Abstract The use of agro-industrial wastes as biosorbents is a promising alternative for sustainable, economical and effective adsorption. However, few studies evaluate the use of Brazilian agro-industrial waste as biosorbents without physicochemical pre-treatment. This study explored the potential of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice husk waste (RHW) as low-cost biosorbents for yellow tartrazine dye removal. Characterization of the materials were carried out using ATR-FTIR, SEM, pHPZC and lignocellulosic composition. Cellulose and hemicellulose were the major constituents of both materials. By the Box-Behnken experimental design, the response surfaces indicated maximum removal of 60.1% for SCB and 83.1% for RHW. While the qmax of SCB and RHW for tartrazine were relatively low at 2.45 ± 0.03 mg g-1 and 3.55 ± 0.02 mg g-1, respectively, the potential for achieving higher dye removals by increasing the adsorbent dosage in large-scale applications warrants further investigation. For both biosorbents, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Brouers-Sotolongo isotherm provided the best fit for the data, and the adsorption processes were spontaneous and exothermic. In conclusion, SCB and RHW demonstrated high tartrazine removal, promoting sustainable agro-industrial waste management. agroindustrial agro industrial However pretreatment. pretreatment pre treatment. treatment pre-treatment (SCB (RHW lowcost cost ATRFTIR, ATRFTIR ATR FTIR, FTIR ATR-FTIR SEM composition BoxBehnken Box Behnken design 601 60 1 60.1 831 83 83.1 245 2 45 2.4 003 0 03 0.0 g1 g g- 355 3 55 3.5 002 02 g1, 1, respectively largescale large scale investigation pseudosecondorder pseudo second order BrouersSotolongo Brouers Sotolongo data exothermic conclusion management 6 60. 8 83. 24 4 2. 00 0. 35 5 3.

Abstract This research evaluated the use of industrial ash from eucalyptus chips in the biosorption of sodium dipyrone with the subsequent, study of its potential in Portland cement matrix. The biosorbent was characterized by the point of zero charge and the surface area. For comparison, before and after the biosorption process, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry were performed. Regarding the study of the potential of industrial ash after biosorption (AAB), it was characterized by analyzing specific mass, moisture, loss on fire, and X-ray fluorescence, as well as by X-ray diffraction, modified Chapelle, pozzolanic activity index with lime, and performance index with cement, compressive strength, and tensile strength by diametral compression. The biosorption tests were carried out in batch, it being possible to observe that at 298.15 K, 130 rpm, without pH adjustment approximately 93% of commercial dipyrone was removed. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted better with the experimental data and the process was characterized as exothermic and spontaneous. The chemical composition of ash and AAB showed a predominance of CaO followed by MgO, without the presence of an amorphous halo. In the study of the filer effect, using cement pastes, both materials showed favorable results. Thus, it is concluded that the industrial ash studied has the potential to be applied as an alternative material in the removal of sodium dipyrone and for the replacement of cement in the composition of cement matrices, due to the filer effect they presented. subsequent matrix area comparison microscopy xray x ray spectroscopy performed AAB, , (AAB) mass moisture fire Xray X fluorescence diffraction Chapelle lime compression batch 29815 298 15 298.1 K 13 rpm 93 removed pseudosecondorder pseudo second order spontaneous MgO halo pastes results Thus matrices presented (AAB 2981 29 1 298. 9 2

ABSTRACT The region of Alto Capibaribe, in the Brazilian semiarid, faces an environmental issue due to contamination from textile activities. Inadequate release of dyes and other toxic substances threatens human health and water resources, such as alluvial reserves. Thus, biochar, a low-cost adsorbent produced by biomass pyrolysis, helps mitigate these problems by increasing soil retention capacity. This study analyzed the effect of applying biochar, produced from coffee husks, a biomass already established in biochar production, at temperature of 530 °C with a pyrolysis time of 10 to 12 hours, in a homemade metallic furnace, resulting in a product with 67.11% carbon. This biochar was applied to evaluate the mobility of the textile dye Red Drimaren, at a concentration of 25 mg.L-1, used for garment dyeing in local industries, in a subsurface layer of an alluvial deposit located in the dry bed of the Capibaribe River. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the highest spectral vibrations are in the range of 1400-1800 cm-1, indicating the presence of amine and amide functional groups, favoring the biosorption process. The pH in water is higher than in KCl for all situations, with biochar being basic and the alluvial soil being acidic. The zero charge point values are equal to 6.96 and 7.96 for the proportions Soil+0.25%BC and Soil+1.00%BC, respectively. Layers with 0.25%BC and 1.00%BC added had an increase in adsorptive capacity of 31.68% and 8.62%, respectively, compared to the natural soil sorption capacity. Kinetic data best fit the pseudo-second-order model, and intra-particle diffusion was not the determining mass transfer process nor the occurrence of the adsorption process. Linear and Freundlich isotherm models consistently described the process under varying concentrations, and the Langmuir model did not show a valid physical significance. semiarid activities resources reserves Thus lowcost low cost husks production 53 C 1 hours furnace 6711 67 11 67.11 carbon Drimaren 2 mg.L1, mgL1 mgL mg.L 1, mg L mg.L-1 industries River FTIR (FTIR 14001800 1400 1800 1400-180 cm1, cm1 cm cm-1 groups situations acidic 696 6 96 6.9 796 7 7.9 Soil025BC SoilBC Soil 0 BC Soil100BC 00 Soil+1.00%BC respectively 025BC 100BC 3168 31 68 31.68 862 8 62 8.62% pseudosecondorder pseudo second order intraparticle intra particle concentrations significance 5 671 67.1 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 1400180 140 180 1400-18 cm- 69 9 6. 79 7. 316 3 31.6 86 8.62 67. 140018 14 18 1400-1 31. 8.6 14001 1400- 8.

