Abstract The excessive use of petroleum-based plastics creates a serious problem of environmental pollution, for this reason, this work proposes the production of bioplastic films based on cellulose extracted from leaves and stems of Ricinus communis L. (castor oil plant). The project was carried out in 2022 in the state of Michoacán, Mexico. The bioplastic was obtained in two stages, first the extraction of cellulose is carried out by an alkaline treatment at 80 °C, then, the cellulose obtained is mixed with water, glycerin, and acetic acid for the formation of the bioplastic film by the casting method. With the above procedure, uniform films with a thickness of 0.12 mm were obtained. Regarding the tensile strength, a maximum value of 7.1 MPa was found, as the amount of glycerin increases, the tensile strength increases. Through scanning electron microscopy analysis, it was observed that bioplastic films with 5% glycerin exhibit more uniform and homogeneous textures. The castor oil plant can be used not only to obtain oil but also to obtain plastics from sources alternative to petroleum, which would favor its cultivation in Michoacán.

Resumen El uso excesivo de plásticos elaborados con base de petróleo crea un grave problema de contaminación ambiental, por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se propone la elaboración de películas de bioplástico a base de celulosa extraída de hojas y tallos de Ricinus communis L. (higuerilla). El proyecto se llevó a cabo en el año 2022 en el estado de Michoacán, México. El bioplástico se obtuvo en dos etapas, primero se lleva a cabo la extracción de celulosa mediante un tratamiento alcalino a 80 °C, posteriormente, la celulosa obtenida se mezcla con agua, glicerina y ácido acético para la formación de la película de bioplástico mediante el método de casting. Con el procedimiento anterior se obtuvieron películas uniformes con un espesor de 0.12 mm. En cuanto a la resistencia a la tracción se encontró un valor máximo de 7.1 MPa, al incrementar la cantidad de glicerina, aumenta la resistencia a la tensión. Mediante el análisis de microscopia electrónica de barrido, se observó que las películas del bioplástico con un 5% de glicerina exhiben texturas más uniformes y homogéneas. La higuerilla se puede aprovechar no solo para la obtención de aceite sino también para obtener plásticos de fuentes alternas al petróleo, lo que se favorecería su cultivo en Michoacán.

Abstract Coconut mesocarp fiber (CMF) is a by-product of the coconut industry; it was milled to produce coconut mesocarp particles (CMP). The main elements identified in CMP samples were C and O, which represent 96.75%. The CMP were mixed with a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix by extrusion. The mechanical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties of four biocomposites with 0, 2, 5, and 8 wt% CMP (CMP0, CMP2, CMP5, and CMP8, respectively) were determined. The biocomposites showed a decrease in tensile strength, elongation at break, and elastic modulus values as the CMP content increased, except for CMP5, which showed a higher elastic modulus than the PLA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the biocomposites presented better thermal stability than the PLA matrix. CMP2 and CMP5 had rough surfaces, while CMP8 had weaker fracture zones. CMF (CMF byproduct product industry CMP. . (CMP) O 9675 96 75 96.75% (PLA extrusion mechanical structural 0 2 5 wt CMP0, CMP0 (CMP0 respectively determined strength break increased surfaces zones (CMP 967 9 7 96.75 96.7 96.

Abstract Pineapple is the most exported tropical fruit in the world in terms of volume. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the scientific publications on pineapple, with an emphasis on the agricultural sciences. 7,885 documents published between 1893 and 2022 (February 22nd), 2,350 of which belonged to the agricultural sciences, were retrieved from the Scopus-indexed database to be analyzed using the word pineapple. VOSviewer software was used for a bibliometric network analysis using author keyword mapping. 78.2% of the documents were articles, with an increase in the volume of publications over time. The scientists were from 138 countries, with India, the United States, and Brazil accumulating 36.2% of the total number. The research has focused on topics such as chemistry, food technology (primarily juice), the use of pineapple as a medicinal plant, and the clinical benefits of its main enzyme (bromelain). Scientists in the chemical field reported more research than in the agricultural and biological areas due to the properties of the fruit. Our results indicate that few studies focus on rural extension or technology transfer to growers. More efforts should be made to help local pineapple growers improve their yields and attain a sustainable and more environmentally friendly approach to the production of this fruit. sciences 7885 7 885 7,88 189 202 February 22nd, 22nd nd , 22nd) 2350 2 350 2,35 Scopusindexed Scopus indexed mapping 782 78 78.2 articles time 13 countries India States 362 36 36.2 number chemistry primarily juice, juice juice) plant bromelain. bromelain . (bromelain) 788 88 7,8 18 20 235 35 2,3 78. 1 3 36. (bromelain 8 7, 23 2,

