Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract We studied the distribution and population status of the Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Study was mainly conducted in four localities Jhelum Valley (JV), Machiara National Park (MNP), Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK) from 2016-2020, for five breeding seasons. Population status of Cheer pheasant was determined by the call counts method. In total 105 breeding pairs (210 birds) were estimated highest (134) being recorded from Jhelum valley followed by MNP, Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan While applying correction factor 158 birds were recorded. Extensive surveys were carried out in an area of 19.23 km2. Our results indicate an expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer pheasant and population has established in several new sites. Highest Mean population density of 6.11pair/km2 was recorded in Qazi Nag area of Jhelum Valley. The mean population density of Cheer pheasant was slightly higher in the month of May. Furthermore, 58% of the calling birds were detected at elevations ranging from 2300-2600m, while 17% were found at elevations between 1900-2200m. Expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer might be due to reason that bird might have been underestimated in the past or conservation measures and community awareness programs taken by the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK (NSAK 20162020, 20162020 2016 2020, 2020 2016-2020 seasons method 10 210 (21 134 (134 15 1923 19 23 19.2 km2 km sites 611pairkm2 pairkm 6 11pair pair 6.11pair/km May Furthermore 58 23002600m, 23002600m m 2300 2600m, 2600m 2300-2600m 17 19002200m. 19002200m 1900 2200m. 2200m 1900-2200m Fisheries (AJ&K (JV (MNP 2016202 201 202 2016-202 1 21 (2 13 (13 192 2 19. 611pairkm 5 230 190 201620 20 2016-20 ( (1 20162 2016-2 2016-

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição e o status populacional do faisão Cheer (Catreus wallichii) em Azad Jammu e Caxemira (AJ&K). A pesquisa foi realizada principalmente em quatro localidades: Vale Jhelum (JV), Parque Nacional Machiara (MNP), Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK), de 2016 a 2020, durante cinco temporadas de reprodução. O status populacional do faisão Cheer foi determinado pelo método de contagem de chamadas. No total, 105 pares reprodutores (210 pássaros) foram estimados, com o maior número (134) registrado no vale Jhelum, seguido por MNP, Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan. Ao aplicar o fator de correção, 158 pássaros foram registrados. Pesquisas extensas foram realizadas em uma área de 19,23 km2. Os resultados indicam uma expansão nas faixas de distribuição do faisão Cheer, com populações estabelecidas em vários novos locais. A maior densidade populacional média de 6,11 pares/km2 foi registrada na área de Qazi Nag, no Vale Jhelum. A densidade populacional média do faisão Cheer foi ligeiramente maior no mês de maio. Além disso, 58% dos pássaros cantores foram detectados em elevações variando de 2.300-2.600 m, enquanto 17% foram encontrados em elevações entre 1.900-2.200 m. A expansão nas faixas de distribuição do Cheer pode ser devido ao fato de que o pássaro pode ter sido subestimado no passado ou medidas de conservação e programas de conscientização da comunidade implementados pelo Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Pesca de AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) localidades JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK, NSAK (NSAK) 201 2020 reprodução chamadas total 10 210 (21 estimados 134 (134 correção 15 registrados 1923 19 23 19,2 km2 km locais 611 6 11 6,1 pareskm2 pareskm pares/km Nag maio disso 58 2.3002.600 23002600 2.300 2.600 2 300 600 2.300-2.60 m 17 1.9002.200 19002200 1.900 2.200 1 900 200 1.900-2.20 (AJ&K (JV (MNP (NSAK 20 202 21 (2 13 (13 192 19, 61 6, 5 3002 2.3002.60 2300260 2300 2.30 2600 2.60 30 60 2.300-2.6 9002 1.9002.20 1900220 1900 1.90 2200 2.20 90 1.900-2.2 ( (1 2.3002.6 230026 230 2.3 260 2.6 3 2.300-2. 1.9002.2 190022 190 1.9 220 2.2 9 1.900-2. 2.3002. 23002 2. 26 2.300-2 1.9002. 19002 1. 22 1.900-2 2.3002 2.300- 1.9002 1.900-

