Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Resumo As florestas ribeirinhas são ecossistemas únicos e altamente significativos que são globalmente importantes para diversas espécies de aves ameaçadas de extinção. Além de serem o berço da vida, também servem como um conjunto genético que abriga uma variedade de espécies da flora e da fauna. Apesar disso, esse frágil ecossistema abrigava um conjunto de aves, mas agora está desaparecendo diariamente como resultado da atividade humana. Determinar a produtividade do hábitat usando espécies de pássaros é fundamental para a conservação e melhor gestão no futuro. Vários levantamentos foram realizados ao longo de um período de 15 meses, de janeiro de 2018 a março de 2019, por meio do método de contagem de pontos de amostragem de distância. Foram fixadas sistematicamente 250 estações de contagem de pontos em intervalos de 300 m. No total, foram registrados 9.929 indivíduos de aves, representando 57 espécies e 34 famílias. Das 57 espécies de aves, duas eram vulneráveis, uma tinha dados insuficientes, uma estava quase ameaçada e as 53 espécies restantes eram as menos preocupantes. O: Pomba de colar euroasiática - Streptopelia decaocto (14.641 ± 2.532/ha), o Bulbul de orelha branca - Pycnonotus leucotis (13.398 ± 4.342/ha) e Tagarela comum - Turdoides caudata (10.244 ± 2.345/ha) foram as três primeiras espécies abundantes com maiores densidades. No entanto, as densidades de três espécies, Papa-amoras-cinzento (Sylvia curruca), Garça-real-europeia (Ardea cinerea) e Águia-pescadora de Pallas (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), não foram analisadas por causa do pequeno tamanho da amostra. Os resultados dos índices de diversidade revelaram que a floresta ribeirinha abrigou diversas espécies de aves que estão uniformemente dispersas pela floresta. Além disso, o registro das dez guildas de forrageamento indicou que a floresta ribeirinha é rica em recursos alimentares. Além disso, os resultados do índice de valor de importância da estrutura florística indicaram que a floresta ribeirinha é variada e rica em flora, ou seja, árvores, arbustos, ervas daninhas e grama, tornando-a um hábitat atraente e produtivo para espécies de aves.

Abstract Riverine forests are unique and highly significant ecosystems that are globally important for diverse and threatened avian species. Apart from being a cradle of life, it also serves as a gene pool that harbors a variety of flora and fauna species (repeated below). Despite the fact, this fragile ecosystem harbored avian assemblages; it is now disappearing daily as a result of human activity. Determining habitat productivity using bird species is critical for conservation and better management in the future. Multiple surveys were conducted over a 15-month period, from January to March 2019, using the distance sampling point count method. A total of 250 point count stations were fixed systematically at 300 m intervals. In total, 9929 bird individuals were recorded, representing 57 species and 34 families. Out of 57 bird species, two were vulnerable, one was data deficient, one was nearly threatened, and the remaining 53 species were of least concern. The Eurasian Collard Dove – Streptopelia decaocto (14.641 ± 2.532/ha), White-eared Bulbul – Pycnonotus leucotis (13.398 ± 4.342/ha) and Common Babbler – Turdoides caudata (10.244 ± 2.345/ha) were the three first plenteous species having higher densities. However, the densities of three species, i.e., Lesser Whitethroat – Sylvia curruca, Gray Heron – Ardea cinerea and Pallas Fish Eagle – Haliaeetus leucoryphus, were not analyzed due to the small sample size. The findings of diversity indices revealed that riverine forest has harbored the diverse avian species that are uniformly dispersed across the forest. Moreover, recording the ten foraging guilds indicated that riverine forest is rich in food resources. In addition, the floristic structure importance value index results indicated that riverine forest is diverse and rich in flora, i.e. trees, shrubs, weeds and grass, making it an attractive and productive habitat for bird species.

