A key global change challenge is to significantly reduce the risks of alien taxa causing harmful impacts without compromising the rights of citizens. As part of efforts to address this challenge, South Africa promulgated comprehensive regulations and lists of alien taxa in 2014. In this paper, we review how the lists developed, changed overtime, and how they have been implemented. As of March 2021, 560 taxa were listed under four broad regulatory categories, and between 2014 and 2020, almost 3000 permits were issued to regulate the continued use of listed taxa. The full lists of regulated taxa, permits issued, and corresponding regulations are available in the Supplementary material. A proposed standardised, transparent, and science-informed process to revise the regulatory lists is also presented - as of 30 April 2024, risk analyses have been developed for 140 taxa using the Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT) framework and reviewed by an independent scientific body [the Alien Species Risk Analysis Review Panel (ASRARP)] with input from taxon-specific experts. These recommendations are being considered by an interdepartmental governmental decision-making body established in March 2023 [the Risk Analysis Review Committee (RARC)]. Finally, key issues with the listing of alien taxa in South Africa that remain to be resolved are presented. As South Africa's regulatory framework continues to develop, the process of listing and regulating alien taxa will, we believe, become more transparent, consistent, and acceptable to stakeholders, and ultimately facilitate efforts to reduce the harmful impacts of alien taxa. SIGNIFICANCE: The regulation of alien species is a major part of how South Africa addresses biological invasions. For this process to be effective, relevant stakeholders need to be engaged and involved. This paper outlines how species have been regulated in the past, provides regulatory lists in accessible formats, and analyses how the lists have changed over time. A transparent, science-informed process to update the regulatory lists is presented and progress to date reviewed. This process aims to engage interested and affected parties in efforts to preserve the benefits of alien species while reducing the harmful impacts of invasions.

Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a DNA-type virus that has an affinity for cells of the immune system and generates lymphocyte depletion so it favors the development of diseases caused by other opportunistic agents, it is also related to the generation of different syndromes. Therefore, this virus causes major illnesses on the pig industry; nevertheless, PCV2-associated syndromes can easily be prevented through the proper application of biosecurity and vaccination measures. On the other hand, small-scale production units (SPUs) often lack this type of preventive management, as well as routine surveillance by a veterinarian. Although PCV2 is considered a widely distributed virus, there are no reports of its presence in SPUs in Nuevo León. The presence of antibodies against PCV2 was determined using a commercial kit and complete blood count was performed on the animals. A total of 48 SPUs were found, with 91.67 % positivity and 89.7 % seropositivity in the animals. In the complete blood count, it was found that HGB and HCT were decreased in individuals who were positive for antibodies compared to negative ones (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively); on the contrary, the value of total white blood cells was found to be decreased in individuals who were negative for the presence of antibodies against PCV2 (P=0.01).

Resumen El circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2) es un virus de tipo DNA que tiene afinidad por células del sistema inmune y que genera depleción de linfocitos por lo que favorece el desarrollo de enfermedades causadas por otros agentes oportunistas, así mismo está relacionado con la generación de diferentes síndromes. Por lo anterior, este virus produce importantes afecciones a la industria porcícola, sin embargo, fácilmente se pueden prevenir los síndromes asociados a PCV2 mediante la adecuada aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad y vacunación. Por otro lado, las unidades de producción a pequeña escala (UPPs) suelen carecer de este tipo de manejo preventivo, así como de vigilancia rutinaria por parte de un médico veterinario. Si bien, el PCV2 se considera un virus ampliamente distribuido, no existen reportes de su presencia en las UPPs en Nuevo León. Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos contra PCV2 mediante el uso de un kit comercial y se realizó la biometría hemática de los animales. Se localizaron 48 UPPs en las que se encontró un 91.67% de positividad, así como un 89.7% de seropositividad en los animales. En la biometría se encontró que la HGB y el HCT se presentaron disminuidos en los individuos que resultaron positivos a anticuerpos comparados contra los negativos (P=0.03 y P=0.01, respectivamente), por el contrario, el valor de células blancas totales se encontró disminuido en los individuos que resultaron negativos a la presencia de anticuerpo contra PCV2 (P=0.01).

