ABSTRACT Background: Information regarding the distribution of Culicidae species in the northeastern region of Brazil is scarce. Methods: Immatures were collected from approximately four fragments of the Atlantic Forest. Results: This study presents new occurrences of 18 Culicidae species in Pernambuco state: Anopheles kompi, Georgecraigius fluviatilis, Culex bidens, Culex chidesteri, Culex bastagarius, Culex imitator, Mansonia humeralis, Wyeomyia incaudata, Uranotaenia apicalis, Culex mollis, Culex usquatus, Culex dunni, Culex serratimarge, Culex ybarmis, Culex microphyllus, Sabethes purpureus, Wyeomyia pilicauda, and Wyeomyia airosai. The last nine species were also new records for the northeast region. Conclusions: With the inclusion of these newly recorded species, the total number of mosquitoes documented in Pernambuco state now rises to 94. Background scarce Methods Forest Results 1 kompi fluviatilis bidens chidesteri bastagarius imitator humeralis incaudata apicalis mollis usquatus dunni serratimarge ybarmis microphyllus purpureus pilicauda airosai Conclusions 94 9

Abstract There are few studies dedicated to the natural history of Neotropical spider wasps (Pompilidae). When it comes to urban areas, the knowledge on these wasps is even scarcer. This study sheds light on the natural history of Auplopus cf. rufipes and A. cf. brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Ageniellini) from an urban Atlantic Forest fragment in the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. Auplopus cf. rufipes displays a multivoltine pattern and frequently nests in bamboo canes scattered in the open areas, whereas A. cf. brasiliensis is a rare sight, with only a single nest collected from a hose trap-nest. Females of the former species show aggressive behaviour, which suggests a solitary lifestyle. Their nests were partly enveloped in a complex structure, similar to other species that build free-standing, unconcealed nests and display some degree of sociality. Such behaviour could not be observed for A. cf. brasiliensis. Despite that, nests of both species were built using mud pellets, though the brood cells differed regarding arrangement and position in the trap. Two parasites were found attacking the cells: Caenochrysis crotonis (Chrysididae) in a cell of A. cf. rufipes, and Chaenotetrastichus neotropicalis (Eulophidae) in two cells of A. cf. brasiliensis, both recorded for the first time. Auplopus cf. rufipes was found to prey on Frigga cf. quintensis (Salticidae), the first record of this genus as a host of Auplopus.

ABSTRACT Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are among the least studied insect groups in Brazil. Although in recent years there has been an increase in the number of published studies on taxonomy and morphology of Brazilian stick insects, they remain very little-known concerning biological and bionomic aspects. From five females of Cladoxerus cryphaleus (Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae) collected in the Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil, a captive colony of parthenogenetic females was started, based on which data on longevity, fertility, and viability of eggs of this species were recorded for the first time. After imaginal molting, the 21 females studied had an average longevity of 103.7 days. Each female produced on average 125.3 eggs, which had a hatching rate of 34.2%. In addition, we recorded a C. cryphaleus male nymph being parasitized by a biting midge of the subgenus Forcipomyia (Microhelea) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The male, in pre-imaginal instar and already parasitized, was collected in the municipality of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro.

RESUMO Ninhos da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 foram estudados no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As fêmeas construíram seus ninhos em uma área de 609 m2 de solo plano principalmente arenoso. A arquitetura do ninho é relativamente simples, com um túnel principal de aproximadamente 30 cm de profundidade, com um ou dois túneis laterais terminando em uma única célula de cria. A atividade dos adultos se estendeu por cerca de 45 dias. As fêmeas cavam os túneis, constroem as células de cria, coletam as provisões e depositam os ovos em aproximadamente dois dias. A diapausa ocorreu no estágio de larva pós-defecante e não houve casulo. A arquitetura dos ninhos e a morfologia das células de cria são descritas e ilustradas.

ABSTRACT Nests of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 were studied at the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The females constructed their nests in an area of 609 m2 of mostly sandy flat soil. The nest architecture was relatively simple, with a main tunnel of approximately 30 cm in depth with one or two lateral tunnels ending in a single brood cell. Adult activity lasted approximately 45 days. The females dug the tunnels, constructed the brood cells, collected provisions and laid the eggs in approximately two days. Diapause occurred in the post defecating larval stage, and there was no cocoon. Nest architecture and the morphology of the brood cells are described and illustrated.