Resumo A porção noroeste da ecorregião Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná é uma das mais alteradas e fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica, da qual pouco se sabe sobre a avifauna local. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a diversidade e composição da avifauna aquática, bem como analisar os padrões de similaridade quanto a distribuição temporal e espacial destas aves nesta ecorregião. Utilizamos a transecção linear para amostragem em seis áreas úmidas (corpos d’água lênticos e lóticos), nos períodos de seca e chuva entre 2012 e 2013. Registramos 52 espécies de aves aquáticas e as riquezas das áreas mostraram-se distintas, pois apenas Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) foram comuns às seis áreas, o que indica seleção de habitat. Quando analisada a composição das aves nos dois períodos aliada à distribuição espacial, encontramos dissimilaridades temporais acentuadas entre os ambientes com características lóticas (rio e aterro) e lênticas (lagoas). Isto mostra que, além das diferentes épocas sazonais, é necessário analisar separadamente os diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas. Por fim, apesar da extensão pequena e baixa riqueza total, a área amostrada abrigou 1/3 das aves aquáticas de água doce para o estado de São Paulo, cinco espécies migratórias e 11 novas espécies para o noroeste do estado. A heterogeneidade de ambientes aquáticos locais, forte seleção de habitat aliada à sazonalidade e ausência de outros locais úmidos em seu entorno, explicam a diversidade e distribuição destas aves estreitamente relacionadas aos corpos d’água desta desconhecida ecorregião da Mata Atlântica.

Abstract The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Resumo As aves estão entre os melhores bioindicadores, o que pode nos orientar a reconhecer algumas das principais preocupações de conservação dos ecossistemas. Impactos antrópicos como desmatamento, degradação de habitat, modificação de paisagens e diminuição da qualidade dos habitats são as principais ameaças à diversidade de aves. O presente estudo foi desenhado para detectar agentes causadores antropogênicos que atuam na diversidade de aves aquáticas na Represa de Tarbella, rio Indus, Paquistão. Censos de aves aquáticas foram realizados de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 em várias áreas ao redor da barragem. Um total de 2.990 aves aquáticas representando 63 espécies foi registrado. Detectamos a maior riqueza e diversidade de aves aquáticas em Pehure, enquanto a maior densidade foi registrada em Kabbal. Os impactos da atividade humana parecem ser o principal fator determinante das comunidades de aves aquáticas, uma vez que as aves aquáticas foram negativamente correlacionadas com os maiores impactos antrópicos. As aves aquáticas parecem responder rapidamente às perturbações humanas.

Abstract Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.

RESUMEN El Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña (BMM) del centro de Veracruz, México, representa un paisaje alterado por actividades antrópicas, por lo que es necesario evaluar el potencial evolutivo y adaptativo de las aves refugiadas en el sitio, las cuales se enfrentan a un paisaje con un gradiente heterogéneo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de aves en fragmentos de BMM y vegetación secundaria (VS), en el predio Finca La Pastoría, Huatusco, Veracruz, así como, asociar su presencia y/o alimentación a cada hábitat evaluado. Se identificaron las especies y número de individuos en 14 sitios de observación de aves, con el método de muestreo basado en conteo por puntos con radio fijo de 30 m. Se registraron 100 especies pertenecientes a 33 familias y 15 órdenes. En el BMM se identificaron 916 individuos, correspondientes a 89 especies, y en VS 331 individuos de 54 especies, encontrando diferencias significativas de diversidad de aves entre coberturas de muestreo. Destacan los registros de Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi y Vireo griseus, por ser endémicas. La primera está clasificada en peligro de extinción, mientras que la segunda se encuentra sujeta a protección especial y la tercera amenazada. También se registraron Pionus senilis, especie amenazada; Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis y Amazona albifrons, sujetas a protección especial. Este estudio brinda información sobre cómo la avifauna hace uso diferencial de dos coberturas de vegetación, la cual puede servir para generar estrategias sustentables para el manejo y conservación del bosque.

ABSTRACT The Cloud Forest (CF) in central Veracruz, Mexico, represents a landscape that has been altered by anthropic activities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the evolutionary and adaptive potential of the birds sheltered in the site, which face a landscape with a heterogeneous gradient. The objective of the study was to describe the diversity of birds in fragments of CF and secondary vegetation (VS), in the property “Finca La Pastoría”, Huatusco, Veracruz. The species and number of individuals in 14 bird watching sites were identified, with the sampling method based on counting points with a fixed radius of 30 m. 100 species from 33 families and 15 orders were recorded. In the CF, 916 individuals were identified, corresponding to 89 species, and in VS 331 individuals of 54 species, finding significant differences in bird diversity between sampling coverages. The records of Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi and Vireo griseus stand out for being endemic and classified as endangered and threatened, respectively. Furthermore, Pionus senilis, a threatened species, as well as Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis and Amazona albifrons, subject to special protection, were also recorded. This study provides information on how the birds make differential use of two vegetation covers, which can be used to generate sustainable strategies for forest management and conservation.

