RESUMO: Uma das causas de perda de produtividade em lavouras de cana está associada à espécie Diatraea saccharalis, também conhecida por broca da cana. Portanto, este estudo avaliou a viabilidade do uso de sensores hiperespectrais para obter a resposta espectral foliar da cana-de-açúcar em diferentes períodos de infestações, tanto a nível foliar quanto dossel, a fim de diagnosticar antecipadamente os danos da Diatraea saccharalis. O estudo contou com três variedades de cana-de-açúcar: CTC9003BT, CTC4 e RB966928. Em metade das parcelas foi utilizado o inseticida Altacor® para o controle de pragas. As coletas de dados ocorreram nas fases: brotação, perfilhamento, crescimento de colmos e início da maturação. Para avaliar os efeitos da broca na cana foi coletado os dados referentes ao conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), assinatura espectral foliar em laboratório e dossel, índices de vegetação (NDVI e MCARI), produtividade, pureza e ATR (Açúcar Total Recuperável). O maior CRA encontrado foi para a CTC9003BT (60,15%) sem inseticida e 59,0% com inseticida. As faixas espectrais do visível (400-680 nm) e infravermelho próximo (750-1300 nm) identificaram variações espectrais nas plantas com e sem broca. O percentual de broca apresentou correlações altas e negativas entre a produtividade, NDVI e ATR, com coeficientes de -0,68, -0,76 e -0,76, respectivamente. Os índices NDVI e MCARI foram eficazes na detecção de plantas sob estresse, contudo, sua variação é influenciada por múltiplos fatores, sendo difícil associá-los a um único problema (broca). RESUMO saccharalis Portanto canadeaçúcar açúcar infestações dossel CTCBT CTC BT RB966928 RB Altacor pragas fases brotação perfilhamento maturação CRA, , (CRA) MCARI, MCARI) Açúcar Recuperável. Recuperável . Recuperável) 60,15% 6015 60 15 (60,15% 590 59 0 59,0 400680 400 680 (400-68 nm 7501300 750 1300 (750-130 0,68, 068 68 -0,68 0,76 076 76 -0,7 0,76, respectivamente estresse contudo fatores associálos associá los (broca) RB96692 (CRA 60,15 601 6 1 (60,15 5 59, 40068 40 (400-6 750130 75 130 (750-13 0,68 06 -0,6 0,7 07 7 -0, (broca RB9669 60,1 (60,1 4006 4 (400- 75013 13 (750-1 0,6 0, -0 RB966 60, (60, (400 7501 (750- - RB96 (60 (40 (750 RB9 (6 (4 (75 ( (7

ABSTRACT: One of the causes of productivity loss in sugarcane cultivation has been associated with the species Diatraea saccharalis, also known as the sugarcane borer. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of using hyperspectral sensors to obtain the leaf spectral response of sugarcane in different periods of infestation at leaf and canopy levels to diagnose D. saccharalis damage in advance. The study included three varieties of sugarcane: CTC9003BT, CTC4, and RB966928. The insecticide Altacor® was used to control pestsin half of the plots. Data collection occurred at the following stages: sprouting, tillering, stalke longation, and early maturation. Data regarding relative water content (RWC), leaf spectral signature in the laboratory and canopy, vegetation indices (NDVI and MCARI), productivity, purity, and total recoverable sugar (TRS) were collected to evaluate the borer effects on the sugarcane crop. The highest RWC was observed for CTC9003BT (60.15%) without insecticide and 59.0% with insecticide. The visible (400-680 nm) and near-infrared (750-1300 nm) spectral bands identified spectral variations in plants with and without sugarcane borer. The percentage of sugarcane borer showed high and negative correlations between productivity, NDVI, and TRS, with coefficients of -0.68, -0.76, and -0.76, respectively. The NDVI and MCARI indices effectively detect plants under stress, but their variation is influenced by multiple factors, making it difficult to associate them with a single problem (sugarcane borer). ABSTRACT Therefore D advance CTCBT CTC BT CTC4 RB966928 RB Altacor plots stages sprouting tillering longation maturation RWC, , (RWC) MCARI, MCARI) purity TRS (TRS crop 60.15% 6015 60 15 (60.15% 590 59 0 59.0 400680 400 680 (400-68 nm nearinfrared near infrared 7501300 750 1300 (750-130 0.68, 068 68 -0.68 0.76, 076 76 -0.76 respectively stress factors . borer) RB96692 (RWC 60.15 601 6 1 (60.15 5 59. 40068 40 (400-6 750130 75 130 (750-13 0.68 06 -0.6 0.76 07 7 -0.7 RB9669 60.1 (60.1 4006 4 (400- 75013 13 (750-1 0.6 -0. 0.7 RB966 60. (60. (400 7501 (750- 0. -0 RB96 (60 (40 (750 - RB9 (6 (4 (75 ( (7