Resumo O abacaxi é a fruta tropical mais exportada no mundo em termos de volume. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar de forma abrangente as publicações científicas sobre abacaxi, com ênfase nas ciências agrárias. 7.885 documentos publicados entre 1893 e 2022 (22 de fevereiro), 2.350 dos quais pertencentes às ciências agrícolas, foram recuperados da base de dados indexada pelo Scopus, para serem analisados usando a palavra abacaxi. O software VOSviewer foi usado para uma análise bibliométrica da rede, usando o mapeamento de palavras-chave do autor. 78,2% dos documentos eram artigos, com aumento do volume de publicações ao longo do tempo. Os cientistas eram de 138 países, com Índia, Estados Unidos e Brasil acumulando 36,2% do total. A pesquisa enfocou temas como química, tecnologia de alimentos (principalmente sucos), uso do abacaxi como planta medicinal e benefícios clínicos de sua principal enzima (bromelina). Cientistas da área química relataram mais pesquisas do que nas áreas agrícola e biológica, devido às propriedades da fruta. Nossos resultados indicam que poucos estudos focam a extensão rural ou a transferência de tecnologia aos produtores. Mais esforços devem ser feitos para ajudar os produtores locais de abacaxi a melhorar seus rendimentos e a alcançar uma abordagem sustentável e mais ecológica para a produção dessa fruta. agrárias 7885 7 885 7.88 189 202 22 (2 fevereiro, fevereiro , fevereiro) 2350 2 350 2.35 agrícolas Scopus rede palavraschave palavras chave autor 782 78 78,2 artigos tempo 13 países Índia 362 36 36,2 total principalmente sucos, sucos sucos) bromelina. bromelina . (bromelina) biológica 788 88 7.8 18 20 ( 235 35 2.3 78, 1 3 36, (bromelina 8 7. 23 2.

ABSTRACT The problems caused by synthetic plastics have motivated the use of other materials. This research consisted of utilizing banana peel and cellulose from the pseudostem of this plant to obtain a bioplastic. The flour was extracted by dry milling and cellulose via an acid-alkaline treatment. For the elaboration of the thermoplastic material, a mixture design was employed where fixed amounts of shell flour (5 g), 15% NaOH (5 mL), water (4 mL), and varying concentrations of plasticizers were used, which were glycerol and sorbitol. In two of the formulations, 0,5 g of cellulose were added as filler material. The obtained bioplastic was characterized according to its thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), tension force (TF), break time (bt), and biodegradability. The type of plasticizer and the cellulose content did not affect the thickness of the bioplastic, but it did affect the WVP, TF, and bt. WVP decreases when glycerin is used and increases with the addition of cellulose. The best result for WVP was 1,83 x 10-9 g/Pa.s.m in the formulation where only glycerol was used, whereas the best values for TF, bt, and biodegradability were 2,4 MPa, 17 seconds, and 37,77%, respectively, with 75% sorbitol and 25% glycerol. Expanding the study of the best formulations would allow their use as a replacement for synthetic plastics.

