD: 217 (97.7%) recognized a beneficial effect. Discussion: Given the recognition of the link between HBP and CD, it would be expected that CD would be investigated in the vast majority, however only 26.7% always evaluate it. There is no consensus on the method, the MMSE being the most used, with a low application of the MoCA test and/or Clock Drawing Test, the latter being the ones that evaluate executive function, mostly altered in CD linked to HBP. Although the treatment of cardiovascular disease is recognized as beneficial with respect to CD, the control of HBP in older adults is considered risky. A diagnosis is made of a situation where a disparity is evident between what one recognizes as knowing and what one claims to do. Conclusions: The role of vascular disease in functional brain damage is recognized, considering it necessary to know the cognitive status of patients, however there is a low application of screening tests that evaluate executive function. In this context, a gap between medical knowledge and practice is shown.

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Abstract Introduction Aural polyps are a misnomer. Any lesion can present as a mass in the external auditory canal. Aural polyps are proliferation of the granulation tissue due to long standing inflammatory process with associated otalgia and otorrhea. Objectives To document the clinicoradiological presentations, intraoperative findings, and histopathological diagnosis of aural polyp, correlating them. Methods In our study 81 patients underwent treatment for aural polyps in the department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) from April 1997 to April 2022. Results were tabulated, a simple descriptive analysis was done using the Statistical Package Social Sciences software, and the results obtained were represented as percentages and presented in tables. Results The majority (38) of the patients presenting with aural polyps were diagnosed with mucosal and squamous type of CSOM, and 22 with simple granulation polyps. There were also 5 patients with malignant otitis externa, 3 patients had glomus tumors, 2 patients with retained foreign bodies, and 3 patients with brain herniation. We also identified aberrant internal carotid artery, high jugular bulb, one patient had facial nerve neuroma, one patient had polyp from the tragus diagnosed with tuberculosis, one patient with keratosis obturans, and one with exostosis. Conclusion A thorough detailed examination and mastoid exploration with radiological and histopathological evaluation is mandatory for better defining the definitive treatment. Utmost care and meticulousness are advised for the surgeons while dealing with aural polyps to avoid any complications. misnomer canal otorrhea presentations findings them 8 Ear Nose ENT (ENT 199 2022 tabulated software tables 38 (38 CSOM externa tumors bodies herniation artery bulb neuroma tuberculosis obturans exostosis complications 19 202 (3 1 20 (

Resumen El trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) ha ganado relevancia en los últimos años, ya que es una de las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial y ejerce un impacto significativo en la vida diaria de quienes lo experimentan. La relación entre la disbiosis intestinal y el TDM ha surgido como un componente crucial en el ámbito de la salud mental. La microbiota intestinal, que abarca una amplia diversidad de microorganismos, establece una conexión bidireccional con el TDM a través del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, la neuroinflamación y alteración de la función cerebral. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo, analizar la relación entre los problemas de equilibrio de los microorganismos en el intestino (fenómeno conocido como “disbiosis”) y el TDM. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo que combinó análisis bibliográfico y descriptivo, priorizando fuentes primarias en psicología, neurociencia y microbiología. Se examinaron investigaciones en inglés y español desde 2019 hasta 2023 utilizando motores de búsqueda y bases de datos reconocidas. En este contexto, se observó que el uso de probióticos se ha vuelto cada vez más relevante como parte del tratamiento complementario para el TDM. Los probióticos, como Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 y la bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, ejercen un impacto positivo en la microbiota intestinal, integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica y producción de neurotransmisores. La revisión destaca el papel crucial de la microbiota intestinal en el TDM y la prometedora utilidad de los probióticos como tratamiento complementario. Esto sugiere nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas y subraya la importancia de futuras investigaciones para comprender mejor esta compleja interacción.