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o trabalho dos profissionais das equipes de saúde bucal da rede pública na pandemia da covid-19 do ponto de vista dos gestores. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo-qualitativo, com 163 gestores municipais de saúde da Bahia, que responderam a um questionário virtual, de junho a outubro de 2020. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos utilizando o Statistical Package for the Social Science, e Análise Temática das respostas subjetivas, com auxílio do IRaMuTeQ. Um escopo de atuação das equipes de saúde bucal, que atuam em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde, foi reconhecido como mais abrangente que o tradicional nesse período. A pandemia deu ênfase às fragilidades crônicas nas condições de trabalho dos cirurgiões-dentistas, técnicos e auxiliares de saúde bucal da rede pública, como a insuficiência de instrumentais odontológicos e de insumos, a precária manutenção dos equipamentos odontológicos, a fragilidade dos vínculos empregatícios e a estrutura física inadequada nas unidades de saúde, comprometendo a biossegurança. Assim, abre-se uma oportunidade para identificar e implementar mudanças necessárias não apenas no contexto de crise sanitária, mas também no período pós-pandemia. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 Tratase Trata se quantitativoqualitativo, quantitativoqualitativo quantitativo qualitativo, qualitativo quantitativo-qualitativo 16 Bahia virtual 2020 Science subjetivas IRaMuTeQ cirurgiõesdentistas, cirurgiõesdentistas cirurgiões dentistas, dentistas cirurgiões-dentistas insumos biossegurança Assim abrese abre sanitária póspandemia. póspandemia pós pandemia. pós-pandemia covid1 1 covid- 202 20 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the work of professionals from oral health teams in the public service, in the COVID-19 pandemic, from the point of view of managers. This is a cross-sectional, quantitative-qualitative study, with 163 municipal health managers in Bahia, who answered a virtual questionnaire, from June to October 2020. The descriptive analysis of the quantitative data was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science, and Thematic Analysis was applied to the subjective responses, using IRaMuTeQ. The scope of action of oral health teams, which operate at all levels of health care, was recognized as broader than the traditional in this period. The pandemic emphasized the chronic problems in the working conditions of dentists, technicians, and oral health assistants in the public service, such as the lack of dental instruments and supplies, the precarious maintenance of dental equipment, the fragility of employment relationships, and the inadequate physical structure in the health units, compromising biosecurity. Thus, there is an opportunity to identify and implement necessary changes not only in the context of a health crisis, but in the post-pandemic period. service COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional quantitativequalitative qualitative 16 Bahia questionnaire 2020 Science responses IRaMuTeQ care period dentists technicians supplies equipment relationships units biosecurity Thus crisis postpandemic post COVID1 1 COVID- 202 20 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the work of professionals from oral health teams in the public service, in the COVID-19 pandemic, from the point of view of managers. This is a cross-sectional, quantitative-qualitative study, with 163 municipal health managers in Bahia, who answered a virtual questionnaire, from June to October 2020. The descriptive analysis of the quantitative data was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science, and Thematic Analysis was applied to the subjective responses, using IRaMuTeQ. The scope of action of oral health teams, which operate at all levels of health care, was recognized as broader than the traditional in this period. The pandemic emphasized the chronic problems in the working conditions of dentists, technicians, and oral health assistants in the public service, such as the lack of dental instruments and supplies, the precarious maintenance of dental equipment, the fragility of employment relationships, and the inadequate physical structure in the health units, compromising biosecurity. Thus, there is an opportunity to identify and implement necessary changes not only in the context of a health crisis, but in the post-pandemic period.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o trabalho dos profissionais das equipes de saúde bucal da rede pública na pandemia da covid-19 do ponto de vista dos gestores. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo-qualitativo, com 163 gestores municipais de saúde da Bahia, que responderam a um questionário virtual, de junho a outubro de 2020. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos utilizando o Statistical Package for the Social Science, e Análise Temática das respostas subjetivas, com auxílio do IRaMuTeQ. Um escopo de atuação das equipes de saúde bucal, que atuam em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde, foi reconhecido como mais abrangente que o tradicional nesse período. A pandemia deu ênfase às fragilidades crônicas nas condições de trabalho dos cirurgiões-dentistas, técnicos e auxiliares de saúde bucal da rede pública, como a insuficiência de instrumentais odontológicos e de insumos, a precária manutenção dos equipamentos odontológicos, a fragilidade dos vínculos empregatícios e a estrutura física inadequada nas unidades de saúde, comprometendo a biossegurança. Assim, abre-se uma oportunidade para identificar e implementar mudanças necessárias não apenas no contexto de crise sanitária, mas também no período pós-pandemia.