RESUMEN Las problemáticas causadas por los plásticos sintéticos han motivado el uso de otros materiales. Esta investigación consistici en el aprovechamiento de la cáscara del plàtano y celulosa del pseudotallo de esta planta para obtener un bioplàstico. La harina se extrajo por molienda seca y la celulosa con un tratamiento àcido-alcalino. Para la elaboración del material termoplàstico se trabajó con un diseho de mezclas donde se establecieron cantidades f ijas de harina de cáscara (5 g), NaOH al 15 % (5 mL), agua (4 mL) y diferentes concentraciones de plastificantes, los cuales fueron glicerol y sorbitol. En dos de las formulaciones se adicionaron 0,5 g de celulosa como material de relleno. El bioplástico obtenido se caracterize en función de su espesor, permeabilidad al vapor de agua (PVA), fuerza de tensión (FT), tiempo de rotura (tr) y biodegradabilidad. El tipo de plastificante y el contenido de celulosa no incidieron en el espesor del bioplástico, pero sí en la PVA, la FT y el tr. La PVA disminuye cuando se utiliza glicerina y aumenta con la adición de celulosa. El mejor resultado para PVA fue de 1,83 x 10-9 g/Pa.s.m en la formulación donde solo se utilize glicerol, mientras que los mejores valores para FT, tr y biodegradabilidad fueron de 2,4 MPa, 17 segundos y 37,77 % respectivamente con 75 % de sorbitol y 25 % de glicerol. Ampliar el estudio de mejores formulaciones posibilitaría su uso como reemplazo de los plásticos sintéticos.

Resumen La conservación del medio ambiente ha llevado a investigar algunos polisacáridos con el objetivo de obtener bioplásticos que puedan ser dosificados con otros polímeros y tener mejores propiedades. En esta investigación, se realizó un estudio termo mecánico de dosificaciones entre el ácido poliláctico obtenido del almidón con otro polímero tipo poliéster alifático denominado polibutileno socianato adipato. Se realizaron diferentes mezclas y análisis tales como: análisis diferencial de barrido, termogravimétrico, espectroscopia infrarroja, índice de fluidez, dureza "SHORE" y un mecánico termodinámico; y en base a los resultados obtenidos, se determinó el tipo de procesamiento que puede sufrir la dosificación. Las dosis realizadas fueron desde 94,5% de PLA con 5% de PBSA hasta 20% de PLA con 79,5% de PBSA anadiendo 0,5% de crodamida como agente lubricante. Los resultados concluyeron que el bioplàstico puede ser procesado por extrusión y termoformado, debido a que los valores del índice de fusión son relativamente bajos.

Abstract The conservation of the environment has led to research some polysaccharides with the objective of obtain bioplastics that can be dosed with other polymers and to has better properties. In this research, carried out a thermomechanical study of a dosage between polylactic acid obtained from potato starch with a thermoplastic polymer aliphatic polyester type called adipate socianate polybutylene. They were made different mixtures and analyzes such as differential scanning, thermogravimetric, infrared spectroscopy, fluidity index, hardness "SHORE" and a mechanical thermo-dynamic; and based on the results obtained, was determined the type of processing that the dosage can undergo. The dosages stated was from 94.5% PLA with 5% PBSA to 20% PLA with 79.5% PBSA adding 0.5% crodamide as a lubricating agent. The results concluded that the bioplastic in general can be processed by extrusion and thermoforming, because the values of the melt index are relatively low.

