Abstract: The use of e-commerce to enhance consumer relationships is becoming increasingly important in the information society. The constant development of technologies allows existing platforms to benefit from their characteristics; however, these advancements also bring various legal issues that must be addressed to protect users' interests and rights. Blockchain technology is revolutionizing B2C electronic relations due to its transnational nature, decentralization, guarantee of trust, immutability, and one of its most distinctive functionalities: smart contracts. These agreements are characterized by their automation and self-execution, features that can conflict with existing consumer and user legislation. Additionally, the opportunities provided by Blockchain, such as allowing users to act anonymously, may contradict regulations concerning the determination of international judicial jurisdiction and the applicable law for B2C consumer legal relationships. This work aims to analyze the applicability of smart contracts in e-commerce, particularly for B2C companies, and to study the potential issues they pose for current regulations, in order to determine whether these regulations need to be adapted for these technologies

Resumen: El uso del comercio electrónico para celebrar relaciones de consumo cada vez toma más protagonismo en la sociedad de la información. El constante desarrollo de las tecnologías hace que las plataformas existentes puedan beneficiarse de sus características; sin embargo, también traen consigo diferentes cuestiones jurídicas que deben mitigarse a fin de proteger los intereses y derechos de los usuarios. La tecnología blockchain es una de las tecnologías que viene a revolucionar el ámbito de las relaciones electrónicas B2C gracias a su carácter transnacional, descentralización, garantía de confianza, inmutabilidad y a una de sus funcionalidades más características: los smart contracts. Este tipo de acuerdos se distinguen por su automatización y autoejecución, caracteres que a priori pueden poner en riesgo la legislación existente sobre consumidores y usuarios. Asimismo, las oportunidades que brinda blockchain de cara a que los usuarios puedan actuar de forma irreconocible puede poner en jaque la normativa encargada de determinar la competencia judicial internacional y la ley aplicable a las relaciones jurídicas de consumo B2C. Este trabajo analiza la aplicabilidad de los smart contracts en el ámbito del comercio electrónico, en especial en el de empresas con consumidores (B2C) y estudiar los posibles inconvenientes que generan sobre la normativa existente a fin de analizar si es necesario adaptar la legislación a estas tecnologías

Resumo: A utilização do comércio eletrônico para efetivar relações de consumo assume cada vez mais um papel central na sociedade da informação. O constante desenvolvimento das tecnologias faz com que as plataformas existentes possam beneficiar-se das suas características, no entanto, também trazem consigo diversas questões jurídicas que devem ser mitigadas de forma a proteger os interesses e direitos dos usuários. A tecnologia blockchain é uma das tecnologias que veio revolucionar o campo das relações eletrônicas B2C graças ao seu carácter transnacional, descentralização, garantia de confiança, imutabilidade e uma das suas funcionalidades mais características, os smart contracts. Estes tipos de acordos distinguem-se pela sua automatização e auto-execução, características que, a priori, podem colocar em risco a legislação existente sobre consumidores e usuários. Da mesma forma, as oportunidades que o Blockchain oferece para que os usuários possam agir de forma irreconhecível podem colocar em xeque os regulamentos encarregados de determinar a competência judicial internacional e a lei aplicável às relações jurídicas de consumo B2C. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a aplicabilidade dos smart contracts no campo do comércio eletrônico, especialmente o de empresas com consumidores (B2C) e estudar os possíveis inconvenientes que eles geram sobre a regulamentação existente, a fim de analisar se é necessário adaptar a legislação a estas tecnologias

RESUMEN La industria cinematográfica ha comenzado a generar nuevos procesos en la cadena de valor gracias a la irrupción de nuevas tecnologías como el blockchain. La tecnología blockchain procede del ámbito informático y es analizada en este artículo con el objetivo de identificar y reflexionar sobre los nuevos modelos de negocio que conlleva. En este sentido, se analiza cómo los NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), soportes únicos digitales regulados precisamente a través de la tecnología blockchain, irrumpen en formatos de creación artística y cinematográfica, logrando así alcanzar nuevos públicos. Esto supone controversias respecto a la propiedad intelectual y su consiguiente gestión. Como resultado de la investigación realizada, con una valoración positiva y una apertura a las nuevas formas de producción, se descubre que la irrupción de nuevos procesos requiere de ciertos tiempos de asimilación, en tanto la transparencia en las gestiones, el grado de conocimiento y manejo de la tecnología y la desconfianza se presentan como aspectos observados entre los usuarios.

