Resumen: Ante el cambio climático, las especies pueden perder representación de su nicho en el biotopo, viéndose afectado el riesgo de extinción. Esta breve revisión de la literatura pretende establecer las bases del estado del conocimiento sobre riesgo de extinción en función al nicho climático. Esto permitirá formular futuros abordajes tales como predicciones de riesgo en base al nicho climático. Según la literatura, la amplitud del nicho y la posición relativa de sus componentes determinan el riesgo de extinción. Esta información puede complementar el conocimiento sobre el riesgo de extinción relacionado a la distribución geográfica. También se puede utilizar para planificar estrategias de conservación específicas para cada situación. Las características de los nichos climáticos pueden interactuar con factores externos (amenazas, competencia) e intrínsecos (área ocupada, dispersión), afectando el riesgo de extinción. Aún persisten vacíos de información sobre los nichos climáticos y limitaciones en sus métodos de estudio. La literatura existente se ha enfocado en vertebrados paleárticos y nichos realizados. Por último, se presenta un caso de estudio que ilustra diferencias entre los nichos climáticos realizados de especies de aves según su riesgo de extinción, mediante la comparación de estadísticas descriptivas. Estas confirman en parte lo que menciona la literatura, pero requieren mejoras para garantizar que proporcionen información veraz. En el futuro, sería interesante explorar estas estadísticas como predictores climáticos para conocer el estado de especies poco conocidas y entender mejor el riesgo de extinción, agregando la dimensión climática a las evaluaciones de riesgo.

Abstract: Species could lose part of their niche representation in the biotope due to climate change, potentially affecting extinction risk. This brief review of the literature aims to establish the basic aspects of our current knowledge concerning extinction risk related to climatic niches. This will enable the formulation of future approaches such as predictions of extinction risk based on the climatic niche. The literature indicates that niche width and relative position of niche components determine extinction risk. This information could complement our knowledge of extinction risk based on geographic distributions. It could also be used to plan specific conservation strategies for each situation. Climatic niche characteristics may interact with external factors (threats and competition) and intrinsic factors (occupied area and dispersal), affecting extinction risk. Information gaps about climatic niches persist as well as limitations of their study methods. Most studies have focused on paleartic vertebrates and realized niches. Finally, a case study is presented in which differences among bird realized climatic niches according to their extinction risk are illustrated by comparing descriptive statistics. These partially confirm what is mentioned in the literature but should be improved to guarantee that they provide accurate information. In the future, it would be interesting to explore these descriptive statistics as climatic predictors of conservation status for data deficient species and to gain a better understanding of extinction risk by adding the climatic dimension to risk evaluations.

Abstract: The conservation of biodiversity in Mediterranean Chile requires a greater coverage than that represented in the Protected Wild Areas of the State (SNASPE) and Private Protec ted Areas (APP) are complementary alternative for conservation. The study of biodiver sity in APP is scarce, ignoring its contribution to the conservation. The small mammals assemblage of the APP Bioparque Puquén and surroundings was described comparing the species richness, relative abundance and diversity index of Margalef inside and out side the park. Using the Morisita-Horn similarity index and a cluster analysis, the small mammals assemblage was compared between sampling points categorized in different biotopes. Endemic and native species were more abundant outside the APP. There were no significant differences in specific richness or diversity inside and outside the APP. The small mammals assemblage was grouped into biotopes of dense native vegetation and prairies, ravines and seasonal waters. The park would act as buffer area, protecting the nearby areas of the Los Molles-Pichidangui Priority Site. The importance of rocky outcrops as a habitat for endemic species of small mammals and protecting the areas adjacent to the BioParque is discussed.

Resumen: La conservación de la biodiversidad en Chile Mediterráneo requiere una mayor cobertura en el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Estado, por lo que las Áreas Pro tegidas Privadas (APP) son alternativas complementarias para la conservación. El estudio de la biodiversidad en las APP es escaso, desconociendo su aporte en la conservación. Se describió el ensamble de micromamíferos del APP Bioparque Puquén y alrededores comparando la riqueza de especies, abundancia relativa e índice de diversidad de Marga- lef al interior y exterior del parque. Mediante el índice de similitud de Morisita-Horn y un análisis de agrupamientos se comparó el ensamble de micromamíferos entre puntos de muestreos categorizados en distintos biotopos. Las especies endémicas y nativas fueron más abundantes fuera del APP. No hubo diferencias significativas en la riqueza específica ni diversidad dentro y fuera del APP. El ensamble de micromamíferos se agrupó en bioto pos de vegetación nativa densa y de praderas, quebradas y aguas estacionales. El parque actuaría como área de amortiguación, protegiendo las áreas aledañas del Sitio Prioritario Los Molles-Pichidangui. Se discute la importancia de los escollos como hábitat de es pecies endémicas de micromamíferos y de proteger las áreas adyacentes al BioParque.