RESUMO A região do Alto Capibaribe, no semiárido brasileiro, enfrenta uma problemática ambiental devido a contaminação oriunda das atividades têxteis. O lançamento inadequado de corantes e outras substâncias tóxicas ameaça à saúde humana e os recursos hídricos, como as reservas aluvionares. Desse modo, o biochar, um adsorvente de baixo custo produzido pela pirólise de biomassa, auxilia a mitigar esses problemas, aumentando a capacidade de retenção dos solos. Deste modo, este estudo analisou o efeito da aplicação, nas proporções de 1% e 0,25%, do biochar, produzido a partir da casca de café, biomassa já consolidada na produção de biocarvão, na temperatura de 530 °C, com tempo de pirólise de 10 a 12 horas, em um forno metálico caseiro, resultando em um produto com 67,11% de carbono. Este biochar foi aplicado para avaliar a mobilidade do corante têxtil Vermelho Drimaren, na concentração de 25 mg.L-1, utilizado para tingimento de vestimentas em indústrias locais, em uma camada subsuperficial de um depósito aluvionar, localizado no leito seco do rio Capibaribe. Verificou-se, através da Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) que as maiores vibrações espectrais estão na faixa de 1400-1800 cm-1, indicando a presença dos grupos funcionais amina e amida, que favorecem o processo de biossorção. Que os pHs em água são superiores aos em KCl para todas as situações, sendo o biochar um produto básico e o solo aluvionar de natureza ácida. E, que os valores de ponto de carga zero são iguais a 6,96 e 7,96, para as proporções Solo+0,25%BC e Solo+1,00%BC, respectivamente. As camadas adicionadas de 0,25%BC e 1,00%BC tiveram acréscimo na capacidade adsortiva de 31,68% e 8,62%, respectivamente, em relação a capacidade de sorção do solo natural. Os dados cinéticos se ajustaram de melhor forma ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem e a difusão intra-partícula não foi o processo determinante da transferência de massa e ocorrência do processo de adsorção. Os modelos isotérmicos linear e de Freundlich descreveram de modo consistente o processo sob concentrações variáveis, e o modelo de Langmuir não demonstrou significado físico válido. Capibaribe brasileiro têxteis hídricos aluvionares problemas solos aplicação 1 025 0 0,25% café biocarvão 53 C °C horas caseiro 6711 67 11 67,11 carbono Drimaren 2 mg.L1, mgL1 mgL mg.L 1, mg L mg.L-1 locais Verificouse, Verificouse Verificou se, Verificou-se FTIR (FTIR 14001800 1400 1800 1400-180 cm1, cm1 cm cm-1 amida biossorção situações ácida E 696 6 96 6,9 796 7 7,96 Solo025BC SoloBC Solo BC Solo100BC 00 Solo+1,00%BC respectivamente 025BC 100BC 3168 31 68 31,68 862 8 62 8,62% natural pseudosegunda pseudo segunda intrapartícula intra partícula adsorção variáveis válido 02 0,25 5 671 67,1 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 1400180 140 180 1400-18 cm- 69 9 6, 79 7,9 316 3 31,6 86 8,62 0,2 67, 140018 14 18 1400-1 7, 31, 8,6 0, 14001 1400- 8,