ABSTRACT The film industry has been generating new processes in the value chain thanks to the emergence of new technologies such as blockchain. Blockchain technology comes from the IT field and is analysed in this article with the aim of identifying and reflecting on the new business models that this technology entails. In this sense, it analyses how NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), unique digital media regulated precisely through blockchain technology, are breaking into artistic and cinematographic creation formats, thereby reaching new audiences. This raises controversies regarding intellectual property and its subsequent management. As a result of the research carried out, with a positive assessment and an openness to new forms of production, it was discovered that the emergence of new processes requires some time for assimilation, while transparency in management, the degree of knowledge and handling of technology and mistrust are aspects observed among users.

RESUMO A indústria cinematográfica começa a gerar novos processos na cadeia de valor graças ao surgimento de novas tecnologias como o blockchain. O blockchain vem da área de informática e é analisado nesta pesquisa com o objetivo de identificar novas oportunidades, da mesma forma que são estudados os novos modelos de negócios que esta tecnologia acarreta. Nesse sentido, analisa-se como os NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), suportes digitais únicos regulados justamente pela tecnologia blockchain, se rompem em formatos de criação artística e cinematográfica, conseguindo assim atingir novos públicos, além da obra. Isto envolve controvérsias relativas à propriedade intelectual e sua posterior gestão. Como resultado desta pesquisa, mostra-se que o surgimento de novos processos exige certos tempos de assimilação, enquanto a transparência na gestão, o grau de conhecimento e gestão da tecnologia e a desconfiança são aspectos observados entre os usuários. Da mesma forma, a miríade de oportunidades que o uso desta tecnologia acarreta também é considerada uma avaliação positiva.

Resumen Esta investigación aborda el desarrollo de los criptoactivos, a través de la historia, y su relevancia actual en los mercados financieros internacionales. Se concentra en cómo se han implementado en el mercado costarricense, además de sus repercusiones en la economía actual. A partir de este marco económico, se aborda la problemática sobre el marco legal aplicable, especialmente, si son objeto de regulación económica del Estado, sea como equivalente al dinero o como mecanismo de inversión. Se concluye que tienen una existencia relevante en el mercado financiero costarricense, pero, a pesar de ello, en Costa Rica, no existe un marco jurídico vigente que alcance para su regulación.

Abstract This research addresses the development of crypto assets throughout history and their current relevance in international financial markets. It focuses on how they have been implemented in the Costa Rican market, as well as their impact on the current economy. Based on this economic framework, the issue of applicable legal regulation is addressed, especially whether they are subject to economic regulation by the State, either as an equivalent to money or as an investment mechanism. It is concluded that they have a relevant existence in the Costa Rican financial market, but despite this, there is no current legal framework that extends to their regulation.

Digital information and data are crucial drivers of progress in various industries, including mining, where data-driven decision making optimizes resource extraction, enhances safety, and ensures sustainability. The adoption of digital technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things has amplified the importance of digital information. However, the integrity and security of this information are paramount, leading to the exploration of blockchain technology as a potential solution for secure digital value exchange in mining. This research examines blockchain's capabilities, drawing insights from its applications in sectors like banking, government, healthcare, and entertainment, and evaluates their relevance to mining's core value chain processes. The study identifies blockchain's distributed ledger technology, cryptographic security, and decentralization as unique advantages that can revolutionize mining by enhancing transaction speed, reducing costs, and improving supply chain transparency and compliance with sustainability standards. Blockchain's transparent and auditable records can enhance business transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders, including investors and regulatory bodies. The technology's consensus mechanisms and smart contracts further promote trust in collaborative ventures. This research provides a foundational understanding for decision-makers in the mining industry to evaluate blockchain's feasibility and potential return on investment, guiding strategic planning and resource allocation for blockchain applications. By leveraging blockchain, mining companies can optimize operations, improve sustainability practices, and establish a robust foundation for future growth, positioning blockchain as a transformative technology in the sector.