RESUMO Organismos com populações-fonte restritas ao biótopo subterrâneo (troglóbios) são excelentes modelos para estudos evolutivos comparativos, devido à especialização resultante do isolamento sob um regime seletivo particular, com ênfase na permanente falta de luz. A regressão do olho e da pigmentação são características dos troglobites. Apesar do avanço do conhecimento sobre os mecanismos subjacentes à regressão ocular em peixes de caverna, pouco se sabe sobre mudanças de pigmentação. Os estudos foram focados em três espécies do gênero Pimelodella. Exemplares das espécies troglóbias P. spelaea e P. kronei foram comparados com a epígea P. transitoria, provável espécie-irmã dessa última. As áreas e densidades dos melanóforos são significativamente menores nas espécies troglóbias. Avaliando a resposta in vitro dessas células à adrenalina, acetilcolina e MCH, observamos uma resposta reduzida em ambos os troglóbios à adrenalina. A mesma tendência foi observado com o MCH, mas não estatisticamente. Nenhuma resposta à acetilcolina foi detectada três. Contrariamente às expectativas, embora a regressão ocular em P. spelaea seja bem menor do que em P. kronei, a regressão na pigmentação foi mais acentuada. Múltiplos mecanismos de regressão, mostrando um mosaico de características em peixes troglóbios, são discutidos aqui.

ABSTRACT Organisms with source-populations restricted to the subterranean biotope (troglobites) are excellent models for comparative evolutionary studies, due to their specialization to permanent absence of light. Eye and dark pigment regression are characteristics of most troglobites. In spite of the advance in knowledge on the mechanisms behind eye regression in cave fishes, very little is known about pigmentation changes. Studies were focused on three species of the genus Pimelodella. Exemplars of the troglobitic P. spelaea and P. kronei were compared with the epigean (surface) P. transitoria, putative sister-species of the latter. Melanophore areas and densities are significantly lower in the troglobitic species. Evaluating the in vitro response of these cells to adrenaline, acetylcholine and MCH, we observed a reduced response in both troglobites to adrenaline. The same trend was observed with MCH, but not statistically significant. No response to acetilcholine was detected in all the three. Contrary to expectations, even though eye-regression in P. spelaea was much lower than in P. kronei, pigmentation regression was more advanced. Multiple mechanisms of loss showing a mosaic of traits in troglobitic fishes are discussed here.

Abstract Chlorota cleidecostae sp. nov. is described based on a unique female collected at Maranhão State, Carolina municipality, in the “Meio Norte” region, a biotope comprising Cerrado, Caatinga and Amazon biomes. The new species is distinguished from all other Chlorota species by having the striped elytral pattern with red costae, and surface of pronotum dull, dark, metallic, and smooth. An updated map and a key for species and subspecies that occur in Brazil are also presented.

RESUMO O costão rochoso de Praia Grande (Ubatuba, SP) é formado por matacões rochosos e recifes de areia formados por poliquetas sabelarídeos. Essas estruturas oferecem abrigo e área de forrageamento para diversos organismos marinhos, e atraem muitos turistas. O caranguejo Eriphia gonagra (Fabricius, 1781) habita essas estruturas, podendo ser utilizado como bioindicador, uma vez que estas podem ser afetadas por ações antrópicas. Por meio deste estudo avaliou-se o conteúdo estomacal e caracterizou-se os hábitos alimentares de uma população de E. gonagra, levando em consideração o sexo, tamanho e microhabitat. Amostragens mensais foram realizadas em 1996 e 1997 e os caranguejos foram capturados manualmente na Praia Grande. Assim, os espécimes amostrados foram caracterizados de acordo com o local de captura (microhabitat) como recife rochoso (RO) ou de areia (SR). Os itens mais abundantes foram moluscos, algas, poliquetos e crustáceos, sendo observada a importância destes grupos como recurso alimentar no ambiente estudado. Os moluscos foram mais abundantes nos estômagos dos caranguejos amostrados no RO, enquanto os demais item aumentavam nos caranguejos dos recifes de areia. Dentre os espécimes amostrados no SR, poliquetos foi o alimento foi mais comum, indicando que esse biótopo também é utilizado como fonte rica em proteínas. A proporção de itens diferiu também entre classes de tamanho. Conhecer tais hábitos é essencial para estudos de requisitos nutricionais, monitoramento de relações entre organismos, bem como para avaliação de impactos ecossistêmicos em costões rochosos.