Abstract: This paper presents a multiobjective optimization stochastic scheme for production planning for sugarcane companies under uncertainty. The proposed approach considers three stages. The first stage comprises the mass and energy balances for determining process flows. The second stage considers the formulation of a Multiobjective Deterministic Model (MODM) by considering two objective functions: maximizing the gross margin and minimizing the environmental impact. The MODM is given by different production plans that respond differently to the parameters' variability under uncertainty. Finally, the last stage considers stochastic elements (i.e., product prices, demands, and costs) within the deterministic scheme to obtain a Multiobjective Stochastic Model (MOSM). A case study's computational results based on the Colombian sugarcane industry show the proposed scheme's effectiveness. Results include the investment strategy for optimal production planning with an analysis of the parameters' uncertainty on the economic performance of the planning production configurations.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta un esquema de optimización estocástica multiobjetivo para la planificación de la producción de empresas cañeras bajo incertidumbre. El enfoque propuesto considera tres etapas. La primera etapa comprende los balances de masa y energía para determinar los flujos del proceso. La segunda etapa considera la formulación de un Modelo Determinístico Multiobjetivo (MÜDM, por sus siglas en inglés) considerando dos funciones objetivo: maximizar el margen bruto y minimizar el impacto ambiental. El MÜDM está dado por diferentes planes de producción que responden de manera diferente a la variabilidad de los parámetros bajo incertidumbre. Finalmente, la última etapa considera elementos estocásticos (es decir, precios de productos, demandas y costos) dentro del esquema determinista para obtener un Modelo Estocástico Multiobjetivo (MÜSM, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados computacionales de un estudio de caso con base en la industria de la caña de azúcar colombiana muestran la efectividad del esquema propuesto. Los resultados incluyen la estrategia de inversión para la planificación óptima de la producción con un análisis de la incertidumbre de los parámetros en el rendimiento económico de las configuraciones de producción planificadas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to obtain bioplastic films based on potato starch, graphene and aloe vera to study the effect of varying the content of these components on the thermal and permeability properties of the bioplastic. The water vapor barrier property is being of great interest in the study of bioplastic materials since materials with low permeability to water vapor are needed in the packaging industry to ensure the conservation of packaged products and are an alternative to conventional plastics. According to the results, two thermal decomposition zones were found, the first in the range of 100 to 280°C and the second around 300°C. A minimum value of permeability and permeability of 5,35 kg/h.kPa.m2 and 0,001839 kg/h.kPa.m, respectively, was also found at a graphene concentration of 0,005%w/w; aloe concentration of 24% w/w; and starch concentration of 10% w/w.

RESUMEN El propósito de la presente investigación fue obtener películas de bioplásticos a base de almidón de papa, grafeno y aloe vera para estudiar el efecto de la variación del contenido de estos componentes sobre las propiedades térmicas y de permeabilidad en el bioplástico. La propiedad barrera al vapor de agua está siendo de gran interés en el estudio de materiales bioplásticos ya que en la industria del embalaje se necesitan materiales con baja permeabilidad al vapor de agua para asegurar la conservación de los productos envasados y son una alternativa a los plásticos convencionales. De acuerdo a los resultados se encontraron dos zonas de descomposición térmica, la primera en el rango de 100 a 280°C y la segunda cerca de 300°C. También se encontró un valor mínimo de permeabilidad y permeabilidad de 5,35 kg/h. kPa.m2 y 0,001839 kg/h.kPa.m, respectivamente, a una concentración de grafeno de 0,005%p/p; concentración de aloe del 24% p/p; y concentración de almidón de 10% p/p.

Abstract Currently there is a great trend towards cleaner, more sustainable and green production, based on a circular economy. Therefore, in the present work the study of the effect of the concentration of potato starch, aloe vera and graphene on the mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, biodegradability and structural properties of bioplastics is reported. These bioplastics could replace conventional synthetic plastics that currently produce high environmental pollution. According to the statistical analysis of a 2˄3 factorial design, a biodegradable bioplastic with improved mechanical properties was obtained, with a high maximum stress of 2.49 ± 0.28 MPa at high concentration levels of starch, aloe vera and graphene (10% w/w starch, 24% w/w of aloe and 0.045% w/w of graphene). A minimum value of permeance and permeability to water vapor of 5.35 kg/h.kPa.m2 and 0.001839 kg/h.kPa.m, respectively, was found at a graphene concentration of 0.005%; aloe concentration, 24%; and starch concentration, 10%. cleaner production economy Therefore reported pollution 23 2 3 2˄ design obtained 249 49 2.4 028 0 28 0.2 10% 10 (10 ww w 24 0045 045 0.045 graphene. . graphene) 535 5 35 5.3 kghkPam2 kghkPam kg h kPa m2 m kg/h.kPa.m 0001839 001839 0.00183 respectively 0.005% 0005 005 4 2. 02 0. 1 (1 004 04 0.04 53 5. 000183 00183 0.0018 0.005 000 00 ( 0.0 00018 0018 0.001 0.00 0001 001