Resumen Los Smart Ports (Puertos Inteligentes) se enfocan en desarrollar procesos más competitivos bajo criterios de costos, tiempos e información alrededor de toda la cadena de suministro con ayuda de las tecnologías pertenecientes a la industria 4.0. La presente investigación, tiene como objetivo analizar el uso de tecnologías emergentes empleadas en Smart Ports mediante consultas de análisis bibliométrico y revisión de literatura de la base de datos Scopus, donde se categorizaron por temáticas comunes. Se concluye el auge y desarrollo de la adopción de tecnologías emergentes en los puertos, principalmente el Internet de las Cosas (IoT), Big Data, Blockchain e Inteligencia Artificial; estas tecnologías han ayudado a que los procesos logísticos portuarios sean seguros y eficientes. También se identifica un énfasis por aportar a procesos de sostenibilidad ambiental, garantizando mediante tecnologías acciones de mejora en las terminales portuarias. Los principales ejemplos que están utilizando tecnologías de industria 4.0 en puertos se ubican en Shanghai, Huanghua, Rotterdam, Hamburgo, Barcelona, Salerno, Rávena, Vancouver y los Ángeles.

Abstract Smart Ports focus on developing more competitive processes based on criteria such as costs, time, and information across the entire supply chain with the assistance of Industry 4.0 technologies. This research aims to analyze the use of emerging technologies in Smart Ports through a literature review from the Scopus database until 2022. Bibliometrix and Vosviewer are employed for quantitative analysis, followed by a qualitative approach in an exploratory study to categorize common themes in the addressed publications. The study concludes the rise and development of emerging technology adoption in ports, primarily IoT, Big Data, Blockchain, and Artificial Intelligence. These technologies have contributed to securing and streamlining port logistics processes. There is also a notable emphasis on contributing to environmental sustainability processes through technologies ensuring improvements in port terminals. Key examples of ports incorporating Industry 4.0 technologies include Shanghai, Huanghua, Rotterdam, Hamburg, Barcelona, Salerno, Ravenna, Vancouver, and Los Angeles.

ABSTRACT Objective: Develop an articles review to evaluate the existing evidence on blockchain technology applied in medicine. Methods: The study was of a documentary type, bibliographic design, framed in a systematic review. The harvest of articles was carried out in the Scopus, Web of Sciences, Pro Quest and ScienceDirect databases from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2023. The descriptors were blockchain, technology and medicine. The PRISMA diagram was prepared considering the inclusion criteria: original articles, with open access; that address the subject and in any language. The search yielded 70 articles, of which 11 formed the sample. Results: The various applications of blockchain technology in medicine were discussed, including its integration with artificial intelligence (AI) for data-centric analysis; regarding the development of traceability systems, however, its greatest applicability is in the registration of medical records of patients, whose application was successful. Despite this, its incipient use in medicine was verified due to the lack of studies in this regard. Conclusions: The application of blockchain technology in medicine is very scarce, despite the potential it has for the registration and safeguarding of medical data, therefore, its study should be deepened.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar una revisión de artículos para evaluar la evidencia sobre la tecnología blockchain aplicada en la medicina. Métodos: El estudio es de tipo documental, diseño bibliográfico, enmarcado en una revisión sistemática. La recolección de los artículos se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Sciences, Pro Quest y SienceDirect, desde el 1 de enero de 2018 hasta el 31 de julio de 2023. Los descriptores fueron blockchain, tecnología y medicina. Se elaboró el diagrama PRISMA y se consideró los criterios de inclusión: artículos originales, con acceso abierto que aborden el tema y en cualquier idioma. Se hallaron 70 artículos, de los cuales 11 conformaron la muestra. Resultados: Se analizaron las diversas aplicaciones de la tecnología blockchain en la medicina, entre ellas su integración con inteligencia artificial (IA) para el análisis centrado en datos; en cuanto al desarrollo de sistemas de trazabilidad, sin embargo, su mayor aplicabilidad está en el registro de historias médicas de pacientes, cuya aplicación fue exitosa. A pesar de esto, se comprobó su uso incipiente, en la medicina, debido a la ausencia de estudios al respecto. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la tecnología blockchain en la medicina es muy escasa, a pesar del potencial que posee para el registro y resguardo de datos médicos; por lo tanto, se debe profundizar el estudio de la misma.