Abstract We evaluated the bird composition, forest dependence, trophic guilds and avian representativeness associated with 7, 10 and 15 years old reforestations and mature forest patches in order to verify the successional process and avian contribution to the forest restoration. Analyses revealed a segregation of bird composition with a gradual increasing in forest dependent species from 7 years to mature forest. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ranged from those birds often present in semi-open habitats to forest birds, canopy frugivorous and understory insectivorous as the successional stages progressed from the most recent reforestation to the most mature. Although 7 and 10 years of reforestation had the largest composition range, the more generalist, granivorous and forest independent birds, three years were enough to have different bird diversity between them. Avifauna of 15 years patches resembled most closely that of mature forest but still lacked 18 species. In this way, we addressed: 1) planting of herbaceous/shrub and freshy-fruited species in reforestations and; 2) establish riparian forest corridors along the Paraná river to connect these reforestation patches with mature forest. These measures will allow higher avian beta-diversity to maximize the diaspores dispersed by birds to expand and accelerate the rehabilitation of this threatened for forest. dependence 1 restoration semiopen semi open range generalist them way addressed herbaceousshrub herbaceous shrub freshyfruited freshy fruited 2 betadiversity beta

Abstract: In the city of Temuco, Chile, the importance of urban wetlands has been recognized with the legal declaration of two key ecosystems: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán and Humedales de Antumalén. This paper presents an inventory of birds in these wetlands, following the Darwin Core standard, and compares the results with other selected inventories in Chile. Observations were made using point counts and 21-hour transects. A total of 50 species from 26 families and 15 orders were identified, with a predominance of native species. Fourteen species were found in both wetlands, 20 exclusively in Chivilcán and 15 in Antumalén. Comparison with other studies revealed significant differences in bird composition between urban and peri-urban habitats, illustrating that urban habitats maintain a unique diversity distinct from that of peri-urban areas. The diversity of habitats and the ‘least concern’ status of most species highlight the importance of these wetlands as refuges for avian biodiversity. The structure of the Darwin Core database facilitates their integration with other biodiversity systems, highlighting the need for continued conservation and study of these urban ecosystems. Abstract Temuco Chile ecosystems Antumalén standard 21hour hour 21 transects 5 2 1 identified periurban peri areas least concern systems

Resumen: En la ciudad de Temuco, Chile, se ha reconocido la importancia de los humedales urbanos con la declaración de dos ecosistemas clave: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán y Humedales de Antumalén. Este trabajo presenta un inventario de aves en estos humedales, siguiendo la norma Darwin Core, y compara los hallazgos con otros inventarios seleccionados en Chile. Las observaciones se realizaron mediante conteos puntuales y transectos durante 21 horas. Se identificaron un total de 50 especies de 26 familias y 15 órdenes, predominando las especies nativas. Catorce especies se encontraron en ambos humedales, 20 eran exclusivas de Chivilcán y 15 de Antumalén. La comparación con otros estudios reveló diferencias significativas en la composición de aves entre hábitats urbanos y periurbanos, mostrando que los hábitats asociados a ciudades mantienen una diversidad singular que difiere de los hábitats periurbanos. La diversidad de hábitats y el estatus de “preocupación menor” de la mayoría de las especies resaltan la importancia de estos humedales como refugios para la biodiversidad aviar. La estructura de la base de datos Darwin Core facilita su integración con otros sistemas de biodiversidad, subrayando la necesidad de continuar con la conservación y el estudio de estos ecosistemas urbanos. Resumen Temuco Chile clave Antumalén 2 horas 5 1 órdenes nativas periurbanos preocupación menor aviar