ABSTRACT. The infestation of boring polychaetes can represent a serious problem for mollusks in natural populations and aquaculture. In the Mexican Pacific, their effects have been scarcely studied. So, this research aimed to analyze the infestation levels of Polydora sp. on Nodipecten subnodosus in the Ojo de Liebre Lagoon. Between May 2014 and October 2015, 639 specimens from four banks were collected to examine the spatial and temporal variations of the number of blisters by valve and their relationships with the scallop size. Around the lagoon mouth, the smaller scallops (<51 cm2) dominated, having the higher infestation percentages: Chocolatero: 88 ind (61%), Zacatoso: 86 ind (51%). In contrast, the larger scallops (51-89 cm2) were found in the inner lagoon, with smaller percentages of infestation: La Concha: 35 ind (21%) and El Datil: 29 ind (19%). The right valves, in closer contact with the bottom, were more infested than the left; those from Chocolatero and Zacatoso had more blisters (right 51-61%, left 14-15%), whereas in La Concha and El Datil both valves had fewer blisters (right 19-21%, left 6-8%). Larger scallops (51-89 cm2) from La Concha had low (5 ind) and medium (4 ind) infestation levels, and those smaller from Chocolatero (13-51 cm2) had high levels (34 ind). However, the relationship size scallop-infestation level needed to be clarified since larger scallops of El Datil also had high infestation levels (6 ind), and smaller specimens of Zacatoso showed lower (25 ind) and medium (27 ind) levels.

Resumen La velocidad de crecimiento en altura de Swietenia macrophylla destaca en términos de resistencia al ataque del barrenador Hypsipyla grandella y la selección de familias de rápido crecimiento puede viabilizar las plantaciones comerciales. Los caracteres altura, diámetro, número de hojas y forma del tronco de árboles de 4 familias de S. macrophylla, de 47,5 meses de edad, plantados en Ucayali, Perú, se utilizaron para investigar la posibilidad de seleccionar genotipos de rápido crecimiento. La heredabilidad promedio (h2m) y la precisión selectiva (Acprog) entre familias fueron moderadas para la altura total (Ht: h2m: 0,407; Acprog: 0,638) y la altura comercial (Hc: h2m: 0.472; Acprog: 0.687), además de que Hc correlacionó positivamente con la susceptibilidad a el ataque del taladro. La forma del fuste mostró diferencias importantes entre las familias y alta h2m (0,984) y Acprog (0,921). Las correlaciones genéticas (r g ) y fenotípicas (r f ) entre rasgos mostraron que una selección de individuos con mayores alturas generalmente resultará en un mayor crecimiento en diámetro, número de hojas y mejor forma del tallo. El estudio destaca la importancia de seleccionar familias con rápido crecimiento en altura y tallos rectos para posibilitar, mejorar la calidad y aumentar la productividad de las plantaciones comerciales con la especie.

Abstract The speed of growth in height of Swietenia macrophylla stands out in terms of resistance to attack by the Hypsipyla grandella borer and the selection of fast-growing families can make commercial plantings viable. The characters height, diameter, number of leaves and stem form of trees from 4 families of S. macrophylla, aged 47.5 months, planted in Ucayali, Peru, were used to investigate the possibility of selecting fast-growing genotypes. The average heritability (h2m) and selective accuracy (Acprog) between families were moderate for total height (Ht: h2m: 0.407; Acprog: 0.638) and commercial height (Hc: h2m: 0.472; Acprog: 0.687), in addition to Hc positively correlating with susceptibility to the drill attack. The stem form showed statistical differences between families and great h2m (0.984) and Acprog (0.921). The genetic (r g ) and phenotypic (r f ) correlations between traits showed that a selection of individuals with greater heights will generally result in greater growth in diameter, number of leaves and better stem form. The study highlights the importance of selecting families with fast growth in height and straight stems to enable, improve the quality and increase the productivity of commercial plantations with the species.