RESUMEN A raíz del inicio de la pandemia del COVID-19 en el Paraguay, el Poder Ejecutivo tomó la decisión de no retornar a clases y el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencias (MEC) adoptó la modalidad de educación a distancia. Este estudio busca evaluar como la pandemia del COVID-19 influyó en los procesos educativos siguiendo las medidas de bioseguridad establecidas por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. Se utilizó la técnica de revisión documental, y lecturas sobre informes investigativos para constatar la realidad en tiempos de pandemia. Es relevante mencionar que el COVID-19 arrastró no solo una crisis sanitaria, sino también económica, alimentaria, tecnológica y educativa modificando la normalidad en la que vivíamos. Se concluye que el uso de estrategias de alcance y aprendizaje creativas para el buen desempeño de las funciones pedagógicas fue esencial para dar continuidad a la educación. Los resultados indican que el confinamiento afectó la relación entre docentes y estudiantes, generando un desequilibrio emocional, frustraciones, obstáculos y falta de comprensión coherente de contenidos. Se recomienda romper las brechas en el acceso a las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, para que las mismas no sean un impedimento a la hora de continuar el proceso educativo.

ABSTRACT As a result of the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay, the Executive Branch made the decision not to return to classes and the Ministry of Education and Sciences (MEC) adopted the modality of distance education. This study seeks to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the educational processes following the biosecurity measures established by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare. The documentary review technique was used, and a reading on research reports to verify the reality in times of pandemic. It’s concluded that the use of creative outreach and learning strategies for the good performance of pedagogical functions was essential to give continuity to education. In addition, COVID-19 dragged with it not only a health crisis, but also economic, food, technology, and education, modifying the normality in which we lived. The results indicate that the confinement affected the relationship between teachers and students generating an emotional imbalance, frustrations, obstacles and the lack of coherent understanding of the educational contents. It is recommended to break the gaps in access to Information and Communication Technologies, so that they are not an impediment when continuing the educational process.

ABSTRACT: Aujeszky’s Disease (AD) is a highly infectious swine disease caused by Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV 1). The present study evaluated the biosafety of commercial swine farms and carried out the first serological survey for Aujeszky’s Disease in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. A total of 55 farms in 27 municipalities of the state were selected, where 416 swine serum samples were collected to be submitted to serological diagnosis for AD. Finally, a survey was carried out using a questionnaire to obtain information on the biosecurity of the farms. The results by the ELISA technique indicated the absence of antibodies for AD. Regarding the biosecurity of the farms, 56.4% of the farms did not meet the requirement of internal isolation, 67.3% did not have changing rooms, 72.7% did not provide specific clothing for employees and visitors, 85.5% did not require visitors bathe to access the sheds and only 10.9% of the farms controlled the flow of visitors and vehicles accessing the property. Another noteworthy factor is that only 25.5% of the farms had an area to quarantine replacement animals and 69.1% had an access ramp located close to the animal pens. With the results, it was concluded that there is a need to improve biosecurity measures on commercial farms in the state of Espírito Santo and that there was no presence of Aujeszky’s Disease in the evaluated animals. ABSTRACT Aujeszkys Aujeszky s AD (AD SuHV 1. . 1) State Brazil 5 2 selected 41 Finally 564 56 4 56.4 isolation 673 67 3 67.3 rooms 727 72 7 72.7 855 85 85.5 109 10 9 10.9 property 255 25 25.5 691 69 69.1 pens 56. 6 67. 72. 8 85. 10. 25. 69.