Abstract The environmental and health risks associated with the application of synthetic chemical inputs in agriculture increased the demand for technologies that allow higher performance and quality of vegetable crops by implementing synergistic materials with the principles of sustainability. In this work, the seed coating with the biomass of Dunaliella salina incorporated in a bioplastic film of Manihot esculenta (cassava) was evaluated as an initial growth and secondary compounds stimulator of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) plants. The obtained results demonstrated that the coating stimulated an increase in the germination percentage (28.75%) and also in concentration of bioactive compounds, such as the six-fold increment of caffeic acid (13.33 mg 100 g-1). The carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins present in the microalgae biomass seem to be responsible for these increments once they are known for providing energy to the seedling development and coordinating the secondary metabolites synthesis. As conclusion, we consider the coating with biomass of D. salina an alternative for crop improvement that contributes to the development of sustainable agricultural practices.

The impact of landfills on the environment has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years due to the confounding effects of climate change and water scarcity. There is an urgent need to reduce from landfills the greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change, and to provide effective treatment solutions for waste, thereby diverting it from landfills. With an estimated 80 million tonnes of plastic waste entering the world's oceans annually, the accumulation of marine plastic has become a global crisis. Plastic pollution threatens food safety and quality, human health and coastal tourism, and contributes to climate change. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to explore a bioplastic biorefinery process. This review paper examines the potential of organic waste as an alternative carbon source in the efficient and feasible microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which are precursors for bioplastic. More specifically, this paper presents a concept for a bioplastic biorefinery from a technological perspective, based on data from previous studies. Biofuel production processes are also assessed with the aim of integrating these processes to construct a bioplastic waste biorefinery. Garden refuse and food waste have been shown to be feasible feedstocks for the production of PHA and PHB in singular processes. Diverting these wastes away from landfills will significantly ease the environmental impacts currently associated with their disposal. SIGNIFICANCE: • A bioplastic biorefinery is a viable alternative to treat municipal organic waste. • Several biofuel production processes can be integrated into a bioplastic biorefinery system. • Organic waste is poorly managed in South Africa, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions. • Several barriers and considerations must be overcome before implementing the technology at full scale.

Abstract Waste mango was used to obtain starch and micro-cellulose for the production of bioplastic. Three different formulations were made: positive control or cotyledon starch/glycerol; SC1 or cotyledon starch/glycerol and cellulose at 0.1% and SC5 or cotyledon starch/glycerol and cellulose at 0.5% w/w. The bioplastics were mechanically analyzed (tensile strength, elongation and Young´s modulus) and, aerobic biodegradation analysis was realized with a standard test method based on the amount of material carbon converted to CO2. The mechanical tests indicated that with the addition of cellulose, the bioplastics improved their mechanical properties. The biodegradation at 30 days showed 93 and 94% for SC1 and SC5. Therefore, the biodegradation of bioplastics depends on both, the addition of cellulose and the environment where they are placed (e.g., soil characteristics: pH level, C:N ratio, moisture). These bioplastics offer new opportunities for fast degrading biomaterials in agricultural applications (padding and protection bags).

Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biodegradable biopolymers of microbial origin that can be alternative materials to decrease the extensive use of plastics of petrochemical or synthetic origin. Thus, the selection of microorganisms with potential for PHA production from unexplored natural sources is a strategy to find bacterial species of high value. In the current study, 55 microbial strains related to bacteria were isolated from agricultural soils from Cascas, Peru. Initially, 4 strains were selected by Sudan Black B staining and Nile blue A fluorescence methods, subsequently, they were screened to examine its production capacity of PHA. Bacillus thuringiensis SP7-1 strain was selected based on its high production of PHA at 0.54 ± 0.16 g/L with an accumulation of 19 % by weight of cell biomass, during 72 h at 30 ºC. The isolate was characterized by its morphology, biochemical and molecular tests through the 16S rRNA gene. The extracted PHA was characterized quantitatively by HPLC and qualitatively by FT-IR. Its thermal properties were determined by TGA and DSC, revealing a thermal degradation temperature of up to 270-303 ºC and a melting temperature of 166.88 °C. Therefore, Bacillus thuringiensis SP7-1 can be used as a model system for the production of PHA with efficient thermal stability, and optimize its performance in future research, as well as being applied in obtaining of molded bioplastics.