Resumen Se estudió la dinámica poblacional de la Broca del Café (BC) Hypothenemus hampei bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas y altitudinales, en cinco parcelas de Coffea arabica, con una densidad de 5.000 árboles en un gradiente altitudinal, donde se instalaron estaciones meteorológicas. En cada parcela se seleccionaron 30 árboles aleatoriamente y se evaluaron los niveles de infestación, dispersión y densidad poblacional, cada mes durante 3 años. Los resultados mostraron un incremento del 23,9 %, 20,2 % y 5,9 % de infestación de BC a 1.132 m durante tres periodos: El Niño, Neutro y La Niña, respectivamente, en contraste con 5,3 %, 2,1% y 2, 5% de infestación a 1.822 m. El número promedio de individuos de broca por árbol durante un periodo El Niño fue de 1.850, en comparación a 1.376 y 629 individuos durante un periodo Neutro y La Niña. La temperatura mostró un incremento de 2,5 °C por encima del promedio histórico por efectos del fenómeno El Niño. La dispersión de broca mostró una relación positiva y negativa de tipo exponencial con la temperatura y la altitud, que significó totales acumulados de 2´815.332 individuos capturados en trampas durante el periodo El Niño, en comparación con 1´650.897 en el periodo neutro y 173.814 en La Niña. Se presentó una epizootia natural del hongo Beauveria bassiana que ocasionó mortalidades entre 85 % y 95 % en las poblaciones de broca. Los transectos altitudinales en una misma cuenca hidrográfica sirven para entender las interacciones entre las plagas, el clima y sus enemigos naturales, que permiten generar alertas tempranas para desarrollar estrategias de control.

Abstract The population dynamics of the Coffee Berry Borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei was studied under different climatic and altitudinal conditions, in five Coffea arabica plots, with a density of 5,000 trees in an altitudinal gradient, where meteorological stations were installed. In each plot, 30 trees were randomly selected, and the levels of infestation, dispersion and population density were evaluated every month for 3 years. The results showed an increase of 23.9 %, 20.2 % and 5.9 % of CBB infestation at 1,132 m during an El Niño, Neutral and La Niña period respectively, in contrast to 5.3 %, 2.1 % and 2.5 % infestation at 1,822 m. The average number of CBB individuals per tree during an El Niño period was 1,850, compared to 1,376 and 629 individuals during a Neutral and La Niña period. The temperature showed an increase of 2,5°C above the historical average due to the effects of the El Niño phenomenon. CBB dispersal showed a positive and negative exponential relationship with temperature and altitude, with a cumulative total of 2´815,332 individuals caught in traps during the El Niño period, compared to 1´650,897 and 173,814 in a Neutral and La Niña period, respectively. There was a natural epizootic of the Beauveria bassiana fungus that caused mortalities between 85 % and 95 % in the CBB populations. Altitudinal transects in the same hydrographic basin serve to understand the interactions between pests, the climate, and their natural enemies, which allow generating early warnings to develop control strategies.

RESUMEN Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) es una plaga importante en los cereales almacenados en Colombia, que causa pérdidas significativas en la producción. El control químico es la principal herramienta utilizada en el país, a pesar del uso común de insecticidas, como la deltametrina, se ha observado resistencia en algunas poblaciones colombianas, pero es un problema mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia de la deltametrina y la combinación de deltametrina más butóxido de piperonilo en poblaciones colombianas de R. dominica. Pruebas de falla de control y supervivencia, revelaron que las dosis recomendadas en las etiquetas de los productos eran insuficientes para proteger el grano de esta plaga. La falla de control mostró a que la mortalidad no superó el 80 por ciento en las poblaciones estudiadas. Se observaron diferencias de susceptibilidad entre poblaciones, destacando El Espinal y Neiva como las menos susceptibles y Pore como la más sensible a la acción de los insecticidas. La combinación de deltametrina y butóxido de piperonilo redujo la supervivencia del insecto, pero no lo controló eficazmente (0-20%). Estos resultados sugieren que R. dominica puede estar desarrollando resistencia a los insecticidas, como se ha constatado en otros países. Esto subraya la importancia de realizar estudios toxicológicos y la necesidad de investigar moléculas con diversos modos de acción, contribuyendo al fortalecimiento de las estrategias de manejo químico. Para lograr un control eficaz, es necesario aplicar el manejo integrado de plagas enfocándose en métodos de control alternativos al químico.