Abstract Purpose: This article aims to analyze pioneering public finance initiatives based on blockchain technology, identifying the Brazilian context amid the international. Additionally, this study seeks to present opportunities for blockchain technology applications and the challenges encountered for their expansion. Originality/value: Few studies have covered the public sector, especially public finance, despite using and testing this technology in different areas. The development of these innovative applications is limited, particularly in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach: Public documents, such as reports and official websites of public agencies, associations, and institutions, were identified and selected from the unit of analysis “pioneering public finance initiatives based on blockchain technology.” Findings: Blockchain technology has been used in government projects related to research, identity, economic development, and financial services, among others. Blockchain initiatives have been led by Brazil’s financial, technology, and education/media sectors. Finding technology applications in public finance was one of the difficulties in the research. The number of projects in this category involving blockchain and the public sector is scarce in Brazil and internationally. However, this scenario has shown signs of change. Although reduced, public sector participation has increased in recent years. Blockchain has much to offer the public finance sector, but governments have been cautious and insecure about introducing the technology. It happens because of uncertainty about whether the technology is developed enough to withstand critical problems in the public system or what unique issues could arise from that technology. Purpose international Additionally expansion Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value areas limited Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach documents agencies associations institutions Findings research identity services others Brazils s educationmedia education media sectors internationally However change reduced years

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as iniciativas pioneiras de finanças públicas baseadas na tecnologia blockchain, identificando o contexto brasileiro em meio ao internacional. Além disso, o estudo busca apresentar oportunidades de aplicações da tecnologia blockchain, bem como os desafios encontrados para a sua expansão. Originalidade/valor: Apesar de a tecnologia ser empregada e testada em diferentes áreas, ainda são poucos os estudos que abrangem o setor público, em especial as finanças públicas. No Brasil, em particular, o desenvolvimento dessas aplicações inovadoras é limitado. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A partir da unidade de análise: “iniciativas pioneiras de finanças públicas baseadas na tecnologia blockchain”, foram identificados e selecionados documentos públicos, como relatórios e sites oficiais de órgãos públicos, associações e instituições. Resultados: O emprego da tecnologia blockchain foi identificado em projetos governamentais relacionados a pesquisa, identidade, desenvolvimento econômico, serviços financeiros, entre outros. No Brasil, as iniciativas de blockchain têm sido lideradas pelos setores financeiros, tecnológicos e de educação/mídia. Uma das dificuldades na pesquisa foi encontrar aplicações da tecnologia nas finanças públicas. O número de projetos dessa categoria, envolvendo a blockchain e o setor público, é escasso, no Brasil e internacionalmente. No entanto, esse cenário tem dado indícios de mudanças. Apesar de reduzida, a participação do setor público tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Observa-se que a blockchain tem muito a oferecer ao setor de finanças públicas, mas há cautela e insegurança dos governos na introdução da tecnologia. Isso porque não há como saber se a tecnologia está desenvolvida o suficiente para suportar problemas críticos no sistema público ou quais problemas singulares poderiam originar-se dessa tecnologia. Objetivo internacional disso expansão Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor áreas particular limitado Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem análise , blockchain” públicos instituições Resultados identidade econômico financeiros outros educaçãomídia educação mídia educação/mídia categoria escasso internacionalmente entanto mudanças reduzida anos Observase Observa originarse originar

ABSTRACT Blockchain technology, initially applied to the financial market, is recognized for its security in storing information in a decentralized manner and its ease of access to this information. An application of blockchain technology is the establishment of traceability systems for production chains. Food traceability systems are becoming increasingly important in guaranteeing the quality and safety of food to the final consumer, who, in turn, values and exercises confidence in the traceability system, recognizing its importance. This study was conducted to provide a systematic literature review on the importance of applying blockchain technology to the traceability of products of animal origin. Two scientific databases were consulted: Scopus and Web of Science. After classification based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 articles were selected for the study. The application of blockchain technology is recent, emerging, and promising in the traceability of animal products, and it has attracted research interest worldwide. The use of blockchain technology in the traceability of products of animal origin is used in several production chains, providing consumers with long-awaited information about the origin of their food such as beef, milk, fish, meat, pork, and eggs. market chains consumer who turn system consulted Science criteria 1 recent emerging worldwide longawaited long awaited beef milk fish meat pork eggs