ABSTRACT The increase in urbanization poses a significant threat to biodiversity, leading to the alteration of natural habitats and intensified competition between native and exotic species. The house sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a globally widespread exotic and invasive species known for its environmental adaptability. However, recent studies have indicated that degrees of urbanization and microhabitat characteristics can influence house sparrow populations in diverse ways. In this study, we investigated the abundance, temporal variation, and microhabitat use of house sparrows across three areas with varying degrees of urbanization: urban areas (consisting of residential areas, paved streets, and squares), anthropic fields (including pastures and cultivated fields), and forests in Jacaraú, Northeastern Brazil. From October 2017 to September 2018, we employed the point count method to compare the abundance of house sparrows among the different areas. A total of 1880 records of house sparrows were obtained, with 56.3% observed in urban areas, 43.7% in anthropic fields, and none in the forest, indicating significant variations among the study areas. Throughout the year, active birds were observed in both urban areas and anthropic fields. Although no variations in bird abundance were found among the months in urban areas, a significant difference was observed in March (higher abundance) and October (lower abundance) in anthropic fields. The most frequently utilized microhabitats by house sparrows were ground surfaces, man-made structures, and artificial perches, whereas trees were the least used microhabitats. Our findings confirm that both habitat and microhabitat characteristics play crucial roles in determining the abundance and distribution patterns of the species in Brazil. Furthermore, our results suggest that house sparrows avoid using forests, and these environments can act as barriers to the species’ distribution. These findings enhance our understanding of the ecological dynamics of house sparrows in Brazil and provide valuable insights for management. biodiversity Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 adaptability However ways variation consisting streets squares, squares , squares) including fields) Jacaraú 201 2018 188 obtained 563 56 3 56.3 437 43 7 43.7 forest year higher lower surfaces manmade man made structures perches Furthermore management 175 20 18 5 56. 4 43. 17 2 1

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques tropicales presentan variaciones estacionales fenológicas provocando cambios en la disponibilidad de los recursos alimenticios. Bajo estas condiciones, los animales emplean estrategias de forrajeo al seguir la oferta del alimento. El perico frente naranja (Eupsittula canicularis) habita principalmente en el bosque tropical caducifolio desde el Pacífico mexicano hasta Costa Rica, sin embargo, su dieta y estrategias de forrajeo son poco conocidas. Objetivo: Evaluar la variabilidad espacial en la abundancia de recursos alimenticios, la dieta y el comportamiento de alimentación del perico en un paisaje modificado de la costa de Oaxaca, México. Métodos: Se establecieron 30 transectos para estudios fenológicos (200 × 6 m) durante la época seca (febrero-junio 2019) para determinar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios en el bosque tropical caducifolio, subcaducifolio y la vegetación secundaria. La dieta del perico se determinó mediante observaciones del forrajeo, y se consideró la amplitud del nicho alimenticio y la selección de recursos como estrategias de forrajeo. Resultados: En el área de estudio, el perico consume frutos (42.3 %), semillas (29.3 %) y flores (28.4 %) de 13 especies arbóreas y presenta un nicho alimenticio amplio con mayor frecuencia de forrajeo en el bosque primario. El perico selecciona recursos y ajusta sus estrategias de forrajeo de acuerdo a la disponibilidad del alimento en cada hábitat. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio resaltan la necesidad de mantener la estructura completa del bosque en paisajes modificados para asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios para para el perico frente naranja durante la época reproductiva.

Abstract Introduction: Seasonal phenological variations in tropical forests cause changes in food resource availability. Animals use foraging strategies to follow the food supply in these settings. The Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) mainly inhabits the tropical dry forest of the Mexican Pacific to Northwest Costa Rica, although little is known about its diet and foraging strategies. Objective: To assess spatial variability in food resource abundance, diet, and foraging behavior of the Orange-fronted Parakeet in a modified landscape in Oaxaca Coast, Mexico. Methods: 30 phenology transects (200 x 6 m) were established during the dry season (February-June 2019) to measure food resource availability in primary deciduous, semi-deciduous, and secondary forests. The Orange-fronted Parakeets diet was determined by focal foraging observations, and dietary niche breadth and resource selection were considered to determine feeding strategies. Results: Orange-fronted Parakeets fed on fruits (42.3 %), seeds (29.3 %), and flowers (28.4 %) of 13 plant species and presented a broad dietary niche breadth with a higher frequency of foraging in primary forest. The Orange-fronted Parakeets select resources and adapt their foraging strategies based on food resource availability in each habitat. Conclusions: The study findings highlights the need to maintain the complete forest structure in a modified landscape to ensure food resources availability for Orange-fronted Parakeets during the breeding season.