ABSTRACT Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is a major pest in stored cereals in Colombia, which causes significant losses in production. Chemical control is the main tool used in the country, and despite the common use of insecticides such as deltamethrin, resistance has been observed in some Colombian populations but is a worldwide problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin and the combination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide in Colombian populations of R. dominica. Failure to control and survival tests showed that the recommended doses on product labels were insufficient to protect the grain from this pest. Failure control demonstrated that mortality did not exceed 80 percent in the populations studied. Differences in susceptibility were observed between populations, with El Espinal and Neiva highlighted as less susceptible and Pore as the most sensitive to the action of insecticides. The combination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide reduced insect survival but did not effectively control it (0-20%). These results suggest that R. dominica may be developing resistance to insecticides, as has been found in other countries. This underscores the importance of conducting toxicological studies and the need to investigate molecules with diverse modes of action, contributing to the strengthening of chemical management strategies. To achieve effective control, it is necessary to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) with a focus on alternative methods to chemical control.

Larvae of the nut borer complex, which include Thaumatotibia leucotreta, T. batrachopa, Cryptophlebia peltastica and Ectomyelois ceratoniae, cause extensive economic damage to macadamias in South Africa. Monitoring the changing species composition in this complex over a growing season provides valuable information for managing populations. In this study, pheromone traps were placed in two orchards planted with two different cultivars and used to monitor moth numbers over a 28-week period, while larval numbers and nut damage were monitored weekly over a 21-week period from the onset of flowering. Larvae were identified using a combination of morphology and DNA sequences of ~658 bp of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Both larval and moth numbers were dominated by T. leucotreta, followed by T. batrachopa, with respective trap catches of 69% and 27%. Spearman correlations indicated strong linear relationships between nut diameter and numbers of eggs per nut for both the Beaumont and 816 cultivars. Poor correlations were found between weekly moth numbers and the number of eggs per nut. A two- to three-week lag was observed between weekly T. leucotreta trap catches and egg numbers. In contrast, egg numbers correlated strongly with larval infestation levels and the incidence of damaged nuts. Although the numbers of eggs and larvae were higher in Beaumont than cv. 816 nuts, higher incidences of nuts with husk and kernel damage were recorded for cv. 816. This study highlights the importance of monitoring of moth and larval numbers in macadamia orchards and showed that such data could be used to predict pest incidence during the season. This study questions the norm in South Africa, which is that macadamia nut borer (MNB) is usually the most abundant species in the nut borer complex.

ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

ABSTRACT Here, single-trap, multiple-release-recapture field experiments were used for the first time to estimate the trap sampling area and absolute population density from trap catches for the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). Fluorescent-dusted CBBs were released at several distances at all four cardinal points from an ethanol-methanol-baited multifunnel trap. Only 2.6 % of released beetles were recaptured, and recaptures decreased significantly with increasing release distances. The recapture analyses revealed that CBB moves randomly in the field and disperses at a maximum of 22.2 m. Despite the short plume of the trap (1.3 m), the calculated trap sampling area was 0.17 ha, with an overall catch probability of 0.01. Therefore, capturing 100 CBBs trap –1 ha –1 at the early filling stage of coffee beans reflects a 20.2 million borers ha –1 population at harvest. This results in a projected bean loss of 60.3 kg ha –1 . The findings shed light on improvements in using semiochemical traps and interpretations of catch data to enhance the CBB integrated management. Future studies on the performance of attractants and trap designs in different coffee farmscapes are encouraged to adopt the present methodology. Here singletrap, singletrap single trap, single-trap multiplereleaserecapture multiple (CBB Ferrari. Ferrari (Ferrari) Fluorescentdusted Fluorescent dusted ethanolmethanolbaited ethanol methanol baited 26 2 6 2. recaptured 222 22 22. m 1.3 13 1 3 (1. m, , m) 017 0 17 0.1 001 01 0.01 Therefore 10 – 202 20 20. harvest 603 60 60. management methodology (Ferrari 1. (1 0. 00 0.0 (