Resumen El uso excesivo del plástico, debido a sus excelentes propiedades y su bajo costo, ha llevado a la acumulación ubicua de residuos, ya que se biodegradan a muy largo plazo. Hasta ahora, varias investigaciones han desarrollado diferentes plásticos biodegradables y se siguen haciendo las pruebas para validarlos. En esta investigación, la prueba de biodegradabilidad se realizó sobre un bioplástico sintetizado a partir de xiloglucano de tamarindo y acrilato de etilo (b-XgT), diseñado como sustituto del poliestireno. Se sometió a compostaje una muestra del b-XgT en condiciones de laboratorio y se midió la liberación de CO2. Los resultados mostraron un tiempo de biodegradación de 18 días con una pérdida de masa de 40,3% y un pH final de 7,1. Se comprobó que el b-XgT es degradable de tipo compostable por vía anaeróbica, lo que favorece la digestión de compuestos como la xilosa que contribuyen a la degradación de todo el polímero.

Abstract Plastic is used excessively due to its excellent properties and its low cost. This has led to the ubiquitous accumulation of waste as it takes a very long time to biodegrade. Until now, several research projects have developed different biodegradable plastics, and the tests to validate them are still being undertaken. In this research, a biodegradability test was performed on a bioplastic synthesized from tamarind xyloglucan and ethyl acrylate (b-XgT), designed to be a substitute for polystyrene. A sample of the b-XgT was composted in laboratory conditions and CO2 release measurements were made. The results showed a biodegradation time of 18 days with a loss of mass of 40.3% and a final pH of 7.1. The b-XgT was found to be biodegradable of the compostable type through the anaerobic route, which promotes the digestion of compounds such as xylose that contribute to the degradation of the whole polymer.

Resumen El ñame es un tubérculo de almidón utilizado principalmente en alimentos, pero con un alto potencial de aplicaciones en otros campos, como la farmacéutica y la producción de bioplásticos. Colombia se encuentra entre los 12 países con la mayor producción mundial de ñame, ocupando el primer lugar en rendimiento de toneladas por hectárea plantada. La producción de ñame se ha ubicado explícitamente en la región del Caribe, y es muy poco conocida en el interior del país. Este estudio evaluó el proceso simultáneo de sacarificación y fermentación (SSF) para la producción de bioetanol a partir de ñame (Dioscorea rotundata) como materia prima utilizando la cepa de levadura Saccharomyces bayanus. Las tecnologías de producción de etanol hacen referencia a procesos de fermentación e hidrólisis de materias primas comestibles (caña de azúcar y maíz), las cuales, a nivel mundial, están bastante maduras. Por esta razón, el proceso evaluado implicó la combinación de tres pasos 60 min de gelatinización, hidrólisis enzimática (dividida en 40 min de licuefacción con α-amilasa y 20 min de sacarificación con glucoamilasa) y 27 h de fermentación sin recuperar las enzimas añadidas. Se usaron concentraciones de 10 %, 12.5 %, 15 % y 18 % p/p de ñame en base húmeda y el monitoreo de la SSF se realizó a lo largo del tiempo de fermentación, cuantificando la concentración de azúcares reductores totales y etanol. El rendimiento de hidrólisis fue del 90 % de la masa de almidón para las concentraciones de solidos de 10 % y 15 % p/p, basado en el almidón teórico disponible en el tubérculo. Para el etanol, el mejor resultado fue de 0.19 g/Lh-1 de productividad para el ensayo de 10 % p/p de concentración de sólidos. Por lo tanto, el ñame es un material amiláceo adecuado para producir bioetanol mediante un proceso de SSF.