Abstract The use of marine microorganisms in the treatment of dyes and textile effluents is promising in view of their tolerance to salinity, a characteristic found in this kind of effluent. In this study, different culture conditions were applied to evaluate the decolorization, degradation, and detoxification of Sulphur Indigo Blue (SIB) by the marine-derived basidiomycete Paramarasmius palmivorus CBMAI 1062. Low salt concentration (SLS) and high salt concentration (SMASHS) media were used. P. palmivorus decolorized 100 % and 91.38 % of SIB after 120 h of growth in the SLS medium and after 168 h of growth in the SMASHS medium, respectively. Laccase activity was detected only in the SLS bioassay. UV-Vis, FT-IR, and GC-MS analyses indicated the occurrence of dye biosorption and biotransformation. In the SLS medium metabolites associated with SIB biotransformation (e.g. aldehyde, alkanes, and phenols) were detected. The toxicity measured by Cucumis sativus decreased from 45.41 % to 24.11 % in the SLS bioassay, while in SMASHS medium there was no change in toxicity. The efficiency for decolorization and detoxification of SIB indicates that microorganisms from the marine environment can be a source for biotechnological application in bioremediation processes carried out under saline conditions, adding value to blue biotechnology. salinity effluent study degradation (SIB marinederived derived 1062 (SLS (SMASHS used P 10 9138 91 38 91.3 12 16 respectively bioassay UVVis, UVVis UV Vis, Vis UV-Vis FTIR, FTIR FT IR, IR FT-IR GCMS GC MS e.g. eg e g (e.g aldehyde alkanes phenols 4541 45 41 45.4 2411 24 11 24.1 biotechnology 106 1 913 9 3 91. e.g 454 4 45. 241 2 24.

Abstract The objective of this work was to study the mean lethal concentration (LC50) and the biosorption capacity of heavy metals in isolated yeasts from Lake Junín and the Yanamate tailings facility. In both bodies of water were evaluated: pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids (STD) and heavy metals by ICM-MS, according to the Environmental Quality Standards (ECA) of the Ministry of the Environment-MINAM of Peru. The physicochemical parameters evaluated in Lake Junín were higher than the maximum permissible limits (MPL) for the following metals: arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium and lead. In the Yanamate tailings facility, the evaluated parameters were out of the LMP for type IV water ECAs: pH below 3 (acids), high electrical conductivities and high concentrations of heavy metals. From the sampled waters, yeasts were isolated in YPG medium at 10 ° C and 20 ° C. The LC50 of the Cr+6, Cu+2, Cd+2 and Hg+2 ions in Y. lipolytica AMJ3 were 0.24 mM, 1.34 mM, 0.54 mM y 7.5 0.04 mM in the order described; while the strain Y. lipolytica AMJ6 showed a LC50 of 1.06 mM, 1.42 mM, 0.49 mM y 0.05 mM in the same order. The biosorption capacity of the Cu+2 ion was 90% in the case of the AMJ3 strain, and 92% in the AMJ6 strain, at a concentration of 1.26 mM; likewise, the biosorption of the Cr+6 ion was close to 90% in both strains (AMJ3 and AMJ6) at concentrations of 0.24 mM and 0.96 mM, respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis of AMJ3 and AMJ6 strains confirmed 100% identity in the Yarrowia lipolytica clade. These LC50 and biosorption capacity results indicate that the studied yeasts have potential in the bioremediation of water bodies and soils contaminated with heavy metals.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la concentración letal media (CL50) y la capacidad de biosorción de metales pesados en levaduras aisladas del Lago Junín y la relavera Yanamate. Se evaluaron en ambos cuerpos de agua: pH, conductividad eléctrica, temperatura, sólidos totales disueltos (STD) y metales pesados por ICM-MS, según los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA) del Ministerio del Ambiente-MINAM del Perú. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos evaluados en el Lago Junín fueron superiores a los límites máximos permisibles (LMP) para los siguientes metales: arsénico, cadmio, cobre, cromo y plomo. En la relavera Yanamate, los parámetros evaluados estuvieron fuera del LMP para los ECA de aguas tipo IV: pH inferiores a 3 (ácidos), altas conductividades eléctricas y elevadas concentraciones de metales pesados. A partir de las aguas muestreadas, se aislaron levaduras en medio YPG a 10 °C y 20 °C. La CL50 de los iones Cr+6, Cu+2, Cd+2 y Hg+2 en Y. lipolytica AMJ3 fue 0.24 mM, 1.34 mM, 0.54 mM y 7.5 0.04 mM en el orden descrito; en tanto la cepa Y. lipolytica AMJ6 mostró una CL50 de 1.06 mM, 1.42 mM, 0.49 mM y 0.05 mM en el mismo orden. La capacidad de biosorción del ion Cu+2 fue del 90% en el caso de la cepa AMJ3 y 92% en la cepa AMJ6, a una concentración de 1.26 mM; asimismo, la biosorción del ion Cr+6 fue cercana al 90% en ambas cepas (AMJ3 y AMJ6) a concentraciones de 0.24 mM y 0.96 mM, respectivamente. Los análisis de las secuencias nucleotídicas de las cepas AMJ3 y AMJ6 confirmaron una identidad del 100% en el clado de Yarrowia lipolytica. Los resultados obtenidos de CL50 y la capacidad de biosorción indican que las levaduras bajo estudio tienen potencial en la biorremediación de cuerpos de agua y suelos contaminados con metales pesados.