Abstract. In Laguna de las Ilusiones, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico, bird species interact with the anthropic elements of the landscape. Waterfowl sightings were made with the fixed-point counting method during the dry and rainy seasons of the year 2020 at 12 sampling sites in the lagoon. Urban, water physicochemical, vegetation, and macrohabitat variables were recorded at these sites to assess their influence on waterfowl. A total of 1,134 individuals belonging to 8 orders, 12 families, and 25 species were recorded. The most sighted species were Ardea alba, Egretta thula, and Butorides virescens. Species diversity (Shannon index) was higher in the dry season (H = 2.40 bits) and lower in the rainy season (H = 1.89 bits). The canonical analysis showed that species richness decreased as the percentage of urbanization in the vicinity of the sampling sites increased.

Resumen. En la laguna de las Ilusiones, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México, las especies de aves interactúan con elementos antrópicos del paisaje. Se realizaron avistamientos de aves acuáticas con el método de conteo por punto fijo durante la temporada de secas y de lluvias del año 2020 en 12 sitios de muestreo en la laguna. Se registraron variables urbanísticas, físicoquímicas del agua, de vegetación y de macrohábitats para evaluar su influencia en las aves acuáticas. Se registró un total de 1,134 individuos pertenecientes a 8 órdenes, 12 familias y 25 especies. Las especies más avistadas fueron Ardea alba, Egretta thula y Butorides virescens. La diversidad de especies (índice de Shannon) fue mayor en la temporada de secas (H = 2.40 bits) y menor en la temporada de lluvias (H = 1.89 bits). El análisis canónico demostró que la riqueza de especies disminuyó a medida que incrementó el porcentaje de urbanización en las inmediaciones de los sitios de muestreo.

Abstract Introduction: The presence and structure of vegetation in urban areas have an impact on the composition of bird communities. Green areas with a higher ratio of introduced vegetation tend to have a greater homogenization of avifauna, whereas green areas with a high ratio of native vegetation have a greater diversity of birds. In several studies carried out in urban areas of Mexico, the factors of vegetation are not considered. Therefore, the responses of the species to vegetation types in terms of richness and diversity are unknown. Objective: To analyze the composition of bird species in the green areas of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, and evaluate the response of bird communities in areas with differences in vegetation composition. As well as to analyze the relationship between the trophic guilds in birds and vegetation in urban areas. Methods: Three sampling sites were established in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, based on two criteria: similar sampling area (ha) and differences in vegetation characteristics. Monitoring took place between January and December 2020, with three monthly visits in each site for a total of 108 visits, using the direct visual method. Results: We identified 98 species (11 orders, 28 families). The most abundant species were Quiscalus mexicanus and Molothrus aeneus. Differences in species richness were found for each site. The insectivorous and granivorous were the dominant guilds. An association between the guilds and the study sites was determined, where most were linked to mixed native vegetation, compared to homogeneous or introduced vegetation. Conclusions: The urban areas studied maintained a notable number of birds, and several of them presented some category of risk or endemism. This demonstrates the importance of these green areas composed of native vegetation as a refuge for birds and highlights the need to conserve and protect these areas within Ciudad Victoria and similar cities.

Resumen Introducción: La presencia y estructura de la vegetación en áreas urbanas tiene un impacto en la composición de las comunidades de aves. Las áreas verdes con una mayor proporción de vegetación introducida tienden a presentar una homogeneización de avifauna, mientras que las áreas verdes con alta proporción de vegetación nativa presentan mayor diversidad de aves. En varios trabajos realizados en áreas urbanas de México, estos factores no son tomados en cuenta. Por lo tanto, se desconocen las respuestas de las especies en términos de riqueza y diversidad. Objetivo: Analizar la composición de especies de aves en las áreas verdes de Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas y evaluar la respuesta de las comunidades de aves en tres áreas verdes con diferente composición de vegetación. Así como analizar la relación entre los gremios tróficos de aves con los elementos de la vegetación en las áreas urbanas. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en tres sitios de muestreo de Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México, con base en dos criterios: área similar de muestreo (ha) y diferencias en las características de la vegetación. Los monitoreos se realizaron de enero a diciembre de 2020, con tres visitas mensuales en cada sitio para un total de 108 visitas, utilizando el método visual directo. Resultados: Identificamos 98 especies (11 órdenes, 28 familias). Las especies más abundantes fueron Quiscalus mexicanus y Molothrus aeneus. Hubo diferencias en la riqueza de especies para cada sitio. Las insectívoras y granívoras fueron las dominantes. Se determinó una asociación entre los gremios y los sitios de estudio, donde la mayoría están relacionados con la vegetación mixta, comparado con la vegetación homogénea o introducida. Conclusiones: Las áreas urbanas estudiadas mantuvieron un número notable de aves, y varias de ellas presentaron alguna categoría de riesgo o endemismo. Esto demuestra la importancia de estas áreas verdes como refugio de aves y resalta la necesidad de conservar y proteger dichas áreas dentro de Ciudad Victoria y ciudades similares.