Abstract Yam is a starchy tuber mainly used in food preparation but with high potential applications in other fields such as pharmaceutical and bioplastic production. Colombia is among the top twelve yam producing countries worldwide and ranked first in terms of yield of tons per hectare planted. Yam production has specifically been concentrated in the Caribbean region, which is why this tuber is very little known in the inland regions. In this study, we evaluated Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) for bioethanol production from yam (Dioscorea rotundata) using Saccharomyces bayanus. Ethanol production technologies involve the fermentation and hydrolysis of consumable raw materials (i.e., sugar cane and corn) which are quite mature around the world. For this reason, the process under analysis combined three phases: 60 min of gelatinization, enzymatic hydrolysis (divided into 40 min of liquefaction with α-amylase and 20 min of saccharification with glucoamylase), and 27 h of fermentation with no enzyme recovery. We used different yam concentrations (10, 12.5, 15, and 18 % w/w) in a wet basis. SSF was monitored along time, and total reducing sugars and ethanol concentration were quantified. The hydrolysis yield, was calculated based on the theoretical starch available in the tuber, was 90 % of starch mass for samples with a yam concentration of 10 and 15 % w/w. Regarding ethanol, the best result (a productivity of 0.19 g/Lh-1) was obtained with the sample with a yam concentration of 10 % w/w. Therefore, yam is a starchy material suitable to produce bioethanol via SSF.

Abstract: Biomass is a primary renewable source that has generated greater interest in the world in last years, because it offers the opportunity to obtain energy and non-energy products similar to those manufactured from non-renewable sources. In this sense, South America, due to its geographical location, has high potential to generate and add value to biomass; so that this research carries out a descriptive review on the availability and potential of the biomass in South America, with the purpose of establishing the types and quantity of biobased and biodegradable bioplastics (BBB) that can be produced in this region. In the first place, a description of the biomass, its characteristics and classification was made. Subsequently, information was collected on the biomass generated in each country, to finally describe the types of BBB currently available. The research revealed that 204.42 million of tons (MMt) of bioplastic based on regenerated cellulose can be produced in the region, 4.11 MMt of starch-based bioplastic, 0.58 MMt of polylactic acid and 8.68 MMt of polyhydroxybutyrate. In addition, the production of BBB is an alternative that allows to minimize the environmental pollution produced by synthetic plastics, since it uses in an efficient and sustainable way the waste generated by agricultural and industrial activities. Finally, the study made it possible to expand the state of the art and intensify the advantages that the countries of South America have with respect to the generation of jobs and industrial development in rural areas.

Resumen: La biomasa es una fuente primaria renovable que ha generado mayor interés en el mundo durante los últimos años, debido a la oportunidad de obtener productos energéticos y no energéticos similares a los que se producen de las fuentes no renovables. En este sentido, América del Sur, por su ubicación geográfica, cuenta con alto potencial de generar y adicionar valor a la biomasa; por lo que esta investigación realiza una revisión descriptiva sobre la disponibilidad y potencial de biomasa en América del Sur, con el propósito de establecer los tipos y cantidad de bioplásticos biobasados y biodegradables (BBB) que se pueden producir en esta región. En primer lugar, se realizó una descripción de la biomasa, sus características y clasificación. Posterior a esto, se recopiló información de la biomasa generada en cada país, para finalmente describir los tipos de BBB existentes en la actualidad. La investigación reveló que en la región se pueden producir 204,42 millones de toneladas (MMt) de bioplástico basado en celulosa regenerada, 4,11 MMt de bioplástico basado en almidón, 0,58 MMt de ácido poliláctico y 8,68 MMt de polihidroxibutirato. Además, la producción de BBB es una alternativa que permite minimizar la contaminación ambiental producida por los plásticos sintéticos, ya que utiliza de manera eficiente y sostenible los residuos generados por actividades agropecuarias e industriales. Finalmente, este estudio permite ampliar el estado del arte e intensificar las ventajas que tienen los países de América del Sur con respecto a la generación de empleos y desarrollo industrial en zonas rurales.