RESUMEN “Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) del estado de Ceará, noreste de Brasil: Diversidad, nuevos registros y enfoques bionómicos”. Introducción: poco se sabe sobre la biodiversidad del género Culicoides y la posible presencia de especies de vectores en el estado de Ceará, Brasil. Objetivo: mejorar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad y la posible presencia de vectores en el noreste de Brasil. Métodos: utilizamos trampas luminosas CDC, realizamos un levantamiento de las especies de Culicoides en 18 municipios pertenecientes a seis mesorregiones del estado de Ceará. Resultados: un total de 1 453 ejemplares (12 especies) recolectamos. Culicoides guyanensis fue la especie más abundante correspondiendo al 75,84% de los especímenes recolectados. Culicoides venezuelensis está bien distribuida en cinco de las mesorregiones investigadas. Cinco especies reportamos por primera vez para el estado de Ceará y siete especies para los municipios de las mesorregiones estudiadas; discutimos la presencia de especies de importancia sanitaria. Conclusión: con la adición de nuevos registros de especies, existen ahora 12 especies conocidas para el estado de Ceará. La presencia de especies con importancia médica y/o veterinaria en las mesorregiones estudiadas es indicativa de la necesidad de una vigilancia epidemiológica en el estado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: little is known about the biodiversity of the genus Culicoides and the possible presence of vector species in Ceará State, Brazil. Objective: to improve the knowledge about the biodiversity and possible vectors presence in northeastern Brazil. Methods: with CDC light traps we surveyed Culicoides species in 18 municipalities from six mesoregions of Ceará State. Results: we collected 1 453 specimens (12 species). Culicoides guyanensis was the most abundant species, with 75,84% of the collected specimens. Culicoides venezuelensis is well distributed and is found in five Mesoregions. We recorded five species for the first time from Ceará State and seven from the surveyed municipalities; the presence of species with sanitary importance is discussed. Conclusion: with the addition of new species records, there are now 12 species known from Ceará State. The presence of species with medical and/or veterinary importance in the studied Mesoregions is indicative of the need of epidemiological surveillance in this state.

ABSTRACT Currently, it is widely recognized that invertebrates play key roles in neotropical floodplains and in many other environments worldwide. However, little information has been published concerning their biometry, in spite that it represents an essential tool for many different studies. Here, we provided length-mass and length-length relationships by fitting the linearized model (log10 Y = log10a + b log10 X) and several mean biomass ratios ± SE for bivalves, gastropods, quironomids, ephemeropterans, oligochaetes and hirudineans. We measured, weighed, oven dried and incinerated to ashes specimens collected from 2005 to 2014 in the Paraná River, Argentina. The lineal equations had fit levels higher than 75% in most of the significant regressions. Hence, when slopes were compared, differences raised from ontogeny and phylogeny of taxa. Additionally, slopes resulted different from constants of other regions, types of environments and climates. In addition, organic matter ratios resulted significantly different among invertebrates according to their feeding types. The equations and ratios that we provided will facilitate future research on life history, productivity and energy transference in the food webs of invertebrates inhabiting floodplain wetlands and can be used as tools for planning management strategies and in restoration projects of aquatic environments.

RESUMEN Actualmente, es muy reconocido que los invertebrados tienen un rol clave en los ambientes de llanura aluvial neotropicales así como en otros ambientes alrededor del mundo. Sin embargo, se cuenta con muy poca información publicada en relación con su biometría, a pesar de ser una herramienta esencial para muchos tipos de estudios. En este trabajo se obtuvieron relaciones longitud-masa ajustadas por el modelo linearizado (log10 Y = log10a + b log10 X) y diferentes proporciones de materia orgánica promedio ± ES para bivalvos, gastrópodos, quironómidos, efemerópteros, oligoquetos e hirudíneos. Medimos, pesamos, secamos e incineramos hasta cenizas especímenes colectados entre 2005 y 2014 en el río Paraná, Argentina. Las ecuaciones lineales tuvieron valores de ajuste mayores al 75% en la mayoría de las regresiones significativas. Al comparar las pendientes, se encontraron diferencias relacionadas con la ontogenia y filogenia de las taxa. Asimismo, las pendientes resultaron diferentes de las constantes para otras regiones, tipos de ambientes y climas. Asimismo, las proporciones de materia orgánica fueron significativamente diferentes entre invertebrados de acuerdo a su tipo de alimentación. Las ecuaciones y proporciones que obtuvimos facilitarán futuras investigaciones sobre historia de vida, productividad y transferencia de energía en las tramas tróficas de invertebrados en humedales de llanura aluvial y pueden ser empleadas para planificar estrategias de manejo y en proyectos de restauración de ambientes acuáticos.