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) has gained relevance in recent years, as it is one of the main causes of disability worldwide and has a significant impact on the daily lives of those who experience it. The relationship between gut dysbiosis and MDD has emerged as a crucial component in the field of mental health. The gut microbiota, which encompasses a wide diversity of microorganisms, establishes a bidirectional connection with MDD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, neuroinflammation and alteration of brain function. The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between problems with the balance of microorganisms in the intestine (a phenomenon known as “dysbiosis”) and MDD. A qualitative approach was adopted that combined bibliographic and descriptive analysis, prioritizing primary sources in psychology, neuroscience and microbiology. Research in English and Spanish from 2019 to 2023 was examined using recognized search engines and databases. In this context, it was observed that the use of probiotics has become increasingly relevant as part of complementary treatment for MDD. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 and the bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, have a positive impact on the intestinal microbiota, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter production. The review highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in MDD and the promising utility of probiotics as a complementary treatment. This suggests new therapeutic perspectives and underlines the importance of future research to better understand this complex interaction.

ABSTRACT Purpose The clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation from deceased donors have seen significant improvements with the use of machine perfusion (MP), now a standard practice in transplant centers. However, the use of perfusate biomarkers for assessing organ quality remains a subject of debate. Despite this, some centers incorporate them into their decision-making process for donor kidney acceptance. Recent studies have indicated that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione S-transferase, interleukin-18, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) could predict post-transplant outcomes. Materials and Methods Between August 2016 and June 2017, 31 deceased-donor after brain death were included and stroke was the main cause of death. Pediatric patients, hypersensitized recipients were excluded. 43 kidneys were subjected to machine perfusion. Perfusate samples were collected just before the transplantation and stored at -80ºC. Kidney transplant recipients have an average age of 52 years, 34,9% female, with a BMI 24,6±3,7. We employed receiver operating characteristic analysis to investigate associations between these perfusate biomarkers and two key clinical outcomes: delayed graft function and primary non-function. Results The incidence of delayed graft function was 23.3% and primary non-function was 14%. A strong association was found between NGAL concentration and DGF (AUC=0.766, 95% CI, P=0.012), and between LDH concentration and PNF (AUC=0.84, 95% CI, P=0.027). Other perfusate biomarkers did not show significant correlations with these clinical outcomes. Conclusion The concentrations of NGAL and LDH during machine perfusion could assist transplant physicians in improving the allocation of donated organs and making challenging decisions regarding organ discarding. Further, larger-scale studies are required. MP, MP , (MP) However debate this decisionmaking decision acceptance LDH, (LDH) Stransferase, Stransferase S transferase, transferase S-transferase interleukin18, interleukin18 interleukin 18, 18 interleukin-18 gelatinaseassociated gelatinase associated (NGAL posttransplant post 201 2017 3 deceaseddonor patients excluded 4 80ºC. 80ºC ºC -80ºC 5 years 349 34 9 34,9 female 24637 24 6 7 24,6±3,7 nonfunction. nonfunction non function. 233 23 23.3 14 14% AUC=0.766, AUC0766 AUC 0 766 (AUC=0.766 95 CI P=0.012, P0012 P P=0.012 012 P=0.012) AUC=0.84, AUC084 84 (AUC=0.84 P=0.027. P0027 P=0.027 . 027 P=0.027) discarding Further largerscale larger scale required (MP (LDH interleukin1 1 interleukin-1 20 34, 2463 2 24,6±3, 23. AUC=0.766 AUC076 76 (AUC=0.76 P001 P=0.01 01 AUC=0.84 AUC08 8 (AUC=0.8 P002 P=0.02 02 interleukin- 246 24,6±3 AUC=0.76 AUC07 (AUC=0.7 P00 P=0.0 AUC=0.8 AUC0 (AUC=0. 24,6± AUC=0.7 P0 P=0. AUC=0. (AUC=0 24,6 P=0 AUC=0 (AUC= 24, P= AUC= (AUC