Abstract Introduction: There are no previous studies about the Achiote Interurban Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. Objective: To characterize birds and land use to improve the corridor’s functional connectivity. Methods: We selected ten sampling sites (sugar cane and coffee cultivation areas, urban areas, secondary forest, and riparian forest) and used the point count technique for six months (100 sampling hours and 120 samples). We determined bird richness and abundance associated with each type of cover. Results: We identified 194 bird species. Secondary forest, riparian areas, and coffee plantations had the highest diversity. Trophic guilds and habitat use were not related to cover, and insectivores and frugivores were generally dominant. Conclusion: Birds with generalist habits predominated in open areas and forest patches within the biological corridor.

Resumen Introducción: No existen estudios previos sobre el Corredor Biológico Interurbano El Achiote, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Caracterizar las aves y el uso del suelo para mejorar la conectividad funcional del corredor. Métodos: Seleccionamos diez sitios de muestreo (áreas de cañal y cafetal, áreas urbanas, bosque secundario y bosque ribereño) y utilizamos la técnica de conteo de puntos, durante seis meses (100 horas de muestreo y 120 muestras). Determinamos la riqueza y abundancia de aves asociadas a cada tipo de cobertura. Resultados: Identificamos 194 especies de aves. El bosque secundario, las áreas ribereñas y el cafetal tuvieron la mayor diversidad. Los gremios tróficos y el uso del hábitat no estuvieron relacionados con la cobertura, y los insectívoros y frugívoros fueron generalmente dominantes. Conclusión: Las aves de hábitos generalistas predominaron en áreas abiertas y parches de bosque dentro del corredor biológico.

Abstract The Laughing Dove (Streptopelia senegalensis) is a columbid bird commonly found throughout most of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and Australia. Its preferred habitat includes scrubland, agricultural lands, and human settlements. Despite this species’ extensive breeding range, very little information is available regarding its breeding ecology. The main objective of this study was to investigate the breeding features of the Laughing Dove in Taif City, Saudi Arabia between March and May 2018 and December 2018 and May 2019. The results indicate that this species constructs its nests at a mean height of 2.74 ± 0.1 m from the ground. The average number of nesting materials used for building a Laughing Dove nest was 109.3 ± 11.25. This study recorded that this species starts breeding in the middle of February. A clutch of two eggs comprised 72% of all the nests, with a mean of 1.75 ± 0.06 eggs per clutch. The average egg size was 25.27 ± 0.43 mm x 20.25 ± 0.19 mm, with an average egg volume of 5.01 ± 0.13 cm3. In total, 39.5% of the eggs hatched, and 64.7% of hatchlings reached the fledgling stage, resulting in an overall breeding success of 25.6%. This study suggested that nest desertion and predation were the major factors contributing to nest failure. Streptopelia senegalensis Africa East Asia Australia scrubland lands settlements range ecology City 201 2019 274 2 74 2.7 01 0 1 0. ground 1093 109 3 109. 1125 11 25 11.25 February 72 175 75 1.7 006 06 0.0 2527 27 25.2 043 43 0.4 2025 20 20.2 019 19 501 5 5.0 013 13 cm3 cm total 395 39 39.5 hatched 647 64 7 64.7 stage 256 6 25.6% failure 2. 10 112 11.2 17 1. 00 252 25. 04 4 202 20. 50 5. 39. 64. 25.6 11.

Resumo A rola-do-senegal (Streptopelia senegalensis) é uma ave columbídea comumente encontrada na maior parte da África, Oriente Médio, Ásia Central, Índia e Austrália. Seu hábitat preferido inclui cerrado, terras agrícolas e assentamentos humanos. Apesar da extensa gama de reprodução desta espécie, muito pouca informação está disponível sobre sua ecologia reprodutiva. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as características reprodutivas da rola-do-senegal na cidade de Taif, Arábia Saudita entre março e maio de 2018 e dezembro de 2018 e maio de 2019. Os resultados indicam que esta espécie constrói seus ninhos a uma altura média de 2,74 ± 0,1 m do chão. O número médio de materiais de nidificação usados para a construção de um ninho de rola-do-senegal foi de 109,3 ± 11,25. Este estudo registrou que esta espécie começa a se reproduzir em meados de fevereiro. Uma ninhada de dois ovos compôs 72% de todos os ninhos, com média de 1,75 ± 0,06 ovo por ninhada. O tamanho médio dos ovos foi de 25,27 ± 0,43 mm x 20,25 ± 0,19 mm, com volume médio de ovos de 5,01 ± 0,13 cm3. No total, 39,5% dos ovos eclodiram e 64,7% dos filhotes atingiram a fase de filhote, resultando em um sucesso reprodutivo geral de 25,6%. Este estudo sugeriu que a deserção do ninho e a predação foram os principais fatores que contribuíram para o fracasso do ninho. roladosenegal rola senegal Streptopelia senegalensis África Médio Central Austrália cerrado humanos reprodutiva Taif 201 2019 274 2 74 2,7 01 0 1 0, chão 1093 109 3 109, 1125 11 25 11,25 fevereiro 72 175 75 1,7 006 06 0,0 2527 27 25,2 043 43 0,4 2025 20 20,2 019 19 501 5 5,0 013 13 cm3 cm total 395 39 39,5 647 64 7 64,7 filhote 256 6 25,6% 2, 10 112 11,2 17 1, 00 252 25, 04 4 202 20, 50 5, 39, 64, 25,6 11,