RESUMO: A Doença de Aujeszky (DA) é uma enfermidade de suínos altamente infecciosa, causada pelo herpesvírus suíno 1 (SuHV 1). O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a biosseguridade das granjas comerciais capixabas de suínos e realizar o primeiro inquérito sorológico para Doença de Aujeszky no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram selecionadas 55 granjas em 27 municípios do Estado, onde se coletou 416 amostras de soro de suínos para serem submetidos ao diagnóstico sorológico para DA. Por fim, foi realizado inquérito, mediante questionário para obter informações sobre a biosseguridade das granjas. Os resultados pela técnica de ELISA indicaram ausência de anticorpos para DA. Em relação à biosseguridade das granjas, 56,4% das granjas não atenderam o requisito de cerca de isolamento interno, 67,3% não possuíam vestiários, 72,7% não disponibilizavam roupas específicas para funcionários e visitantes, 85,5% não exigiam a prática de banho dos visitantes para acesso aos galpões e somente 10,9% das granjas faziam o controle do fluxo de visitantes e veículos que acessam a propriedade. Outro fator destacado é que apenas 25,5% das granjas apresentavam área para realizar quarentena dos animais de reposição e 69,1% possuíam o embarcador localizado próximo às baias dos animais. Com os resultados, concluiu-se que há necessidade de melhoria das medidas de biosseguridade nas granjas comerciais no Estado do Espírito Santo e que não houve presença da Doença de Aujeszky nos animais avaliados. RESUMO DA (DA infecciosa SuHV 1. . 1) Brasil 5 2 41 fim 564 56 4 56,4 interno 673 67 3 67,3 vestiários 727 72 7 72,7 855 85 85,5 109 10 9 10,9 propriedade 255 25 25,5 691 69 69,1 concluiuse concluiu avaliados 56, 6 67, 72, 8 85, 10, 25, 69,

ABSTRACT Respiratory tract infections in poultry have become serious problems with negative consequences for poultry production. Among these diseases, mycoplasmosis and avian pneumoviruses stand out, which, despite being relevant in poultry health, have not been systematically investigated in Brazil, especially regarding the interaction between these agents or the occurrence of co-infection in broiler chickens. The present study investigated the occurrence of infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and subtypes A and B of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in broiler chickens from commercial poultry flocks kept on farms with high biosecurity standards and located in the Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription nested-PCR techniques were applied to detect and/or identify, respectively, MG and aMPV in samples of nasal and tracheal swabs collected between 2017 and 2018, from 87 batches of broiler chickens from 15 commercial production farms that showed respiratory clinical signs. Two out of 87 batches sampled (2.3%) were positive for MG, while none of them were positive for aMPV. The low or no incidence of these pathogens can be explained by the adoption of increasingly effective health control measures for these agents on farms with high biosecurity standards. In addition, there are clues that other bacterial and viral infectious agents may be involved in the etiology of respiratory problems of these broiler chickens, which showed clinical signs of respiratory diseases upon sample collection. Brazil coinfection co (MG (aMPV PCR (PCR nestedPCR nested andor identify respectively 201 2018 8 1 2.3% 23 2 3 (2.3% addition collection 20 2.3 (2.3 2. (2. (2 (