ABSTRACT The activities carried out by the nursing professional produce them health problems, with stress being the first factor that will affect one's own rhythm, causing irritability and anxiety. Physical-sports practice has a positive effect on their physical and mental health because it produces the release of endorphins, which leads to a reduction in anxiety, depression and stress because any type of physical activity, whether low or high impact, releases these substances that act directly on the brain, producing a feeling of well-being and immediate relaxation. A research is presented with a non-experimental design, from the quantitative approach of a cross-sectional comparative descriptive type. Its objective is to determine the relationships between physical activity and emotional regulation of a group of nurses from the Sur Hospital in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico. The TMMS-24 Emotional Intelligence Assessment Scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were applied. To determine the relationship between the variables, Spearman's Rho Correlation was used. The dimensions studied are attention, clarity and emotional repair by the dependent variable (Emotional Control) and the High, Medium and Low dimensions by the independent variable (Physical Activity). In the community where the signs and symptoms of nervousness, agitation or tension associated with situations of anxiety and stress were observed, direct correlations were established between the intensity of physical activity and the emotional control of the subjects studied, that is, at a lower intensity of physical activity, less control and emotional regulation.

RESUMO As atividades realizadas pelo profissional de enfermagem causam-lhe problemas de saúde, sendo o estresse o primeiro fator que afetará seu próprio ritmo, causando irritabilidade e ansiedade. A prática físico-esportiva tem um efeito positivo sobre sua saúde física e mental, pois produz uma liberação de endorfinas, o que leva a uma redução da ansiedade, da depressão e do estresse, pois qualquer tipo de atividade física, seja ela de baixo ou alto impacto, libera essas substâncias que atuam diretamente no cérebro, produzindo uma sensação de bem-estar e relaxamento imediato. A pesquisa é apresentada em um desenho não-experimental, a partir de uma abordagem quantitativa, descritiva, comparativa, transversal e de corte transversal. Seu objetivo é determinar a relação entre a atividade física e a regulação emocional em um grupo de enfermeiras do Hospital Sur em Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México. Foram aplicados o Emotional Intelligence Rating Scale TMMS-24 e o International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A Correlação Rho de Spearman foi usada para determinar a relação entre as variáveis. As dimensões estudadas são Atenção, Clareza e Reparação Emocional para a variável dependente (Controle Emocional) e as dimensões Alta, Média e Baixa para a variável independente (Atividade Física). Na comunidade onde foram observados os sinais e sintomas de nervosismo, agitação ou tensão associados a situações de ansiedade e estresse, foram estabelecidas correlações diretas entre a intensidade da atividade física e o controle emocional dos sujeitos investigados, ou seja, quanto menor a intensidade da atividade física, menor o controle e a regulação emocional.

RESUMEN Las actividades que realiza el profesional de la enfermería les producen quebranto en la salud, siendo el estrés el primer factor que va a afectar el ritmo propio, ocasionando irritabilidad y ansiedad. La práctica físico-deportiva tiene un efecto positivo sobre su salud física y mental debido a que produce liberación de endorfinas, lo que conlleva una reducción de la ansiedad, la depresión y el estrés, ya que cualquier tipo de actividad física, ya sea de bajo o alto impacto, libera estas sustancias que actúan directamente sobre el cerebro, produciendo sensación de bienestar y relajación inmediata. Se presenta una investigación con un diseño no experimental, desde el enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo comparativo de corte transversal. Tiene como objetivo: determinar las relaciones entre actividad física y regulación emocional de un grupo de enfermeras (o) s del Hospital Sur en Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México. Se aplicó la Escala para Evaluación de la Inteligencia Emocional TMMS-24 y el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). Para determinar la relación entre las variables se empleó la Correlación del Rho de Spearman. Las dimensiones estudiadas son la atención, claridad y reparación emocional por parte de la variable dependiente (Control emocional) y las dimensiones Alta, Media y Baja por la variable independiente (Actividad física). En la comunidad donde se observaron los signos y síntomas de nerviosismo, agitación o tensión asociados a situaciones de ansiedad y estrés, se establecen correlaciones directas entre la intensidad de la actividad física y el control emocional de los sujetos investigados, o sea, a menor intensidad de la actividad física menor control y regulación emocional.