RESUMO Este texto apresenta as diferentes formas como a consciência ecológica se expressa em alguns textos da literatura latino-americana contemporânea. Partindo do estudo clássico da ecologia contemporânea, Primavera silenciosa (CARSON, 1962), este artigo centra-se na visão emblemática da ave em diferentes dimensões do imaginário: 1) como objeto de estudo científico da ecologia, 2) como símbolo da crise da representação da realidade na literatura e na arte, e 3) como uma reflexão agônica que antecipa a destruição da espécie como vemos nas formas poéticas mais recentes. Este texto espera mostrar, assim, a profundidade histórica da tematização e problematização da natureza sul-americana na literatura com uma perspetiva crítica e ecológica. latinoamericana latino americana contemporânea CARSON, CARSON (CARSON 1962, 1962 , 1962) centrase centra imaginário 1 2 arte 3 recentes mostrar assim sulamericana sul 196 19

ABSTRACT This text presents the different ways in which ecological awareness is expressed in some texts of contemporary Latin American literature. Starting from the classic study of contemporary Ecology, Silent Spring (CARSON, 1962), it focuses on the emblematic vision of the bird in different dimensions of the imaginary:1) as a subject of scientific study of Ecology, 2) as a symbol of the crisis of the representation of reality in literature and art, and 3) as an agonizing consciousness that anticipates the destruction of the species through recent poetic works. This text aimes to show the historical depth of the thematization and problematization of South American nature with a critical and ecological perspective. Ecology CARSON, CARSON (CARSON 1962, 1962 , 1962) imaginary1 imaginary 1 imaginary:1 2 art 3 works perspective 196 imaginary: 19

RESUMEN Este texto presenta las diferentes formas en que se expresa la conciencia ecológica en algunos textos de literatura latinoamericana contemporánea. Partiendo del estudio clásico de la ecología contemporánea, Primavera silenciosa (CARSON, 1962), se centra en la visión emblemática del ave en diferentes dimensiones del imaginario:1) como sujeto de estudio científico de la ecología, 2) como símbolo de la crisis de la representación de la realidad en la literatura y el arte, y 3) como reflexión agónica que anticipa la destrucción de la especie a través de formas poéticas recientes. Este texto espera mostrar así la profundidad histórica de la tematización y problematización de la naturaleza suramericana con perspectiva crítica y ecológica. contemporánea CARSON, CARSON (CARSON 1962, 1962 , 1962) imaginario1 imaginario 1 imaginario:1 2 arte 3 recientes 196 imaginario: 19