Resumen: Diariamente somos testigos de los avances de la tecnología. Asistimos al avance de la blockchain y sus aplicaciones, y al crecimiento de la inteligencia artificial. La blockchain tiene muchas aplicaciones potenciales, entre ellas, los contratos inteligentes. Este artículo es un acercamiento a los contratos inteligentes, o smart contracts, se busca destacar cuáles son las dificultades de adaptación que los smart sontracts enfrentan en el derecho uruguayo para prosperar y potenciar su uso, una vez acordado que a ellos les es aplicable el régimen general de contratos. El tratamiento de la materia se ha hecho sin ánimo de exhaustividad y con referencias al contexto actual.

Abstract: Every day, we witness the advancements in technology. We see the progression of blockchain and its applications, as well as the growth of artificial intelligence. Blockchain holds many potential applications, including smart contracts. This article takes a closer look at smart contracts, seeking to highlight the adaptation challenges that smart contracts face within Uruguayan law in order to thrive and enhance their usage, once it's agreed upon that they fall under the general contract regime. The treatment of the subject has been conducted without aiming for exhaustiveness and with references to the current context.

Resumo: Diariamente somos testemunhas dos avanços da tecnologia. Assistimos ao avanço da blockchain e suas aplicações, e ao crescimento da inteligência artificial. O blockchain possui muitas aplicações potenciais, entre elas os contratos inteligentes. Este artigo é uma aproximação aos contratos inteligentes, ou smart contacts, buscando destacar quais são as dificuldades de adaptação que os contratos inteligentes enfrentam no direito uruguaio para prosperar e melhorar a sua utilização, uma vez acordado que a eles é aplicável o regime geral dos contratos. O tratamento do tema foi feito sem a intenção de exaustividade e com referências ao contexto atual.

Exchange of information is a mechanism that enables tax authorities to share tax information across borders. Exchange of information curtails harmful practices such as tax evasion and tax avoidance by promoting cooperation between tax authorities. Recent world events have seen unprecedented levels of globalisation and novel income-earning structures. Taxpayers earn income from streams that were previously unavailable. These developments have led tax authorities to implement policies that focus on improved financial transparency and better multilateral cooperation. This article argues for the implementation of blockchain technology to facilitate exchange of information in South Africa. Blockchain is a ledger that records and stores information on an online network. Blockchain's features make it conducive for use in cross-border administration and exchange of tax information. Blockchain creates a platform for financial transparency because data stored on the blockchain is reliable and accurate. Tax information is exchanged in real time, thereby reducing tax authorities' administrative burden and enhancing cooperation.

Abstract Governments worldwide face recurrent challenges in incorporating environmental variables into bidding processes. In this context, sustainable public procurement is an important tool for reducing the environmental impact of public organizations. Despite the emergence of digital technologies such as blockchain, which offers potential solutions to complex public sector problems, and the existing implementation of blockchain in databases by some countries, the Brazilian government has not developed the capability to adopt such instruments to improve environmental effectiveness and efficiency. This study proposes a conceptual model for the application of blockchain in sustainable public procurement of road works to facilitate the incorporation of environmental criteria into bidding procedures. Through a content analysis of 25 bidding processes related to road works, the research mapped out key activities, providing insights to propose an integrated solution for the Brazilian National Public Procurement Portal to address environmental issues in procurement processes. The study’s main contribution lies in outlining potential applications of blockchain in public procurement to embrace environmental aspects, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing this technology. Given the emergence of new perspectives to optimize bidding process management and foster environmental sustainability in public administration, the research provides evidence that blockchain can help promote a reliable, decentralized, transparent, and environmentally sustainable bidding structure. context organizations problems countries efficiency procedures 2 activities studys s aspects technology administration reliable decentralized transparent structure