ABSTRACT The external morphology and biology of the immature stages of Hamadryas fornax fornax (Hübner, [1823]) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae) recorded on Dalechampia triphylla (Euphorbiaceae) in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil are described. Morphological characters are illustrated and described, as a result of observations in scanning electron, stereoscope and optical microscopes, the last two attached to a camera lucida. Results are compared and discussed with immature stages of other species of Biblidinae.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to elucidate the bionomy of Peckia(Sarcodexia) lambens and Oxysarcodexia amorosa to provide data for medical, veterinary and forensic entomology analyses. We analyzed larval stage duration (L1–L3), weight of the mature larvae (L3), pupal stage duration, L1–adult duration, adult emergence and viability of larvae and adults of both species. Larval viability of P. (S.) lambens was 82% and the mean duration of the larval stage was 3.51 ± 0.99 days. The mature larvae had a mean weight of 33.67 ± 7.13 mg. The mean duration of the pupal stage was 8.26 ± 0.93 days and the mean duration of the L1–adult was 11.53 ± 1.22 days. Mean lifespan for females and males was 39.33 ± 1.52 and 57.33 ± 4.72 days, respectively. Larval viability of O. amorosa was 76% and mean duration of larval stage was 3.51 ± 0.64 days. Mature larvae had a mean weight of 28.28 ± 3.38 mg. Mean duration of the pupal stage was 10.14 ± 0.63 days and mean duration of the L1–adult was 13.60 ± 0.69 days. Mean lifespan for females and males was 83.66 ± 15.94 and 84.00 ± 19.97 days, respectively. Oxysarcodexia amorosa showed a L1–adult stage longer than P. (S.) lambens; however both species showed low viability. O. amorosa laid more larvae than P. (S.) lambens, this fact may occur because O. amorosa had longer life duration.

A bionomia de Chelopistes meleagridis fora do hospedeiro foi observada com o objetivo de compreender aspectos relacionados ao ciclo de vida desta espécie. Para isto, adultos de C. meleagridis foram coletados e colocados em condições controladas (temperatura de 35°C e umidade relativa superior a 80%) para se reproduzir, oferecendo-se pena como alimento. Da prole destes adultos, foi observado o desenvolvimento de 150 indivíduos desde o ovo até a fase adulta. Para 75 destes, foi oferecida a dieta composta de pena, enquanto para os outros 75 a dieta foi composta de pena e pele do hospedeiro (peru, Meleagris gallopavo). Ao verificar que a dieta “pena + pele” foi a que resultou no maior número de adultos, foram observadas a fertilidade, fecundidade e a longevidade de piolhos criados in vitro desde o primeiro ínstar alimentados com esta dieta. Valores altos relacionados à reprodução desta espécie foram encontrados em relação a outros piolhos da subordem Ischnocera, destacando-se: número de ovos produzidos por dia e número de ovos produzidos por fêmeas durante a vida (médias de 2,54 e 26,61 ovos, respectivamente, para fêmeas selvagens e 2,11 e 29,33 ovos, respectivamente, para fêmeas criadas in vitro.). A inclusão de pele na dieta foi determinante para o desenvolvimento até o estágio adulto, uma vez que 48% dos piolhos alimentados com essa dieta atingiram a fase adulta. Quando foi oferecido apenas pena, 1,3% dos piolhos atingiram a maturidade. O tempo de desenvolvimento de machos e fêmeas foi semelhante (média de 29,38 dias) sem haver diferença na proporção sexual dos adultos.