Abstract Introduction: Frugivory is a pivotal ecological process for the structure and regeneration of forests. In the tropics, where the diversity of plants and frugivorous animals is high, interspecific relationships in the interaction networks are complex and need study. Objective: To identify ecologically important plant species in two interaction networks, and the role of functional fruit traits in those interactions in a dry forest. Methods: We collected 10 fruits per plant from 10 plants of each species of interest in a Colombian dry forest, we calculated the Plant Importance Index based on the bird and mammal frugivores relevance for network structure. This relevance is directly related to the animal's potential as effective seed dispersers. We used generalized linear models to estimate the effect of fruit size, color, stratum, and type of pulp, on the index. Results: The most important plants are species of the genera Miconia, Ficus, Cecropia, Bursera, Casearia and Trichilia, also identified as important resources for tropical frugivores in other studies. Plants with small, red, and fleshy fruits are the best for seed dispersers. The plant importance index has a high variation; this suggests that the set of frugivore species benefited by each plant species has a differential contribution to the ecological processes derived from seed dispersal. Conclusions: Restoration programs for this kind of tropical dry forest should include a variety of plants, including species with small, red, and fleshy fruits.

Resumen Introducción: La frugivoría es un proceso ecológico determinante para la estructuración y regeneración de los bosques. En los trópicos, donde la diversidad de plantas y animales frugívoros es alta, las relaciones interespecíficas son complejas y requieren estudio. Objetivo: Identificar las especies de plantas ecológicamente importantes en dos redes de interacción, y el papel de los rasgos funcionales de los frutos en esas interacciones en un bosque seco. Métodos: Recolectamos 10 frutos por planta de 10 plantas de cada especie de interés en un bosque seco colombiano, calculamos el índice de importancia de las plantas a partir de la relevancia de aves y mamíferos frugívoros en la estructura de las redes. Esta relevancia se relaciona directamente con el potencial del animal como dispersor efectivo de semillas. Utilizamos modelos lineales generalizados para estimar el tamaño, color, estrato, y tipo de pulpa, en el índice. Resultados: Las plantas más importantes son especies de los géneros Miconia, Ficus, Cecropia, Bursera, Casearia y Trichilia, también identificadas como recursos importantes para los frugívoros de los trópicos en otros estudios. Las plantas con frutos carnosos, rojos y de menor tamaño son los mejores para dispersores de semillas. El índice de importancia de las plantas tiene alta variación; esto sugiere que un conjunto de especies frugívoras beneficiadas por cada especie de planta tiene una contribución diferenciada en procesos ecológicos derivados de la dispersión de semillas. Conclusiones: Programas de restauración para este tipo de bosque tropical seco debería incluir una variedad de plantas, incluyendo especies con frutos pequeños, rojos y carnosos.

Abstract. Greenspaces immersed in the large urban centers serve as shelters for biodiversity, reducing the negative impact of urbanization. To contribute to the knowledge of the avifauna of central Mexico, in the present study the bird diversity presents in the Sierra Hermosa Ecological, Tourist and Recreational State Park, a peri-urban area of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City was determined, adjacent to the Felipe Ángeles International Airport. The data was obtained by carrying out field work over 29 months of sampling between 2019 and 2022. A total of 199 bird species were obtained, belonging to 46 families and 17 orders. The families that presented the highest species richness were Tyrannidae (19) and Parulidae (14). Ninety-two resident, 95 migratory and 12 introduced species were found. The most representative trophic group was that of insectivores (115) and the habitat with the highest species richness was abandoned buildings with induced trees (92). Three endemic species and six under some risk categories were found according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. The results indicate that is a site of great importance for feeding, shelter, and reproduction for populations of resident and migratory birds that inhabit the periphery of the urban area, and that in the local scenario could be used for future research on rehabilitation, restoration, and territorial planning in the Valley of Mexico.