INTRODUCTION: The rising prevalence of stroke in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates the exploration of the role of occupational therapy in rehabilitation of stroke. In the southern African country of South Africa, occupational therapy aligns with healthcare policies and laws, and this article presents a review of synthesized evidence of occupational therapy intervention in stroke care and rehabilitation. METHOD: Rapid review methodology was used to develop a research question about cerebrovascular accident - intervention by occupational therapists., The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant articles published between 2018 and 2023. Twenty four articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed according to quantitative and qualitative parameters. RESULTS: Evidence of occupational therapy intervention with post-stroke upper limb impairment was found in 37,5% of articles. Occupational therapy for global improvement in function, cognitive rehabilitation, balance, social participation, work, and leisure comprised 45,8% of articles, and one article each reported evidence for occupational therapy addressing ADL and caregiver interventions. CONCLUSION: Evidence from the past five years reflect diverse occupational therapy interventions with clients with stroke. Gaps in recent evidence remain in relation to context-specific interventions, especially from low- and middle-income countries. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Occupational therapists adopt a holistic approach to stroke rehabilitation, tailoring interventions to address the multifaceted needs and goals of individual stroke survivors. The effectiveness of individualised, occupation-based approaches across various domains are highlighted. • Therapists stay informed and up to date about emerging technologies and evidence-based practice to enhance their effectiveness in stroke rehabilitation. • This review provides evidence of the prevalence of upper limb impairments post-stroke, which will enable therapists to be well-versed in the diverse intervention approaches for upper limb rehabilitation as outlined in the literature reviewed, including technologies like Brain Computer Interface, Mental Practice, Mirror Therapy, and Action Observation Therapy. • Occupational therapy is vital in addressing cognitive impairments in stroke survivors, and practitioners can apply the evidence provided on interventions such as Virtual Reality and computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation that have shown promise in improving cognition and ADL.

ABSTRACT: Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a nervous disease that affects ruminants, has a worldwide distribution and causes significant economic losses. PEM is abundantly described and studied in cattle and small ruminants, but there is little information about the disease in buffaloes, especially in Brazil. The objective of this work is to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of PEM in buffaloes in a feedlot in the state of Pará, Brazil. The outbreak occurred in a flock of 76 Murrah buffaloes, with an average age of five months, in a feedlot. Twenty-eight of these buffaloes became ill, and thirteen showed neurological signs and died. Two buffaloes underwent necropsy. The brain and fragments of various abdominal and thoracic cavity organs were fixed in 10% formalin and sent for histopathological examination. In the frontal, parietal, and occipital telencephalic lobes, the convolutions were flattened and yellowish, and when cut, there was a clear line of demarcation between the superficial and deep layers. Histologically, the intermediate layers of the cerebral cortex showed mild to moderate vacuolization of the neuropil, moderate enlargement of the perivascular, perineuronal, and periastrocyte spaces, moderate swelling and edema of astrocytes, and a large number of necrotic neurons. The work demonstrates that, despite being poorly documented in Brazil, PEM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological syndromes in buffaloes. ABSTRACT (PEM ruminants losses Brazil Pará 7 months Twentyeight Twenty eight ill died necropsy 10 examination frontal parietal lobes yellowish cut Histologically neuropil perivascular perineuronal spaces astrocytes neurons 1