RESUMO: O bagaço de malte (BM) é um resíduo da produção cervejeira, que pode ser reaproveitado como adsorvente de metais pesados como o Cromo (Cr). Neste estudo, BM foi usado como um biochar para adsorção de Cr em experimentos de adsorção em batelada. O biochar foi avaliado e otimizado a partir de um planejamento fatorial fracionário com as variáveis: temperatura de pirólise (500, 600 e 700ºC), tempo de pirólise (30, 105 e 180 minutos) e concentração de cloreto de zinco (5, 12,5 e 20%). Uma capacidade de adsorção em equilíbrio de 78,13 mg.g-1 e um rendimento de 26,42% foram obtidos usando 700ºC, 30 min, 12,5%. Este biochar foi aplicado na adsorção de Cr em solução aquosa, sob diferentes velocidades de agitação (100, 150 e 200 rpm). Maior velocidade de agitação reduziu a capacidade de adsorção do biochar de 90 para 72 mg.L-1. Além disso, o equilíbrio de adsorção de Cr foi alcançado antes de 100 min. O modelo de pseudo-primeira ordem melhor descreveu a cinética de adsorção de Cr. O modelo isotérmico de Redlich-Peterson foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais, com o parâmetro g (próximo de 1) sugerindo as hipóteses de Langmuir como as mais apropriadas para descrever a adsorção de Cr no carvão ativado otimizado. RESUMO (BM cervejeira . (Cr) estudo batelada variáveis 500, 500 (500 60 700ºC ºC , 700ºC) 30, (30 10 18 minutos 5, 5 (5 125 12 12, 20%. 20 20% 20%) 7813 78 13 78,1 mg.g1 mgg1 mgg mg.g 1 mg mg.g- 2642 26 42 26,42 3 min 12,5% aquosa 100, (100 15 rpm. rpm rpm) 9 7 mg.L1. mgL1 mgL mg.L 1. L mg.L-1 disso pseudoprimeira pseudo primeira RedlichPeterson Redlich Peterson experimentais próximo (Cr 50 (50 6 (3 ( 2 781 78, g1 264 4 26,4 (10 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 26, (1

ABSTRACT: Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is a residue from brewery production, that can be reused as adsorbent of heavy metals like Chromium (Cr). In this study, BSG was used as a biochar for Cr adsorption in batch adsorption experiments. The biochar pyrolysis temperature (500, 600 and 700ºC), pyrolysis time (30, 105 and 180 minutes) and zinc chloride concentration (5, 12.5 and 20%) were evaluated and optimized from a fractional factorial design. An equilibrium adsorption capacity of 78.13 mg.g-1 and a yield of 26.42% were achieved using 700ºC, 30 min, 12.5%. This biochar was applied to the adsorption of Cr in aqueous solution, under different stirring speeds (100, 150 and 200 rpm). The higher agitation speed reduced the adsorption capacity of the coal from 90 to 72 mg.L-1. In addition, the Cr adsorption equilibrium was reached before 100 min. The pseudo-first order model best described the Cr adsorption kinetics. The Redlich-Peterson isothermal model best fitted the experimental data, with the parameter g (close to 1) suggesting Langmuir’s assumptions as the most appropriate to describe the adsorption of Cr on the optimized activated carbon. ABSTRACT Brewers Brewer s (BSG production Cr. . (Cr) study experiments 500, 500 (500 60 700ºC ºC , 700ºC) 30, (30 10 18 minutes 5, 5 (5 125 12 12. 20% 20 design 7813 78 13 78.1 mg.g1 mgg1 mgg mg.g 1 mg mg.g- 2642 26 42 26.42 3 min 12.5% solution 100, (100 15 rpm. rpm rpm) 9 7 mg.L1. mgL1 mgL mg.L 1. L mg.L-1 addition pseudofirst pseudo first kinetics RedlichPeterson Redlich Peterson data close Langmuirs Langmuir carbon (Cr 50 (50 6 (3 ( 2 781 78. g1 264 4 26.4 (10 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 26. (1