The bionomy of Chelopistes meleagridis off the host was observed with the aim of better understanding the aspects of this species' life cycle. For this purpose, C. meleagridisadults were collected and maintained under controlled conditions to reproduce (35°C and RH > 80%), with turkey feathers as the food source. From the offspring of these lice, the development of 150 individuals was observed from the egg to the adult phase. These eggs were divided into two groups of 75 each. After hatching, one group was given a diet composed of feathers while the other received feathers plus skin of the host turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The “feather + skin” diet resulted in the greatest number of adults, so this diet was given to the next generation of lice reared in vitro, starting from the first instar, to observe their fertility, fecundity and longevity. High reproduction rates were found in relation to other lice of the Ischnocera sub-order, particularly the number of eggs per day and number of eggs produced per female over the lifetime (means of 2.54 and 26.61 eggs, respectively, for wild females and 2.11 and 29.33 eggs for laboratory-reared females). The inclusion of skin in the diet was a determining factor for development to the adult stage, since 48% of the lice fed this diet reached that stage, versus 1.3% that reached maturity fed only with feathers. The development time of the males and females was similar (mean of 29.38 days), without any difference in the sexual proportion of the adults.

Introduction: We analyzed the variation in the age structure, sex ratio, proportion of reproductive individuals, age and size at sexual maturity, and litter size in a population of the sigmodont rodent Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos. We compared the observed distributions with the monthly rainfall for the same period, to identify the reproductive period and to assess the effects of the rains on the age structure of the population during the ensuing months. We further compared our results with age structure patterns recovered from other documented rodent outbreaks to identify possible causes of a presumptive population outbreak represented by this series. Methodology: Museum samples had been obtained between July 1953 and February 1955 from 40 sites in Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil (Fig. 1, Appendix). Records from a total of 2,280 individuals, 1,834 of which represented by their skulls, were analyzed. Skulls were sorted into seven age classes based on molar eruption and wear (Fig. 3). Monthly rainfall during the entire collecting period (Fig. 2) was analyzed for putative correlations with monthly frequencies of specimens (Figs. 4 and 5) and of indicators of reproductive condition, tabulated for each sex and age class. Results: Monthly frequency distributions of age classes presented separated and consecutive modal peaks, conforming to an age structured population (Fig. 6). Monthly proportions of pregnant females were highly correlated with the amount of rainfall of the same and of the previous month (Fig. 7), although records of pregnant females were obtained every month between July 1953 and December 1954. Pregnant females were found from age class 2 on. From January to April, 1954, reproductive females belonged to age classes 5 to 7. From May to September a wide range of age classes was documented among pregnant females, and from October to December only those of age classes 2 to 4 were recorded (Fig. 8). Litter size varied throughout the year, with larger averages and ranges at mid-wet season (June-August) (Fig. 10) and was highly correlated with female weight, female length and with the amount of rainfall of the previous 30 days. Higher means in litter size were also in phase with higher proportions of pregnant females and with the age class 1 peak. Discussion and Conclusion: The population peak occurred four to six months after the rainfall peak (September - November) and was primarily comprised of young adults. After this period, the pregnancy rates were very low, ceasing completely by January, 1955, when most of the individuals belong to older age classes. This shift in age structure from younger to older individuals during population decline indicated that the samples documented an outbreak episode in 1954. This episode was possibly related to the unusual rainfall in November 1953, apparently sufficient to support two closely-spaced breeding seasons, with the second amplifying the effect of the first.

Hemos analizado la variación en la estructura etaria, proporción sexual, proporción de individuos reproductivos, edad y grado en la madurez sexual, y el tamaño de la prole en una población del roedor sigmodontino Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos, con base en una gran serie de individuos obtenida entre julio de 1953 y febrero de 1955 en Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil. Se registraron 2,280 individuos, de los cuales 1,834 están representados por cráneos, los que fueron analizados. Los cráneos fueron agrupados en siete clases de edad basadas en la erupción y desgaste molar. La proporciones mensuales de hembras grávidas tuvieron una alta correlación con la cantidad de lluvia del mismo mes y del mes anterior, a pesar de que la variación han sido encontradas también durante la estación seca. El tamaño de la prole varió a lo largo del año, con valores más altos durante mediados de la estación húmeda (junio), y este fue altamente correlacionado al peso, el largo del cuerpo de la hembra y con la lluvia de los 30 días anteriores. Distribuciones de frecuencias mensuales de clases de edad presentaron máximos modales consecutivos y separados, ajustándose a una población estructurada de manera etaria. El máximo poblacional ocurrió de 4 a 6 meses después del máximo de lluvias (septiembre-noviembre) y estaba compuesto primariamente por jóvenes adultos. A partir de ese período, sin embargo, las tasas de gravidez fueron muy bajas, cesando completamente en enero, cuando la mayoría de los individuos pertenecía a clases etarias más viejas. Ese cambio en la estructura etaria, de los más jóvenes a individuos más viejos durante el descenso poblacional, indicó que la muestra disponible sufrió un surto poblacional en 1954. Este episodio fue posiblemente relacionado a un aumento poco común en las lluvias en noviembre de 1953, aparentemente suficiente para soportar dos estaciones reproductivas enmendadas.