ABSTRACT Salmonella spp. is one of the major bacterial causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility to cephalosporins and quinolones, and to identify the genetic mechanisms related to this resistance in strains of Salmonella spp. Seventy chicken carcass samples were collected from slaughterhouses in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The phenotypic profile was detected by the disk-diffusion method and the search for genes encoding betalactamases, and resistance to quinolones was evaluated by PCR. The search for mutations in gyrA and parC was carried out by sequencing these genes. Eleven strains of Salmonella spp. of different serotypes were isolated. All the strains were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, and 63.64% (7/11) showed resistance to three or more antimicrobials. In the phenotypic test for ESBL production, 36.36% (4/11) of the strains were considered positive. PCR detected the resistance genes bla CMY-2, qnrB, bla CTX-M, and bla TEM. Among the isolates, 45.45% (5/11) simultaneously presented the bla CTX-M, bla TEM, qnrB genes and a mutation (Thr-57→Ser) in parC. Point mutations in the parC gene were detected in all the analyzed samples. Genes such as bla SHV, qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, aac(6’)-Ib, qepA, and oqxAB were not detected. The study identified Salmonella spp. resistant to cephalosporins and quinolones, with resistance genes and mutations in parC, highlighting concerns about the adoption of biosecurity measures, responsible use of antimicrobials, and surveillance of resistant strains in the poultry chain. spp humans Janeiro Brazil diskdiffusion disk diffusion betalactamases isolated tested 6364 63 64 63.64 7/11 711 7 11 (7/11 production 3636 36 36.36 4/11 411 4 (4/11 positive CMY2, CMY2 CMY 2, 2 CMY-2 CTXM, CTXM CTX M, M CTX-M TEM isolates 4545 45 45.45 5/11 511 5 (5/11 Thr57→Ser Thr57Ser ThrSer Thr 57→Ser 57 Ser (Thr-57→Ser SHV qnrA qnrC qnrD qnrS aac6Ib, aac6Ib aacIb aac 6 Ib, Ib aac(6’)-Ib qepA measures chain 636 63.6 7/1 71 1 (7/1 363 3 36.3 4/1 41 (4/1 CMY- 454 45.4 5/1 51 (5/1 Thr57 57Ser 63. 7/ (7/ 36. 4/ (4/ 45. 5/ (5/ Thr5 (7 (4 (5 (

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction. Abstract systems SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, 2 SARS-CoV-2 diseases rapidly COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 knowledge selfsufficient self sufficient Innovation highlevel level country way intermediation conclusion research universities Education Trade Health value highquality quality reduction SARS-CoV- COVID1 1 COVID- SARS-CoV

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica. Resumen SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- enfermedades laboratorio COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 desarrollo científico Innovación país manera esenciales comercial Pero universidades Educación Salud SARS-CoV COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica. Resumo latinoamericanos latino americanos SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, 2 SARS-CoV-2 somouse, somouse somou se, somou-se paralelo doenças laboratoriais COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 acelerou desenvolvimento científico Inovação farmacêuticos país forma essenciais comercial conclusão latinoamericano americano universidades Educação Saúde SARS-CoV- COVID1 1 COVID- SARS-CoV

ABSTRACT: This study determined the association between biosecurity practices and the status of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in dairy production systems. Approximately 280 herds were screened for BVDV virus detection. Following the screening, 68 herds were selected to identify individual BVDV PI animals using an ear notch biopsy and ELISA-antigen. All offspring of the last generation were tested, and the maternal lineage of positive cases was examined. A questionnaire on BVDV biological risk assessment was completed. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was conducted to determine the association between herds with or without BVDV circulation and biosecurity practices. The MCA revealed that farms with virus circulation lacked knowledge about the disease and wrongly perceived their herds as protected, while farms without virus circulation were aware of the disease but considered their herds unprotected. Vaccination practices differed between positive and negative herds, with positive herds using vaccines only for reproductive diseases and negative herds vaccinating for respiratory and reproductive issues. Biosecurity practices such as frequent visitation, contact between animals of different ages, and annual introduction of new animals were linked to viral circulation, while virus-free herds implemented measures like controlled visitation, no contact between different age groups, and quarantine. Lastly, herds with virus circulation acquired pregnant females without prior testing. This study emphasized the crucial role of biosecurity practices in controlling BVDV in dairy herds. It highlighted the sharper risk perception and better application of biosecurity practices in negative herds compared to BVDV-positive herds. ABSTRACT (BVDV systems 28 detection screening 6 ELISAantigen. ELISAantigen ELISA antigen. antigen ELISA-antigen tested examined completed (MCA protected unprotected issues visitation ages virusfree free groups quarantine Lastly testing BVDVpositive 2