Resumen. Los espacios verdes inmersos en los grandes centros urbanos sirven como refugios para la biodiversidad, reduciendo el impacto negativo que representa la urbanización. Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la avifauna del centro de México, se determinó la diversidad de aves presente en el Parque Estatal Ecológico, Turístico y Recreativo Sierra Hermosa, que es un área periurbana de la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, adyacente al Aeropuerto Internacional Felipe Ángeles. Los datos fueron obtenidos realizando trabajo de campo durante 29 meses de muestreo entre 2019 y 2022. Se obtuvo un total de 199 especies de aves, agrupados en 46 familias y 17 órdenes; las familias que presentaron la mayor riqueza de especies fueron Tyrannidae (19) y Parulidae (14). Se encontraron 92 especies residentes, 95 migratorias y 12 introducidas. El grupo trófico más representativo fue de los insectívoros (115) y el hábitat con mayor riqueza de especies fue las edificaciones abandonadas con arbolado inducido (92). Se hallaron tres especies endémicas y seis bajo alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Los resultados indican que es un sitio de gran importancia para la alimentación, refugio y reproducción para las poblaciones de aves residentes y migratorias que habitan en la periferia del área urbana, y que en el escenario local podría utilizarse para futuros estudios sobre rehabilitación, restauración y planificación territorial en el Valle de México.

ABSTRACT Background. Bird studies in the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park (PNSAV) have reported previously that 48 % of the birds are winter migrants and 52 % are residents. However, the structure of the bird communities of its islands has yet to be previously analyzed. Objectives. To analyze the bird communities’ structure of Sacrificios, Verde, Salmedina, Polo, de Enmedio, and Santiaguillo islands. Methods. From April 2021 to April 2022, six bird censuses were conducted on each island. With the data obtained, species richness, abundance, and alpha diversity using the Shannon, Margalef, and Simpson indices, were determined. Additionally, birds were classified into marine, aquatic or coastal, hawks, and terrestrial, and the number of species and the sum of maxima of these groups were calculated for each island. Finally, with all the information, the conformation of each island’s bird communities and their diversity variations throughout the study year were analyzed. Results. De Enmedio Island had the highest diversity values (April and October 2021). October had the highest diversity values for Sacrificios, Verde, and Santiaguillo islands. Salmedina and Polo showed the highest diversity in July 2021 and January 2022; only marine and coastal birds were observed on these two islands; in the other islands, terrestrial species predominated. On Polo Island, marine birds were highly abundant despite the island’s small size. Conclusions. There appears to be great anthropogenic pressure on seabirds’ resting and breeding habitats. There needs to be more information about the islands, and generating it is relevant for the integrated management of the PNSAV.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Estudios previos en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV) han reportado que 48 % de las aves son migratorias de invierno y 52 % son residentes. Sin embargo, no se ha analizado previamente la estructura de las comunidades de aves de sus islas. Objetivos. Analizar la estructura de las comunidades de aves de las islas Sacrificios, Verde, Salmedina, Polo, de Enmedio y Santiaguillo. Métodos. Se realizaron seis censos de aves en cada isla de abril de 2021 a abril de 2022. Con los datos obtenidos se determinó la riqueza específica, la abundancia y la diversidad alfa mediante los índices de Shannon, Margalef y Simpson. Adicionalmente, luego de clasificar a las aves en marinas, acuáticas o costeras, rapaces y terrestres, se calculó el número de especies y la suma de máximos de estos grupos para cada isla. Con toda la información se analizó la conformación de las comunidades de aves para cada isla y sus variaciones en cuanto a la diversidad a lo largo del año de estudio. Resultados. La isla de Enmedio presentó los mayores valores de diversidad (abril y octubre 2021). Octubre 2021 fue el mes de mayor diversidad para Sacrificios, Verde y Santiaguillo. Salmedina y Polo presentaron mayor diversidad en julio 2021 y en enero 2022, en estas dos islas solo se observaron aves marinas y costeras, en las demás islas predominaron especies terrestres. En Polo, las aves marinas presentaron una elevada abundancia a pesar del reducido tamaño de la isla. Conclusiones. Parece existir una gran presión antrópica sobre los hábitats de reposo y reproducción de las aves marinas. Existe poca información de las islas, generarla es relevante para un manejo integral del PNSAV.