RESUMO O cerne de Enterolobium cyclocarpum é valorizado na fabricação de móveis devido à sua durabilidade natural. Nesse processo, até 50% do cerne é descartado na serraria. Que contém extrativos que podem ser usados para emular a durabilidade natural e dar proteção à madeira macia ou que se deteriora rapidamente. A madeira de pinus em serviço e diversos itens constituídos principalmente por celulose estão sujeitos à deterioração causada por insetos perfuradores xilófagos e outros agentes bióticos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi demonstrar que o extrato aquoso do cerne de E. cyclocarpum protege o pinus seco contra os danos causados pelo cupim Incisitermes marginipennis (Latreille) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae), um inseto xilofago. A retirada dos pigmentos do extrato aquoso, que inicialmente tingiu a madeira de marrom escuro, possibilitou preservar a cor natural da madeira, característica importante para a comercialização de produtos de madeira. Além das propriedades protetoras, os compostos fenólicos do extrato contribuíram para reduzir a degradação causada pela luz e outros fatores, retardando o envelhecimento da madeira. A proposta de utilizar resíduos de E. cyclocarpum para preparar um extrato aquoso barato e de fácil preparo oferece uma solução sustentável e econômica para a preservação da madeira. Esses compostos podem ser aplicados em diversas áreas biológicas, devido às suas propriedades antitumorais, antimicrobianas e antioxidantes. Oferecendo uma alternativa ecologicamente correta e economicamente viável aos conservantes tradicionais, alinhando-se às tendências de sustentabilidade e preservação ambiental. Concluindo, em uso interno, o extrato aquoso incolor do cerne de E. cyclocarpum é uma alternativa para proteger a madeira de pinus do cupim de madeira seca Incisitermes marginipennis devido à presença de manool. processo 50 serraria rapidamente bióticos E Latreille (Latreille Isoptera (Isoptera Kalotermitidae, Kalotermitidae , Kalotermitidae) xilofago escuro protetoras fatores biológicas antitumorais antioxidantes tradicionais alinhandose alinhando ambiental Concluindo interno manool 5

ABSTRACT Enterolobium cyclocarpum heartwood is prized for furniture making because of its natural durability. In this process, up to 50% of the heartwood is discarded in the sawmill. Which contains extractives that can be used to emulate the natural durability and give protection to soft or rapidly deteriorating wood. Pinewood in service and several items made up mainly of cellulose are subject to deterioration caused by xylophage boring insects and other biotic agents. The purpose of this research was to demonstrate that the E. cyclocarpum heartwood aqueous extract protects dry pinewood against the damage caused by the termite Incisitermes marginipennis (Latreille) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) a borer insect. The removal of pigments from the aqueous extract, which initially stained the wood dark brown, made it possible to preserve the natural color of the wood, an important characteristic for the commercialization of wooden products. In addition to the protective properties, the phenolic compounds in the extract contributed to reducing degradation caused by light and other factors, delaying the aging of the wood. The proposal to use E. cyclocarpum residues to prepare a cheap and easy-to-prepare aqueous extract offers a sustainable and economical solution for wood preservation. These compounds can be applied in various biological areas, due to their antitumor, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Offering an ecologically correct and economically viable alternative to traditional preservatives, aligning with sustainability and environmental preservation trends. In conclusion, for indoor use, E. cyclocarpum heartwood colourless aqueous extract is an alternative to protect pinewood of drywood termite Incisitermes marginipennis due to manool presence. process 50 sawmill agents E Latreille (Latreille Isoptera (Isoptera Kalotermitidae insect brown products properties factors easytoprepare easy areas antitumor preservatives trends conclusion presence 5