Description of the immature stages of the weevil Anthonomus vis Clark (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), inquiline into the gall of Leandra aurea (Melastomataceae). The third instar larva and the pupa of Anthonomus vis Clark, 1992 are described and illustrated, based upon specimens collected in the Serra de São José, Tiradentes, in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The species was previously known from the type series collected in the states of Amapá and Pará. Comparisons with the larva and pupa of A. grandis Boheman, 1843 and A. monostigma Champion, 1903 are included. The larvae of A. vis live as inquilines in the galls induced by a species of momphid moths (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) in the stems of Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae).

This study describes the life cycle of Agrotis malefida Guenée, 1852 (Noctuidae: Noctuinae) under laboratory conditions. The insects were reared in a controlled environment (25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hours photo phase) and observed daily. The larvae were fed Greene's artificial diet and adults were offered a 10% sucrose solution. The viability and duration of immature stages were assessed. The experiment initiated with 2,410 eggs. Larvae were isolated shortly after hatching. Longevity, pre-, post- and oviposition, fecundity and fertility of 13 adult couples were also evaluated. The viability of eggs, larvae, pupae and pre-pupae was 96.72, 91.25, 78.37 and 95.26%, respectively. The average duration of egg, larva, pre-pupa, pupa and adult was 7.93, 54.26, 61.61, 37.43 and 12.85 days, respectively. The immature stage of A. malefida lasted an average of 161.29 days, ranging from 102 to 227 days. The life cycle of A. malefida is much longer than that of congeners. The mean fecundity was 1,696.77 eggs and fertility 1,641.15 larvae per female. Under the conditions in which the study was conducted, the biotic potential of A. malefida was of 606,666.59 individuals/female/year. The results also indicated that this species goes through larval (pre-pupae) and pupal diapause.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever os aspectos biológicos e morfométricos da lagarta desfolhadora do paricá, Syssphinx molina (Cramer), e fazer recomendações para a criação do inseto. O ciclo de vida foi de 62,9 dias com períodos médios para as fases de ovo, lagarta, pré-pupa e pupa de 5,6; 31,1; 2,2 e 16,6 dias, respectivamente. A viabilidade das pupas foi de 60,5% para fêmeas e 48,6% nos machos. A razão sexual foi de 0,5 e a produção média de 182,3 ± 2,2 ovos por fêmea com viabilidade de ovos de 24,3%. A longevidade média foi de 7,9 ± 2 e 8,1 ± 3 dias para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. Outros parâmetros foram igualmente observados e comparados com a descrição de outras espécies de Saturniidae.

The objective of this research was to describe the biological and morphometric aspects of the parica tree defoliator, Syssphinx molina (Cramer), and make recommendations about the insect rearing. The life cycle was 62.9 days with mean periods for the egg, larval, pre-pupal and pupal stages of 5.6, 31.1, 2.2 and 16.6 days respectively. The pupal viability was 60.5% for females and 48.6% for males. The sexual ratio was 0.5 with mean production of 182.3 ± 2.2 eggs per female and egg viability of 24.3%. The mean longevity was 7.9 ± 2 and 8.1 ± 3 days for females and males respectively. Other parameters were also observed and compared with description of other Saturniidae species.

Foram localizados dez ninhos de Geotrigona subterranea em áreas de transição entre o Cerrado e a Caatinga nos municípios de Lontra e Januária, Estado de Minas Gerais. Os ninhos foram coletados para observação da arquitetura. Neste trabalho são apresentadas informações sobre estrutura geral e forma do ninho desta espécie; número, forma e área dos favos de cria; tamanho de células de cria; tamanho de potes de mel e pólen; volume dos potes de mel e massa de pólen em potes fechados; presença de inquilinos e características de defesa. Todos os ninhos foram encontrados em cavidades subterrâneas. De modo geral, esta espécie apresenta estrutura de ninho similar a apresentada por outras espécies do mesmo gênero.