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo associar as práticas de biosseguridade com a circulação do vírus BVDV em sistemas de produção leiteiros. Inicialmente, 270-290 sistemas foram selecionados para detecção do vírus entre janeiro de 2020 e janeiro de 2023 por meio da técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real (RT-qPCR em tempo real). Após essa etapa, 68 rebanhos foram selecionados para identificação de animais persistentemente infectados (PI) por meio da análise individual do fragmento auricular usando o método ELISA-antígeno. Todos os animais nascidos na última geração, fêmeas que deram à luz bezerros machos ou natimortos, foram testados incluindo a pesquisa na geração de mães e avós maternas em casos positivos. Um questionário de análise de risco biológico para o BVDV foi aplicado a esse grupo de fazendas. Para identificar associações entre rebanhos com ou sem circulação do BVDV e práticas de biosseguridade, foi usada a análise de correspondência múltipla (MCA). A análise mostrou associação entre a falta de conhecimento sobre a doença e a percepção de que o rebanho está protegido contra o BVDV em fazendas com circulação do vírus. Os rebanhos positivos para Diarreia Viral Bovina reportaram o uso vacinas apenas para doenças reprodutivas, enquanto os rebanhos negativos reportaram o uso vacinas para problemas respiratórios e reprodutivos, sugerindo possíveis diferenças nos protocolos de vacinação e na eficácia das vacinas no Brasil. Práticas de biosseguridade como visitas frequentes, contato entre animais de diferentes idades e a introdução anual de novos animais, foram associadas à circulação viral, enquanto os rebanhos livres de vírus adotaram medidas como políticas de visitação e controle, ausência de contato entre os bovinos de diferentes idades e quarentena. Além disso, os sistemas de produção positivos adquiriram fêmeas prenhes sem testar o animal previamente. Assim, este estudo destaca aspectos essenciais para o controle do vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina em rebanhos leiteiros, identificando que gestores de rebanhos negativos possuem maior percepção de risco associada à implementação de práticas de biosseguridade, em contraste comos rebanhos positivos para o BVDV. RESUMO leiteiros Inicialmente 270290 270 290 270-29 202 RTqPCR RT qPCR real. real . real) etapa 6 PI (PI ELISAantígeno. ELISAantígeno ELISA antígeno. antígeno ELISA-antígeno natimortos MCA. MCA (MCA) reprodutivas reprodutivos Brasil frequentes viral quarentena disso previamente Assim 27029 27 29 270-2 20 (MCA 2702 2 270-

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica.

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica.

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.

ABSTRACT Considering the importance of backyard broiler production in Zambia, this study aimed to characterize this practice in the Serenje district (Zambia). A structured questionnaire was administered to 55 households. Results revealed a male predominance (56.36%) in broiler ownership, with most (69.09%) falling within the 30 to 50 years age group. Most (72.73%) had received at least secondary education. Notably, broiler producers primarily depended on farming (41.82%) and formal employment (32.73%) for income. Marketing channels predominantly involved direct sales to consumers (78.18%), minimizing intermediary involvement. The study highlighted the seasonal demand for broilers. Broiler consumption was common (90.91%) among producers, with most (85.45%) consuming broiler meat up to twice a week. Biosecurity practices varied, and mortality management predominantly involved burning or burial (67.27%). While most (96.36%) farmers practiced vaccinations, disease outbreaks persisted (92.73%), with limited consultation of veterinarians (67.27%). Access to information on broiler production primarily relied on agricultural agencies and organizations (49.09%). Common challenges included feed costs (94.55%), diseases (92.73%), and price fluctuations (87.27%). This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of backyard broiler production in an urban setting, shedding light on its potential impacts on public health and the overall poultry industry. Zambia Zambia. . (Zambia) 5 households 56.36% 5636 56 36 (56.36% ownership 69.09% 6909 69 09 (69.09% 3 group 72.73% 7273 72 73 (72.73% education Notably 41.82% 4182 41 82 (41.82% 32.73% 3273 32 (32.73% income 78.18%, 7818 78.18% , 78 18 (78.18%) involvement broilers 90.91% 9091 90 91 (90.91% 85.45% 8545 85 45 (85.45% week varied 67.27%. 6727 67.27% 67 27 (67.27%) 96.36% 9636 96 (96.36% vaccinations 92.73%, 9273 92.73% 92 (92.73%) 49.09%. 4909 49.09% 49 (49.09%) 94.55%, 9455 94.55% 94 (94.55%) 87.27%. 8727 87.27% 87 (87.27%) setting industry (Zambia 56.36 563 (56.36 69.09 690 6 0 (69.09 72.73 727 7 (72.73 41.82 418 4 8 (41.82 32.73 327 (32.73 781 78.18 1 (78.18% 90.91 909 9 (90.91 85.45 854 (85.45 672 67.27 2 (67.27% 96.36 963 (96.36 927 92.73 (92.73% 490 49.09 (49.09% 945 94.55 (94.55% 872 87.27 (87.27% 56.3 (56.3 69.0 (69.0 72.7 (72.7 41.8 (41.8 32.7 (32.7 78.1 (78.18 90.9 (90.9 85.4 (85.4 67.2 (67.27 96.3 (96.3 92.7 (92.73 49.0 (49.09 94.5 (94.55 87.2 (87.27 56. (56. 69. (69. 72. (72. 41. (41. 32. (32. 78. (78.1 90. (90. 85. (85. 67. (67.2 96. (96. 92. (92.7 49. (49.0 94. (94.5 87. (87.2 (56 (69 (72 (41 (32 (78. (90 (85 (67. (96 (92. (49. (94. (87. (5 (6 (7 (4 (3 (78 (9 (8 (67 (92 (49 (94 (87 (