RESUMO Parasitoides himenópteros intimamente associados à broca da cana-de-açúcar [Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidóptera: Crambidae)] podem ser encontrados tanto no cultivo orgânico quanto no convencional. Objetivou-se amostrar parasitoides associados à broca da cana-de-açúcar sob cultivo orgânico, orgânico próximo a um fragmento florestal e convencional. Armadilhas Moericke de duas cores (amarela e branca) foram usadas para amostrar os insetos, e análises faunísticas foram conduzidas para determinar a composição de parasitoides em cada tipo de manejo. No total, foram coletados 287 insetos, dos quais as famílias mais abundantes coletadas foram Diapriidae (44,44 %), Eulophidae (37,5 %) e Braconidae (18,06 %). O gênero mais abundante no cultivo orgânico foi Omphale (Eulophidae), Omphale (Eulophidae) no fragmento orgânico próximo à floresta e Omopria e Coptera (Diapriidae) no convencional. Os parasitoides foram mais abundantes no sistema orgânico (43,06 %), seguidos por orgânico + floresta (36,81 %) e convencional (20,14 %). A armadilha amarela foi mais atraente para os parasitoides, os quais foram, em geral, mais abundantes em sistemas orgânicos, independentemente da presença de fragmentos florestais. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar Diatraea Lepidóptera (Lepidóptera Crambidae Crambidae) Objetivouse Objetivou se branca insetos manejo total 28 44,44 4444 44 (44,4 %, % , 37,5 375 37 5 (37, 18,06 1806 18 06 (18,0 %. . Eulophidae, (Eulophidae (Diapriidae 43,06 4306 43 (43,0 36,81 3681 36 81 (36,8 20,14 2014 20 14 (20,1 geral orgânicos florestais 2 44,4 444 4 (44, 37, 3 (37 18,0 180 1 0 (18, 43,0 430 (43, 36,8 368 8 (36, 20,1 201 (20, 44, (44 (3 18, (18 43, (43 36, (36 20, (20 (4 ( (1 (2

ABSTRACT Hymenopteran parasitoids strongly associated with the sugarcane borer [Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)] may be found both in organic and conventional sugarcane farming systems. This study aimed to sample parasitoids associated with sugarcane borer in organic, organic near a forest fragment and conventional systems. Two colors of Moericke traps were used (yellow and white) to collect insect samples, and faunistic analyses were performed to determine the composition of parasitoids in each management type. A total of 287 insects were collected, with the most abundant families being Diapriidae (44.44 %), Eulophidae (37.5 %) and Braconidae (18.06 %). The most abundant genus in the organic system was Omphale (Eulophidae), Omphale (Eulophidae) in the organic system near the forest fragment, and Omopria and Coptera (Diapriidae) in the conventional system. The parasitoids were more abundant in the organic system (43.06 %), followed by the organic system near the forest fragment (36.81 %) and the conventional system (20.14 %). The yellow trap was the most effective in attracting parasitoids, which were generally more abundant in organic systems, regardless of proximity to forest fragments. Diatraea Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Crambidae) systems white samples type 28 collected 44.44 4444 44 (44.4 %, % , 37.5 375 37 5 (37. 18.06 1806 18 06 (18.0 %. . Eulophidae, (Eulophidae (Diapriidae 43.06 4306 43 (43.0 36.81 3681 36 81 (36.8 20.14 2014 20 14 (20.1 fragments 2 44.4 444 4 (44. 37. 3 (37 18.0 180 1 0 (18. 43.0 430 (43. 36.8 368 8 (36. 20.1 201 (20. 44. (44 (3 18. (18 43. (43 36. (36 20. (20 (4 ( (1 (2

ABSTRACT The physical and chemical attributes of coffee beans have a direct relation with the sensory quality of the beverage and the commodity’s market value. The coffee berry borer is a pest that causes a worldwide harm, and its infestation compromises bean health and composition. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of infestation levels on beans physical and chemical parameters. Coffee samples were collected, and the damaged beans present in the samples were classified as to infestation level. The centesimal composition, color, quantification of bioactive compounds, and organic acids were evaluated. The L* and b* parameters of the CIELab color system were found to be significantly different between infestation levels. For chemical parameters, beans with major levels of infestation were found to differ from the others in the content of sugars, lipids, soluble solids, total titratable acidity, electrical conductivity, potassium leaching, succinic acid, and acetic acid. The presence of pests did not affect the bioactive compounds present in the coffee beans. commoditys commodity s value harm composition collected level evaluated L b sugars lipids solids acidity conductivity leaching acid

ABSTRACT The cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), reduces the productive potential of maize crops and is a difficult pest to manage. A management program using different methods could improve the control of E. lignosellus. Considering the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in reducing insect pest populations in soil, the objective of this study was to evaluate the virulence of these EPN and adjust their concentration for controlling E. lignosellus larvae under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, the virulence of five EPN populations was tested; then, Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01 was tested at four concentrations. In the greenhouse, H. amazonensis MC01 was tested at four concentrations and was applied to vessels containing maize plants and six larvae. After five days, mortality was evaluated, and means were compared using Tukey’s test (p-value < 0.05). Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01 and S. carpocapsae All were equally virulent, reducing the larva population by more than 90%. The concentration of H. amazonensis MC01 that caused the highest mortality of larvae in the laboratory was 182 infective juveniles (IJ) larva-1. In the greenhouse, the nematode was also considered virulent to E. lignosellus since all concentrations tested caused larval mortality greater than 70%. borer Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pyralidae, Pyralidae , Pyralidae) manage E (EPN soil conditions then MC MC0 H days evaluated Tukeys Tukey s pvalue p value 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) S 90 90% 18 IJ (IJ larva1. larva1 1. 1 larva-1 70 70% 00 0.0 9 larva- 7 0.