ABSTRACT The rocky shores of Praia Grande, in Ubatuba (São Paulo, Brazil), are formed by rock and Sabellaridae polychaete sandy reefs. These microenvironments offer shelters and foraging areas for several marine organisms and attracts many tourists. The crab Eriphia gonagra (Fabricius, 1781) inhabits these structures and can be used as a bioindicator, since they may be affected by anthropogenic actions. This study evaluated the stomach contents and characterized the feeding habits of an E. gonagra population, inhabiting the rocky shores from Praia Grande, taking into account the sex, size, and microhabitat. Monthly samplings were performed in 1996 and 1997 and the crabs were manually captured on the rocky surface or into of the sand reefs. So, the specimens sampled were characterized according to their capture site (microhabitat) as rocky (RO) or sand reef (SR). The most abundant food items were Mollusca, algae, Polychaeta, and Crustacea, being observed the importance of these groups as a nutritive resource in the studied environment. Mollusks were more abundant in the stomachs of crabs sampled on the rocks, while the other items increased in the sand reefs crabs. In the specimens sampled in the SR, polychaetes were the item food more common, indicating that this biotope is also used as a rich source of protein. The proportion of items differed also between size classes. Knowledge of such habits is essential for nutritional requirements studies, monitoring relationships among organisms, as well as assessing future environmental impacts in consolidated coastal regions.

ResumenLas especies Echinometra lucunter, Echinometra viridis, Lytechinus variegatus, Tripneustes ventricosus, and Diadema antillarum son los erizos de mar más comunes en los hábitat litorales del Caribe. Los erizos de mar T. ventricosus y L. variegatus habitan generalmente los pastos marinos mientras que las otras tres especies se encuentran asociadas a sustratos rocosos. Los hábitos alimentarios de estas especies han sido bien documentados y son reconocidas como herbívoros - omnívoros; sin embargo, pocas de estas especies han sido caracterizadas isotópicamente. Utilizamos los isótopos estables para caracterizar estas cinco especies de erizos y establecer las posiciones tróficas para las especies que cohabitan los mismos ecosistemas. También cuantificamos la contribución de los recursos alimentarios para E. lucunter. Los erizos T. ventricosus y D. antillarum mostraron los mayores valores de δ15N y valores similares de δ13C que variaron desde -11.6 ± 0.63 a -10.4 ± 0.99 %; donde el erizo E. lucunter mostró los valores más negativos con -15.40 ± 0.76 %. Las comunidades de algas no mostraron diferencias en valores promedio de δ15N (F= 1.300, df= 3, p= 0.301), pero sí mostraron variaciones en los valores de δ13C (F= 7.410, df= 3, p= 0.001). Los estudios de amplitud de elipses de nicho determinaron que las especies de los biotopos rocosos (D. antillarum, E. lucunter y E. viridis) no mostraron solapamiento de nicho. Similar resultado también se encontró en las especies de erizos que habitan en los pastos marinos. Sin embargo, la distancia entre estas dos especies fue menor respecto a la distancia entre las especies de erizos que habitan en los sustratos rocosos. Nuestros resultados muestran que las especies que habitan en los pastos marinos mostraron valores más elevados de δ13C en comparación con las especies de los sustratos rocosos. No se encontraron diferencias espaciales para E. lucunter en δ15N, pero sí en δ13C. Los modelos de mezcla bayesianos demuestran la plasticidad alimentaria de E. lucunter, especie capaz de utilizar múltiples recursos algales dependiendo de la disponibilidad por sitio. Semejanzas en δ15N entre D. antillarum y T. ventricosus parecen indicar similitudes tróficas entre ambas especies. Si bien T. ventricosus es reconocido como omnívoro, D. antillarum siempre ha sido considerado un herbívoro generalista. Finalmente, la falta de solapamiento entre las especies en los dos biotopos parece indicar una estrategia de partición de recursos para evitar la competencia de nicho entre especies concurrentes.

AbstractThe species Echinometra lucunter, Echinometra viridis, Lytechinus variegatus, Tripneustes ventricosus, and Diadema antillarum are the most common sea urchins of littoral habitats in the Caribbean. T. ventricosus and L. variegatus are associated with seagrass beds, while the other three species usually inhabit hardground substrates. Food preferences of these species are well documented and they are commonly accepted as being primarily herbivorous-omnivorous; nevertheless, few of them have previously been characterized isotopically. We used this approach for assessing the isotopic characterization of five echinoids. We established the trophic position of two groups of co-occurring species and quantified the contribution of food resources in the diet of Echinometra lucunter, considered the most common sea urchin in the Caribbean region. The species T. ventricosus and D. antillarum showed the highest values of δ15N. Sea urchins exhibited similar values of δ13C varying from -11.6 ± 0.63 to -10.4 ± 0.99%. The echinoid E. lucunter displayed the lowest values of carbon, from -15.40 ± 0.76%. Significant differences among species were found for δ15N and δ13C. Seaweed communities exhibited no differences among sites for overall δ15N (F= 1.300, df= 3, p= 0.301), but we found spatial differences for δ13C (F= 7.410, df= 3, p= 0.001). The ellipse-based metrics of niche width analysis found that the hardground biotope species (D. antillarum, E. lucunter, and E. viridis) did not overlap each other. Similar results were obtained for the co-occurring species of the seagrass biotope; however, the distance between these species was closer than that of the hardground biotope species. The Bayesian mixing models run for E. lucunter at all four localities found differences in food resources contribution. The algae D. menstrualis, C. crassa and B. triquetrum dominated in CGD; whereas C. nitens, Gracilaria spp., and D. caribaea represented the main contributor algae to the diet of E. lucunter at LQY. In Culebra Island, no dominance of any particular algae was detected in TMD, where six of the eight species exhibited a similar contribution. Similarities in δ15N between D. antillarum and T. ventricosus may hint towards a similar trophic level for these species, although T. ventricosus is widely accepted as an omnivore, while D. antillarum is considered a generalist herbivore. The lack of overlap among species in the two biotopes seems to indicate a resource partitioning strategy to avoid niche competition among co-occurring species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 837-848. Epub 2016 June 01.

The diversity of annelids polychaete associated with intertidal mangrove biotope of the Santuario Nacional los Manglares de Tumbes is studied. Sampling was conducted at two sites, one near the river mouth and the other distant about 6 km upstream. In each place, two fixed stations were established, one associated to high intertidal zone with the presence of Anadara tuberculosa (ZBI) and other associated to low intertidal zone with the presence of Ucides occidentalis (ZAI). The samples were taken in December 2012 and March 2013. The total number of species registered was 57 species composition was not similar between associations and between fixed stations. The stations associated to ZBI had more number of species abundances and indices greater diversity than to ZAI. As trophic groups, the stations associated to ZAI had four groups whereas stations associated to ZBI had 6 trophic groups. The poliquetofauna associated with ZBI dominated in number of species, the carnivores while poliquetofauna associated to ZAI, was carnivores and surface deposit feeders also dominated in abundance subsurface deposit feeders. Multivariate analysis showed significant differences in the structure and trophic composition of partnerships, with greater dispersion and variability in the ZAI.

Se estudia la diversidad de anélidos poliquetos asociados al biotopo intermareal del manglar del Santuario Nacional los Manglares de Tumbes, Perú. El muestreo se realizó en dos sitios, uno cercano a la desembocadura y el otro distante aproximadamente 6 km rio arriba. En cada lugar se establecieron dos estaciones fijas, una asociada a zonas bajas del intermareal con presencia de Anadara tuberculosa (ZBI) y otra asociada a la zona altas del intermareal con presencia de Ucides occidentalis (ZBI). Los muestreos se repitieron en diciembre del 2012 y marzo del 2013. El número total de especies de poliquetos registrado fue 57, la composición de especies no fue similar entre las asociaciones y entre las estaciones fijas. Las estaciones asociadas a ZBI tuvieron un mayor número de especies, abundancias e índices de diversidad mayores que las estaciones asociadas a ZAI. En cuanto a los grupos tróficos, las estaciones asociadas a ZAI tuvieron 4 grupos mientras que las estaciones asociadas a ZBI tuvieron 6 grupos tróficos. En la poliquetofauna asociada a ZBI dominaron, en número de especie los carnívoros mientras que en la asociada a ZAI, fueron los carnívoros y los alimentadores de depósito superficial, asimismo dominaron en abundancia los alimentadores de depósito sub superficial. El análisis multivariado demostró diferencia significativa en la estructura y composición trófica de las asociaciones, con mayor dispersión y variabilidad en el ZAI.

ResumoComo os artistas podem permanecer autônomos e manter viva sua criatividade na sociedade contemporânea? Neste artigo afirmamos que o modelo individual do artista burguês não é mais suficiente para se fazer arte autônoma e para ser criativo a longo prazo. Se os artistas desejam permanecer móveis e autônomos, precisam construir estruturas organizacionais coletivas, que são chamadas de "caravanas viajantes". Nas mudanças históricas paralelas entre 1970 e 2000, do liberalismo ao neoliberalismo, do fordismo ao pós-fordismo e da arte moderna para a contemporânea, os artistas precisam construir seu próprio biótopo artístico se quiserem fazer seu trabalho sem interferência governamental (subsídios) e soluções de mercado. O cooperativo pode ser visto como um modelo interessante para desenvolver tal 'autonomia móvel'.

AbstractHow can artists stay autonomous, and keep their creativity alive in the contemporary society? In this paper is stated that the individual bourgeois model of the artist is not sufficient any more to make autonomous art and to stay creative on the long run. If artists want to stay mobile and autonomous they need to build collective organizational structures, which are called 'traveling caravan'. In the parallel historical shifts between 1970 and 2000 from liberalism to neo-liberalism, from Fordism to post-Fordism and from modern to contemporary art, artists need to build up their own artistic biotope if they need to make their work without governmental interference (subsidizes) and free market solutions. The cooperative can be seen as an interesting model to develop such a 'mobile autonomy'.

Impact of pollution on aquatic biota is usually assessed by comparing the assemblage at an impacted site with those at a control or reference site. In South Africa, except in rivers where not all biotopes are represented, the characterisation of a macroinvertebrate-based pollution effect is usually based on samples collected from three distinct biotopes, i.e., stones, vegetation and sediments. In this study, the influence of reducing the numbers of biotopes on chironomid-based bioassessment of pollution in the Swartkops River was investigated. This paper addresses the following questions: (i) can the chironomid species assemblage from any single distinct biotope analysed separately provide sufficiently accurate results similar to those of the composite-biotope group assemblage, and (ii) can chironomid community types be identified based on their biotope preferences? Chironomid larvae were sampled seasonally from three distinct biotopes: stones (stone-in-and-out-of-current), vegetation (marginal and aquatic), and sediment (gravel, sand and mud, GSM) at one upstream control site, i.e., Site 1, and three downstream sites, i.e., Sites 2, 3 and 4. Site 2 in Uitenhage was impacted by diffuse pollution sources including runoff from road networks. Site 3, also in Uitenhage, was impacted by wastewater effluent discharges as well as diffuse pollution sources, while Site 4 in Despatch was about 2.5 km downstream of Site 3. The multivariate analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated that the chironomid species assemblages based on the composite biotopes were significantly different between all site pairs in terms of species composition and abundance. However, when the assemblages were analysed separately for each of the three distinct biotopes, only the stone-based assemblage indicated significant differences between all of the site pairs similarly to those of the composite biotopes. Thus, the results suggest that, when resources are limited, sampling only the stony benthos could still provide bioassessment results similar to benthos from all three biotopes combined.

The ecologic influence of in-stream large wood (LW) was evaluated at reach scale in a third-order channel located in the Coastal Mountain Range, southern Chile. The tested hypotheses were that Coarse Particle Organic Matter (CPOM) retention is higher and benthic macro-invertebrates are more diverse in channel reaches storing higher volumes of LW. Three LW-low-volume reaches (mean LW volume of 8 m³ 100m-1 of reach channel length; plane bed morphology) and three LW-high-volume reaches (mean volume 262 m³ 100m-1; forced pool riffle bed morphology) were selected within a 1557 m-long segment of the study channel. CPOM retention was inferred from the difference between the number of leaves collected in the downstream end of each reach and the leaves introduced in the upstream end. Mean CPOM retention was 72 and 90% among LW-low and high volume reaches, and showed a positive correlation (R = 0.61) with LW volume. Macro-invertebrates were more diverse and abundant in LW-high-volume reaches and the richness was twice than in LW-low-volume reaches. Bray-Curtis similarity index was low (40%) between LW-high and low volume reaches, while it was high (> 60%) among LW-low-volume reaches. Results confirm the hypothesis that OM retention and benthic macro-invertebrate diversity and abundance were higher in high LW volume reaches. The higher diversity and abundance of macro-invertebrates associated with LW accumulations confirm that logjams constitute a biotope that offers shelter and food. These results can guide the assessment of environmental impacts of stream intervention and restoration projects. The study was undertaken within the framework of Project Fondecyt 1110609.

La influencia ecológica de la madera en el cauce (LW) fue evaluada a nivel de tramo en un canal de tercer orden localizado en la Cordillera de La Costa, sur de Chile. Las hipótesis planteadas fueron que la retención de Materia Orgánica Particulada Gruesa (CPOM) es mayor y que la diversidad de macro-invertebrados bentónicos es también mayor en tramos que almacenan una mayor cantidad de LW. Tres tramos con bajo volumen de LW (volumen medio de 8 m³ 100m-1 de largo de tramo; morfología de lecho plano) y tres tramos con alto volumen de LW (volumen medio de 262 m³ 100m-1; morfología de lecho de rápidos y pozas) se seleccionaron dentro de un segmento de 1557 m de largo en el canal estudiado. La retención de CPOM fue inferida de la diferencia entre el número de hojas recogidas al final de cada tramo y las hojas introducidas al canal en el extremo de aguas arriba. La retención promedio de CPOM fue 72 y 90% en tramos con bajo y alto volumen de LW, y mostró una correlación positiva (R = 0,61) con el volumen de LW. La diversidad y abundancia de macro- invertebrados fuero mayor en tramos con mayor volumen de LW y la riqueza fue el doble que en tramos con bajo volumen de LW. El índice de similaridad de Bray-Curtis fue bajo (40%) entre tramos con alto y bajo volumen de LW, mientras que fue alto (> 60%) entre tramos con bajo volumen de LW. Los resultados confirman la hipótesis que la retención de CPOM y la diversidad y abundancia de macro-invertebrados bentónicos fueron mayores en tramos con mayor volumen de LW. La mayor diversidad y abundancia de macro-invertebrados asociadas con acumulaciones de LW confirman que los diques de madera constituyen un biotopo que ofrece protección y alimento. Estos resultados pueden guiar la evaluación de los impactos ambientales de proyectos de intervención o restauración de cauces. Este estudio fue desarrollado en el marco del Proyecto Fondecyt 1110609.

Several biotopes in the riparian forest of Punta Lara, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, were sampled for oribatid mites. Twenty eight species were found, of which seven are recorded for Argentina for the first time: Epilohmannia sculpturata Balogh & Mahunka, Nothrus willmanni Mahunka, Xenillus (Xenillus) fecundus P. Balogh, Xenillus (Xenillus) superbus (Perez-Íñigo & Baggio), Zetomimus (Protozetomimus) polpaicoensis (Hammer), Pseudotocepheus (Pseudotocepheus) pauliensis Pérez-Íñigo & Baggio and Lohmannia (Lohmannia) juliae Mahunka. The most diverse biotope was forest litter, with 20 species. Some zoogeographical issues are discussed.

En el presente trabajo se relevaron diversos biotopos de la Selva Marginal de Punta Lara, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, para conocer el elenco de ácaros oribátidos que allí habitan. Se hallaron 28 especies, de las que siete resultaron nuevas para Argentina: Epilohmannia sculpturata Balogh & Mahunka, Nothrus willmanni Mahunka, Xenillus (Xenillus) fecundus P. Balogh, Xenillus (Xenillus) superbus (Perez-Íñigo & Baggio), Zetomimus (Protozetomimus) polpaicoensis (Hammer), Pseudotocepheus (Pseudotocepheus) pauliensis Pérez-Íñigo & Baggio y Lohmannia (Lohmannia) juliae Mahunka. El biotopo más diverso resultó la hojarasca de la selva con 20 especies. Se discuten cuestiones zoogeográficas del sistema estudiado.

La estructura de la ictiofauna asociada a un área de manglar y dos de praderas de pastos marinos fue evaluada en San Andrés Isla (Reserva de Biósfera Seaflower) para determinar el carácter de hábitats de cría de estos ecosistemas. La composición, abundancia y estado de desarrollo de los peces arrecifales en cada biotopo, durante la temporada de lluvias, se estimó mediante censos visuales realizados en transectos de banda. Se contabilizó un total de 1908 individuos predominantemente jóvenes (98%). Se determinó una riqueza de 27 especies, 18 géneros y 13 familias, un índice de Shannon de 2.0, una dominancia de 0.22 y una equidad de 0.61.La riqueza de las praderas (20 especies) fue mayor que la del manglar (13 especies). La abundancia fue más alta en el manglar (1.86 ind/m²) y la diversidad mayor en una pradera asociada al manglar (H = 2.23). Se estableció el carácter de hábitats de cría del manglar y praderas y su funcionalidad conjunta cuando son áreas adyacentes. Se determinó el alto potencial como especies conectoras entre hábitats de cría y arrecifes de Abudefduf saxatilis, Acanthurus chirurgus, Chaetodon capistratus, Gerres cinereus, Haemulon flavolineatum, H. sciurus, Halichoeres bivittatus, H. poeyi, Lutjanus apodus, Scarus iseri, Sparisoma viride, Thalassoma bifasciatum, de especies de los géneros Eucinostomus y Stegastes y de dos morfotipos de clupeidos, dadas sus importantes densidades de individuos jóvenes en el manglar y praderas marinas. La profundidad cambió moderadamente entre los hábitats (aproximadamente un metro), y mostró correlación positiva con la oxigenación (0.84). El pH y la temperatura se correlacionaron negativamente (0.93). Se registró baja densidad de raíces de manglar respecto al Caribe (11.7 ± 4.0 raíces/ m²). La longitud de hojas de Thalassia testudinum varió significativamente entre praderas y su cobertura fue más alta respecto a las de otros sustratos en las praderas. La diversidad y densidad notables de especies de peces económicamente importantes, las particulares configuraciones de los biotopos y el estado de interconexión o aislamiento entre manglares y praderas, sugirieron la pertinencia de la protección estructural y funcional de estos hábitats. Los resultados obtenidos concuerdan con la literatura y la enriquecen, y son insumo para la gestión de los recursos en Seaflower.