Abstract Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is the major problem from olive oil extraction, due to its polluting organic and mineral matter and acid pH. This study aims to electrochemically treat OMW in an Al electrode reactor, to oxidize the organic matter, discolor the margins and neutralize the pH, thus reducing the pollutants. Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for the treatment of different types of effluents. In this study, the potential of activated carbon (C) derived from olive stones (OS) was studied for OMW removal. H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) treated OS (AOS), as a low-cost, natural and eco-friendly biosorbent, was investigated for OMW removal from aqueous solutions. This work found that the increase in electrolysis time and current intensity significantly improved the treatment, while energy consumption and electrodes were observed. The results showed thirty-fold diluted margins for effluents with an acid pH of 5.02 and a conductivity of 14.89. The physicochemical parameters evolution during the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment showed that, under the conditions of an electrolysis time of 3 h and a current intensity of 3 A (= 416 A/m-2), the margins discoloration diluted ten times (91%), the mass loss of the electrodes was 0.55 kg.m-3 and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was 50%. These optimal operational levels allowed a good degradation of the margins. Biosorption kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s isotherms equations. The best fit was obtained by the Langmuir’s model, with maximum OWM monolayer biosorption capacity of 189.83 mg/g. The biosorption was exothermic in nature (entalphy change: ΔH° = -13.11 kJ/mol). The reaction was accompanied by a decrease in entropy (ΔS° = -72.91 kJ/mol). The Gibbs energy (ΔG°) was higher when the temperature was increased from 303 to 318 K, indicating a decrease in the biosorption feasibility at higher temperatures. The results have established good potentiality for EC and ALS to be used for OMW removal.

Resumen Los colorantes sintéticos son estables, ofrecen una amplia gama de colores y fáciles aplicaciones industriales. Sin embargo, en ambientes acuosos representan un problema por su larga permanencia y baja biodegradabilidad. Los hongos de podredumbre blanca pueden degradar colorantes a través de sus enzimas ligninolíticas y/o biosorción. Este trabajo evaluó el efecto de 2,5-dimetilanilina, glucosa, tartrato de amonio, sulfato de cobre, pH y temperatura sobre la degradación del colorante azul turquesa (TB) en soluciones acuosas por Leptosphaerulina sp. (hongo nativo de Colombia). Los ensayos se desarrollaron aplicando un diseno experimental de superficie de respuesta, que encontró al tartrato de amonio y el pH como las variables más infuyentes para remover el TB. Leptosphaerulina sp. elimina el TB (99%, día 8), principalmente por sorción (89%). Por lo tanto, la biomasa de Leptosphaerulina sp. es una alternativa promisoria como biosorbente, frente a los métodos tradicionales físico-químicos, para tratar aguas residuales contaminadas con colorantes.

Abstract Synthetic dyes are highly stable, offer a wide range of colors, and have easy industrial applications. Nevertheless, dyes become a problem in aqueous environments due to their long permanence and low biodegradability. White-rot fungi are useful to degrade dyes through their ligninolytic enzymes and/or biosorption. This work evaluated the effect of 2,5-dimethylaniline, glucose, ammonium tartrate, copper sulfate, pH, and temperature on the degradation of Turquoise Blue (TB) dye in aqueous solutions by Leptosphaerulina sp. (Colombian native fungus). Assays were developed applying a response surface experimental design, which found that the ammonium tartrate and pH are the most influential variables on TB removal. Leptosphaerulina sp. decolorizes aqueous solutions with TB (99%, at day 8), mainly through sorption (89%). Therefore, one of the significant findings from this study is that the Leptosphaerulina sp. biomass is a promising alternative as biosorbent, in comparison to physical-chemical traditional methods, for treating wastewaters polluted with dyes.

RESUMO A adsorção é uma das tecnologias mais eficientes para a remoção de Compostos Emergentes Preocupantes (CEC), principalmente porque não produz produtos secundários de degradação e não é de difícil aplicação. O uso de carvão ativado em países em desenvolvimento ainda é caro, principalmente em razão de sua produção. Nesse contexto, este estudo avaliou a relação entre a adsorção multicomponente de CEC em adsorventes à base de lignina e as características dos compostos. Em detalhe, 27 compostos alvo foram preparados em solução aquosa e submetidos à adsorção em três materiais diferentes (dois de base lignocelulósica e um carvão ativado granular). Todas as amostras foram analisadas em cromatografia líquida de ultraeficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Os resultados foram avaliados com o auxílio da técnica de regressão multivariada por mínimos quadrados (PLS-R). Observou-se que a adsorção de produtos farmacêuticos de Micropoluentes Orgânicos (OMP) em carvões ativados é um processo complexo, governado não apenas pelas propriedades das moléculas adsorvidas, e que a eficiência de remoção pode ser alterada por propriedades externas (por exemplo, propriedades adsorbents, pH, matéria orgânica). Mesmo que se atingisse uma excelente porcentagem média de remoção (5,44 – 128,91%), a influência de outros compostos orgânicos não poderia ser desprezada. Infelizmente, para se obter uma boa compreensão das interações entre a molécula química única e os adsorventes, seria necessário estudar o processo para cada composto separadamente dos outros e então considerar o efeito de matriz em razão da mistura de vários fármacos com substâncias muito diferentes.