Resumen El pasador de la fruta Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) es considerada la principal plaga del cultivo de lulo (Solanum spp.) en Colombia. La actividad alimenticia de las larvas causa severos daños a la pulpa de la fruta y su control depende principalmente del uso de insecticidas químicos. La evaluación de los recursos genéticos endémicos puede ofrecer a las plantas alternativas basadas en la resistencia para ser incluidas en estrategias de manejo sostenible de esta plaga. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar 23 introducciones locales de lulo al ataque de N. elegantalis, con el fin de identificar fuentes potenciales de resistencia o tolerancia a la plaga. Durante un ciclo de cultivo a campo abierto de nueve meses, se realizaron ocho evaluaciones de las siguientes variables: porcentaje de infestación de N. elegantalis, peso de fruto, diámetro ecuatorial de fruto, grosor del exocarpio y mesocarpio, número de tricomas y dureza. Los resultados del análisis de correlación de Pearson, de sendero permitieron determinar que la variable de mayor importancia fue el número de tricomas en los frutos. Estos resultados permitieron seleccionar tres selecciones que presentaron resistencia (PL-35) o tolerancia (SqEFma017 y Sqm36) al ataque de N. elegantalis, y que presentan gran potencial para desarrollar programas de mejoramiento genético del cultivo de lulo con el objetivo de controlar de forma sostenible el ataque del pasador del fruto.

Abstract The fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is considered the main pest of lulo (Solanum spp.) crop in Colombia. The feeding activity of the larvae causes severe damages to the fruit pulp, and its control depends mainly on the use of chemical insecticides. The evaluation of endemic genetic resources can offer plant alternatives based on resistance to be included in sustainable management strategies for this pest. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate 23 local introductions of lulo to N. elegantalis to attacks in order to identify potential sources of resistance or tolerance to the pest. During a nine-month open field cultivation cycle, eight evaluations of the following variables were carried out: percentage of N. elegantalis infestation, fruit weight, fruit equatorial diameter, thickness of the exocarp and the mesocarp, number of trichomes, and hardness. The results of the Pearson correlation path analysis allowed determining that the most important variable was the number trichomes on the fruit. These results allowed classifying three selections that showed resistance (PL-35) or tolerance (SqEFma017 and Sqm36) to the attack of N. elegantalis, and that have great potential to develop genetic improvement programs for lulo cultivation with the objective of sustainably controlling the attack of the fruit borer.

Resumen Objetivo: Estudiar la variabilidad intraespecífica en diferentes poblaciones de Radopholus similis. Alcance: Poblaciones de R. similis provenientes principalmente del Bajo Occidente de Caldas, Colombia. Metodología: Se midieron 19 caracteres morfométricos y alométricos en hembras y machos de R. similis recolectados en los municipios de Anserma, Belalcázar, Carepa y Palestina, los cuales fueron analizadosmediante componentes principales y de conglomerados jerárquicos. Igualmente, se amplificó por PCR y se secuenció la región parcial ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 y el gen 18S del ARN ribosomal correspondiente a las poblaciones de R. similis antes mencionadas.Con estas secuencias, y 61 secuencias adicionales obtenidas de la base de datos del NCBI, se construyó una red haplotípica para detectar la variación genética de la especie. Resultados principales: La caracterización morfométrica mostró que las hembras de R. similis procedentes de Anserma y Belalcázar presentaron un esófago más alargado y las recolectadas de Palestina fueron más robustas en la región anterior al nivel de la base del estilete, con cuerpos y esófagos más alargados. El análisis molecular de la región ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 del ARN ribosomal no mostró variabilidad intraespecífica entre las poblaciones de R. similis estudiadas. Sin embargo, la red haplotípica construida en este estudio, junto con la recolectada de la base de datos del NCBI, reveló variabilidad intraespecífica entre las poblaciones de R. similis provenientes de África y del Sudeste Asiático. Conclusiones: No fue posible detectar variabilidad molecular entre las poblaciones de R. similis estudiadas.Sin embargo, sí se encontró variabilidad morfométrica entre las poblaciones de R. similisprocedentes de Anserma, Belalcázar, Carepa y Palestina, Colombia.