RESUMO: Polioencefalomalacia (PEM) é uma doença nervosa complexa que afeta ruminantes, tem distribuição mundial e causa perdas econômicas significativas. A PEM é abundantemente descrita e estudada em bovinos e pequenos ruminantes, porém há poucas informações sobre a doença em bubalinos, especialmente no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de PEM em búfalos em um confinamento no estado do Pará, Brasil. O surto ocorreu em um lote de 76 búfalos da raça Murrah, com idade média de cinco meses, em um sistema de confinamento. Vinte e oito desses bubalinos adoeceram e treze apresentaram sinais neurológicos e morreram. Dois bubalinos foram submetidos à necropsia. O encéfalo e fragmentos de diversos órgãos da cavidade abdominal e torácica foram fixados em formol a 10% e enviados para exame histopatológico. Nos lobos frontal, parietal e occipital do telencéfalo as circunvoluções estavam achatadas e amareladas e ao corte havia uma clara linha de demarcação entre as camadas superficial e profunda. Na histologia as camadas intermediárias do córtex cerebral apresentavam vacuolização leve a moderada do neurópilo, aumento moderado dos espaços perivascular, perineuronal e periastrocitário, tumefação e edema moderados de astrócitos e grande número de neurônios necróticos. O trabalho demonstra que, apesar de pouco documentada no Brasil, a PEM deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das síndromes neurológicas em bubalinos. RESUMO (PEM ruminantes significativas Brasil Pará 7 Murrah meses morreram necropsia 10 histopatológico frontal profunda neurópilo perivascular periastrocitário necróticos 1

Abstract Introduction : Chia and flax seeds are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is bioconverted into the active derivatives eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and doco sahexaenoic (DHA) having multiple beneficial effects. However, there is limited knowledge about the anti-inflammatory effects of chia and flax integral flours diets rich in ALA. Objective : The study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary supplementation with integral chia and flax flours in a murine model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Methods : Balb/c mice were distributed into three groups: diet A (control), diet B (supplemented with inte gral chia flour), and diet C (supplemented with integral flax flour). Nutritional, hematological, and biochemical determinations were performed. ALA, EPA, and DHA were assessed by GC-MS in the liver, brain, cardiac and skeletal muscles. NF-kB immunoassays were per formed in kidney, liver, and peritoneal macrophages, respectively. The phagocytic capacity was determined in peritoneal macrophages and the expression of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed by RT-qPCR in the kidney, liver, and spleen. Results : Diets B and C exhibited optimal nutritional adequacy and caused increased levels of ALA, EPA, and DHA in critical tissues compared to the control. The phagocytic capacity of murine peritoneal macrophages (p< 0.01) and IL-10 transcription increased, whereas the expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased in animals fed both experimental diets. Conclusions : This work contributes to the current knowledge of the anti-inflammatory effects of chia and flax integral flours rich in ALA and reinforces the health advantages of their consumption.

Resumen Introducción : Las semillas de chía y lino son ricas en ácido alfa-linolénico (ALA), sus derivados activos eico sapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA) ejercen probados efectos beneficiosos. Existe un conocimiento limitado sobre los efectos protectores de ambas semillas bajo la forma de harinas integrales, siendo de particular interés el efecto antiinflamatorio. Objetivo : El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio de la suplementación dietaria con harinas integrales de semillas de chía y lino en un modelo murino de inflamación sistémica inducido por LPS. Métodos : Ratones de la cepa Balb/c fueron distribui dos en tres grupos: dieta A (control), dieta B (suplemen tada con harina integral de chía) y dieta C (suplementa da con harina integral de lino). Se efecturaron determi naciones nutricionales, hematológicas y bioquímicas. El contenido de ALA, EPA y DHA en hígado, cerebro, corazón y músculo esquelético se determinó por cromatografía GC-MS. Se realizó la inmunodetección de NF-kB en macrófagos peritoneales, riñón e hígado. Se determinó la capacidad fagocítica de macrófagos peritoneales y se evaluó la expresión de citoquinas pro y antiinflamatorias por RT-qPCR en riñón, hígado y bazo. Resultados : Las dietas B y C mostraron una adecua ción nutricional óptima y generaron niveles elevados de ALA, EPA y DHA en tejidos críticos. La capacidad fagocítica de los macrófagos peritoneales (p< 0.01) y la transcripción de IL-10 aumentó, mientras que la expre sión de NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 y TNF-α disminuyó en animales de los grupos B y C. Conclusiones : Este trabajo contribuye al conocimien to actual de los efectos antiinflamatorios de ambas hari nas integrales y refuerza los beneficios de su consumo.

Abstract The apnea test, employed for brain death assessment, aims to demonstrate the absence of respiratory drive due to hypercapnia. The tracheal oxygen insufflation apnea test mode (I-AT) involves disconnecting the pa tient from invasive mechanical ventilation (iMV) for ap proximately 8 minutes while maintaining oxygenation. This test supports the diagnosis of brain death based on a specified increase in PaCO2. Common complications include hypoxemia and hemodynamic instability, and lung collapse-induced reduction in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). In our case series utilizing electrical impedance to mography (EIT), we observed that continuous positive airway pressure during the apnea test (CPAP-AT) effec tively mitigated lung collapse. This resulted in improved pulmonary strain compared to the disconnection of iMV. These findings suggest the potential benefits of routine CPAP-AT, particularly for potential lung donors, emphasizing the relevance of our study in providing quantitative insights into EELV loss and its association with pulmonary strain and potential lung injury.

Resumen La prueba de apnea es una técnica diagnóstica am pliamente utilizada para la evaluación de la muerte cerebral, con el objetivo de demostrar la ausencia de impulso respiratorio debido a la hipercapnia. La variante de la prueba de apnea con insuflación de oxígeno traqueal (I-AT) implica desconectar al pacien te de la ventilación mecánica invasiva (iVM) durante aproximadamente 8 minutos, manteniendo la oxigena ción mediante un catéter de insuflación. Esta prueba respalda el diagnóstico de muerte cerebral cuando se determina un aumento de la PaCO2 superior a 20 mmHg en comparación con el valor inicial o un nivel de PaCO2 superior a 60 mmHg al final de la prueba. En nuestra serie de casos, la implementación de la tomografía de impedancia eléctrica (EIT) reveló que la prueba de apnea con presión positiva continua (CPAP-AT) mitiga eficazmente el colapso pulmonar. Este enfo que resulta en una mejora en la tensión pulmonar en comparación con la desconexión de iMV, demostrando su relevancia en el contexto de potenciales donantes de pulmones.

Abstract Brain abscess is a focal suppurative process pro duced in most cases by bacterial agents. Aggregati bacter aphrophilus is a gram-negative bacteria belong ing to the HACEK group, which causes infective endo carditis, liver abscesses, among others. Brain abscesses secondary to this germ are rare and, in most cases, it is associated with contact with pets, poor dental hygiene or dental procedures. Treatment consists of drainage of the abscess (greater than 2.5 cm) combined with antibiotic therapy, ideally beta-lactams. The case of a 64-year-old male patient with no relevant history is here presented. He was admitted to the emergency service due to headache, hemianopsia of a week’s duration and later tonic-clonic seizures, in whom imaging studies and culture of a brain lesion subse quently revealed a brain abscess due to A. aphrophilus. This case aims to illustrate about the rarity of this infection, because A. aphrophilus is a normal part of the oropharyngeal flora and respiratory tract, in which it rarely causes invasive bacteremia.

Resumen El absceso cerebral es un proceso supurativo focal producido en la mayoría de los casos por agentes bacte rianos. Aggregatibacter aphrophilus es una bacteria gram negativa perteneciente al grupo HACEK, causante de endocarditis infecciosa, abscesos hepáticos, entre otras. Los abscesos cerebrales secundarios a este germen son infrecuentes y en la mayoría de los casos asociados a contactos con animales domésticos, pobre higiene dental o procedimientos odontológicos. El tratamiento consiste en drenaje del absceso (mayores de 2.5 cm) combinado con terapia antibiótica, idealmente betalactámicos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 64 años sin antecedentes de relevancia quien ingresó al servicio de emergencias por cuadro de cefalea, hemianopsias de una semana de evolución y posteriormente crisis tónico clónicas, en quien posteriormente en estudios imageno lógicos y cultivo de lesión cerebral se arribó al diagnóstico de absceso cerebral por A. aphrophilus. Este informe tiene como objetivo ilustrar al lector sobre la rareza de esta infección, debido a que A. aphrophilus forma parte normal de la flora orofaríngea y del tracto respiratorio, en los que rara vez ocasiona bacteriemias invasivas.

ABSTRACT Foundation: cerebrovascular disease is any alteration of one or more brain areas, whether temporary or permanent, secondary to a cerebral circulation disorder of ischemic or hemorrhagic origin. For many years it has been considered one of the main causes of death worldwide. It is among the main causes of death in Ecuador. Objective: to describe the risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases in adult patients diagnosed with cerebrovascular diseases at the Tulcán Sur Health Center over a period of 1 year. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the Tulcán Sur Health Center, over a period of 1 year, from September 2022 to September 2023. The universe consisted of 130 patients. The sociodemographic variables were analyzed: age and sex; clinical: presence or absence of high blood pressure, smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation and sedentary lifestyle. The normality of the data distribution was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies. Quantitative variables were described using the mean and standard deviation. Results: the mean age of the population was 61.0 ± 16.5. The male sex predominated with 70 patients (53.8 %). High blood pressure, smoking and obesity were the most common cardiovascular risk factors with 73 (56.5 %), 79 (60.7 %), 64 (49.2 %) patients respectively. Conclusions: high blood pressure, smoking and obesity were the most prevalent risk factors.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la enfermedad cerebrovascular es toda alteración de una o varias áreas encefálicas, ya sea de forma transitoria o permanente, secundaria a un trastorno de la circulación cerebral de origen isquémico o hemorrágico. Por muchos años ha sido considerada una de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial. Está entre las principales causas de muerte en Ecuador. Objetivo: describir los factores de riesgo de enfermedades cerebrovasculares en pacientes adultos diagnosticados con enfermedades cerebrovasculares en el Centro de Salud Tulcán Sur en un periodo de 1 año. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en el Centro de Salud Tulcán Sur, en un periodo de 1 año, desde septiembre del 2022 a septiembre del 2023. El universo lo constituyeron 130 pacientes. Se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas: edad y sexo; clínicas: presencia o no de hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, alcoholismo, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, fibrilación auricular y sedentarismo. La normalidad de la distribución de los datos fue analizada utilizando la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Las variables categóricas fueron expresadas en frecuencias absoluta y relativa. Las variables cuantitativas se describieron utilizando la media y la desviación típica. Resultados: la media de edad de la población fue de 61,0 ± 16,5. El sexo masculino predominó con 70 pacientes (53,8 %). La hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo y la obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes con 73 (56,5 %), 79 (60,7 %), 64 (49,2 %) pacientes respectivamente. Conclusiones: la hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo y la obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo con más prevalencia.

Resumen El presente ensayo se indaga en el campo interdisciplinario que combina la neurotecnología y la investigación artística para incorporar las obras actuales de la última generación. El objetivo general es indagar la conexión entre el cerebro y la experiencia humana a través de un análisis comparativo de obras de arte contemporáneo en diverso ámbito de neurotecnología, neuroarte y artes mediales. La metodología utilizada en este estudio consiste, tanto en la revisión documental como en la revisión autoral para generar una serie de análisis comparativa. La relación entre la obra de arte y el cerebro humano se basó en algunos resultados de obras de arte de Dikker y Oostrik, y Lieberman. La neurotecnología, la neuroarte y las artes mediales son campos que han generado diversas discusiones y debates en los últimos años. En conclusión, es fundamental para mejorar la creación y la colaboración interdisciplinaria a través de la investigación de neurocientífica.