ABSTRACT Adsorption is one of the most efficient technologies for the removal of Concerning Emergent Compounds (CECs), also known as Organic Micropollutant (OMP). However, the use of activated carbon in developing countries is still costly. Thus, lignocellulosic residues are used as a base for making new adsorbent materials. This study assessed the relationship between the multicomponent adsorption of CECs in lignin-based adsorbents and the characteristics of the compounds. For this, 27 target compounds were prepared in an aqueous solution and submitted to the adsorption in 3 different materials. All the samples were analyzed in ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The results were evaluated with the aid of the multivariate least squares regression (PLS-R) technique. It was observed that the adsorption of pharmaceuticals on activated carbons is a complex process governed by the properties of the adsorbed molecules, and the removal efficiency could be altered by external properties (e.g., adsorbent properties, pH, and organic matter). Even if it was reached an excellent average percentage removal (5.44 – 128.91%), the influence of other organic compounds could not be neglected. Unfortunately, to obtain a good understanding of the interactions between the single chemical molecule and the adsorbents, it would be necessary to study the process for each compound separately from the others and then consider the matrix effect due to the mixing of various pharmaceuticals with very different properties.

Abstract Microbial biomass is considered a renewable and environmentally friendly resource. Thus, the research conducted a kinetic study and thermodynamic equilibrium modeling of the cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) bioadsorption process using the Rhodococcus opacus (RO) strain as a biosorbent. The inactive biomass subjected to 0.1 M NaOH pretreatment was brought into contact with synthetic solutions of Co and Mn. The experimental data for the Co(II) and Mn(II) bioadsorption process were fit to the Langmuir model with kads of 0.65 and 0.11 L.mg-1, respectively. A better statistical fit was also obtained for the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2Co(II) = 0.994 and R2Mn(II) = 0.995), with 72.3% Co(II) and 80% Mn(II) removals during the first 10 min. In addition, a higher affinity of RO for the Co(II) ion was observed, with maximum uptake values of 13.42 mg.g-1; however, a higher adsorption rate was observed for Mn(II) ion (k = 0.21 g.mg-1.min-1 at 318 K). The bioadsorption process was spontaneous and dependent on temperature, being endothermic and irreversible for the Co(II) ion (∆H = 2951.91 J.mol-1) and exothermic and reversible for the Mn(II) ion (∆H = -2974.8 J.mol-1). The kinetic and thermodynamic equilibrium modeling allowed to identify the main mechanisms involved in the biosorption process of both metals.

Resumo Biomassa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foi ativada quimicamente e sua capacidade de biossorção foi explorada para a remoção do ibuprofeno (IBP) da solução aquosa. Os efeitos do pH (2-10), tempo de contato (0-90 min), concentração de IBP (5-35 mg L-1) e temperatura (20, 30, 40°C) foram avaliados em estudos de bateladas. Em pH 2,0 foram encontradas as maiores taxas de remoção de IBP. O modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda ordem foi o mais adequado para descrever os dados experimentais. Ambos os modelos de isoterma de Langmuir e Freundlich descreveram os dados de equilíbrio de forma satisfatória. A capacidade máxima de biossorção para IBP pela biomassa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae quimicamente ativada (CA-YB) foi estimada em 13,39 mg g-1 a 40°C. A energia de ativação calculada pelo modelo de isoterma de Dubinin-Radushkevich foi de 9,129 kJ mol-1, indicando que um processo químico mediou a biossorção de IBP por CA-YB. De acordo com os estudos termodinâmicos, a biossorção do IBP é espontânea e endotérmica. A análise de FTIR revelou que os grupos carboxila, hidroxila, fosforila e amino estavam envolvidos no processo de biossorção do IBP. Essas descobertas indicaram que CA-YB pode ser um biossorvente alternativo para a remoção de IBP do meio aquoso.

Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass was activated chemically, and its ibuprofen (IBP) biosorption capabilities were assessed regarding IBP removal from an aqueous solution. The effects of pH (2-10), contact time (0-90 min), IBP concentration (5-35 mg L-1), and temperature (20, 30, 40°C) were evaluated in batch studies. Higher removal rates of IBP were found at pH 2.0. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the experimental data. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models described the equilibrium data satisfactorily. The maximum biosorption capacity for IBP onto chemically activated Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass (CA-YB) was estimated at 13.39 mg g-1 at 40°C. The activation energy calculated by the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model was 9.129 kJ mol-1, indicating that a chemical process mediated the biosorption of IBP onto CA-YB. According to thermodynamic studies, IBP biosorption is spontaneous and endothermic. FTIR analysis revealed that the carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphoryl, and amino groups were involved in the biosorption process of IBP. These findings indicated that CA-YB could be an alternative biosorbent for IBP removal from aqueous media.