Summary: The Reserve for Park San Rafael (Itapúa and Caazapá Departments) is one of the last large remnants of BAAPA and is the biggest conservation priority at the national level since it contains the country’s highest bird species richness. The objective was to analyze the richness and composition of birds in forest fragments and its areas of influence of soy agricultural areas at Reserve for Park San Rafael, utilizing the methods of MacKinnon 10 species list, during 8 periods between November 2017 and February 2020. 177 bird species, belonging to 47 families and 19 orders were registered. Of these, 114 have been registered in 27 lists for forest environments and 134 species in 69 lists in productive zones. 31 of these species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Alto Parana, including the vinaceous-breasted parrot Amazona vinacea (endangered at the international level) and the southern bristle tyrant Phylloscartes eximius (Near-Threatened). At the national level, 28 endemic species are threatened with extinction at the national level. Bird species exclusive to the forest zone and species exclusive to the productive zone were recorded, resulting in a 63.27% complementarity. Despite the changes in land use to which the study area is subjected, a great diversity of birds was recorded, highlighting the high number of endemic and threatened species at the national and international level, both in the sites sampled within the reserve. and its buffer zone. These data contribute to knowledge and highlight the importance of these remnants for the conservation of birds.

Resumen: La Reserva para Parque Nacional San Rafael (Departamento de Itapúa y Caazapá) es uno de los últimos remanentes grandes de BAAPA, y la mayor prioridad de conservación a nivel nacional, ya que contiene la mayor riqueza de aves del país. El objetivo fue analizar la riqueza y composición de aves en los fragmentos boscosos y sus áreas de influencia de los sitios con agricultura de soja de la Reserva para Parque Nacional San Rafael, utilizando la metodología de Listas de 10 especies de MacKinnon, en ocho períodos entre noviembre 2017 y febrero de 2020. Se identificaron 177 especies de aves pertenecientes a 47 Familias, y 19 Órdenes, de las cuales 114 han sido registradas en 27 listas en ambientes de bosques y 134 especies en 69 listas en la zona productiva. Del total de las especies, 31 son endémicas del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná, incluyendo al Loro vinoso Amazona vinacea (en peligro de extinción a nivel mundial) y la Mosqueta Media Luna Phylloscartes eximius (Casi-Amenazada). A nivel nacional, 28 especies endémicas están amenazadas de extinción a nivel nacional. Se registraron especies de aves exclusivas para la zona de bosque, y especies exclusivas para la zona productiva, dando como resultado un 63,27 % de complementariedad. A pesar de los cambios de uso de tierra al cual se encuentra sometido el área de estudio, se registraron una gran diversidad de aves destacando el elevado número de especies endémicas y amenazadas a nivel nacional e internacional, tanto en los sitios muestreados dentro de la reserva y su zona de amortiguamiento. Estos datos contribuyen al conocimiento y realzan la importancia de estos remanentes para la conservación de las aves.

ABSTRACT Birds that inhabit white-sand ecosystems (WSE) in the Amazon are adapted to habitats distributed as isolated patches. These environments occur in sandy soils that are extremely poor in nutrients, have low floristic diversity and support bird assemblages restricted to WSE. We investigated whether bird species specialized in WSE have morphological or ecological traits that distinguish them from generalist birds that share the same habitat but are not restricted to WSE. We collected morphological and ecological data from 22 specialist and 102 generalist bird species from WSE and described their ecomorphological diversity using multivariate analyses and measures of functional diversity. Understory insectivorous species that move alone or in pairs, were the group with the most species among specialist birds from WSE. In contrast, canopy frugivorous species that form mono- or heterospecific groups were more frequent among generalist species. Specialist and generalist birds overlapped extensively in ecomorphological space, with specialists occupying a narrower space compared to generalists. Functional diversity, however, was not different between specialist and generalist species when controlling for the number of species within the communities. Further studies comparing the ecomorphological diversity of bird assemblages of other environments in the Amazon may highlight the ecological pressures leading to the functional diversity of specialist species in WSE observed in this study.