Resumen: Este texto tiene el propósito de describir la situación de la pesca a pequeña escala en Puerto Madero, Chiapas, al inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 (2020-2021). Metodológicamente, adopta un enfoque etnográfico que se nutre del contacto directo con actores locales y acentúa sus propias voces. Las dos primeras partes discurren sobre los impactos de la emergencia sanitaria en el sector pesquero mexicano y la postura que al respecto adoptó el Estado en el nivel federal y estatal. La tercera sección ahonda en el caso de Puerto Madero con base en información empírica obtenida por vía de entrevistas y observaciones in situ. En ese tenor, presenta narrativas que dan cuenta de los avatares del trabajo pesquero en los dos primeros años de pandemia: incapacidad laboral por contagios de coronavirus, adopción temporal de medidas de bioseguridad en espacios de trabajo, cesación periódica de labores y modificación de las dinámicas de captura de pescado. El artículo cierra con algunas reflexiones sobre la capacidad adaptativa de los actores de la pesca a pequeña escala en tiempos de crisis como los vividos por causa de este fenómeno global.

Abstract: This paper aims to describe the situation of small-scale fisheries in Puerto Madero, Chiapas, at the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak (2020-2021). Methodologically, it adopts an ethnographic approach that draws on direct contact with local actors and emphasizes their own voices. The first two parts discuss the impacts of sanitary crisis on the Mexican fishing sector and the position adopted by the State, both at the federal level and in the state of Chiapas. The third section develops the case of Puerto Madero, based on empirical information obtained through on-site interviews and observations. It presents narratives that inform about changes in fishing work in the first two years of the pandemic: work incapacity due to coronavirus infection, temporary adoption of biosecurity measures in labor spaces, periodic cessation of work and modification of fishing dynamics. Finally, it reflects on adaptive capacity of small-scale fishery actors in critical times such as those experienced as a result of this global event.

Abstract Introduction: self-medication is a public health problem; studies indicate that it could have increased during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: to characterize self-medication in a population between 45 and 70 years old in the city of Armenia, Quindío, between December 2020 and May 2021. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with a snowball sample. The first participants were patients that attended the Universidad del Quindio health center. Health professionals were excluded. The prevalence of self-medication was calculated according to sociodemographic variables. Comorbidities and adverse effects of self-medication were also researched. Interviews were done via video calls and in person following biosecurity guidelines. Results: 128 participants were included. 84,37 % self-medicated at some point in their lives and 59,37 % in the last six months. The symptom that motivated this practice the most was headache in 28,99 %. 42,18 % self-medicated with more than one drug, analgesics being the most common drug (44,39 %). 11,11 % developed some adverse effect. Conclusions: the prevalence of self-medication in the region was similar to that found in other areas of the country, occurring more frequently in women, adults between 45-54 years and people with a high educational level. Delay in the allocation of appointments by health entities was one of the reasons most frequently associated with self-medication.