RESUMO Métodos convencionais de tratamento de águas residuais apresentam determinadas limitações, como a baixa remoção de poluentes orgânicos refratários, necessidade de grandes áreas de instalação e os elevados custos para implementação e operação. Assim, processos alternativos vêm sendo aplicados para o tratamento de água residuais, como a adsorção, pela sua versatilidade e a possibilidade de utilização de materiais alternativos (biossorventes). O processo de biossorção é considerado uma alternativa biotecnológica para o tratamento de águas residuais, por meio da utilização dos biossorventes, como resíduos agroindustriais. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica de caráter exploratória e qualitativa, relacionando a aplicação do processo de biossorção na remoção de contaminantes em águas residuais. Assim, a maioria das biomassas vivas e mortas demonstraram ótimos resultados na captação de poluentes em meio aquoso, sendo promissoras no tratamento de águas residuais industriais. Além disso, resíduos agroindustriais que se acumulam por não apresentarem o correto gerenciamento, também foram testados para metais pesados e em sua maioria tiveram bom desempenho de capacidade biossortiva. A biomassa de natureza microbial apresentou menores valores de capacidade adsortiva para a remoção de poluentes, já que foi necessário o controle de nutrientes e das variáveis necessárias à sobrevivência das células. É importante destacar a maior complexidade de remoção dos compostos orgânicos, visto que apresentam em suas estruturas química grupos funcionais específico de natureza iônica diferente, dificultando a interação entre biossorvente e poluente orgânico. Por conseguinte, foi possível identificar a versatilidade do processo de biossorção, bem como a possibilidade de utilização de materiais alternativos. limitações refratários operação Assim adsorção biossorventes. biossorventes . (biossorventes) contexto qualitativa aquoso industriais disso gerenciamento biossortiva células diferente orgânico conseguinte (biossorventes

ABSTRACT Conventional wastewater treatment methods have certain limitations, such as the low removal of refractory organic pollutants, the need for large areas of installation, and the high costs for implementation and operation. Thus, alternative processes have been applied for the treatment of wastewater, such as adsorption, due to its versatility and the possibility of using alternative materials (biosorbents). The biosorption process is considered a biotechnological alternative for the treatment of wastewater, through the use of biosorbents, as agro-industrial waste. In this context, the present work aims to present an exploratory and qualitative bibliographic review, relating the application of the biosorption process in the removal of contaminants in wastewater. Thus, most of the living and dead biomasses showed excellent results in capturing pollutants in aqueous media, being promising in the treatment of industrial wastewater. In addition, agro-industrial waste that accumulate because they are not properly managed, have also been tested for heavy metals and have mostly performed well in terms of biosorptive capacity. Microbial biomass had lower adsorptive capacity values to pollutant removal since it was necessary to control nutrients and the variables necessary for cell survival. It is important to highlight the greater complexity of removal of the organic compounds, since they present in their chemical structures specific functional groups of different ionic nature, making the interaction between biosorbent and organic pollutant difficult. Therefore, it was possible to identify the versatility of the biosorption process, as well as the possibility of using alternative materials. limitations installation operation Thus adsorption biosorbents. biosorbents . (biosorbents) agroindustrial agro context review media addition managed survival compounds nature difficult Therefore (biosorbents

RESUMO Neste estudo, avaliou-se o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar quimicamente ativado (CASB) como biossorvente na remoção de ibuprofeno (IBP) de solução aquosa. O bagaço da cana-de-açúcar foi ativado com hexano e metanol. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de contato, concentração de IBP e temperatura foram avaliados em estudos de bateladas. As taxas mais altas de remoção de IBP foram encontradas em pH 2,0. Estudos cinéticos indicaram que a biossorção segue o modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem. Os dados no equilíbrio se ajustaram aos modelos de isoterma de biossorção de Langmuir e Freundlich. A capacidade máxima de biossorção do CASB foi estimada em 7,75 mg g-1 a 20 °C. De acordo com o modelo de isoterma de Dubinin-Radushkevich, a energia de ativação foi calculada em 7,07 kJ mol-1, indicando que o processo de remoção do IBP é físico. A análise termodinâmica sugere que a biossorção é de natureza exotérmica e não espontânea. A análise de FTIR confirmou as interações entre as moléculas de IBP e o biossorvente. Concluímos que o CASB exibiu potencial para ser utilizado na remoção do IBP de meio aquoso. estudo avaliouse avaliou canadeaçúcar cana açúcar (CASB (IBP aquosa metanol contato bateladas 2 0 2,0 pseudosegunda pseudo segunda ordem Freundlich 775 7 75 7,7 g1 g 1 g- C °C DubininRadushkevich, DubininRadushkevich Dubinin Radushkevich, Radushkevich Dubinin-Radushkevich 707 07 7,0 mol1, mol1 mol 1, mol-1 físico espontânea aquoso 2, 77 7, 70 mol-