Abstract Objective: To study the intraspecific variability in different populations of Radopholus similis. Scope: R. similis populations coming mainly from the Southwest of Caldas-Colombia. Methodology: Nineteen morphometric and allometric characters were measured in females and males of R. similis collected in the municipalities of Anserma, Belalcázar, Carepa and Palestina, which were analyzed using principal components and hierarchical clusters. Likewise, the partial ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and the 18S gene of the rRNA ribosomal corresponding to the populations of R. similis were amplified by PCR and sequenced. With these sequences, and 61 additional sequences obtained from the NCBI database, a haplotype network was built to detect the genetic variation of the species. Main Results: The morphometric characterization showed that R. similis females from the municipalities of Anserma and Belalcázar had a more elongated esophagus, and those from the municipality of Palestina were more robust in the region above the level of the base of the stylet, with more elongated bodies and esophagus. Molecular analyzes of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the rRNA did not show intraspecific variability among the of R. similis populations studied. However, the haplotypic network built in this study, together with that collected from the NCBI database, revealed intraspecific variability among R. similis populations of Africa and Southeast Asia. Conclusions: It was not possible to detect molecular variability among the R. similis populations studied. However, morphometric variability was found among R. similis populations from the municipalities of Anserma, Belalcázar, Carepa, and Palestina, Colombia.

Resumen El barrenador del tallo (Diatraea spp.) es la principal plaga de la caña de azúcar a nivel mundial. En la región cañera Córdoba-Golfo, Veracruz, México la distribución y daño por el complejo Diatraea spp., ha sido poco estudiado lo que causa sesgos en la estimación del impacto. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el daño espacio-temporal por larvas de Diatraea spp., durante el ciclo productivo enero de 2020 a enero de 2021. Se seleccionaron n= 21 parcelas en siete localidades y se determinó el número de tallos perforados por larvas de Diatraea spp., con lo que se generaron mapas de isodensidad con el software Suprakml y Google Earth Pro®. La interacción entre la edad del cultivo, los sitios estudiados y los tallos perforados se analizaron con una prueba de varianza de dos vías (α< 0.05) con el software Rstudio v3.6. La distribución de daño por larvas de Diatraea spp., mostró un arreglo espacial agrupado, con el mayor número de tallos perforados en el sitio Actopan, mientras que, en Palmillas la población se comportó como un foco de infestación. El número de tallos barrenados fue constante, pero de enero a abril de 2020 se incrementó el daño coincidiendo con el periodo de desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo. El análisis de interacción presentó un efecto negativo, conforme aumentaba la edad del cultivo disminuía el daño, mientras que Palmillas mostró diferencias estadísticas con respecto al resto de los sitios, por lo que se concluye que este sitio es el posible núcleo de dispersión de la plaga.

Abstract The stem borer (Diatraea spp.) is the primary pest of sugarcane worldwide. In the Córdoba-Golfo sugarcane region, Veracruz, Mexico, the distribution and damage by the Diatraea spp. complex has been little studied, which causes biases in the estimation of the impact. The objective of the study was to determine the spatial-temporal damage by Diatraea spp. larvae during the production cycle from January 2020 to January 2021. A total of n=21 plots were selected in seven localities, and the number of stems bored by Diatraea spp. larvae was determined, with which isodensity maps were generated with the Suprakml software and Google Earth Pro®. The interaction between crop age, studied sites, and bored stems was analyzed with a two-way variance test (α< 0.05) with the Rstudio v3.6 software. The distribution of damage by Diatraea spp. larvae showed a clustered spatial arrangement, with the largest number of stems bored in the Actopan site, while in Palmillas, the population behaved as a focus of infestation. The number of bored stems was constant, but from January to April 2020, the damage increased, coinciding with the vegetative development period of the crop. The interaction analysis presented a negative effect since, as the age of the crop increased, the damage decreased, while Palmillas showed statistical differences with respect to the rest of the sites, so it is concluded that this site is the possible nucleus of dispersion of the pest.