RESUMO As aves que habitam os ecossistemas de areia branca (EAB) na Amazônia estão adaptadas a habitats distribuídos em manchas isoladas. Esses ambientes ocorrem em solos arenosos extremamente pobres em nutrientes, possuem baixa diversidade florística e suportam assembleias de aves restritas a EAB. Investigamos se espécies de aves especializadas em EAB possuem características morfológicas ou ecológicas que as distinguem de aves generalistas que compartilham o mesmo habitat, mas não estão restritas a EAB. Coletamos dados morfológicos e ecológicos de 22 espécies de aves especialistas e 102 generalistas de EAB, e descrevemos sua diversidade ecomorfológica usando análises multivariadas e medidas de diversidade funcional. Espécies insetívoras do sub-bosque que se movem solitárias ou em pares foram o grupo com maior número de espécies dentro das aves especialistas da EAB. Em contraste, espécies frugívoras de dossel que formam grupos mono ou heteroespecíficos foram mais frequentes entre as espécies generalistas. Aves especialistas e generalistas sobrepuseram-se extensivamente no espaço ecomorfológico, com especialistas ocupando um espaço mais estreito em comparação com generalistas. A diversidade funcional, no entanto, não foi diferente entre espécies especialistas e generalistas ao controlar o número de espécies dentro das comunidades. Estudos futuros comparando a diversidade ecomorfológica de assembleias de aves de outros ambientes na Amazônia podem destacar as pressões ecológicas que levam à diversidade funcional de espécies especialistas em EAB observadas neste estudo.

Resumen Recopilamos 302 registros reproductivos a partir de una revisión en profundidad de registros de observación de aves del Área Metropolitana de Lima, (Lima-Perú), de eBird e iNaturalist, durante 2000-2020. Nosotros (1) determinamos la distribución geográfica de los registros reproductivos y la actividad reproductiva de las especies, (2) examinamos los períodos de actividad reproductiva y (3) describimos los patrones de anidación, incluido el uso del hábitat de anidación. Los registros ocurrieron en 27 distritos y abarcaron 45 especies. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) y Podiceps major (n=36) tuvieron el mayor número de registros de reproducción, y Zenaida meloda tuvo la mayor diversidad de actividad de reproducción (6 tipos de registros). Establecimos periodos de reproducción para 21 especies, incluyendo las que se reproducen du rante todo el año (n=10), durante la estación seca-cálida (diciembre-abril, n=5), durante la estación húmeda-fría (junio-octubre, n=3), y algunos otros que muestran alguna variación entre las dos estaciones (n=3). De un total de 82 registros de anidación, el 52,4% estuvo asociado a ambientes acuáticos naturales o artificiales. Identificamos 15 especies de plantas hospederas, que brindaron apoyo a ocho especies anidadoras. Los nidos de Charadrius vo ciferus (3 huevos), H. palliatus (1-4 huevos) y Z. meloda (2 huevos) mostraron tamaños de puesta invariables en comparación con lo reportado para estas especies en otras áreas de la costa central peruana. Mostramos que los datos de la ciencia ciudadana son una herramienta útil para el estudio de la biología reproductiva, especialmente en las aves peruanas, donde las fuentes de datos más tradicionales son escasas.

Abstract We compiled 302 breeding records from an in-depth review of bird observational records from the Lima Metropolitan Area (Lima-Peru), from eBird and iNaturalist, during 2000-2020. We (1) determined the geographic distribution of breeding records and breeding activity of species, (2) examined periods of breeding activity, and (3) described nesting patterns including nesting habitat use, host plant preference, and clutch size. Records occurred in 27 districts and encompassed 45 species. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) and Podiceps major (n=36) had the highest numbers of breeding records, and Zenaida meloda had the highest diversity of breeding activity (6 types of records). We established breeding periods for 21 species, including those breeding throughout the year (n=10), during the dry-warm season (December-April, n=5), during the humid-cold season (June-October, n=3), and some others showing some variation between the two seasons (n=3). Out of a total of 82 nesting records, 52.4% were associated with natural or artificial aquatic environments. We identified 15 host plant species, that provided support to eight nesting species. Nests of Charadrius vociferus (3 eggs), H. palliatus (1-4 eggs), and Z. meloda (2 eggs) showed invariable clutch sizes compared to what has been reported for these species in other areas of the Peruvian central coast. We showed that citizen science data is a useful tool for studying breeding biology, espe cially of Peruvian birds, where more traditional data sources are scarce.