The structure of the ichthyofauna associated to an area of mangrove swamp and two areas of seagrass beds was evaluated in San Andrés Island (Biosphere Reserve Seaflower) to determine the character of nursery of those ecosystems. The composition, abundance, and development state of fishes in each biotope was evaluated using visual censuses in band transects during the rainy season. A total abundance of 1908, mainly young (98%), specimens was counted. A richness of 27 species, 18 genus, and 13 families, a Shannon's index of 2.0, a dominance of 0.22 and an equitability of 0.61 were found. Richness was higher at the seagrass (20 species) than at the mangrove (13 species); abundance was higher in the mangrove (1.86 ind/m²); and the largest diversity was found in a meadow associated to mangroves (H = 2.23). The nature of the mangrove and seagrasses as nursery habitats was determined as well as their combined functionality when they are close to each other. The high potential as connecting species between nursery habitats and coral reefs of Abudefduf saxatilis, Acanthurus chirurgus, Chaetodon capistratus, Gerres cinereus, Haemulon flavolineatum, Haemulon sciurus, Halichoeres bivittatus, H. poeyi, Lutjanus apodus, Scarus iseri, Sparisoma viride, Thalassoma bifasciatum, of the species of genera Eucinostomus and Stegastes, and of two morphotypes of Clupeidae was determined, given their relatively high densities of juvenile in the swamp and seagrass beds. Depth changed moderately among habitats (about one meter) showing positive correlation with oxygen (0.84). pH and temperature were correlated negatively (0.93). Density of mangrove roots is low compared to other Caribbean localities (11.7 ± 4.0 roots/m²). Length of Thalassia testudinum leaves varied significantly between seagrass beds and their covering was higher than other substrates in the seagrass beds. The remarkable diversity and density of economically important fish species, the particular configurations of the biotopes, and the status of interconnection or isolation between mangroves and seagrass beds, suggest the relevancy of the structural and functional protection of these habitats. The results agree with the literature and enrich it, and are input for the management of the resources in Seaflower.

Through an oceanographic cruise carried out between the southern area of Aysén and the northern one of Magallanes, Canal Trinidad to Canal Smyth (50º00'S, 75º00'W to 52º00'S, 73º48'W), 13 collecting stations were made to gather biological material to record and characterizing the intertidal biotopes of this extended area. A total of 19 biotopes were identified, from which 12 of those had been recorded previously at more septentrional areas of Aysén; other 6 represented variations of those previously recorded in other areas and only 1 was described as a new intertidal biotope. Among the former ones are rocky shore biotopes belonging to the dominant species Bostrychia harveyi, Acrosiphonia pacifica, Porphyra sp., Adenocystis utricularis, Iridaea tuberculosa and Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Among the 6 ones which represent variations of some biotopes before described there are 2 of Porphyra sp., 3 of Bostrychia harveyi and 1 of Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Just the rocky shore biotope integrated by the macroalgae Caepidium antarcticum and crustose coralline algae was the only new one. This new biotope is distributed in the lower eulitoral subzone of sheltered areas and it is characterized by having a strong subantarctic influence. Coastal biotope biodiversity was high, as a consequence of the multiple geographic, geologic, oceanographic and climatic factors interacting in this extended region. In general, the area was characterized by exhibiting a high biological diversity reflected through the diversity of observed biotopes, which demonstrated the presence of highly productive ecosystem.

Durante un crucero oceanográfico realizado entre el sector sur de la región de Aysén y sector norte de Magallanes, Canal Trinidad a Canal Smyth (50º00'S,75º00'W a 52º00'S, 73º48'W), sur de Chile, se efectuaron 13 estaciones de recolección de material biológico para registrar y caracterizar los biotopos del intermareal rocoso del área. Se identificaron 19 biotopos, 12 de los cuales eran biotopos reconocidos para otras áreas más septentrionales de Aysén; 6 correspondían a variantes de los anteriores y uno sólo fue reconocido y descrito como biotopo nuevo. Entre los primeros están los biotopos de litoral rocoso correspondientes a las especies dominantes Bostrychia harveyi, Acrosiphonia pacifica, Porphyra sp., Adenocystis utricularis, Iridaea tuberculosa y Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Entre los 6 que representaban variantes de algunos de los biotopos anteriormente descritos hubo 2 de Porphyra sp., 3 de Bostrychia harveyi y 1 de Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Sólo el biotopo de litoral rocoso integrado por la macroalga Caepidium antarcticum y algas coralináceas crustosas, constituyeron un biotopo nuevo para el área que se distribuye en la subzona eulitoral inferior de frentes protegidos y se caracteriza por presentar una fuerte influencia subantártica. La diversidad de biotopos costeros fue alta, como consecuencia de los múltiples factores geográficos, geológicos, oceanográficos y climáticos que interactúan en esta extensa región. En general, el área se caracterizó por presentar una alta diversidad biológica reflejada en la diversidad de biotopos encontrados, que indicaría la presencia de ecosistemas altamente productivos.