ABSTRACT In this study, the ability of chemically activated sugarcane bagasse (CASB) as a biosorbent for removing ibuprofen (IBP) from aqueous solution was evaluated. Sugarcane bagasse was activated using hexane and methanol. The effects of pH, contact time, IBP concentration, and temperature were evaluated in batch studies. Higher removal rates of IBP were found at pH 2.0. Kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption follows the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium biosorption isotherm was found to follow both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum biosorption capacity of CASB was estimated at 7.75 mg g-1 at 20 °C. According to the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model, the activation energy was calculated to be 7.07 kJ mol-1, indicating that a physical process mediated the IBP removal. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the biosorption is exothermic in nature and non-spontaneous. The FTIR analysis confirmed the interactions between IBP molecules and biosorbent. We concluded that CASB exhibited the potential to be used in the removal of IBP from aqueous media. study (CASB (IBP methanol time concentration 2 0 2.0 pseudosecondorder pseudo second order model models 775 7 75 7.7 g1 g 1 g- C °C DubininRadushkevich Dubinin Radushkevich 707 07 7.0 mol1, mol1 mol 1, mol-1 nonspontaneous. nonspontaneous non spontaneous. spontaneous non-spontaneous media 2. 77 7. 70 mol-

Abstract We aimed to optimize the culture condition for industrial effluent isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to reach the highest zinc biosorption, biomass, and protein production for human and animals. S. cerevisiae strains carrying ZRT and FET genes were isolated from effluent samples and identified using standard methods. Subsequently, the growth rate of yeasts in the presence of Zn2+, as well as the level of Zn2+ uptake by the yeast cells, were examined at 24-hour intervals. RT-PCR technique was applied to quantify the expression level of the target genes in yeast cells. The effect of the initial pH of culture medium was studied on the yeast growth rate, zinc absorption, and target genes expression. After setting the optimum pH, Kjeldahl method was applied for assessment of the total protein content of yeast cells. In the optimum conditions, S. cerevisiae showed the maximum growth rate, zinc uptake, and expression level of Zrt1 and Fet4. In addition, protein content of S. cerevisiae biomass in this optimum condition was above 50% (w/w). We demonstrated that S. cerevisiae species isolated from industrial effluents could be considered as highly promising candidates for producing Zn-enriched single cell protein. However, further research is believed to be required.

Resumen En el presente estudio se investigó la biosorción del cromo hexavalente [Cr (VI)] utilizando un subproducto del nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia) en soluciones acuosas mediante el método batch, se evaluaron parámetros como el pH de la solución, concentración inicial del Cr (VI), dosis del adsorbente, tamaño de la partícula y tiempo de contacto. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que existe una mayor remoción del Cr (VI) con un pH ácido en la solución, utilizando un tamaño de partícula < 2.00 mm y aumentando la dosis del adsorbente en la biosorción batch, además se obtuvo una remoción total del Cr (VI) bajo los siguientes parámetros: 50 mg /L de Cr (VI), 1 g de adsorbente/30 mL, pH: 2.0, tamaño de la partícula entre 2.00-2.38 mm y un tiempo de contacto de una hora. A partir del ajuste de los modelos cinéticos se determinó que el modelo Pseudo-segundo orden describe mejor la cinética de la adsorción. En general, el subproducto del nanche puede considerarse un adsorbente con la capacidad de remover al Cr (VI) de soluciones acuosas.

Abstract In the present study, the biosorption of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] was investigated using a by-product of nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia) in aqueous solutions by the batch method, parameters such as solutions pH, initial concentration of Cr (VI), adsorbent dose, particle size and contact time were evaluated. The results obtained showed that there is a greater removal of Cr (VI) with an acidic pH in the solution, using a particle size < 2.00 mm and increasing the adsorbent dose in batch biosorption, in addition, a total removal of Cr (VI) was obtained under the following parameters: 50 mg/L of Cr (VI), 1 g of adsorbent / 30 mL, pH: 2.0, particle size between 2.00-2.38 mm and a contact time of one hour. From the adjustment of kinetic models, it was determined that the Pseudo-second order model better describes the adsorption kinetics. In general, the by-product of nanche can be considered an adsorbent with the ability to remove Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions.