RESUMO: Uma das causas de perda de produtividade em lavouras de cana está associada à espécie Diatraea saccharalis, também conhecida por broca da cana. Portanto, este estudo avaliou a viabilidade do uso de sensores hiperespectrais para obter a resposta espectral foliar da cana-de-açúcar em diferentes períodos de infestações, tanto a nível foliar quanto dossel, a fim de diagnosticar antecipadamente os danos da Diatraea saccharalis. O estudo contou com três variedades de cana-de-açúcar: CTC9003BT, CTC4 e RB966928. Em metade das parcelas foi utilizado o inseticida Altacor® para o controle de pragas. As coletas de dados ocorreram nas fases: brotação, perfilhamento, crescimento de colmos e início da maturação. Para avaliar os efeitos da broca na cana foi coletado os dados referentes ao conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), assinatura espectral foliar em laboratório e dossel, índices de vegetação (NDVI e MCARI), produtividade, pureza e ATR (Açúcar Total Recuperável). O maior CRA encontrado foi para a CTC9003BT (60,15%) sem inseticida e 59,0% com inseticida. As faixas espectrais do visível (400-680 nm) e infravermelho próximo (750-1300 nm) identificaram variações espectrais nas plantas com e sem broca. O percentual de broca apresentou correlações altas e negativas entre a produtividade, NDVI e ATR, com coeficientes de -0,68, -0,76 e -0,76, respectivamente. Os índices NDVI e MCARI foram eficazes na detecção de plantas sob estresse, contudo, sua variação é influenciada por múltiplos fatores, sendo difícil associá-los a um único problema (broca). RESUMO saccharalis Portanto canadeaçúcar açúcar infestações dossel CTCBT CTC BT RB966928 RB Altacor pragas fases brotação perfilhamento maturação CRA, , (CRA) MCARI, MCARI) Açúcar Recuperável. Recuperável . Recuperável) 60,15% 6015 60 15 (60,15% 590 59 0 59,0 400680 400 680 (400-68 nm 7501300 750 1300 (750-130 0,68, 068 68 -0,68 0,76 076 76 -0,7 0,76, respectivamente estresse contudo fatores associálos associá los (broca) RB96692 (CRA 60,15 601 6 1 (60,15 5 59, 40068 40 (400-6 750130 75 130 (750-13 0,68 06 -0,6 0,7 07 7 -0, (broca RB9669 60,1 (60,1 4006 4 (400- 75013 13 (750-1 0,6 0, -0 RB966 60, (60, (400 7501 (750- - RB96 (60 (40 (750 RB9 (6 (4 (75 ( (7

ABSTRACT: One of the causes of productivity loss in sugarcane cultivation has been associated with the species Diatraea saccharalis, also known as the sugarcane borer. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of using hyperspectral sensors to obtain the leaf spectral response of sugarcane in different periods of infestation at leaf and canopy levels to diagnose D. saccharalis damage in advance. The study included three varieties of sugarcane: CTC9003BT, CTC4, and RB966928. The insecticide Altacor® was used to control pestsin half of the plots. Data collection occurred at the following stages: sprouting, tillering, stalke longation, and early maturation. Data regarding relative water content (RWC), leaf spectral signature in the laboratory and canopy, vegetation indices (NDVI and MCARI), productivity, purity, and total recoverable sugar (TRS) were collected to evaluate the borer effects on the sugarcane crop. The highest RWC was observed for CTC9003BT (60.15%) without insecticide and 59.0% with insecticide. The visible (400-680 nm) and near-infrared (750-1300 nm) spectral bands identified spectral variations in plants with and without sugarcane borer. The percentage of sugarcane borer showed high and negative correlations between productivity, NDVI, and TRS, with coefficients of -0.68, -0.76, and -0.76, respectively. The NDVI and MCARI indices effectively detect plants under stress, but their variation is influenced by multiple factors, making it difficult to associate them with a single problem (sugarcane borer). ABSTRACT Therefore D advance CTCBT CTC BT CTC4 RB966928 RB Altacor plots stages sprouting tillering longation maturation RWC, , (RWC) MCARI, MCARI) purity TRS (TRS crop 60.15% 6015 60 15 (60.15% 590 59 0 59.0 400680 400 680 (400-68 nm nearinfrared near infrared 7501300 750 1300 (750-130 0.68, 068 68 -0.68 0.76, 076 76 -0.76 respectively stress factors . borer) RB96692 (RWC 60.15 601 6 1 (60.15 5 59. 40068 40 (400-6 750130 75 130 (750-13 0.68 06 -0.6 0.76 07 7 -0.7 RB9669 60.1 (60.1 4006 4 (400- 75013 13 (750-1 0.6 -0. 0.7 RB966 60. (60. (400 7501 (750- 0. -0 RB96 (60 (40 (750 - RB9 (6 (4 (75 ( (7

SUMMARY: The anatomical structure of wood from tree species found in floodplain forests can undergo alterations due to seasonal fluctuations in water levels, potentially affecting the volume of wood available for sustainable forest management in inundated areas. Thus, this study aims to characterize the anatomical features of Hura crepitans, Ocotea cymbarum and Eschweilera albiflora, assessing whether these characteristics differ from descriptions reported in previous studies of the same species conducted in other environments. Samples were collected from six adult trees of each species in two sustainable development reserves (SDR), Mamirauá and Amanã, located in the middle Solimões region, state of Amazonas, using a non-destructive method with an increment borer. Two samples were collected from three different heights (0.30, 1.30, and 2.30 m). Microscopic descriptions of the species were determined (porosity, axial parenchyma, rays, fibers, and vessel elements). Two-way factorial ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to verify the differences in the anatomical elements of the wood samples collected at the three heights. The wood of H. crepitans has diffuse porosity, a predominance of solitary vessels, diffuse-in-aggregates, scarce axial parenchyma, non-storied rays, and libriform fibers. The wood of O. cymbarum has solitary vessels in radial multiples, vasicentric axial parenchyma, non-storied rays, and septate fibers. E. albiflora has a radial grouping of vessels, banded parenchyma, and non-storied rays. This study confirms previous descriptions of this species, revealing that its anatomical characteristics remain constant throughout the trunk.

RESUMEN: La estructura anatómica de la madera de las especies de árboles que se encuentran en los bosques de llanuras aluviales puede sufrir alteraciones debido a las fluctuaciones estacionales en los niveles de agua, afectando potencialmente el volumen de madera disponible para el manejo forestal sostenible de las áreas inundadas. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar las características anatómicas de Hura crepitans, Ocotea cymbarum y Eschweilera albiflora, evaluando si estas características difieren de las descripciones reportadas en estudios previos de las mismas especies realizados en otros ambientes. Se recolectaron muestras de seis árboles adultos de cada especie en dos reservas de desarrollo sustentable (RDS), Mamirauá y Amanã, ubicadas en la región media de Solimões, estado de Amazonas, utilizando un método no destructivo con barrenador incremental. Se tomaron dos muestras en cada una de tres alturas diferentes (0,30, 1,30 y 2,30 m). Se determinaron descripciones microscópicas de las especies (porosidad, parénquima axial, radios, fibras y elementos de los vasos). Se utilizó ANOVA factorial de dos vías seguido de la prueba post hoc de Tukey para verificar las diferencias en los elementos anatómicos de las muestras de madera recolectadas en las tres alturas. La madera de H. crepitans tiene porosidad difusa, predominio de vasos solitarios, difusos en agregados y escaso parénquima axial, radios no estratificados y fibras libriformes. La madera de O. cymbarum tiene vasos solitarios en múltiplos radiales, parénquima axial vasicéntrico, radios sin pisos y fibras septadas. La madera de E. albiflora tiene agrupaciones radiales de vasos, parénquima bandeado y radios sin pisos. Este estudio confirma descripciones previas de la especie, revelando que las características anatómicas permanecen sustancialmente constantes en todo el tronco.

Resumo O menor teor de lignina em espécies de plantas com potencial energético resulta na maior facilidade de quebra da celulose, disponibilizando glicose para geração de etanol. Porém, maiores teores de lignina representa um fator de resistência ao ataque de insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar como importantes pragas do sorgo energia, Diatraea saccharalis e Spodoptera frugiperda, se comportam quanto à alimentação e desempenho em sorgo bmr-6, um genótipo mutante com menor concentração de lignina. Foram realizados experimentos em laboratório e casa de vegetação, avaliando o desenvolvimento destas pragas nos híbridos de sorgo biomassa bmr 007, 008, TX635 e seus respectivos genótipos isogênicos convencionais (sem o gene bmr). O teor de lignina foi maior nos híbridos não bmr, mas nos parâmetros avaliados nos insetos, houve variação entre os tratamentos, não sendo consistente em apenas um híbrido e nem por ser ou não bmr. A menor sobrevivência de S. frugiperda foi verificada no híbrido BR008 tanto bmr quanto não bmr. As notas de injúria por S. frugiperda no sorgo em casa de vegetação foram altas (>7) em todos os tratamentos. Para D. saccharalis, não houve diferença significativa para a sobrevivência larval em laboratório, mas em casa de vegetação o híbrido BR007 tanto bmr quanto não bmr proporcionaram maior sobrevivência. Diante da necessidade de diversificar a matriz energética e o fato de que não foi comprovada neste estudo maior suscetibilidade dos híbridos bmr a ambas as pragas, estes resultados são promissores para o cultivo desses híbridos de sorgo biomassa para produção de biocombustíveis.