Resumo A dificuldade de incorporar a variável ambiental nos processos de contratação é recorrente no mundo. Nesse contexto, as contratações públicas sustentáveis são um instrumento importante para reduzir o impacto ambiental das organizações. No Brasil, há incapacidade para incorporar instrumentos que permitam uma atividade pública mais eficaz e eficiente. Em contrapartida, as tecnologias digitais, como a blockchain, podem ser a solução para problemas complexos no setor público. Nos últimos anos, governos têm adotado a blockchain em diversas áreas, sendo que, no âmbito internacional, a tecnologia é utilizada em bancos de dados de alguns países. No sentido de facilitar a implantação dos critérios ambientais nos procedimentos de licitação, este estudo propõe um modelo conceitual de aplicação da blockchain para contratações públicas sustentáveis de obras rodoviárias. Com base na análise de conteúdo de 25 processos de licitação, foi realizado o mapeamento das principais atividades, o que permitiu propor uma solução integrada ao Portal Nacional de Contratações Públicas. A principal contribuição do estudo é apresentar as potenciais aplicações referentes aos aspectos ambientais para blockchain nas contratações públicas e demonstrar a viabilidade da implementação dessa tecnologia. Diante das novas perspectivas para otimizar a gestão dos processos licitatórios e prover a sustentabilidade ambiental na administração pública, entende-se que a blockchain pode auxiliar na promoção de uma estrutura de licitação confiável, descentralizada, transparente e ambientalmente sustentável. mundo contexto organizações Brasil eficiente contrapartida digitais público anos áreas internacional países rodoviárias 2 atividades Públicas entendese entende se confiável descentralizada sustentável

Resumen La dificultad de incorporar la variable ambiental en los procesos de contratación es recurrente en todo el mundo. En este contexto, la compra pública sostenible es un importante instrumento para reducir el impacto ambiental de las organizaciones. En Brasil hay incapacidad para incorporar instrumentos que permitan una actividad pública más efectiva y eficiente. Por otro lado, las tecnologías digitales como la blockchain pueden ser una solución a problemas complejos en el sector público. En los últimos años, los gobiernos han adoptado la blockchain en varias áreas y, a nivel internacional, la tecnología se utiliza en bases de datos en algunos países. Con el fin de facilitar la implementación de criterios ambientales en los procedimientos de licitación, este estudio propone un modelo conceptual para la aplicación de la blockchain a las contrataciones públicas sostenibles de obras viales. A partir del análisis de contenido de 25 procesos de licitación, se mapearon sus principales actividades, lo que permitió proponer una solución integrada al Portal Nacional de Contrataciones Públicas. La principal contribución del estudio es la presentación de aplicaciones potenciales relacionadas con aspectos ambientales para la blockchain en la contratación pública, así como demostrar la viabilidad de implementar esta tecnología. Ante las nuevas perspectivas para optimizar la gestión de los procesos de licitación y dotar de sostenibilidad ambiental a la administración pública, se entiende que la blockchain puede ayudar a promover una estructura de licitación confiable, descentralizada, transparente y ambientalmente sostenible. mundo contexto organizaciones eficiente lado público años internacional países viales 2 actividades Públicas confiable descentralizada

ABSTRACT Objective: this study aims to review the literature on DAOs in business administration and propose a framework for DAOs compared to the key features of market, hierarchy, and network governance forms and avenues for future research. Methods: we performed a systematic literature review in Scopus and Web of Science databases and identified 69 articles on DAOs published in or before March 2024 in the field of business and management. Results: we describe the main characteristics, opportunities, and challenges for DAOs. Our study also discusses how DAOs can be further explored and how they may or may not fit in different governance and organizational forms. Conclusions: we conclude by offering several guidelines to researchers who want to comprehend the phenomena of DAOs and contribute to theory and practice in business administration. Objective market hierarchy research Methods 6 202 management Results characteristics opportunities Conclusions 20 2

Abstract During the period 2019-2023, digital misinformation has become a global challenge, particularly in Ibero-America, sparking new discussions about its negative effects that, in turn, impact the democratic systems of states. Based on a documentary analysis of the object of study, digital misinformation, this research proposes the implementation of the Cryptographic Lexicon using Blockchain technology as an innovative solution. The Cryptographic Lexicon aims to ensure the authenticity of online information and promote digital literacy, enabling individuals to discern between reliable and deceptive information. However, its implementation faces challenges such as data protection, privacy, and public education. Collaboration among technical experts, regulators, and legal professionals, along with effective public education, is essential to overcome these obstacles and build an informed and critical society in the digital era.