Resumen Evaluamos la eficiencia del fototrampeo para monitorear aves y mamíferos en pastizales del sistema de Tandilia mediante la ocupación naïve, tasa de captura y tiempo hasta la primera detección de cada especie. Comparamos la riqueza observada con aquella reportada en bases de datos en línea. Realizamos curvas de acumulación de especies para estimar el esfuerzo de muestreo necesario para detectar la riqueza de especies. Detectamos 50 especies de aves y 15 de mamíferos. Las principales especies de aves (calandria común, chingolo, hornero, verdón e inambú campestre) representaron 48% de todas las detecciones de este grupo, con una ocupación naïve de 21-25% y tiempos promedios hasta la primera detección de entre 6 y 9 días. Las principales especies de mamíferos (zorro pampeano, peludo, liebre europea, zorrino y gato montés) contituyeron 81% de las detecciones de este grupo, con una ocupación naïve de 32-77% y tiempos promedios hasta la primera detección de entre 4 y 7 días. Un muestreo de 2 semanas fue el balance óptimo entre esfuerzo y calidad de los resultados. Se detectó toda la riqueza reportada de mamíferos y la mitad de las aves asociadas a pastizales. Brindamos información valiosa para futuros monitoreos con fototrampeo en pastizales neotropicales.

Abstract We assessed the efficiency of camera trapping in monitoring bird and mammal species in the grasslands of Tandilia Mountains by calculating the naïve occupancy, capture rate, and time to the first detection for each species. We compared the observed richness with the reported richness from online databases. We performed species accumulation curves to estimate the sampling effort necessary to detect bird and mammal species. We detected 50 bird and 15 mammal species. The top 5 bird species (Chalk-browed Mockingbird, Rufous-collared Sparrow, Rufous Hornero, Great Pampa-Finch, and Spotted Nothura) accounted for 48% of all detected individual birds, with naïve occupancy of 21-25% and mean times for the first detection between 6 and 9 days. The top 5 mammal species (Pampas fox, large hairy armadillo, European hare, Molina’s hog-nosed skunk, and Geoffroy’s cat) accounted for 81% of all detected individual mammals, with naïve occupancy of 32-77% and mean times for the first detection between 4 and 7 days. A sampling effort of 2 weeks was the optimal balance between effort and result qualities. We detected all the reported richness of mammals and half of the reported grassland-associated birds. We provide valuable information for future grassland species monitoring with camera trapping in Neotropical grasslands.

RESUMEN El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar la dieta del gremio de aves insectívoras mediante el análisis de excretas y colecta de insectos. De agosto 2018 a enero 2019 se aplicó búsqueda-intensiva, corte-sacudida de ramas, redes de niebla, análisis de heces e identificación de insectos. Se determinó riqueza (Jacknife1), similitud (Jaccard) y diversidad (Shannon-Wiener). Se aplicó Kruskal-Wallis, X 2 , análisis de regresión poisson (ARP) y correspondencia canónica (ACC). Jacknife1 presenta una media de 39 familias. Jaccard muestra una similitud del 19.88 %. Shannon-Wiener presenta una diversidad de H´ = 3.09. Kruskal-Wallis evidencia diferencias en la riqueza (0.0423*) y diversidad (0.0148*). La prueba de X 2 muestra que no se registró la riqueza de familias de insectos teóricamente presentes (P < 0.05). Los ARP muestran que seis ordenes, dos familias, dos tipos de insectos (corte y sacudida); un orden, una familia y un artículo (heces) tienen efecto sobre la abundancia de aves. Los ACC muestran la conformación de siete (corte y sacudida) y seis (heces) grupos que muestran relación entre las aves y los órdenes, familias, tipo de insecto y artículos registrados. Se exhibe simpatría trófica en algunas de las aves registradas, favoreciendo al control biológico de insectos del tipo plaga y parásitos.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to determine the diet of the insectivorous birds through the analysis of excreta and insect collection. From August 2018 to January 2019, search-intensive, branch cutting-shaking, mist-netting, scat analysis and insect identification were applied. Richness (Jacknife1), similarity (Jaccard) and diversity (Shannon-Wiener) were determined. Kruskal-Wallis, X2, Poisson regression analysis (PRA) and canonical correspondence (CCA) were applied. Jacknife1 shows a mean of 39 families. Jaccard shows a similarity of 19.88 %. Shannon-Wiener shows a diversity of H' = 3.09. Kruskal-Wallis shows differences in richness (0.0423*) and diversity (0.0148*). The X2 test shows that the richness of insect families theoretically present was not recorded (P < 0.05). PRAs show that six orders, two families, two insect types (cut and shake); one order, one family and one item (feces) have an effect on bird abundance. The CCAs show the conformation of seven (cutting and shaking) and six (feces) groups that show relationships between birds and the orders, families, insect type and items recorded. Trophic sympatry is exhibited in some of the birds recorded, favoring the biological control of pest and parasitic insects.

Resumen La rana de las piedras Thoropa miliaris (Cycloramphidae) es una especie saxícola endémica del Bosque Atlántico. La información sobre los posibles depredadores de esta especie es escasa en la literatura, un hecho posiblemente relacionado con la dificultad de registrar eventos de interacción entre predadores y presas. En este trabajo registramos diversos eventos predatorios oportunistas sobre T. miliaris por la serpiente Chironius laevicollis (Colubridae), por arañas del género Ctenus (Ctenidae) y por el ave Furnarius rufus (Furnariidae). Además, recopilamos los registros de depredación de las especies publicados hasta ahora.

Abstract The rock river frog Thoropa miliaris (Cycloramphidae) is a saxicolous species endemic to the Atlantic Forest. There is scarce literature on potential predators of this species, which is likely related to the difficulty of recording its predatory interactions. In this paper, we report opportunistic records of predation on T. miliaris by the snake Chironius laevicollis (Colubridae), spiders of the genus Ctenus (Ctenidae), and the bird Furnarius rufus (Furnariidae). In addition, we compiled the reports of predation on T. miliaris from current published data.

RESUMO: Em parques ecológicos, a proximidade com atividades turísticas facilita a exploração do lixo por quatis (Nasua nasua), com possíveis consequências graves para saúde dos animais. Descrevemos o conteúdo de fezes de quatis selvagens de três parques ecológicos. Após análise de 62 amostras, fragmentos de plantas e animais foram identificados em todas as fezes. Nas fezes de dois parques, as sementes estiveram presentes entre 36,4% e 48,6% das amostras. Foram identificados fragmentos de artrópodes em 100% das amostras de dois parques, mas apenas 87,3% em um terceiro parque. Escamas, ossos ou penas de pássaros estavam presentes em algumas amostras. Detectou-se material não digerido de origem industrial em 34,3% a 54,5% das amostras, como fragmentos de papel, barbante, plástico, alumínio, látex e vidro. Os resultados estão de acordo com outros estudos sobre a dieta de quatis selvagens, mas a ingestão de corpos estranhos, potencialmente prejudicial à saúde, é descrito pela primeira vez. Os problemas clínicos decorrentes da ingestão de lixo podem ser fraturas dentais, erosões de mucosas, perfuração intestinal, peritonite, impactação, diarreia, emagrecimento, intoxicação e infecções. Os quatis nos três parques estão com a saúde em risco, sendo necessárias ações para evitar problemas clínicos e potencialmente fatais. Quatro ações são recomendadas para evitar a ingestão de corpos estranhos: aumentar a educação ambiental dos visitantes; melhorar o armazenamento dos resíduos gerados nos parques; monitorar periodicamente a saúde dos quatis, de forma a fazer intervenções quando possível; fazer um programa permanente de estudo da ecologia das espécies nos três parques.

ABSTRACT: In ecological parks, the proximity to tourist activities facilitates the exploration of garbage by coatis, with possible serious consequences for the animals health . We described the contents of wild coatis feces from three ecological parks. After analyzing 62 samples, fragments of plants and animals were identified in all feces. In the feces of two parks, seeds were present between 36.4% and 48.6% of the samples. Arthropod fragments were identified in 100% of the samples from two parks, but only 87.3% in a third park. Scales, bones or bird feathers were present in some samples. Undigested material of industrial origin was detected in 34.3% to 54.5% of the samples, such as fragments of paper, string, plastic, aluminum, latex and glass. Results are in line with other studies on the diet of wild coatis, but the intake of foreign bodies, potentially harmful to health, is described for the first time. Clinical problems resulting from ingesting waste can be dental fractures, mucosal erosions, intestinal perforation, peritonitis, impaction, diarrhea, weight loss, intoxication and infections. Coatis in the three parks are at risk of health, and actions are needed to avoid clinical and potentially fatal problems. Four actions are recommended to avoid ingesting foreign bodies: increasing the environmental education of visitors; improving the storage of waste generated in parks; periodically monitor the health of coatis, in order to make interventions when possible; make a permanent program to study the ecology of species in the three parks.