ABSTRACT Bird monitoring conducted in the former Azalia and Chonta tailings dams, located in the District of Goyllarisquizga (Pasco), conducted from March 9 to 12, 2021, has helped determining that the environmental quality is average. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that it is important to restore and reforest ecological components of the former Chonta and Azalia tailings dams, since according to the results obtained, 89.06% of the species found are registered on the IUCN Red List of threatened species, classified as Least Concern according to version 3.1 of the second edition of the IUCN "Red List Categories and Criteria". Likewise, 10.92% of birds are endemic to the area, which means that they can only inhabit that type of ecosystem, and 3.36% of birds are cataloged as CITES and are listed in Appendix II of CITES, so it can be concluded that 89.06% of species are sensitive.

RESUMEN Mediante monitoreos ornitológicos realizados en las ex relaveras de Azalia y Chonta del 9 al 12 de marzo de 2021, ubicadas en el Distrito de Goyllarisquizga (Pasco), se ha determinado que la calidad ambiental es de ponderación Media. Señalándose, además, que es importante la restauración y reforestación de los componentes ecológicos de ellas ya que, según los resultados obtenidos, el 89.06% de las especies encontradas se encuentran registradas en la Lista roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN, catalogadas como Leves según la versión 3.1 de la segunda edición de las Categorías y criterios de la Lista roja de la UICN. Asimismo, el 10.92% de aves son endémicas de la zona, que significaría que solo pueden habitar ese tipo de ecosistemas, y el 3.36% de aves son catalogadas como CITES y se ubican en el Apéndice II de CITES, por lo que se puede concluir que el 89.06% de las especies son sensibles.

ABSTRACT Studies on birds and their habitats are usually conducted in natural areas (protected areas, forests, wetlands, etc.). In this study, the relationship between agricultural landscape diversity and the species diversity of birds was investigated in an agricultural zone surrounded by natural and forested areas. Observations were carried out in 60 sample grid squares. Presence/absence data for birds and cultivated plants at each sample site were recorded. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index for bird species and landscape metrics for agricultural areas were used in the sample site. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explain the correlation between agricultural landscape diversity and bird species diversity. According to the results, the area-weighted mean shape index (AWMSI) and the number of patches (NP) were found to be particularly effective at predicting bird species diversity (R2 = 0.66). In addition, as the patch number and patch shape ratio increased in a sample area, the diversity of bird species (R = 0.83) expanded. It can be concluded that agricultural zones consisting of small, different patches are rich areas for bird species diversity. Bird species diversity is lessened in agricultural areas with uniform or similar landscape structures consisting of large patches. If the NP in the area is high, but not distributed in a mosaic pattern, then the diversity of bird species is considered weak. Despite the increasing NP and patch types, bird species diversity declines if there is intense human activity in the area.

RESUMO Estudos sobre aves e seus habitats são geralmente realizados em áreas naturais (áreas protegidas, florestas, áreas úmidas, etc.). Neste estudo, a relação entre a diversidade da paisagem agrícola e a diversidade de espécies de aves foi investigada em uma zona agrícola cercada por áreas naturais e florestais. As observações foram realizadas em 60 quadrados de grade de amostra. Dados de presença/ausência de pássaros e plantas cultivadas em cada local de amostragem foram registrados. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener para espécies de aves e métricas de paisagem para áreas agrícolas foram usados no local de amostragem. Uma análise de regressão linear múltipla foi realizada para explicar a correlação entre a diversidade da paisagem agrícola e a diversidade de espécies de aves. De acordo com os resultados, o índice de forma média ponderada por área (AWMSI) e o número de manchas (NP) foram considerados particularmente eficazes na previsão da diversidade de espécies de aves (R2 = 0,66). Além disso, à medida que o número de manchas e a proporção da forma de manchas aumentavam em uma área de amostragem, a diversidade de espécies de aves (R = 0,83) aumentava. Pode-se concluir que as zonas agrícolas constituídas por pequenas manchas diferentes são áreas ricas em diversidade de espécies de aves. A diversidade de espécies de aves é reduzida em áreas agrícolas com estruturas de paisagem uniformes ou semelhantes, consistindo em grandes manchas. Se o NP na área for alto, mas não distribuído em um padrão de mosaico, então a diversidade de espécies de aves é considerada fraca. Apesar do aumento dos tipos de NP e manchas, a diversidade de espécies de aves diminui se houver intensa atividade humana na área.