Resumen En los últimos cinco años, desde 2019 hasta 2023, ha ganado fuerza el fenómeno de la desinformación en internet. Este preocupante auge se ha visto favorecido por el surgimiento de la pandemia de Covid-19 y las particulares características de las redes sociales digitales. A partir de un análisis documental de objeto de estudio, la desinformación digital, esta investigación propone la implementación de la Lex Criptográfica utilizando tecnología Blockchain como solución innovadora. La Lex Criptográfica busca asegurar la autenticidad de la información en línea y fomentar la alfabetización digital, permitiendo a las personas discernir entre información confiable y engañosa. Sin embargo, su implementación enfrenta desafíos como la protección de datos, la privacidad y la educación pública. La colaboración entre expertos técnicos, reguladores y profesionales legales, junto con una educación pública efectiva, son fundamentales para superar estos obstáculos y construir una sociedad informada y crítica en la era digital.

Abstract The precision agriculture discipline swiftly adopted blockchain as a key technology in numerous applications. From just smart farms to an internet of smart farms in precision farming, the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain is going to boost crop yield in precision agriculture. This proposed methodology presents a comprehensive approach for secure data sharing in precision agriculture. It integrates advanced techniques through multiple layers, including Data Collection, Data Preprocessing, Intelligent Analysis, Security, and Blockchain. IoT sensors collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity, crop health, and weather conditions. Preprocessing involves removing outliers, normalizing values, and extracting relevant features, then the required features are selected using the hybrid Sand Cat with Fire Hawk Algorithm (HSCFHA) which is the combination of standard Fire Hawk Optimization (FHO) and Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (SCSO). Deep learning models like Capsule Neural Network (CapsNet), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) networks provide valuable insights for prediction, classification, and anomaly detection. The blockchain layer establishes a decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger for transparent and immutable data transactions. Smart contracts automate and enforce data sharing rules. By incorporating optimized clustering, deep learning models, hybrid encryption, and blockchain technology, this framework empowers precision agriculture while ensuring secure and efficient data sharing with 98.31% of accuracy. applications farming (IoT layers Collection Analysis Security Blockchain moisture temperature humidity health conditions outliers values HSCFHA (HSCFHA FHO (FHO SCSO. SCSO . (SCSO) CapsNet, CapsNet , (CapsNet) RNN, RNN (RNN) Bidirectional Bi directional ShortTerm Short Term BiLSTM LSTM (Bi-LSTM prediction classification detection tamperresistant tamper resistant transactions rules clustering encryption 9831 98 31 98.31 accuracy (SCSO (CapsNet (RNN 983 9 3 98.3 98.

Abstract The incorporation of deep learning (DL) and blockchain (BC) technologies in healthcare revolutionizes disease diagnoses and improves data security. The tamper-resistant and decentralized nature of BC safeguards the integrity and confidentiality of medical records, alleviating the risk of any unauthorized access. At the same time, DL techniques leverage intricate patterns within healthcare information to enhance the accuracy and speed of disease diagnoses. With this motivation, this article proposes a new BC with a golden jackal optimization algorithm enabled DL assisted secure medical data transmission and diagnoses (BGJOA-DLSMTD). The objective of the BGJOA-DLSMTD algorithm is to analyze the disease with a high detection rate and securely transfer the medical images. The BGJOA-DLSMTD algorithm integrates various levels of operations namely encryption, image acquisition, BC, and diagnostic process. Initially, GJOA with a homomorphism encryption system is employed for the process of image encryption wherein the optimum keys could be produced by the GJOA technique. Also, BC is implemented to store the encrypted imageries. Next, the diagnostic method includes Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA) based hyper parameter tuning, deep belief network (DBN)-based classification, and CapsNet-based feature extraction. The empirical analysis of the proposed BGJOA-DLSMTD algorithm has been demonstrated by means of standard medical images and the outcomes underlined the superior achievement of the BGJOA-DLSMTD algorithm. (DL (BC security tamperresistant tamper resistant records access time motivation BGJOADLSMTD. BGJOADLSMTD BGJOA DLSMTD . (BGJOA-DLSMTD) acquisition Initially technique Also imageries Next BOA (BOA tuning DBNbased DBN classification CapsNetbased CapsNet extraction (BGJOA-DLSMTD