Resumen Introducción: la automedicación es un problema de salud pública; estudios indican que pudo incrementarse durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19. Objetivo: caracterizar la automedicación en población entre 45 y 70 años en la ciudad de Armenia (Quindío), entre diciembre de 2020 y mayo de 2021. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, la población de estudio se seleccionó mediante un muestreo en bola de nieve; los primeros participantes eran pacientes que asistieron al centro de salud de la Universidad del Quindío, se excluyeron profesionales de la salud. Se calculó la prevalencia de automedicación según variables sociodemográficas, también se indagó sobre comorbilidades y efectos adversos de la automedicación, las entrevistas se realizaron por videollamada y de forma presencial conforme a lineamientos de bioseguridad. Resultados: se incluyeron 128 participantes, un 84,37% de los entrevistados se automedicó alguna vez en su vida y, 59,37% en los últimos seis meses, siendo el síntoma que más motivó esta práctica la cefalea en un 28,99%. El 42,18% se automedicó con más de un medicamento, siendo más frecuentes los analgésicos (44,39%); el 11,11% presentó algún efecto adverso. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de la automedicación en la región fue similar a la encontrada en otras zonas del país, presentándose con mayor frecuencia en mujeres, adultos entre los 45-54 años y personas con alto nivel educativo, siendo uno de los motivos más frecuentemente asociados la demora en la asignación de citas en las entidades de salud.

Abstract The present article addresses the work conditions in health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the surveys “Working conditions of healthcare professionals in the context of Covid-19 in Brazil” and “Invisible healthcare workers: work conditions and mental health in the context of Covid-19 in Brazil”, seeking to better understand the working conditions and biosafety of these two distinct and socially unequal professional contingents. Data analysis proves that work conditions were extremely affected due to inadequate infrastructures, strenuous work, biosecurity at risk, exhaustion, fear of contamination and death, strong signs of physical and mental exhaustion, among workers. It also points out the discrimination and inequalities of social rights and professional development that mark the worlds of work highlighted in the surveys, emphasizing the profound inequalities that exist in Brazil and in its regions. It concludes by showing the importance of formulating public policies within the scope of work management in SUS, which ensures the protection, appreciation and reduction of inequalities pointed out in this article. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 crosssectional cross sectional Working Covid19 Covid Covid-1 Invisible workers Brazil, , contingents infrastructures risk exhaustion death regions SUS protection COVID1 1 COVID- Covid1 Covid-

Resumo O artigo versa sobre as condições de trabalho na saúde no contexto da pandemia no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal que utilizou dados de recorte das pesquisas “Condições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde no contexto da Covid-19 no Brasil” e “Os Trabalhadores invisíveis da saúde: condições de trabalho e saúde mental no contexto da Covid-19 no Brasil”, objetivando conhecer as condições de trabalho e a biossegurança desses dois contingentes profissionais distintos e desiguais, socialmente. A análise dos dados comprova que as condições de trabalho foram extremamente afetas em função da infraestrutura inadequada, trabalho extenuante, biossegurança em risco, exaustão, medo da contaminação e da morte, fortes sinais de esgotamento físico e mental entre os trabalhadores. Aponta também para discriminação e desigualdades de direitos sociais e de valorização profissional que demarcam os mundos do trabalho apontados nas pesquisas, enfatizando as profundas desigualdades existentes no Brasil e em suas regiões. Conclui-se mostrando a importância de formulação de políticas públicas no âmbito da gestão do trabalho no SUS que assegurem a proteção, valorização e redução das desigualdades apontadas no artigo. Tratase Trata se Condições Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 Os Brasil, , desiguais socialmente inadequada extenuante risco exaustão morte trabalhadores regiões Concluise Conclui proteção Covid1 1 Covid-