Abstract The lower lignin content in plants species with energy potential results in easier cellulose breakdown, making glucose available for ethanol generation. However, higher lignin levels can increase resistance to insect attack. The objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of a bmr-6 biomass sorghum (a mutant genotype with a lower concentration of lignin) to important pests of energy sorghum, Diatraea saccharalis and Spodoptera frugiperda. Experiments were performed in the laboratory and greenhouse to evaluate the development of these pests on the biomass sorghum bmr hybrids BR007, BR008, and TX635 and their respective conventional near-isogenic genotypes (without the bmr gene). The lignin content was higher in non-bmr hybrids, but the evaluated insect variables varied between treatments, not being consistent in just one hybrid or because it is bmr or not. The lowest survival of S. frugiperda was observed in the BR008 hybrid, both bmr and non-bmr. The S. frugiperda injury scores on plants in the greenhouse were high (>7) in all treatments. For D. saccharalis, there was no difference in larval survival in the laboratory, but in the greenhouse, the BR007 hybrid, both bmr and non-bmr, provided greater survival. Due the need to diversify the energy matrix and the fact that greater susceptibility of the bmr hybrids to either pests was not found in this study, these results hold promise for cultivation of these biomass sorghum hybrids for the production of biofuels.

Resumo A cultura do milho é utilizada na alimentação humana, pecuária e avícola, bem como na panificação, flocos de milho, xarope de milho, amido de milho e óleos de milho. O estudo de campo consistiu em um ensaio experimental sobre a incidência desse complexo de insetos-praga na cultivar de milho Azam durante a temporada de Kharif 2020 na Estação de Pesquisa Agrícola, Baffa, Mansehra. O ensaio foi estabelecido no Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) e, em seguida, dividido em três repetições. O resultado obtido no ensaio mostrou que várias espécies de pragas foram registradas durante o período experimental; no entanto, foi observado um baixo nível da população. As espécies de insetos obtidas foram pulgão-da-folha-do-milho (6,90 ± 5,5) – por polegada quadrada –, cigarrinha-do-milho (1,32 ± 0,63), broca-do-caule-do-milho (0,63 ± 0,29), besouro-da-pulga-do-milho (0,43 ± 0,28), tripses (0,38 ± 0,22), lagarta-cabeluda (0,21 ± 0,22), gafanhoto (0,17 ± 0,11) e mosca (0,11 ± 0,08) ao longo da temporada

Abstract The maize crop is used as food for humans, livestock and poultries forms, it is also used in bread making, corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch and corn oils. The field study consisted of one experimental trial, about the incidence of that insect pest complex on maize cultivar Azam during the Kharif season 2020 at the Agricultural, Research Station, Baffa, Mansehra. The trial was laid out in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and then it was divided into three replications. The result obtained from the trial showed that a number of the pest species were recorded during the experimental period; however, the population was noticed at a low level. The obtained insect species were corn leaf aphid (6.90 ± 5.5) per square inch, corn leafhopper (1.32 ± 0.63), maize stem borer (0.63 ± 0.29), corn flea beetle (0.43 ± 0.28), Thrips (0.38 ± 0.22), Hairy caterpillar (0.21 ± 0.22), Grasshopper (0.17 ± 0.11) and shoot fly (0.11 ± 0.08) throughout the season

ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

ABSTRACT The physical and chemical attributes of coffee beans have a direct relation with the sensory quality of the beverage and the commodity’s market value. The coffee berry borer is a pest that causes a worldwide harm, and its infestation compromises bean health and composition. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of infestation levels on beans physical and chemical parameters. Coffee samples were collected, and the damaged beans present in the samples were classified as to infestation level. The centesimal composition, color, quantification of bioactive compounds, and organic acids were evaluated. The L* and b* parameters of the CIELab color system were found to be significantly different between infestation levels. For chemical parameters, beans with major levels of infestation were found to differ from the others in the content of sugars, lipids, soluble solids, total titratable acidity, electrical conductivity, potassium leaching, succinic acid, and acetic acid. The presence of pests did not affect the bioactive compounds present in the coffee beans. commoditys commodity s value harm composition collected level evaluated L b sugars lipids solids acidity conductivity leaching acid

ABSTRACT Here, single-trap, multiple-release-recapture field experiments were used for the first time to estimate the trap sampling area and absolute population density from trap catches for the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). Fluorescent-dusted CBBs were released at several distances at all four cardinal points from an ethanol-methanol-baited multifunnel trap. Only 2.6 % of released beetles were recaptured, and recaptures decreased significantly with increasing release distances. The recapture analyses revealed that CBB moves randomly in the field and disperses at a maximum of 22.2 m. Despite the short plume of the trap (1.3 m), the calculated trap sampling area was 0.17 ha, with an overall catch probability of 0.01. Therefore, capturing 100 CBBs trap –1 ha –1 at the early filling stage of coffee beans reflects a 20.2 million borers ha –1 population at harvest. This results in a projected bean loss of 60.3 kg ha –1 . The findings shed light on improvements in using semiochemical traps and interpretations of catch data to enhance the CBB integrated management. Future studies on the performance of attractants and trap designs in different coffee farmscapes are encouraged to adopt the present methodology. Here singletrap, singletrap single trap, single-trap multiplereleaserecapture multiple (CBB Ferrari. Ferrari (Ferrari) Fluorescentdusted Fluorescent dusted ethanolmethanolbaited ethanol methanol baited 26 2 6 2. recaptured 222 22 22. m 1.3 13 1 3 (1. m, , m) 017 0 17 0.1 001 01 0.01 Therefore 10 – 202 20 20. harvest 603 60 60. management methodology (Ferrari 1. (1 0. 00 0.0 (

ABSTRACT The cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), reduces the productive potential of maize crops and is a difficult pest to manage. A management program using different methods could improve the control of E. lignosellus. Considering the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in reducing insect pest populations in soil, the objective of this study was to evaluate the virulence of these EPN and adjust their concentration for controlling E. lignosellus larvae under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, the virulence of five EPN populations was tested; then, Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01 was tested at four concentrations. In the greenhouse, H. amazonensis MC01 was tested at four concentrations and was applied to vessels containing maize plants and six larvae. After five days, mortality was evaluated, and means were compared using Tukey’s test (p-value < 0.05). Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01 and S. carpocapsae All were equally virulent, reducing the larva population by more than 90%. The concentration of H. amazonensis MC01 that caused the highest mortality of larvae in the laboratory was 182 infective juveniles (IJ) larva-1. In the greenhouse, the nematode was also considered virulent to E. lignosellus since all concentrations tested caused larval mortality greater than 70%. borer Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pyralidae, Pyralidae , Pyralidae) manage E (EPN soil conditions then MC MC0 H days evaluated Tukeys Tukey s pvalue p value 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) S 90 90% 18 IJ (IJ larva1. larva1 1. 1 larva-1 70 70% 00 0.0 9 larva- 7 0.

Larvae of the nut borer complex, which include Thaumatotibia leucotreta, T. batrachopa, Cryptophlebia peltastica and Ectomyelois ceratoniae, cause extensive economic damage to macadamias in South Africa. Monitoring the changing species composition in this complex over a growing season provides valuable information for managing populations. In this study, pheromone traps were placed in two orchards planted with two different cultivars and used to monitor moth numbers over a 28-week period, while larval numbers and nut damage were monitored weekly over a 21-week period from the onset of flowering. Larvae were identified using a combination of morphology and DNA sequences of ~658 bp of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Both larval and moth numbers were dominated by T. leucotreta, followed by T. batrachopa, with respective trap catches of 69% and 27%. Spearman correlations indicated strong linear relationships between nut diameter and numbers of eggs per nut for both the Beaumont and 816 cultivars. Poor correlations were found between weekly moth numbers and the number of eggs per nut. A two- to three-week lag was observed between weekly T. leucotreta trap catches and egg numbers. In contrast, egg numbers correlated strongly with larval infestation levels and the incidence of damaged nuts. Although the numbers of eggs and larvae were higher in Beaumont than cv. 816 nuts, higher incidences of nuts with husk and kernel damage were recorded for cv. 816. This study highlights the importance of monitoring of moth and larval numbers in macadamia orchards and showed that such data could be used to predict pest incidence during the season. This study questions the norm in South Africa, which is that macadamia nut borer (MNB) is usually the most abundant species in the nut borer complex.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate biological alternatives for the management of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari), on individuals inside brocaded fruits, its effect on the total yield (kg ha-1), economic feasibility of each treatment evaluated. through a partial budget analysis, dominance analysis and marginal rate of return in Jalapa, Nicaragua. A quantitative, applied study was carried out, with a Randomized Complete Block experimental design (BCA), with six treatments and four repetitions, three biological products, one chemical, a combination of chemical-cultural management (trap) and an absolute control, whose variables were subjected to an analysis of variance and separation of means by Tukey test (0.05). It was determined that there was no significant effect of the treatments on the borer control, the pest’s affectation increases the fruit develops, causing losses between 20 and 78 % throughout the cycle. The economic analysis showed that all treatments are profitable, having a high marginal rate of return, The Curador® treatment is the one with the highest net benefit, followed by trap plus Curador® and Bea Blue®, constituting alternatives for the biological management of the borer.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar alternativas biológicas para el manejo de la broca de café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari), sobre la población de individuos dentro de frutos brocados, su efecto en el rendimiento total (kg/ha), factibilidad económica de cada tratamiento evaluado a través de un análisis de presupuesto parcial, análisis de dominancia y tasa de retorno marginal en Jalapa, Nicaragua. Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, aplicado, con un diseño experimental de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA), con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, tres productos biológicos, un químico, una combinación de químico-manejo cultural (trampa) y un testigo absoluto, cuyas variables fueron sometidas a un análisis de varianza y separación de medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (0,05), se determinó que no hubo efecto significativo de los tratamientos en el control de la broca, las afectaciones de la plaga se incrementan a medida que se desarrolla el fruto provocando pérdidas de entre el 20 y 78 % en todo el ciclo. El análisis económico mostró que todos los tratamientos son rentables, al tener una tasa de retorno marginal alta, el tratamiento Curador® es el de mayor beneficio neto, seguido de trampa más Curador® y Bea Blue®, constituyéndose como alternativas de manejo biológico de la broca.

Abstract The stem borer (Diatraea spp.) is the primary pest of sugarcane worldwide. In the Córdoba-Golfo sugarcane region, Veracruz, Mexico, the distribution and damage by the Diatraea spp. complex has been little studied, which causes biases in the estimation of the impact. The objective of the study was to determine the spatial-temporal damage by Diatraea spp. larvae during the production cycle from January 2020 to January 2021. A total of n=21 plots were selected in seven localities, and the number of stems bored by Diatraea spp. larvae was determined, with which isodensity maps were generated with the Suprakml software and Google Earth Pro®. The interaction between crop age, studied sites, and bored stems was analyzed with a two-way variance test (α< 0.05) with the Rstudio v3.6 software. The distribution of damage by Diatraea spp. larvae showed a clustered spatial arrangement, with the largest number of stems bored in the Actopan site, while in Palmillas, the population behaved as a focus of infestation. The number of bored stems was constant, but from January to April 2020, the damage increased, coinciding with the vegetative development period of the crop. The interaction analysis presented a negative effect since, as the age of the crop increased, the damage decreased, while Palmillas showed statistical differences with respect to the rest of the sites, so it is concluded that this site is the possible nucleus of dispersion of the pest.

Resumen El barrenador del tallo (Diatraea spp.) es la principal plaga de la caña de azúcar a nivel mundial. En la región cañera Córdoba-Golfo, Veracruz, México la distribución y daño por el complejo Diatraea spp., ha sido poco estudiado lo que causa sesgos en la estimación del impacto. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el daño espacio-temporal por larvas de Diatraea spp., durante el ciclo productivo enero de 2020 a enero de 2021. Se seleccionaron n= 21 parcelas en siete localidades y se determinó el número de tallos perforados por larvas de Diatraea spp., con lo que se generaron mapas de isodensidad con el software Suprakml y Google Earth Pro®. La interacción entre la edad del cultivo, los sitios estudiados y los tallos perforados se analizaron con una prueba de varianza de dos vías (α< 0.05) con el software Rstudio v3.6. La distribución de daño por larvas de Diatraea spp., mostró un arreglo espacial agrupado, con el mayor número de tallos perforados en el sitio Actopan, mientras que, en Palmillas la población se comportó como un foco de infestación. El número de tallos barrenados fue constante, pero de enero a abril de 2020 se incrementó el daño coincidiendo con el periodo de desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo. El análisis de interacción presentó un efecto negativo, conforme aumentaba la edad del cultivo disminuía el daño, mientras que Palmillas mostró diferencias estadísticas con respecto al resto de los sitios, por lo que se concluye que este sitio es el posible núcleo de dispersión de la plaga.

Resumen Introducción: Poco se conoce del potencial dendrocronológico de las Podocarpáceas en el trópico. Objetivo: Explorar el potencial dendrocronológico de tres especies de podocarpáceas: Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Podocarpus oleifolius y Prumnopitys harmsiana. Métodos: De plantaciones no manejadas localizadas en los Andes colombianos, se muestrearon y analizaron 88 árboles: 30 muestras de R. rospigliosii provenientes de secciones transversales, 30 y 28 muestras de P. oleifolius y P. harmsiana, respectivamente, provenientes de núcleos de madera extraídos con barreno de incrementos. Las muestras se procesaron siguiendo las técnicas dendrocronológicas estándar. Resultados: En general, las características anatómicas de los anillos de crecimiento son similares para las tres especies, con una anatomía simple de traqueidas alineadas radialmente por tratarse de coníferas. Dado que la edad conocida de la plantación coincide con el número de anillos se considera una fuerte evidencia de la frecuencia anual de su formación en R. rospigliosii y P. oleifolius, las cuales presentaron buena sincronización (cofechado) con una inter-correlación promedio de 0.55 (r-Pearson). Para P. harmsiana no fue posible concretar series de ancho de anillos de las muestras recolectadas. Las series estandarizadas de R. rospigliosii y P. oleifolius mostraron una relación con los registros instrumentales de precipitación y temperatura, indicando que estas especies pueden ser promisorias para estudios adicionales. Conclusión: La investigación dendrocronología con especies de Podocarpáceas podría realizarse exitosamente con R. rospigliosii y P. oleifolius, pero no con P. harmsiana.

Abstract Introduction: Little is known about the dendrochronological potential of Podocarpaceaes in the tropics. Objective: To explore the dendrochronological potential of three Podocarpaceae species: Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Podocarpus oleifolius, and Prumnopitys harmsiana. Methods: From a non-managed plantation in the Andean cordillera in Colombia, a total of 88 trees were analyzed: 30 samples of cross-sections of R. rospigliosii, and 30 and 28 samples of P. oleifolius and P. harmsiana, respectively, obtained with an increment borer. Samples were processed according to standard dendrochronological methods. Results: The anatomical characteristics of the growth rings of the three species are similar, with a simple conifer anatomy with radially oriented tracheids. Since the known age of the plantation coincides with the number of tree rings this is strong evidence of annual tree-ring frequency of R. rospigliosii and P. oleifolius which also showed a satisfactory cross-dating with an average inter-correlation of 0.55 (r-Pearson). For P. harmsiana, it was not possible to build a tree-ring series from the collected samples. R. rospigliosii and P. oleifolius standardized ring-width chronologies showed a relationship with the instrumental records of rainfall and temperature, indicating these species may be promising further studies. Conclusions: Dendrochronological research with Podocarpaceae species could be carried out successfully with R. rospigliosii and P. oleifolius but not with P. harmsiana.

ABSTRACT This study documents the presence of Trachyderes succincta succincta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerambycidae) which is distributed from Mexico to Argentina, It has a characteristic yellow or yellowish-brown transverse band and is reported in Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae) which is a plant of medicinal use and of climatic importance for CO2 storage, in the city of Iquitos, Peru. Both samples were identified using taxonomic keys. It was determined that the beetle shows preference for plant species of the order Fabales, providing valuable information on the interaction of the beetle and plants in Amazonia.

RESUMEN Este estudio documenta la presencia de Trachyderes succincta succincta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerambycidae) que se distribuye desde México hasta Argentina, tiene una característica banda transversal amarilla o marrón amarillenta y es reportada en Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae) la cual es una planta de uso medicinal y de importancia climática para el almacenamiento de CO2, en la ciudad de Iquitos, Perú. Ambas muestras fueron identificadas utilizando claves taxonómicas. Se determinó que el escarabajo muestra preferencia por especies vegetales del orden Fabales, proporcionando información valiosa sobre la interacción del escarabajo y las plantas en la Amazonía.

Resumen En los últimos años, se ha observado en los bosques templados de la Montaña de Guerrero a pinos con marchitez, amarillamiento del follaje, tallos secos y algunos individuos muertos; síntomas atribuibles al ataque de diversos organismos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar a los insectos causantes del daño en Pinus pseudostrobus en fragmentos de bosque de pino en la comunidad Plan de Guadalupe, además de evaluar el nivel de infestación. Se establecieron tres sitios de 400 m2 para determinar el nivel de daño de cada individuo, registrar el número de grumos en el fuste y el diámetro normal. Se recolectaron larvas y pupas para su determinación taxonómica. La palomilla resinera o barrenador de pino Synanthedon cardinalis fue el insecto presente en el fuste de los árboles vivos de pino en el área de estudio. Este es el primer registro de la especie en la comunidad Plan de Guadalupe y para el estado de Guerrero. Se observó que las larvas producen grumos de resina color rosado, además al crecer forman túneles en el floema y la zona del cambium. La infestación en los tres sitios fue de 9.09 %. La altura promedio de ubicación de los grumos fue de 70.9 cm y la media del número de grumos de 2.81.

Abstract Fires are part of the cycle of some ecosystems and can cause the degradation of others. Their main causes are anthropogenic, including, among others, poorly extinguished bonfires, agricultural activities, and dumping of garbage, all of which generate habitat loss and air pollution on a large scale. This paper refers to the application of a genetic algorithm based on an ant colony to generate, at a theoretical level, verification routes for the monitoring and early detection of forest fires in the State of Mexico by means of unmanned aerial devices, as it is one of the entities with the highest number of forest fires in Mexico. The data used in the proposal were drawn from the reports generated by the National Forestry Commission (Comisión Nacional Forestal, Conafor). During the analysis process, those municipalities that have been affected in at least three different geographic locations were filtered out. In the course of the evaluation process, the software developed displayed the routes with the shortest distances, reordering the filtered localities. Finally, a map is displayed pinpointing the localities where a forest fire has occurred and showing the approximate distance of the entire route. The new routes planned with this procedure resulted in an average 54 % reduction compared to a sequential route.

Resumen Las especies Aegomorphus quadrigibbus (Say) y Thryallis undatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) fueron identificados causando daño a árboles de limón persa en huertas del municipio de Martínez de la Torre, en el centro del estado de Veracruz, México. Se observaron perforaciones realizadas por los adultos para ovopositar los huevos en troncos y ramas, con galerías de entre dos y cinco cm de profundidad, que causaron la desecación de las ramas y, en algunos casos, la muerte total de los árboles. En árboles previamente afectados por patógenos vasculares o con deficiencias de nutrientes, el daño fue más severo porque las larvas formaron galerías que rodearon el tronco o las ramas, impidiendo el flujo de nutrientes. La incidencia media en los árboles muestreados fue del 10,8%. Dado que la zona de Martínez de la Torre es la región productora de limón persa más importante de México, es necesario monitorear los cultivos para determinar la presencia de insectos y desarrollar estudios para definir niveles de daño y estrategias de manejo de las poblaciones de insectos cuando se requiera. Este es el primer registro de A. quadrigibbus y T. undatus asociados con árboles de la familia Rutaceae y que causan daños en los huertos de limón persa.

Abstract The species Aegomorphus quadrigibbus (Say) and Thryallis undatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were identified causing damage to Persian lime trees in Martínez de la Torre municipality orchards, in central Veracruz state, Mexico. Ovopositions made by the adults to lay eggs on trunks and branches were observed, with galleries between two and five cm deep, which caused the branches to dry up and, in some cases, complete death of the trees. In trees previously affected with vascular pathogens or with nutrient deficiencies, the damage was more severe because the larvae formed galleries that surrounded the trunk or branches, preventing the flow of nutrients. The average incidence in the sampled trees was 10,8%. Since the Martínez de la Torre area is the most important Persian lime production region in Mexico, it is necessary to monitor crops to determine the presence of insects and develop studies to define levels of damage and management strategies for their insects’ populations when required. This is the first record of A. quadrigibbus and T. undatus associated with trees of the Rutaceae family and causing damage to Persian lime orchards.