We located ten nests of Geotrigona subterranea in the transition area between Cerrado and Caatinga within the municipalities of Lontra and Januária, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. We collected the nests to study their architecture in detail. In the present paper, we describe the general nest structure of this bee species in terms of: number, shape and area of the combs; size of the brood cells; size of honey and pollen pots; volume of honey and mass of pollen stored in closed pots; presence of inquiline species; and defensive characteristics. All nests were found in subterranean cavities. The nest structure of G. subterranea is similar to that of other congeneric species.

The bionomy of Diaspidiotus perniciosus Comstock ("San Jose scale") was studied in an apple orchard of the "Red Delicious" variety in San Carlos, Mendoza-Argentina during the cropping seasons 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The number of generations per year was determined and the population fluctuation patterns, associated with thermal integral to the species in this region, were studied. D. perniciosus has two generations that overlap the crop cycle, while nymphs (N1 and N2) of the third generation will develop until the end of the summer, going into quiescence in winter. The development of D. perniciosus in the San Carlos-Mendoza area matches that of this species in the orchard cropping area of central Chile in the number of generations and the period of winter dormancy. Quiescent populations in Chile are composed predominantly of first instar nymphs (N1), while in San Carlos, Mendoza, quiescent populations are composed mainly of second instar nymphs (N2). The similarities between the two groups are probably due to similarities in latitude, climate and host species. The economic impact of D. perniciosus in the study area is critical during December and January, due the high levels of damage to fruit and leaves, displaying this time period as particularly sensitive for implementing phytosanitary control measures. Therefore, pest control measures should be based on the maximum population of N1 that occurs at 600-650 Day-Degrees (DD) in December and at 1170-1270 DD in January. In seasons in which the population density of the pest turns especially high, additional control measures could be built at 1800-2000 DD in April. The results of these studies offer a predictive tool to be included in D. perniciosus control strategies to be applied in San Carlos-Mendoza orchard growing area in order to ensure the proper management of the pest in the context of sustainable food production.

Se estudió la bionomía de Diaspidiotus perniciosus Comstock ("escama de San José"), en manzanos de la variedad "Red delicious" de San Carlos, Mendoza, Argentina, durante los ciclos productivos 2007-2008 y 2008-2009. Se determinó el número de generaciones anuales y se estudiaron las fluctuaciones poblacionales asociadas a la integral térmica para la especie en esta región. D. perniciosus presenta dos generaciones superpuestas al ciclo del cultivo, mientras que las ninfas (N1 y N2) de la tercera generación se desarrollan solamente hasta el final de la temporada estival y pasan al estado de quiescencia, en el que permanecen durante el invierno. El desarrollo de D. perniciosus en esta zona coincide con el de esta especie en la zona frutícola del centro de Chile en cuanto al número de generaciones y al periodo de quiescencia invernal. La población quiescente en Chile está integrada predominantemente por ninfas del primer estadio (N1), mientras que en San Carlos, Mendoza, la población quiescente está integrada principalmente por ninfas del segundo estadio (N2). La similitudes entre ambas poblaciones se deben, probablemente, a las coincidencias en latitud, clima y especie hospedera. El impacto económico de D. perniciosus en la zona de estudio tiene mayor relevancia durante los meses de diciembre y enero, cuando se observa una alta incidencia de daños en los frutos y las hojas; este es el momento decisivo para implementar medidas de control fitosanitario. Estas deberán aplicarse en función de los máximos poblacionales de N1 que se producen con 600-650 Grados-Día (ºD) en diciembre y con 1.170-1.270ºD en enero. En las temporadas en las que la densidad poblacional de la plaga es especialmente alta, podrían incorporarse medidas adicionales de control con 1.800-2.000ºD durante el mes de abril. Los resultados de estos estudios representan una herramienta predictiva, que permitirá elaborar estrategias para el control de poblaciones de D. perniciosus en la región estudiada y contribuir al correcto manejo de la plaga en el marco de una producción sustentable de alimentos.