A distribuição natural e a diversidade de nemátodos e fungos entomopatogénicos em vários biótipos da Argélia foram estudadas, incidindo particularmente em florestas de cedro, carvalho, pinheiro, eucalipto e palmeiras. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar nemátodos e/ou fungos que possam vir a ser utilizados em futuros programas de controlo biológico de pragas florestais. Amostragens de solo foram efetuadas em 223 locais da Argélia, entre Abril de 2007 e Março de 2008. Para capturar os nemátodos e fungos foi utilizado o método do "inseto-armadilha" do "inseto-armadilha", usando-se como isco lagartas de Galleria mellonella (Lep., Pyralidae), Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) e Lymantria dispar (Lep. Lymantriidae). Detetou-se a presença de nemátodos entomopatogénicos em 8,1% dos locais amostrados e de fungos em 9,9%. A presença destes organismos em oásis pode derivar de características micro-climáticas particulares, nomeadamente de temperatura e humidade. Foram identificados nemátodos pertencentes à família Steinernematidae e ao género Steinernema, e cerca de 10 espécies de fungos, nomeadamente: Beauveria bassiana, Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Penicellium sp., Trichoderma sp., Sordaria sp., Mucor sp., Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus nigricans e Rhizopus nigricans. A maioria dos fungos foi isolada como conídios, excepto Chaetomium globosum que apresentou a forma perfeita com peritecas. A presença dos nemátodos e fungos parece estar dependente do coberto florestal dominante, seja ele sobreiro (35%), cedro (12,5%), pinheiro (12,5%), palmeira (10%) ou eucalipto (7,5%).

The natural distribution and diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and fungi (EPF) in various biotopes in Algeria was studied, particularly in forests and plantations of cedar, oak, pine, eucalyptus and palm. The objective of this study was to identify EPN and/or EPF species which could be used to control forest insect pests. Soil sampling was carried out at 223 sites from April 2007 to March 2008. To trap EPN's juvenile larvae of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae and EPF, the method of "insect-trap" was used in the laboratory. Caterpillars of Galleria mellonella (Lep., Pyralidae) and the forest insects Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) and Lymantria dispar (Lep. Lymantriidae) were used. The presence of EPN was noted in 8.1% of the sampled sites and EPF in 9.9%. The presence of the EPN in the oasis biotope may result from particular microclimate conditions (of temperature and humidity). Nematodes belonging to the Steinernematidae family and Steinernema genus were identified. In addition, 10 fungal species were isolated, namely: Beauveria bassiana, Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Penicellium sp., Trichoderma sp., Sordaria sp., Mucor sp., Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus nigricans and Rhizopus nigricans. The majority of the fungi were isolated in the conidian form, except for Chaetomium globosum which had its perfect form with perithecia. The presence of EPN and EPF seems to depend on the dominant species of forest trees, either cork oak (35%), cedar (12.5%), pine (12.5%), palm (10%) or eucalyptus (7.5%).

Embora os eucaliptos sejam considerados como tendo um elevado grau de resistência ao ataque de pragas e doenças, por vezes podem sofrer ataques intensos de insetos tais como a broca do eucalipto, Phoracantha semipunctata (Fab.). Em Marrocos esta praga introduzida foi detetada pela primeira vez na zona de Selouane, a 9km da cidade de Nador, por Chararas em 1973. Este inseto aparenta ter sido raro até 1980-1981, quando uma seca severa que durou de 1980 a 1986 provavelmente contribuiu para a sua instalação e dispersão em Marrocos. Atualmente esta praga pode ser encontrada dispersa por todo o país, desde Oujda a Este até à costa Atlântica a Oeste, e de Tânger a Norte a Agadir no Sul. Neste trabalho compara-se a resiliência de diferentes espécies de eucaliptos plantados em diversos arboretos e a sua relação com ataques da broca do eucalipto. Os resultados revelam a existência de diferenças na adaptação das espécies de acordo com o seu biótopo e casca, que condicionam e influenciam a sua suscetibilidade e resistência aos ataques de P. semipunctata.

Although eucalyptus is regarded as having resistance to various insect pests and diseases, it can also suffer from heavy attacks by the eucalyptus longhorned borer, Phoracantha semipunctata (Fab.). In Morocco, this introduced pest was reported for the first time in Selouane, 9km from Nador, by Chararas in 1973. The species appears to have been rare until 1980-1981, but the exceptional drought occurring from 1980 to 1986 probably contributed to its installation and dispersal in Morocco. Nowadays this pest can be found widespread throughout the country, from Oujda in the east to the Atlantic coast and from Tangiers in the north to Agadir in the south. In this study we compare the resilience of different eucalyptus species from various arboretums within Morocco and the relation with attacks by the longhorned borer. The results reveal the existence of differences in adaptation of the different eucalyptus species according to their biotope and bark, influencing their susceptibility and resistance to attacks by P. semipunctata.