ABSTRACT Although stable isotopes have been increasingly used in ornithology since 1980 in many places, Brazil has been slow in adopting this methodology, especially when it comes to terrestrial birds. The most common elements in bird ecology studies are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen stable isotopes, which provide information on diet, trophic interactions, habitat use, migration, geographic patterns, and physiology. It is important that Brazilian ornithologists become aware of the potential of stable isotope analysis in ecological studies, and the shortcomings of this tool. The use of stable isotopes to study bird ecology has great potential in Brazil, since many ecological questions about Neotropical birds can be addressed by it (e.g., resource and habitat use, migratory routes, isotopic niches, anthropogenic impacts, individual specialization). Brazilian museums and other Natural History collections can provide samples to study long-term temporal dynamics in bird ecology. Additionally, the integration of avian tissue sample information into a database may increase the collaboration among researchers and promote sample reuse in a variety of studies. All biomes in Brazil have been under pressure from anthropogenic impacts (e.g., land-use change, habitat loss, fragmentation, intensive agriculture), affecting several taxa, including terrestrial birds. Considering the negative effects of human expansion over natural areas and that stable isotopes provide useful ecological information, ornithologists in Brazil should increase their use of this tool in the future.

Resumen Los corredores ribereños proporcionan hábitat para muchas especies de aves en zonas urbanas, aunque han sido poco estudiadas en el noreste mexicano. En este estudio evaluamos la estructura y composición de la comunidad de aves del Río La Silla en Monterrey, Nuevo León. Entre febrero de 2018 y enero de 2020, llevamos a cabo censos mensuales, empleando 11-12 puntos de conteo de radio variable en cada uno de tres sitios: El Realito, Tolteca-Riberas y Cortijo. Registramos un total de 152 especies de aves: 85 residentes, 60 migratorias y 7 ocasionales. La mayoría de las especies tuvieron bajas abundancias, con solo 7 especies comunes o abundantes. Las familias con mayor riqueza fueron Tyrannidae (18 especies), Parulidae (17 spp) y Accipitridae (10 spp), mientras los gremios alimenticios más representados fueron insectívoros, carnívoros y piscívoros. Registramos 16 especies en riesgo, incluyendo 4 especies de psitácidos en riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional. Además, reportamos la actividad reproductiva de la garza tricolor, Egretta tricolor, y la garza azul, E. caerulea, en el área urbana. El sitio de Cortijo, en un área mayormente urbano y con actividad antropogénica, presentó significativamente menor abundancia de aves y menor similitud en avifauna comparado con los otros dos sitios del Río La Silla. Asimismo, la mayor riqueza de aves se registró en El Realito (129 spp), seguido de Tolteca-Riberas (102 spp) y Cortijo (82 spp). Nuestros resultados muestran la importancia de este corredor ribereño para las aves residentes y migratorias en esta metrópoli del noreste de México.

Abstract Riparian corridors provide habitat for many bird species in urban areas, although they have been little studied in northeastern Mexico. In this study we evaluated the structure and composition of the avian community of La Silla River in Monterrey, Nuevo León. Between February 2018 and January 2020, we performed monthly surveys, employing 11-12 variable-radius point counts in each of three sites: El Realito, Tolteca-Riberas and Cortijo. We registered a total of 152 bird species: 85 residents, 60 migratory, and 7 occasional. The majority of species had low abundance, with only 7 common or abundant species. The avian families with greatest species richness were Tyrannidae (18 species), Parulidae (17 spp) and Accipitridae (10 spp), while the best represented feeding guilds were insectivores, carnivores and piscivores. We registered 16 threatened species, including 4 psittacine species at risk nationally and internationally. We also report breeding activity of Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor, and the Little Blue Heron, E. caerulea, in this urban riparian corridor. The Cortijo site that was mainly urban and with constant anthropogenic activity, had significantly lower bird abundance and least similarity in avian community compared with the other two sites of La Silla River. Furthermore, highest species richness was recorded in El Realito (129 spp), followed by Tolteca-Riberas (102 spp) and Cortijo (82 spp). Our results demonstrate the importance of this urban riparian corridor for resident and migratory birds in this metropolis of northeastern Mexico.