Abstract This essay investigates in the interdisciplinary field that combines neurotechnology and artistic research to incorporate the current works of the latest generation. The overall goal is to investigate the connection between the brain and the human experience through a comparative analysis of contemporary works of art in various fields of neurotechnology, neuroart, and media arts. The methodology used in this study consists of both documentary and authorial review to generate a series of comparative analyses. The relationship between the artwork and the human brain was based on some results from the works of Dikker and Oostrik, and Lieberman. Neurotechnology, neuroart, and media arts are fields that have generated various discussions and debates in recent years. In conclusion, it is crucial to enhance interdisciplinary creation and collaboration through neuroscientific research.

Abstract The article addresses the topic of executive functions and learning in university students. It is considered relevant at the present time, due to the diverse affectations that are perceived in the academic performance after the pandemic, problems to regulate their learning, the little capacity to look for relevant information and difficulties to abstract significant aspects of the data of interest are more and more evident. From here, the relevance of better understanding the role of executive functions in learning is raised, for which, we begin with several definitions that coincide in characterizing them as those that regulate, control, mediate the higher and more complex activities performed by the brain; they are located in the frontal cortex and have different rates of development throughout the life cycle, from childhood to young adulthood when they reach their full development. In addition to this, the components of executive functions are described, since they are varied depending on the authors and their relationship with learning. The approach is eminently neuropsychological, but there is a brief dialogue with the philosophy of Heidegger, Hume, and Locke. It concludes with several suggestions of possible activities that can be carried out to develop these functions in students.

Resumen El artículo aborda el tema de las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y el aprendizaje en estudiantes universitarios. Se considera relevante en el momento actual, debido a las diversas afectaciones que se perciben en el rendimiento académico luego de la pandemia, siendo cada vez más evidentes los problemas para regular el aprendizaje, la poca capacidad para buscar información relevante y las dificultades para abstraer aspectos significativos de los datos de interés. Desde aquí se plantea la relevancia de comprender mejor el papel de las FE en el aprendizaje, para lo cual, se inicia con varias definiciones que coinciden en caracterizarlas como aquellas que regulan, controlan y mediatizan las actividades superiores y más complejas que realiza el cerebro; se las ubica en el córtex frontal y tienen diversas tasas de desarrollo a lo largo del ciclo vital, desde la infancia hasta la adultez joven, en la que alcanzan su pleno desarrollo. Agregado a esto, se describen los componentes de las FE, puesto que son variados dependiendo de los autores y su relación con el aprendizaje. El enfoque es eminentemente neuropsicológico, pero se realiza un breve diálogo con la filosofía de Heidegger, Hume y Locke. Se concluye con varias sugerencias de posibles actividades que pueden llevarse a cabo para desarrollar estas funciones en los estudiantes.

Resumen La encefalitis aguda es un síndrome caracterizado por alteración del estado de consciencia e inflamación del parénquima encefálico; se asocia con múltiples causas, entre ellas las infecciosas, y entre estas las virales son las más comúnmente identificadas. Para el abordaje de estos pacientes es fundamental realizar una historia clínica y un examen físico detallados, estudios del líquido cefalorraquídeo e, idealmente, una resonancia magnética cerebral. Con estos hallazgos se puede efectuar una aproximación etiológica. De acuerdo con la disponibilidad de estudios diagnósticos, en el 20% o más de los pacientes no se logra establecer la causa. La estabilización inicial y el tratamiento empírico precoz con aciclovir a dosis altas tienen impacto en mortalidad y discapacidad.

Abstract Acute encephalitis is a syndrome characterized by an altered state of consciousness and inflammation of the brain parenchyma. It is associated with multiple causes, including infectious ones, with viral ones being the most commonly identified. To approach these patients, it is essential to perform a detailed clinical history and physical examination, studies of the cerebrospinal fluid, and ideally, a brain MRI. With these findings, an etiological approach can be made. According to the availability of diagnostic studies, in 20% or more of patients the cause cannot be established. Initial stabilization and early empirical treatment with high-dose acyclovir have an impact on mortality and disability.